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Diffuse Dust in Elliptical Galaxies

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Diffuse Dust in Elliptical Galaxies Diffuse Dust in Elliptical Galaxies by Jonathan Savoy A Thesis Submitted to Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Astronomy (Department of Physics and Astronomy) September 26, 2007, Halifax, Nova Scotia © Jonathan Savoy, 2007 Approved: Gary A. Welch Supervisor Approved: Marcin Sawicki Examiner Approved: David G. Turner Examiner Date: September 26, 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Library and Bibliotheque et Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-35775-0 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-35775-0 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce,Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve,sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet,distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform,et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be includedBien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. i * i Canada Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Abstract ii A bstract Diffuse Dust in Elliptical Galaxies, by Jonathan Savoy, submitted on September 26, 2007: It is well established that the broadband colors of elliptical galaxies become red­ der near their centres, which provides an important constraint on models of elliptical galaxy formation. The observed radial color gradients are usually explained by a gra­ dient in stellar metallicity, but if a diffuse dust component were present, it could also contribute to the reddening. Dust clouds are commonly observed near the centres of elliptical galaxies, but the dust mass implied from optical extinction is generally 5-10 times less than values derived from far infrared (FIR) emission measured by IRAS photometry. One explanation for this discrepancy is that the majority of the dust is diffusely distributed, and not concentrated in dense clouds, but previous FIR experiments have lacked the spatial resolution to determine the location of the ex­ isting dust. In an effort to determine the importance of a diffuse dust component, 23 elliptical galaxies have been observed with the SCUBA instrument on the JCMT. The observations, combined with published fluxes, are modeled using a three dimen­ sional Monte Carlo radiation transfer code to establish the mass, temperature, and distribution of diffuse dust in elliptical galaxies. The implied dust masses are often an order of magnitude larger than IRAS estimates, and the impact on the observed colour gradients is found to be negligible. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Acknowledgements iii Acknowledgement s Gary: Thanks for the enormous amount of help you’ve given me over the last few years. It is a pleasure to work with you, and I think we make a great team. Marcin and Dave Turner: Thanks for all the helpful comments and suggestions. Mom and Dad: Thank you for all your love and support. Your regular Sunday and Wednesday phone calls were a soothing constant over the last six years (the homemade bread supply didn’t hurt, either). Beth: This project, as with most things I’ve done, would not have been possible without you. You are always there to pick me up, and I still don’t know how everyone else manages. Because of you, the future looks wonderful. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Contents iv Contents A b s tr a c t..................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................... iii C o n te n ts..................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures........................................................................................................ vi List of Tables........................................................................................................... viii 1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 1 2 Galaxy Sample and SCUBA Observations........................................... 6 2.1 Data Reduction ........................................................................................... 9 3 SCUBA Images and Flux Densities....................................................... 11 3.1 Emission from Additional Sources ............................................................ 20 4 Dust Models ................................................................................................... 24 4.1 Monte Carlo Model .................................................................................. 24 4.1.1 Model O u tp u ts ................................................................................ 26 4.2 Model R esults ........................................................................................... 28 4.2.1 Single Temperature M odel ............................................................. 28 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Contents v 4.2.2 Standard M odel ............................................................................... 32 4.2.3 Alternative Dust Distributions ...................................................... 34 4.2.4 Synthetic Dust Im a g e s.................................................................. 40 4.2.5 Colour G rad ien ts ............................................................................ 41 4.2.6 Stellar Mass L o s s ............................................................................ 46 5 Discussion and Conclusions ....................................................................... 49 A Data Reduction .............................................................................................. 53 B Spectral Energy Distributions ................................................................. 57 Bibliography........................................................................................................... 65 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. List of Figures vi List of Figures 3.1 a.) SCUBA 850 /zm images ..................................................................... 12 3.1 b.) (cont’d) SCUBA 850 /zm images.................................................. 13 3.1 c.) (cont’d) SCUBA 850 /zm im ages......................................................... 14 3.1 d.) ( cont’d) SCUBA 850 /zm images.................................................. 15 3.1 e.) (cont’d) SCUBA 850 /zm im ages......................................................... 16 3.1 f.) (cont’d) SCUBA 850 /zm im ages......................................................... 17 3.2 SCUBA 450 /zm im a g e............................................................................... 19 3.3 Extended emission ..................................................................................... 21 3.4 AGN emission .............................................................................................. 23 4.1 Model SED comparison ................................................................................ 37 4.1 b.) (cont’d) Model SED comparison .......................................................... 38 4.1 c.) (cont’d) Model SED comparison .......................................................... 39 4.2 a.) Predicted Spitzer 70 /zm surface brightness profiles ....................... 42 4.2 b.) (cont’d) Predicted Spitzer 70 /zm surface brightness profiles . 43 4.3 B-R colour g rad ien ts .................................................................................. 45 4.4 Stellar mass loss........................................................................................... 48 B.l a.) Standard Model S E D s .......................................................................
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