Tourisme De Croisière Et Communautés Éloignées Au Groenland Cruise Tourism and Remote Communities in Greenland Daniela Tommasini

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Tourisme De Croisière Et Communautés Éloignées Au Groenland Cruise Tourism and Remote Communities in Greenland Daniela Tommasini Document généré le 29 sept. 2021 23:29 Études/Inuit/Studies Tourisme de croisière et communautés éloignées au Groenland Cruise tourism and remote communities in Greenland Daniela Tommasini Le tourisme dans l'Arctique Résumé de l'article Tourism in the Arctic Ces dernières années, Greenland Tourism, l’organisation nationale du tourisme Volume 36, numéro 2, 2012 au Groenland, a eu pour politique d’encourager fortement les croisières. De grands paquebots, transportant parfois jusqu’à 3000 passagers, essayent d’aller URI : https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1015981ar de plus en plus au nord pour montrer aux touristes des sites et des DOI : https://doi.org/10.7202/1015981ar communautés éloignées. Un bref historique du développement du tourisme au Groenland montre que ce dernier a toujours été planifié avec des moyens locaux mais que celui des croisières a pris progressivement de l’ampleur. Aller au sommaire du numéro Fortement encouragé, ce secteur poursuit sa croissance tant sur le plan du nombre des visiteurs que sur celui de la recherche de destinations nouvelles sur les rivages du Groenland. Dans ses périples, le tourisme de croisière Éditeur(s) recherche les lieux les plus marquants et les plus «typiques». Il s’agit le plus souvent de lieux périphériques et isolés qui sont habités par de petites Association Inuksiutiit Katimajiit Inc. communautés. Ces dernières vivent au quotidien une crise économique et Centre interuniversitaire d’études et de recherches autochtones (CIÉRA) sociale assez importante et le tourisme est considéré comme une option de développement pouvant diversifier et accroître leurs revenus. En prenant ISSN comme exemples quatre communautés du Groenland (Ukkusissat, Itilleq, 0701-1008 (imprimé) Qaanaaq et Ittoqqortoormiit), l’auteure discute des impacts et des bénéfices du 1708-5268 (numérique) tourisme de croisière sur ces communautés qui n’ont pas toujours les infrastructures pour accueillir les touristes qui viennent les visiter pour quelques heures et souvent en grand nombre. Les points de vue de la Découvrir la revue population locale sont aussi présentés. Citer cet article Tommasini, D. (2012). Tourisme de croisière et communautés éloignées au Groenland. Études/Inuit/Studies, 36(2), 125–145. https://doi.org/10.7202/1015981ar Tous droits réservés © La revue Études/Inuit/Studies, 2012 Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d’auteur. L’utilisation des services d’Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d’utilisation que vous pouvez consulter en ligne. https://apropos.erudit.org/fr/usagers/politique-dutilisation/ Cet article est diffusé et préservé par Érudit. Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de l’Université de Montréal, l’Université Laval et l’Université du Québec à Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. https://www.erudit.org/fr/ Tourisme de croisière et communautés éloignées au Groenland Daniela Tommasini* Abstract: Cruise tourism and remote communities in Greenland In recent years, Greenland Tourism, the national tourism organisation of Greenland, has had a policy of strongly encouraging pleasure cruises. Large ships, with sometimes up to 3,000 passengers, are trying to go farther and farther north to show tourists the most remote places and communities. A short historical outline reveals how tourism development in Greenland has always been planned with local means, against a backdrop of steady growth in cruise tourism. This sector has been strongly encouraged and continues to bring ever more visitors and an ever keener search for new destinations along coastal Greenland. Tour operators seek out the most impressive scenery in terms of typicality and landscape, usually in peripheral and isolated areas with small communities. Such communities are experiencing a fairly severe economic and social crisis in daily life, and tourism is regarded as an option to diversify and boost their revenues. The author uses four Greenlandic communities (Ukkusissat, Itilleq, Qaanaaq, and Ittoqqortoormiit) as examples to discuss the impacts and benefits of cruise tourism in these communities, which often lack the infrastructure to accommodate tourists who come for a few hours to visit and often in large numbers. The opinions of the local population are also presented. Résumé: Tourisme de croisière et communautés éloignées au Groenland Ces dernières années, Greenland Tourism, l’organisation nationale du tourisme au Groenland, a eu pour politique d’encourager fortement les croisières. De grands paquebots, transportant parfois jusqu’à 3000 passagers, essayent d’aller de plus en plus au nord pour montrer aux touristes des sites et des communautés éloignées. Un bref historique du développement du tourisme au Groenland montre que ce dernier a toujours été planifié avec des moyens locaux mais que celui des croisières a pris progressivement de l’ampleur. Fortement encouragé, ce secteur poursuit sa croissance tant sur le plan du nombre des visiteurs que sur celui de la recherche de destinations nouvelles sur les rivages du Groenland. Dans ses périples, le tourisme de croisière recherche les lieux les plus marquants et les plus «typiques». Il s’agit le plus souvent de lieux périphériques et isolés qui sont habités par de petites communautés. Ces dernières vivent au quotidien une crise économique et sociale assez importante et le tourisme est considéré comme une option de développement pouvant diversifier et accroître leurs revenus. En prenant comme exemples quatre communautés du Groenland (Ukkusissat, Itilleq, Qaanaaq et Ittoqqortoormiit), l’auteure discute des impacts et des bénéfices du tourisme de croisière sur ces communautés qui n’ont pas toujours les infrastructures pour accueillir les touristes qui viennent * NORS (North Atlantic Regional Studies), Department of Geography and International Studies, Roskilde University, adresse postale: via Molino 14, I-39057 Cornaiano / BZ, Italie. [email protected] ÉTUDES/INUIT/STUDIES, 2012, 36(2): 125-145 les visiter pour quelques heures et souvent en grand nombre. Les points de vue de la population locale sont aussi présentés. Introduction Pendant longtemps, on a considéré le tourisme de croisière comme un produit réservé aux mers chaudes, spécialement aux Caraïbes. L’imaginaire touristique s’est nourri des atouts classiques associés aux vacances en croisière: la mer, le soleil, les plages blanches, les palmiers, le bronzage et les fruits exotiques (Dehoorne et al. 2009). Un monde à part, un rêve parfois poursuivi tout au long d’une vie. Néanmoins l’activité touristique est dynamique et propose toujours des produits nouveaux qui doivent être attrayants et originaux pour pouvoir pousser les consommateurs vers de nouvelles destinations. Dans la continuelle recherche de ce qui est neuf, unie à la nécessité d’allonger la saison touristique (les Caraïbes étant une destination hivernale), les régions arctiques ont émergé comme des destinations estivales et ont connu ces dernières années un véritable succès: le marché des croisières est en pleine expansion (Grenier 2011). L’image touristique de l’Arctique, pendant longtemps associée au froid, à la neige et à la glace, s’est transformée en un produit fortement attrayant: ses paysages de falaises escarpées, la banquise et les icebergs, le soleil de minuit, les aurores boréales ont changé l’Arctique, lieu traditionnellement inhospitalier, en un lieu touristique séduisant et ravissant (Grenier 2011; Stewart et al. 2011). Tout ce qui était considéré comme un désavantage est devenu un atout (Brown et Hall 2000; Synder et Stonehouse 2007; Tommasini 2011). C’est un monde étrange, tout comme sa population, pour des visiteurs qui désirent expérimenter la vie dans le Nord. La croissance de l’intérêt pour l’Arctique est aussi associée à une préoccupation pour un environnement qui pourrait disparaître à cause du changement climatique et de la diminution des glaces dont les médias donnent des comptes rendus presque quotidiens (Étienne 2005; Lemelin et al. 2012). Le voyage arctique représente donc une des dernières frontières du tourisme, qui offre «l’aventure» sur des bateaux de croisière confortables, qui sont de plus en plus des hôtels de luxe. Le bateau de croisière se révèle le moyen le plus approprié pour visiter des endroits éloignés qui, autrement, seraient presque impossibles à visiter vu le manque d’infrastructure pour accueillir des touristes (Grenier 2003, 2008). Fortement encouragé, le tourisme de croisière poursuit sa croissance tant sur le plan du nombre des visiteurs que sur celui de la recherche de destinations nouvelles sur les rivages du Groenland. Dans ses périples, le tourisme de croisière touche souvent des lieux périphériques et isolés qui sont habités par de petites communautés. Ces dernières vivent au quotidien une crise économique et sociale assez importante et le tourisme est considéré comme une option de développement par Greenland Tourism, l’organisation nationale du tourisme au Groenland. Sa politique des dernières années a été d’encourager fortement le tourisme de croisière (Greenland Tourism 1996). 126/D. TOMMASINI Après un résumé historique des démarches du développement touristique au Groenland, je présenterai le phénomène du tourisme de croisière qui augmente fortement actuellement dans les aires périphériques. J’inclurai et commenterai les points de vue de la population locale par rapport à ce type de tourisme. Puis je discuterai des impacts du tourisme de croisière sur les communautés qui n’ont pas les infrastructures
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