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Rosa Abaliac Azevedo.Pdf PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PROGRAMA DE ESTUDOS PÓS-GRADUADOS EM PSICOLOGIA SOCIAL Rosa Abaliac Azevedo IMAGENS DA SHOAH EM LIVROS DIDÁTICOS DO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL II: uma análise multimodal MESTRADO EM PSICOLOGIA SOCIAL São Paulo 2016 Rosa Abaliac Azevedo IMAGENS DA SHOAH EM LIVROS DIDÁTICOS DO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL II: uma análise multimodal Dissertação apresentada como exigência parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre no Programa de estudos Pós-Graduados em Psicologia Social da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, sob orientação da Prof. Dr. Mary Jane Spink. São Paulo 2016 Banca Examinadora _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Autorizo, exclusivamente, para fins acadêmicos e científicos, a reprodução total ou parcial desta dissertação, por processos de fotocopiadoras ou eletrônicos. São Paulo, 20 de janeiro de 2016. Assinatura: ___________________ ___________________ Agradecimento ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) pela bolsa de Mestrado no Programa de Pós Graduação em Psicologia Social. Processo de número: 136926/2014-2. AGRADECIMENTOS Primeiramente aos meus pais – Geraldo e Guita Azevedo – não apenas pelo incentivo aos estudos desde criança, mas, sobretudo, pelo exemplo de amor ao conhecimento. Vocês são tudo o que poderia sonhar em ter: meus alicerces, meus mentores, meus ouvintes, meus apoiadores, meu amores o meu eterno agradecimento não cabe em palavras. À minha irmã Bruna, que estava comigo quando soube que passei no processo seletivo do mestrado, pela felicidade compartilhada do momento. Pelo apoio de sempre, pelas trocas, pela parceria e principalmente pela amizade. Ao meu sobrinho Enzo por me proporciona tantos momentos de diversão, alegria e orgulho. A tia te ama demais! À Fúlvia Rosemberg (in memoriam) primeiramente pela confiança de ter me aceito como orientanda. Pela sugestão do tema de pesquisa, que a princípio tive receio por ser um assunto que me provoca emocionalmente. Obrigada ainda por um ano de muito aprendizado, seu legado teórico continuará sendo inspiração. Ao Núcleo de Estudos de Gênero, Raça e Idade (NEGRI) que era coordenado pela Fúlvia; nas pessoas de Sílvia, Elisângela, Ângela e Marcos. À Mary Jane Spink por ter aceitado de coração aberto me orientar no meio do processo. Não poderia ter escolhido melhor e sou imensamente grata pelos ensinamentos, pelos direcionamentos, pelo cuidado e atenção comigo. Pela leveza da voz, pelos sorrisos, pela cumplicidade, pelo carisma que definitivamente conquista todos os seus alunos/orientandos. Com orgulho que falo que hoje sou sua admiradora, incrível como sempre conseguia me deixar calma nas orientações, não é atoa que você é tão querida e respeitada por todos(as)! Mil vezes obrigada! Ao Núcleo de Práticas Discursivas e Produção de Sentido pela maravilhosa acolhida e pelos encontros semanais sempre recheados de muito entusiasmo e guloseimas. Obrigada especialmente a Ju Meireles, Sandra, Robert, Sueli, Eli, Simone, Jac, Rubem, Mário, George e Rafa que leu meu trabalho com muito carinho e me deu valiosas sugestões e dicas. Obrigada a toda família, sobretudo tio Mauro, tia Mirian, tio Rubens e Adriana pela preocupação constante e interesse em todo o processo. Às minhas amigas queridas que tornam minha vida muito mais feliz: Amanda, Juliana, Luciana, Shaira, Francine, Débora F. e Débora S. À minha roommate favorita Glauce. Obrigada também a Felipe pelos meses que passamos juntos na fase final, por toda a ajuda com o computador, por entender as minhas ausências e pelo incentivo de sempre! Ao corpo docente do Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Psicologia Social da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, pelo aprendizado. À Marlene Camargo, pela prontidão no atendimento e auxílio das mais diversas questões. Para mim, é praticamente impossível construir a vida sobre um alicerce de caos, sofrimento e morte. Vejo o mundo ser transformado aos poucos numa selva, ouço o trovão que se aproxima e que, um dia, irá nos destruir também, sinto o sofrimento de milhões. E, mesmo assim, quando olho para o céu, sinto de algum modo que tudo mudará para melhor, que a crueldade também terminará, que a paz e a tranquilidade voltarão. Enquanto isso, devo me agarrar aos meus ideais. Talvez chegue o dia em que eu possa realizá-los!. (Anne Frank) AZEVEDO, Rosa Abaliac. Imagens da Shoah em livros didáticos do ensino fundamental II: uma análise multimodal. 2016. 180f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Psicologia Social) – Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo. São Paulo: PUC-SP, 2016. RESUMO Este estudo objetiva analisar como as imagens da Shoah e, consequentemente, do antissemitismo, são veiculadas em livros didáticos de história do ensino fundamental II, aprovados pelo Ministério da Educação do Brasil. Partimos do pressuposto de que os livros didáticos são valiosos instrumentos para questionar diversas formas de discriminação, entre elas, o antissemitismo. Elegemos os conteúdos relativos à Segunda Guerra Mundial, dada a tensão atual entre a necessidade de preservar a memória do Holocausto e os esforços voltados a negá-lo. Na perspectiva adotada, as imagens são discursos sociais que podem perpetuar processos de naturalização das desigualdades. São práticas discursivas potencializadas pela coesão entre textos e imagens, conforme a proposta de análise multimodal adotada no Núcleo de Práticas Discursivas e Produção de Sentidos, ao qual esta pesquisa se integra. Foram escolhidos os três livros de história mais vendidos do Programa Nacional do Livro Didático de 2014, e as imagens foram selecionadas, tomando por base o uso de glossários. A principal conclusão foi a pouca visibilidade das vítimas e a reprodução de imagens estereotipadas dos judeus, resultado da propaganda nazista da época. Palavras-chave: Antissemitismo, Shoah, Holocausto, livros didáticos, imagens, práticas discursivas. ABSTRACT This study aims to analyze in which way the images of the Shoah and consequently the anti- Semitism are broadcasted in History elementary schools’ textbooks approved by the Ministry of Education of Brazil. This study assumes that textbooks are valuable tools to question various forms of discrimination, including anti-Semitism. Given the current tension between the need to preserve the memory of the Holocaust and the efforts aimed to deny it, contents related to the Second World War were chosen for this work. In the adopted perspective, images are social discourses that can perpetuate the process of the naturalization of some inequalities. Discursive practices are leveraged by cohesion between texts and pictures, as the proposed multimodal analysis embraced at the Núcleo de Práticas Discursivas e Produção de Sentidos, to which this research is assimilated. Three best-selling History books of the 2014 National Textbook Program were chosen, and the images were selected based on the use of glossaries. The main conclusion heads to the poor visibility of the victims and to the reproduction of stereotypical images of Jews as a result of the Nazi propaganda at that time. Keywords: Anti-Semitism, Shoah, Holocaust, textbooks, images, discursive practices. LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS ADL Anti-Defamation League ALERJ Assembleia Legislativa do Rio de Janeiro CIL Comunidade Israelita de Lisboa CHJ Centro de História Judaica CONIB Confederação Israelita do Brasil CRIF Le Conseil représentatif des institutions juives de France CST Community Security Trust DW Deutsche Welle ECA Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente EF Ensino Fundamental EFI Ensino Fundamental I EFII Ensino Fundamental II EJA Educação de Jovens e Adultos EM Ensino Médio FISESO Federação Israelita do Estado de São Paulo FFLCH Departamento de História da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas FNDE Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação GM Guerra Mundial IAC International Advisory Committee IBGE Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística IHR Institute for Historical Review LD Livro Didático LDB Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional LEER Laboratório de Estudos da Etnicidade e Racismo LEI Laboratório de Estudos sobre a Intolerância MEC Ministério da Educação e Cultura MEMOSHOÁ Associação de Memória e Ensino do Holocausto NEA Núcleo de estudos ARQSHOAH NEGRI Núcleo de Estudos de Gênero, Raça e Idade NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie NPD Nationaldemokratischen Partei Deutschland NPDPS Núcleo de Práticas Discursivas e Produção de Sentidos NSDAP Partido Nacional Socialista dos Trabalhadores Alemães ONGs Organizações Não Governamentais ONU Organização das Nações Unidas PCNs Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais PNLD Programa Nacional do Livro Didático RFA República Federativa Alemã SA Sturmabteilung SEB Secretaria de Educação Básica SOB Socialismo ou Barbárie SPCJ Service de protection de la communauté juive SS Schutzstaffe STF Supremo Tribunal Federal TPI Tribunal Penal Internacional UFRGS Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul UNESCO Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura USP Universidade de São Paulo LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 - Imagens antissemitas divulgadas pelo nazismo............................................... 79 Figura 2 - Os guetos.................................................................................................... 80 Figura 3 - O embarque nos trens................................................................................ 81 Figura 4 - Imagens do complexo de Auschwitz.............................................................
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