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Outer Islands Transport Infrastructure Investment Project

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Outer Islands Transport Infrastructure Investment Project Environmental and Social Management Framework January 2020 Kiribati: Outer Islands Transport Infrastructure Investment Project Prepared by the Ministry of Information, Communication, Transport and Tourism Development and the Ministry of Infrastructure and Sustainable Energy for the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank. This environmental and social management framework is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Table of Contents 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Purpose and Scope of the ESMF ......................................................................................................... 2 3 Description of the Project and Typology of Sub-Projects ..................................................................... 3 3.1 Project Subcomponents and Typologies ................................................................................ 3 3.2 Types of Subproject Activities .................................................................................................. 4 4 Environmental and Social Baseline Conditions .................................................................................... 5 4.1 Environmental conditions common to the Outer Islands ...................................................... 5 4.1.1 Coastal and Marine Ecosystems ..................................................................................... 5 4.1.2 Climate ................................................................................................................................. 6 4.1.3 Terrestrial Fauna and Flora .............................................................................................. 6 4.2 Abaiang ........................................................................................................................................ 7 4.3 Beru .............................................................................................................................................. 8 4.4 Nonouti ......................................................................................................................................... 9 4.5 Tabiteau South ......................................................................................................................... 10 4.6 Marine Resources .................................................................................................................... 11 4.7 Marine Pollution ........................................................................................................................ 12 4.8 Marine Protected Areas and Wildlife Sanctuaries ............................................................... 13 4.9 Climate Change and Natural Hazards .................................................................................. 13 4.9.1 Climate Change ................................................................................................................ 13 4.9.2 Assessing Kiribati’s Changing Climate ......................................................................... 13 4.9.3 Effects of Changing Climate ........................................................................................... 15 4.9.4 Natural Hazards ................................................................................................................ 16 4.10 Socio-Economic Environment ................................................................................................ 16 4.10.1 Population .......................................................................................................................... 16 4.10.2 Indigenous People............................................................................................................ 17 4.10.3 Economic trends ............................................................................................................... 17 4.10.4 Employment and Livelihoods .......................................................................................... 18 4.10.5 Poverty ............................................................................................................................... 18 ii 4.10.6 Trade .................................................................................................................................. 18 4.11 Gender Roles in the Outlying Islands .................................................................................... 19 5 Legal, Policy Framework and Regulatory Requirements ................................................................... 21 5.1 Kiribati Environmental Laws and Policies ............................................................................. 21 5.1.1 Environment Act 1999 ..................................................................................................... 21 5.1.2 Environment (General) Regulations, 2017 ................................................................... 21 5.1.3 Environmental License Process ..................................................................................... 22 5.1.4 Land Acquisition and Lease Approvals ......................................................................... 24 5.1.5 Health and Safety ............................................................................................................. 24 5.1.6 Wildlife/Biodiversity Conservation .................................................................................. 24 5.1.7 Other relevant plans and policies: ................................................................................. 25 5.1.8 International Conventions ............................................................................................... 25 5.2 World Bank Policies ................................................................................................................. 26 5.3 Asian Development Bank Policy ............................................................................................ 27 5.4 Common Safeguards Approach............................................................................................. 28 5.5 Gender Assessment ................................................................................................................ 28 6 Environmental and Social Screening of Subprojects .......................................................................... 31 6.1 Overview of Screening Process ............................................................................................. 31 6.2 Screening of Subprojects ........................................................................................................ 31 6.3 Ineligible Activities .................................................................................................................... 33 7 Potential Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures .............................................. 35 7.1 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation .................................................................................. 35 7.1.1 Physical Impacts............................................................................................................... 36 7.1.2 Dredging ............................................................................................................................ 37 7.1.3 Ecological Impacts. .......................................................................................................... 37 7.1.4 Social Impacts. ................................................................................................................. 38 7.2 Exposure of Project Infrastructure to Climate Risks and Impacts .................................... 39 7.2.1 Climate Vulnerability Analysis ........................................................................................ 39 7.2.2 Potential Adaptation Options and Measures ................................................................ 39 7.3 Gender Impacts and Mitigation .............................................................................................. 40 7.3.1 Gender Inequality in Kiribati ............................................................................................ 40 7.3.2 Access to Services and Economic Opportunities for Women. .................................. 41 7.3.3 Risks from Unreliable Boat Travel ................................................................................. 41 7.3.4 Barriers to Women Working in Non-traditional Sectors .............................................. 41 7.3.5 SafeNet for GBV ............................................................................................................... 42 7.3.6 Implementing Agencies Lack Gender Experience ...................................................... 42 7.3.7 Proposed Gender Action Plan ........................................................................................ 42 7.4 Cumulative Impacts ................................................................................................................
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