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• Statistic data and analyses of the structure and dynamics of industry – to obtain an up-to-date view of future challenges and opportunities.

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S2007:003 Swedish controlled groups with business operations abroad 2005

ITPS, Swedish Institute for Growth Policy Studies Studentplan 3, 831 40 Östersund, Sweden Telephone: +46 (0)63 16 66 00 Fax: +46 (0)63 16 66 01 [email protected] www.itps.se ISSN 1650-349X

Swedish controlled groups with business operations abroad 2005

Table of contents Summary 2 Statistics with commentaries 3 Methods and Quality Assurance 15 Swedish controlled groups with most employees abroad 21 Tables 23

Authority responsible for statistics The Swedish Institute for Growth Policy Studies (ITPS) Studentplan 3, 831 40 ÖSTERSUND Tel: 063 16 66 00 Fax: 063 16 66 01 www.itps.se

Enquiries: Markus Lindvert Tel: 063-16 66 36 or e-mail: [email protected]

Responsible publisher: Sture Öberg Östersund May 2007 ISSN1650-349X SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Summary

The Swedish Institute for Growth Policy Studies (ITPS),as laid down in the Act on Official Statistics (SFS 2001:99) and the Appendix to the Ordinance on Statistics (SFS 2001:100) has the task of producing and making statistics on international enterprises available. As a part of this work ITPS produces an annual report on the business operations of Swedish controlled groups abroad. This report only presents data concerning groups which have at least one employee in a subsidiary abroad, and the data applies to business operations in 2005. In 2005 there were 1,199 Swedish controlled groups with business operations abroad, an increase of 343 groups since 2004. The number of employees in these amounted to slightly less than 1.5 millions, an increase of 3 per cent over the preceding year. The number of employees abroad increased by slightly less than 43,000 to around 996,000 employees, and the number in Sweden decreased by 3,000 to slightly less than 493,000 employees. Spain and Norway were the countries where International Swedish groups increased the most. The number of employees decreased in a few countries, amongst others, Germany, the USA and India. The majority of employees in Swedish controlled subsidiaries abroad are in Europe and America. Out of the 1,199 Swedish controlled groups with business operations abroad in 2005, 365 groups (30 per cent) were active in Norway. Between 20 and 25 per cent of the groups had business operations in other neighbouring Scandinavian countries, the United Kingdom and Germany. The groups studied accounted for nearly 39 per cent of Sweden's total exports of goods and approximately 21 per cent of imports of goods in 2005.

This report only covers Swedish controlled groups with at least one subsidiary and one employee abroad. The data is based on the annual reports of the groups, and is available from the Swedish Companies Registration Office (Bolagsverket). A group is defined as Swedish controlled if the group head at the top level in the group structure owns at least 50 per cent of the voting rights. For more detailed information, see the section Methods and Quality Assurance.

2 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Statistics with commentaries

Introduction The following report presents statistics on Swedish controlled groups with at least one employee abroad in 2005. All data apart from the figures on exports and imports is obtained from publicly available annual reports of the companies surveyed. A group is defined as Swedish controlled, if 50 per cent of the group head, at the top of the group structure, is controlled by Swedish institutional controlling units.

Long-term increase in number of employees abroad Swedish controlled groups with business operations abroad had close to 1.5 million employees in 2005, an increase of 3 per cent over the preceding year. Abroad the number increased by 42,536 persons to 996,176 employees and the number in Sweden decreased by 2 812 to 489,847 employees, see Figure 1. The number of Swedish controlled groups with business operations abroad increased from 856 groups in 2004 to 1,199 groups in 2005. A large part of the increase in the number of groups and some of the increase in the number of employees abroad between the surveys in 2004 and 2005 can be explained by improvements in methods. The improvements apply mainly to small groups where special efforts have been made to improve the coverage of the survey. Further information on the survey can be found under Methods and Quality Assurance.

Figure 1 Number of employees in Swedish controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 1990-2005.

1 000 000

900 000

800 000

700 000

600 000

500 000

400 000

300 000

200 000

100 000

0 1990 1993 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Sweden Abroad

Note: Observe that the population of Swedish controlled groups also changes over time. For example, the fact that some Swedish controlled groups with business operations abroad come under foreign control and are thus no longer covered by the survey may have a major impact on the statistics. Read more about this in the section on Methods and Quality Assurance.

3 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Changes in the statistics can be largely explained by changes in the population of Swedish controlled groups. An entire group can change its nationality from one year to the next. A group may one year be Swedish controlled and the following year foreign controlled and vice versa. Within groups, changes are primarily due to acquisitions, sales and closures of companies. Changes in employment in existing enterprises may be said to have a limited effect on the statistics. Changes in the population and group structures may have a large impact on the statistics, and this should be taken into account when interpreting changes in individual countries and individual industry classifications. Changes in the population make comparisons over time more difficult. The increase in the number of employees abroad in the latter part of the 1990s can be largely explained by a substantial increase in the number of employees in the USA. Major increases have also taken place in Germany, France, the Nordic Area, the Baltic area, Eastern Europe and China. Changes in Eastern Europe are due to the fact that there have been substantial increases in the number of employees in both the manufacturing and construction sectors. In the Baltic area Swedish controlled enterprises have increased substantially in the service sector, particularly in financial intermediation since the beginning of the 1990s. In Western Europe and the USA, the increases have taken place in the service sector. Manufacturing industry accounted for the major part of the increase in the number of employees in China.

Changes between 2004 and 2005 The number of employees in all world regions. The largest increase was in Europe where the number of employees increased by 23,195 to 611,689. In America, the number of employees increased by 7,850 to 278,846, and in Asia by 2,755 to 66,663. The majority of employees in Swedish controlled subsidiaries abroad are in Europe and America, see Figure 2.

Figure 2 Share of employees in Swedish controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad by world region 2005.

Series1

7% 4%

28%

61%

Europe America Asia Others

Note: Employees in Sweden are not shown in the figure.

4 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

EU15 increased by 9,351 employees, and EU25 as a whole increased by 16,104 employees. The OECD countries as a whole increased employees by 20,899. International Swedish groups increased most in Spain with an increase of 6,822 employees, and Norway with an increase of 5,546 employees. The number of employees decreased in a few countries, namely Germany, the USA and India, in these countries the number of employees in International Swedish groups decreased between 2,000 and 2,600 persons. Changes in other countries are shown in Table 1a. The USA came out well on top in 2005 in terms of number of employees, one fifth of all employees abroad were located in the USA in 2005. Slightly less than 70 per cent of all employees abroad can be found in the 10 countries shown in Figure 3. 54 per cent of employees were in EU25 and slightly less than 81 per cent in the OECD.

Figure 3 Countries where Swedish controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad had most employees in 2005.

200 426 USA 202 548 92 143 Germany 94 817 69 702 France 68 151 60 765 UK 60 734 51 551 Finland 50 529 45 044 Denmark 44 837 45 987 Norway 40 441 40 642 Spain 33 820 31 527 Poland 29 486 27 015 Italy 26 524

2004 2005

Largest share of female employees in Finland Figure 4 shows the share of employed women and men in countries where Swedish controlled groups had most employees in 2005. Amongst these countries, the highest share was observed in Finland, where around 41 per cent of employees were women. This was approximately the same share as in 2004. The lowest share was in Italy, where approximately 16 per cent of employees were women. If we look at the OECD countries, the share of women varied between 16 and 41 per cent, and of 489,847 employees in Sweden it is estimated that 28 per cent were women, a somewhat lower share than in 2004. Amongst other countries of location, India is highly prominent although only 3 per cent of the groups' employees were made up of women.

5 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Figure 4 Estimated distribution between men and women employed in countries where Swedish controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad had most employees in 2005.

Sweden

USA

Germany

France

UK Women Finland Men Denmark

Norway

Spain

Poland

Italy

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Note: In contrast to Table 2a, Figure 4 is based on the assumption that employees in the respective countries where no gender breakdown is reported, have the same distribution as other employees.

The results for the individual countries of location are shown in Table 2a, but note that the shares in the table are lowest estimates, i.e. they are calculated on the basis of the total number of employees and include employees where no gender disaggregation is available. The share of women and men in the table should thus be interpreted as being at least as large as the figures shown. The figures above, however, have been calculated on the assumption that employees in the respective countries that are not reported by gender, have the same gender distribution as other employees. The reason is that the size of the partial non-response should not affect comparability between countries.

High frequency of establishment in the Nordic area Out of the 1,199 Swedish controlled groups with business operations abroad in 2005, 365 groups (30 per cent) were active in Norway. Norway was the country which had most establishments in Sweden. Between 18 and 25 per cent of the groups were established in the other Scandinavian countries, the United Kingdom, Germany and the USA. 66 per cent of the groups had business operations in the OECD, 60 per cent in EU25, and 49 per cent in EU15. Note that the high percentages are explained by the fact that one and the same group may have been operating in several different countries. The data on which Figure 5 is based is shown in Table 3.

6 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Figure 5 Countries of location where the largest share of Swedish controlled groups had business operations in 2005, shares in per cent.

Norway 30

Denmark 25 Finland 23

UK 21 Germany 20

USA 18

Poland 13 France 11

Netherlands 9

Estonia 9

Trends in manufacturing industry and the service sector differ Changes in the number of employees abroad at the end of the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s are explained primarily by changes in the service sector. Changes in the number of employees in Swedish controlled groups in Sweden can be explained primarily by changes in manufacturing industry.

Figure 6 Employees in Swedish controlled groups abroad 1996-2005 by manufacturing industry, service sector and others.

600 000

500 000

400 000

300 000

200 000

100 000

0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Manufacturing Services Others

Note: Industry is defined in accordance with SNI 2002 (NACE Rev. 1.1); manufacturing industry corresponds to the main classifications 15-37, the service sector to 50-99 and others to 01-14 and 40-45.

7 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

During the period 1996 to 2005, manufacturing groups had about 500,000 employees abroad, whilst service groups had 300,000 more employees in 2005 compared with 1996. These changes can, however, be attributed to the fact that a few groups during the period made large acquisitions abroad. The category "Others" has increased abroad by close to 60,000 employees, this increase was mainly due to increases in the construction sector. In Sweden, employees in manufacturing groups decreased by slightly more than 160,000 persons between 1996 and 2005. During the same period, the number of employees in service groups decreased by about 40,000 persons. Changes in Sweden can be partly explained by the fact that some large manufacturing groups came under foreign control and were thus no longer in the population surveyed.

Figure 7 Employees in Swedish controlled groups in Sweden 1996-2005 by manufacturing industry, service sector and others.

400 000

300 000

200 000

100 000

0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Manufacturing Services Others

Note: Industry is defined in accordance with SNI2002 (NACE Rev. 1.1); manufacturing industry corresponds to the main classifications 15-37, the service sector to 50-99 and others to 01-14 and 40-45.

Both the service sector and manufacturing industry had more employees abroad in 2005 than in 2004. The groups in the service sector had 408,875 employees abroad in 2005, which was 29,516 more than the previous year. For the groups in manufacturing industry, the number of employees increased by 13,847 persons. In 2005 the number of employees increased to 503,177 persons. Groups in the category "Others" had 84,119 employees abroad, and this was approximately the same number of employees as the year before. Among the 10 industries which had most employees abroad in 2005, 9 industries had more employees abroad in 2005 than in 2004. The only industry where a trend in the opposite direction could be observed was other machinery which had a decrease of 1,845 employees abroad, see Figure 8.

8 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Figure 8 The 10 industries where Swedish controlled groups had most employees 2005 and 2004.

229 071 Other business activities 219 987

152 869 Other machinery 154 714

Mfr. metal prodts. except 75 284 machinery and equipment 68 470

75 158 Motor vehicles and trailers 72 715

56 960 Construction 56 868

Pulp, paper and paper 52 546 products 51 138

47 450 Financial intermediation 46 247

35 382 Retail trade 32 775

Radio, tv comm. equipt 35 094 and app. 31 977

Wholesale and 27 145 commission trade 24 261

2004 2005

The number of active groups increased in all 10 industry classifications which had most employees abroad, see Figure 9. The increase in the number of groups is largely due to the special examination of the smaller groups carried out in the previous year's survey, see Methods and Quality Assurance. The number of employees in Sweden in manufacturing industry decreased by 3,205 employees between 2004 and 2005. A few individual industries accounted for a large share of the decrease. The largest decrease was in manufacturing of transport fuels, where there was a decrease of 2,357 employees and other machinery which had a decrease of 2,125 employees. Swedish controlled manufacturing groups had 212,179 employees in Sweden in 2005. Swedish controlled service groups had 227,209 employees in Sweden in 2005. This was approximately the same number as in 2004. But in the service sector there were large changes for some individual industries. Compared to 2004, there were significantly fewer employees in retailing and other services. Major changes were observed in wholesale and commission trade, computer and related activities, and financial intermediation.

9 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Figure 9 Number of Swedish controlled groups with business operations abroad 2005 and 2004; by the 10 industries with most employees abroad in 2005.

136 Other business activities 88

95 Other machinery 76

Mfr. metal prodts. except 59 machinery and equipment 41

22 Motor vehicles and trailers 18

23 Construction 13

Pulp, paper and paper 18 products 16

29 Financial intermediation 19

33 Retail trade 31

Radio, tv comm. equipt and 9 app. 7

Wholesale and 249 commission trade 176

2004 2005

Detailed information concerning the number of employees in different industries is shown in Tables 9a and 9b. However, as mentioned earlier, when interpreting the figures, account should be taken of the fact that changes in individual industries may often be linked to changes affecting one or a small number of groups. The degree of internationalisation, that is the share of employees abroad, was 67 per cent in 2005. In percentage terms this was higher compared to preceding years. In overall terms, the groups in manufacturing industry had a higher degree of internationalisation than groups in the service sector in 2005, with figures of 70 and 64 per cent respectively. As regards specific industries, the degree of internationalisation was highest in other business activities and manufacture of precision instruments. The industry with the lowest degree of internationalisation in 2005 was land transport. It should be noted that the degree of internationalisation of the larger groups largely determines an individual industry's degree of internationalisation.

High dominance by a few large groups The statistics for Swedish controlled groups with business operations abroad are dominated by a few large groups. In manufacturing industry, the 80 groups which had the largest number of employees abroad accounted for 96 per cent of all employees abroad, and 77 per cent of all employees in Sweden, which does not represent a change compared with previous years. Corresponding figures for the 20 largest manufacturing groups were 84 and 50 per cent which was a somewhat lower share than in 2004, see Figure 10. The 80 group and the 20 group both had 76 per cent of their employees abroad in OECD countries. Compared to the figure for the 80 largest groups in 2004, the number of employees abroad

10 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

increased by about 2 per cent whilst the number of employees in Sweden decreased by the same figure. It should, however, be pointed out that these groups are not homogenous over time. A further aspect concerning comparability over time is that some of the " new" groups in a specific year may have been assigned to a certain group through acquisitions which were included in the previous year. Another cause of changes in these groups is that some groups may have come under foreign control.

Figure 10 Number of employees in the 80 largest and 20 largest Swedish controlled manufacturing groups with business operations abroad 2005.

800 000

700 000

600 000 All manufacturing groups 500 000

80 largest manufacturing 400 000 groups 300 000 20 largest manufacturing groups 200 000

100 000

0 Sweden Abroad Total

In the service sector, the 40 largest service groups had 92 per cent of all employees abroad, and 67 per cent of employees in Sweden in 2005, see Figure 11. Of the employees in the 40 largest service groups abroad, 89 per cent were in the OECD, and compared with 2004, the number of employees increased by 8 per cent, and the number of employees in Sweden increased by 1 per cent.

11 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Figure 11 Number of employees in the 40 largest Swedish controlled service groups with business operations abroad 2005.

700 000

600 000

500 000

400 000 All service groups 40 largest service groups 300 000

200 000

100 000

0 Sweden Abroad Total

Since the groups were classified on the basis of the number of employees in Sweden, it appears that the largest number of Swedish controlled groups with business operations abroad in 2005 were in the classification with between 0 to 49 employees, see Figure 12. The number of groups increased in most size classes between 2004 and 2005, this was largely related to improvements in survey methods, especially as regards groups in the size class 0-49 employees, see Methods and Quality Assurance.

Figure12 Number of Swedish controlled groups with business operations abroad 2005 and 2004 by size class. Size classes are based on the group's employees in Sweden.

622 0-49 336

337 50-249 283

100 250-499 89 2005 62 2004 500-999 66

57 1000-4999 61

21 5000- 21

The majority of all employees abroad are in groups with at least 5,000 employees in Sweden. The 21 groups in the classification with at least 5,000 employees accounted in 2005 for approximately 60 per cent of all employees abroad, and 49 per cent of all

12 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

employees in international Swedish groups in Sweden. In total, these groups had 842,645 employees in 2005, 601,615 abroad and 241,030 in Sweden.

Export and import of goods The following figures refer to Swedish exports and imports of goods for the 1,199 Swedish controlled international groups. In 2005, these groups accounted for goods exports valued at SEK 373 billion. Of this, manufacturing groups accounted for SEK 329 billion, and service groups for SEK 26 billion. In 2005, these groups accounted for 39 per cent of Sweden's total export of goods. 54 per cent of all exports went to EU countries and 10 per cent to the USA. Figure 13 shows the groups' exports of goods to the 10 largest receiving countries, by manufacturing, services and other groups. It is worth noting that exports from other groups, go mainly to Germany, the UK and Finland.

Figure 13 The 10 largest export countries for Swedish controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad by manufacturing, service groups and other groups in 2005 in SEK million.

USA

Germany

UK

Netherlands

Norway

Belgium

Finland

France

Denmark

Italy

0 10 000 20 000 30 000 40 000 50 000

Manufacturing groups Service groups Others

Goods imports of the groups amounted to a total of SEK 172 billion in 2005, of which manufacturing groups accounted for SEK 115 billion and service groups for SEK 48 billion. In total, Swedish controlled international groups accounted for 21 per cent of all Swedish imports. Germany is an important trading partner for Swedish controlled international groups. Imports from Germany accounted for 18 per cent of the total value of imports. Of the 10 countries which Swedish controlled international groups exported most to, 9 were also ranked highest in terms of import value. In total, the groups reported a trade surplus of SEK 201 billion. The manufacturing groups had a surplus of SEK 214 billion and the service groups a deficit of SEK 23 billion.

13 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Figure 14 The 10 largest importing countries for Swedish controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad by manufacturing, service groups and other groups in 2005 in SEK million.

Germany

UK

Netherlands

USA

Finland

Denmark

France

Norway

Italy

Poland

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000

Manufacturing groups Service groups Others

14 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Methods and Quality Assurance

Background and purpose The Swedish Institute for Growth Policy Studies (ITPS) in accordance with the Act on Official Statistics (SFS 2001:99) and the Appendix to the Ordinance on Statistics (SFS 2001:100) has the task of producing and making statistics on international enterprises available. "International enterprises" are defined as covering both enterprises in Sweden with foreign institutional controlling units and also Swedish controlled groups with business operations abroad. The latter category is surveyed in this report. Statistical reports in the area can be obtained free of charge from the ITPS web site at www.itps.se.

Scope of the statistics This report only covers Swedish controlled groups with at least one employee in a subsidiary abroad. Swedish groups with employees abroad comprise groups in which Swedish institutional units control at least 50 per cent of the voting rights in the group head. If voting rights are equally distributed between foreign and Swedish controlling units, the group is regarded as Swedish controlled. If on the other hand foreign voting rights exceed 50 per cent, the group is regarded as foreign controlled and thus falls outside the scope of this survey.

Unit of study and population The population surveyed is made up of all groups in Sweden which during the survey year have subsidiaries abroad. The framework used is the register of groups maintained by MM Partner. As for the Swedish controlled groups, the statistical unit studied is the group as a whole. One exception concerns State-owned public service corporations, where the units studied are parts of the group structure which have foreign subsidiaries. Using the group and not the enterprise as the unit of study means that the survey focuses on the ultimate controlling institutional unit in each group structure even though direct control of a subsidiary abroad can be traced back to a single enterprise within a group.

Reference period The material in this report concerns Swedish controlled groups with business operations abroad for financial year 2005.

Completeness The survey of Swedish controlled groups with business operations abroad is a part of the statistical area of "international enterprises". In addition to this report, surveys are produced on foreign controlled enterprises in Sweden, and surveys where international enterprises are compared with other Swedish enterprises, as well as surveys which focus on the international investments of enterprises in research and development.

15 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Shortcomings in the statistics on Swedish controlled groups' business operations are primarily related to difficulties in gathering information on operations abroad. A specific shortcoming arising from this is that a group's industry classification must be determined on the basis of the group's main business operations in Sweden.

Reliability of the statistics

Overall reliability All units in the framework population are studied, and this eliminates any uncertainty due to the size of the sample. Reliability is largely determined by the fact that a limited number of groups account for a very high share of total employment abroad. The quality of the survey in the first instance is primarily dependent on the data provided by these large groups. In order to ensure a high level of quality, additional checks were thus run on the groups' annual reports and in those cases where data on distribution of employees by country was incomplete, a supplementary questionnaire was sent out.

Sources of uncertainty Some uncertainty is related to whether a total population can be defined. In survey year 2005, 471 new group heads entered the survey whilst 128 left. The problems involved in covering the frame are further commented on under the heading below. Uncertainty also occurs because the annual reports which are the basis for the survey do not always provide all the information required by the Swedish Annual Accounts Act. As in most studies, uncertainty is connected with the registration and processing of data.

Coverage of the frame Overrepresentation, in principle, can not occur since the data on the number of employees is obtained from publicly available annual group accounts – providing these figures are themselves correct. Underrepresentation can occur as a result of incomplete descriptions in the annual reports of the parent enterprise's control of subsidiaries, and also because a controlling institutional unit with subsidiaries abroad is in such cases not part of the survey.

Measuring instruments The main method of data collection is visual scrutiny of the official annual reports obtained from the Swedish Companies Registration Office (Bolagsverket). Basic data registration is carried out by MM Partner who have extensive experience in registering annual accounts. As far as current information is concerned, there is no standardized presentation format in the annual reports, but the work generally involves scrutinising lengthy notes to the annual reports. In those cases where the annual reports of large groups provide insufficient information, supplementary data is obtained through postal questionnaires. In order to determine the need for supplementary questionnaires, as the first stage in each year's survey, priority is given to reviewing the annual reports of groups with at least 500 employees abroad. In the 2005 survey, a supplementary questionnaire was sent to 10 large groups, of which 6 responded.

16 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Special examination in the 2005 survey In order to improve the quality of the survey, a further examination of the groups' annual reports was carried out. An estimate was then made of the number of employees abroad based on the group's total employees and the number of employees in the Swedish subsidiaries. All groups with at least 10 employees, for which employees abroad was not captured by normal registration, were investigated again through annual reports and estimates on the number of employees abroad. In some special cases, data could be obtained which had not been identified in the normal registration process. As a rule, however, business operations abroad are mentioned in the annual reports, but explicit data on the number of employees abroad was not available. In order to provide a more balanced picture of primarily the business operations of smaller groups, data estimates were only used after being individually examined. As regards groups with fewer than 10 employees - which have the right not to disclose information in their annual reports - standard data estimates have been used. In total, further data on employees abroad and in Sweden has been obtained for approximately 400 groups. This led to a further increase of slightly more than 400 groups with a total of approximately 16,000 employees abroad, and close to 30,000 employees in Sweden. The smallest size class – groups with 0-49 employees in Sweden – shows after the supplement a doubling in the number of groups with foreign employees. Of the total of close to 20,000 foreign employees, this supplement adds approximately 7,000 employees. Also the next size class – groups with between 50-249 employees in Sweden – is affected relatively much by the supplement. Out of a total of close to 340 groups, 100 more groups were added with approximately 5,000 employees abroad.

Non-response Total non-response may occur if enterprises have not submitted annual reports to the Swedish Companies Registration Office (Bolagsverket). Total non-response today is very small and can be assumed to have a very limited impact on the result. Different types of partial non-response occur when groups do not present sufficiently detailed information. Instead of reporting employees by country, in some cases they may be reported by total, employees abroad or by world region. Partial non-response is affected by the extent to which groups comply with Chapter 5, Article 18 of the Swedish Annual Accounts Act (SFS 1995:1554). In the case of large groups that do not respond to the supplementary questionnaire, a breakdown of the number of employees based on the country breakdown in the preceding year is wherever possible used. It is not possible to quantify precisely non-response in this survey, but it is possible to state that non-response is relatively limited since administrative material provides the basis for the survey (publicly available annual reports from the Swedish Companies Registration Office (Bolagsverket). As regards smaller enterprises, annual reports are more transparent and data on employees abroad is thus easier to find. However, non-response has decreased in this year's survey.

17 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Processing After basic data registration, a number of post-checking operations are carried out. For example, general comparisons are made between the number of employees in Sweden as shown in the survey, and a simple aggregation of the number of employees in limited liability companies per group. For groups with a Swedish limited liability company as the group head, an estimate can also be made of the number of employees abroad by subtracting the figure for the Swedish part of the group from the total number of employees in the group.

Assumptions of the model The Swedish Annual Accounts Act (1995:1554) defines the meaning of the concept of "group" in Chapter 1, Article 4. A company is a parent enterprise, and a legal entity is a subsidiary if the parent enterprise owns more than half the voting rights of all the shares in the subsidiary. There are also supplementary rules which, simply put, mean that the same applies if one enterprise, through agreements or similar means, exercises a determining influence over another enterprise. A group is made up of a group head and its subsidiaries. A parent enterprise may in its turn be the subsidiary of another enterprise. In such a case, it is defined as a sub-group. The terminology that ITPS applies means that the controlling institutional unit at the "highest level" in the group is called the group head, whilst the others are called parent enterprises. The Swedish Annual Accounts Act defines the obligation to produce consolidated group accounts (Chapter 7). Essentially, all group heads are obliged to provide consolidated group accounts with one exception. The exception applies if the number of employees in the group amounts to a maximum of 10 on average over the past two financial years and if the balance sheet total amounts to a maximum of SEK 24 million on the balance day of the most recent financial year (i.e. 10/24 enterprise). The requirement to provide consolidated group accounts for sub-groups does not apply in the following cases: ƒ if the group head provides consolidated group accounts covering the parent enterprise and its subsidiaries ƒ the group head is subject to legislation in the EEA area As a result, foreign controlled groups with their group head domiciled in the EEA are not required to provide group accounts in Sweden. The industry classification of a group is determined on the basis of the Swedish group's industry classification in terms of "majority" criteria. This means that the group is assigned to an industry in accordance with the business operations where the group has most employees in Sweden. The industry classification can thus be misleading in cases where business operations abroad are more substantial and have a different industrial composition compared to what they have in Sweden. Sometimes during one and the same study year, a company's annual accounts may be registered twice. This may arise, for example, if an enterprise is taken over during the year and thus changes its status from being an independent group or part of a group to being part of a different group. In such cases the assumption is made for small enterprises/groups

18 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

that the situation at the beginning of the year applies to the whole year. For large groups, this is determined on a case to case basis.

Comparability of the statistics

Comparability over time Since the data refers to groups, changes in the number of employees are affected not only by changes in actual employment, but above all by changes in the structure of the groups over the years. Thus the effects of acquisitions, sales, mergers and closures of companies are included in the figures for changes in the number of employees. Comparability between the surveys in 2004 and 2005 are made more difficult due to the special examination of groups carried out in the 2005 survey. A large part of the increase in the number of groups is due to this examination. A summary of the changes from the previous year is provided in the table below.

Table 1 Changes in the number of groups and employees between 2004 and 2005 Number Number employees Groups Sweden Abroad Total Result 2005 for groups in both years 728 452,765 969,349 1,422,114 Result 2004 for groups in both years 728 453,994 934,385 1,388,379 Change -1,229 34,964 33,735 New groups in 2005 471 37,082 26,822 63,904 Result 2004 for groups not included in 2005 128 38,665 19,250 57,915

Comparability between groups No other collated statistics are available in Sweden that provide comparability with the statistics on Swedish controlled groups with business operations abroad. Parts of the statistics presented in this report are reproduced in other surveys on the statistical area “International Enterprises”.

Coherence with other statistics The statistics can be related to other statistics on enterprises, with the qualification that comparability is only possible with regard to the Swedish operations of the groups. Similar but not directly comparable statistics are produced by a number of countries in Europe and the OECD countries.

19 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Definitions and sources The survey is based on the annual reports of the group heads, which are publicly available from the Swedish Companies Registration Office (Bolagsverket). A group is defined as Swedish controlled if the group head at the top level in the group structure is a Swedish legal entity. A group head is the parent enterprise at the highest level in the group, that is a parent enterprise which is not the subsidiary of some other enterprise. A group head is an enterprise controlling one or more subsidiaries, and a subsidiary is an enterprise which is more than 50 per cent controlled by another enterprise or where another enterprise has a dominant influence. The number of employees is the average number of employees during the financial year. Country of location is the country where a group has a subsidiary and a least one employee. Degree of internationalisation is the number of employees abroad in relation to the total number of employees. Industry classification is determined by means of so-called majority criteria. The industry in which most employees in the Swedish parts of the group are working determines the industry classification of the group. If a group is classified on the basis of its Swedish operations alone, this is because insufficient information is provided about the non- Swedish parts of the group's operations in the annual reports. Manufacturing groups are defined as those which fall within one of the main classifications 15-37 according to SNI 2002 (NACE Rev. 1.1). Service groups comprise all groups that fall within the main classifications 50-99 according to SNI 2002 (NACE Rev. 1.1). Other groups are defined as those that fall within the main classifications 01-14 and 40-45 according to SNI 2002 (NACE Rev. 1.1). The industry classification has been done in accordance with the Swedish Standard Classification of Economic Activities SNI 2002, which is based on the statistical classification of economic activities in the European Union, NACE Rev. 1.1 Countries have been grouped in accordance with the international standard ISO 3166. This standard is maintained by ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency and the UN Statistics Division.

Information services For further information, contact:

Markus Lindvert; Tel: 063-16 66 36 or e-mail [email protected]

Sara Berntsson; Tel: 063-16 66 11 or e-mail [email protected]

20 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Swedish controlled groups with most employees abroad

The 80 largest manufacturing groups 2005 AarhusKarlshamn AB Investmentaktiebolaget Latour Albert Bonnier AB ITAB Shop Concept AB Alfa Laval AB Kinnarps AB Alimak Hek Group AB L E Lundbergföretagen AB Aros Quality Group AB Laholm Intressenter AB Assa Abloy AB Lindab Intressenter AB Atlas Copco AB Lindéngruppen AB Atlet AB Munters AB Ballingslöv International AB Necks Invest AB Beijer Alma AB Nederman Holding AB BonaKemi AB Nefab AB Bong Ljungdahl AB New Wave Group AB Borås Wäfveri AB NIBE Industrier AB Camfil AB Nobia AB Cardo AB Nolato AB Carl Bennet AB NOTE AB Chotebor AB O.F. Ahlmark & Co eftr. aktiebolag Cloetta Fazer AB Octapharma Nordic AB Duni AB PartnerTech AB Dynapac Holding AB Pergo AB EFG European Furniture Group AB SAAB AB Elanders AB Sandvik AB Electrolux, AB SCANIA AB Findus AB SKF, AB Förvaltnings AB Johnson Pump SSAB Svenskt Stål AB FSD Förvaltning AB STC Interfinans AB G Bergström Förvaltningsaktiebolag Strålfors AB Gambro AB Svenska Cellulosa AB SCA Getinge AB Swedish Match AB Grimaldi Industri AB Swegmark Invest AB Gunnebo AB Systemair AB Gunnebo Industrier AB Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson Haldex AB Thomas Concrete Group AB HEBEDA Trä AB Tradex Holding AB Hebi Health Care AB Trading House Scandinavia AB Hexagon AB Trelleborg AB HL Display AB Trioplast Industrier AB Höganäs AB V&S Vin & Sprit AB Industrivärden, AB Volvo, AB Investment AB Kinnevik VSM Group Holding AB

21 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

The 20 largest manufacturing groups 2005 Albert Bonnier AB Lindéngruppen AB Alfa Laval AB Nobia AB Assa Abloy AB Sandvik AB Atlas Copco AB SCANIA AB Cardo AB SKF, AB Electrolux, AB Svenska Cellulosa AB SCA Gambro AB Swedish Match AB Getinge AB Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson Gunnebo AB Trelleborg AB Hexagon AB Volvo, AB

The 40 largest service groups 2005 Axel Johnson Gruppen AB Observer AB Bilia AB Poolia AB Brodvik AB Posten AB Broström AB Proffice AB Bure Equity AB Ratos AB Capio AB Securitas AB Elekta AB Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB Eniro AB Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB FöreningsSparbanken AB Stefan Persson Placering AB Försäkringsaktiebolaget Skandia Stena AB Ibs AB Stena Metall AB Ica AB Svenska Handelsbanken AB Industrial and Financial Systems, IFS AB Svenska Lantmännen ek. för. Indutrade AB SWECO AB Intentia International AB Tele2 AB Intrum Justitia AB Teleca AB Lindex, AB Telefos AB Meda AB Telelogic AB Modern Times Group MTG AB TeliaSonera AB Nordea Bank AB WM-data AB

22 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Tables

Table 1a. Number of employees in Swedish Table 7c Number of employees in Swedish controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2005 controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2005, by and 2004, by country. country group and group's industry classification in Table 1b. Number of employees in Swedish Sweden. controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2005 Table 7d. Number of employees in Swedish and 2004, by world region. controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2004, by Table 2a. Number of employees in Swedish country group and by groups' industry classification controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2005, by in Sweden. country and gender. Table 8a. Number of employees in Swedish Table 2b. Number of employees in Swedish controlled groups in manufacturing industry with controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2005, by subsidiaries abroad 2005, by country and gender. world region and gender. Table 8b. Number of employees in Swedish Table 3 Number of employees in Swedish controlled groups in the service sector with controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2005 subsidiaries abroad 2005, by country and gender. and 2004 by country of location. Table 9a. Number of employees in Swedish Table 4 Number of employees in Swedish controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2005, by controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad and in groups' industry classification in Sweden. foreign controlled enterprises in Sweden 2005. Table 9b. Number of employees in Swedish Table 5 Number of groups and number of controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2004, by employees in Swedish controlled groups with groups' industry classification in Sweden. subsidiaries abroad 2005 and 2004, by group size Table 10 Number of employees in the 80 largest in Sweden. Swedish controlled manufacturing groups with Table 6a. Number of employees in Swedish subsidiaries abroad 2005 and 2004. controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2005, by Table 11. Number of employees in the 20 largest country and group size in Sweden. Swedish controlled manufacturing groups with Table 6b. Number of employees in Swedish subsidiaries abroad 2005 and 2004. controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2004, by Table 12 Number of employees in the 40 largest country and group size in Sweden. Swedish controlled service groups with subsidiaries Table 7a. Number of employees in Swedish abroad 2005 and 2004. controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2005, by Table 13a Export of goods from all Swedish country and group's industry classification in controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2005, Sweden. SEK million. Table 7b. Number of employees in Swedish Table 13b. Import of goods to all Swedish controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2004, by controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2005, country and group's industry classification in SEK million. Sweden.

23 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Table 1a Number of employees in Swedish controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2005 and 2004, by country.

Country of location Number employees S hare of total number employees abroad 2005 2004 Change(%) 2005 2004

EU 15 (excl. Sweden) 446 471 437 120 2,1 44,8 45,8 EU 25 (excl. Sweden) 537 815 521 711 3,1 54,0 54,7

Belgium 16 905 16 836 0,4 1,7 1,8 Cyprus 13 16 -18,8 0,0 0,0 Denmark 45 044 44 837 0,5 4,5 4,7 Estonia 16 671 14 232 17,1 1,7 1,5 Finland 51 551 50 529 2,0 5,2 5,3 France 69 702 68 151 2,3 7,0 7,1 Greece 1 117 1 174 -4,9 0,1 0,1 Ireland 3 424 3 090 10,8 0,3 0,3 Italy 27 015 26 524 1,9 2,7 2,8 Latvia 8 023 8 614 -6,9 0,8 0,9 Lithuania 9 772 9 120 7,1 1,0 1,0 Luxembourg 1 175 897 31,0 0,1 0,1 Malta 860 877 -1,9 0,1 0,1 Netherlands 19 275 19 332 -0,3 1,9 2,0 Poland 31 527 29 486 6,9 3,2 3,1 Portugal 8 855 8 619 2,7 0,9 0,9 Slovakia 1 132 457 147,7 0,1 0,0 Slovenia 354 188 88,3 0,0 0,0 Spain 40 642 33 820 20,2 4,1 3,5 UK 60 765 60 734 0,1 6,1 6,4 Czech Republic 16 076 14 942 7,6 1,6 1,6 Germany 92 143 94 817 -2,8 9,2 9,9 Hungary 6 916 6 659 3,9 0,7 0,7 Austria 8 858 7 760 14,1 0,9 0,8

Others OECD Australia 11 858 12 171 -2,6 1,2 1,3 Iceland 19 0 - - - Japan 3 872 3 666 5,6 0,4 0,4 Canada 18 135 16 110 12,6 1,8 1,7 Mexico 14 816 13 947 6,2 1,5 1,5 Norway 45 987 40 441 13,7 4,6 4,2 New Zealand 1 690 1 428 18,3 0,2 0,1 Switzerland 7 391 6 795 8,8 0,7 0,7 South Korea 3 007 2 908 3,4 0,3 0,3 Turkey 1 414 1 160 21,9 0,1 0,1 USA 200 426 202 548 -1,0 20,1 21,2

OECD total (excl. Sweden) 810 737 789 838 2,6 81,4 82,8

Other larger countries Brazil 19 231 17 156 12,1 1,9 1,8 India 11 249 13 330 -15,6 1,1 1,4 China 23 902 23 165 3,2 2,4 2,4 Russia 6 108 5 830 4,8 0,6 0,6

Abroad 996 171 953 635 4,5 100,0 100,0 Sweden 489 847 492 659 -0,6 49,2 51,7

Total 1 486 018 1 446 294 2,7 149,2 151,7

24 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Table 1b Number of employees in Swedish controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2005 and 2004, by world region.

World region Number employees S hare of total number employees abroad 2005 2004 Change (%) 2005 2004

Europe (excl. Sweden) 611 689 588 494 3,9 61,4 61,7 Northern Europe 242 677 232 264 4,5 24,4 24,4 Western Europe 215 449 214 588 0,4 21,6 22,5 Southern Europe 79 314 71 616 10,7 8,0 7,5 Eastern Europe 70 149 64 886 8,1 7,0 6,8 Europe unspecified 4 100 5 140 -20,2 0,4 0,5

America 278 846 270 996 2,9 28,0 28,4 North America 219 263 219 260 0,0 22,0 23,0 South America 38 351 32 529 17,9 3,8 3,4 Central America 17 156 15 792 8,6 1,7 1,7 Caribbean islands 4 076 3 415 19,4 0,4 0,4 America unspecified 00 - - -

Asia 66 663 63 908 4,3 6,7 6,7 East Asia 34 061 32 501 4,8 3,4 3,4 Southern Central Asia 15 490 15 128 2,4 1,6 1,6 South East Asia 13 476 13 130 2,6 1,4 1,4 West Asia 3 535 3 109 13,7 0,4 0,3 Asia unspecified 101 40 152,5 0,0 0,0

Africa 11 010 9 529 15,5 1,1 1,0 South Africa 6 610 5 824 13,5 0,7 0,6 Central and East Africa 2 237 2 270 -1,5 0,2 0,2 North Africa 1 874 1 191 57,3 0,2 0,1 West Africa 284 239 18,8 0,0 0,0 Africa unspecified 5 5 0,0 0,0 0,0

Oceania 13 628 13 599 0,2 1,4 1,4

Abroad 996 171 953 635 4,5 100,0 100,0 Abroad Unspecified 14 335 7 109 101,6 1,4 0,7

25 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Table 2a Number of employees in Swedish controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2005, by country and gender.

Country of location Number employees Share in per cent

Women Men Total Women Men Not classified

EU 15 (excl. Sweden) 125 769 289 514 446 471 28,2 64,8 7,0 EU 25 (excl. Sweden) 153 952 334 622 537 815 28,6 62,2 9,2

Belgium 4 145 11 874 16 905 24,5 70,2 5,2 Cyprus 4 9 13 30,8 69,2 0,0 Denmark 14 553 28 844 45 044 32,3 64,0 3,7 Estonia 5 576 4 755 16 671 33,4 28,5 38,0 Finland 20 892 29 641 51 551 40,5 57,5 2,0 France 16 846 48 748 69 702 24,2 69,9 5,9 Greece 196 634 1 117 17,5 56,8 25,7 Ireland 1 326 1 677 3 424 38,7 49,0 12,3 Italy 4 356 13 817 27 015 16,1 51,1 32,7 Latvia 2 651 2 574 8 023 33,0 32,1 34,9 Lithuania 3 575 3 330 9 772 36,6 34,1 29,3 Luxembourg 438 604 1 175 37,3 51,4 11,3 Malta 234 626 860 27,2 72,8 0,0 Netherlands 4 569 13 176 19 275 23,7 68,4 7,9 Poland 9 068 20 045 31 527 28,8 63,6 7,7 Portugal 1 801 6 810 8 855 20,3 76,9 2,8 Slovakia 287 771 1 132 25,4 68,1 6,5 Slovenia 149 193 354 42,1 54,5 3,4 Spain 12 218 25 990 40 642 30,1 63,9 6,0 UK 16 900 40 537 60 765 27,8 66,7 5,5 Czech Republic 5 403 10 468 16 076 33,6 65,1 1,3 Germany 24 859 61 335 92 143 27,0 66,6 6,5 Hungary 1 236 2 337 6 916 17,9 33,8 48,3 Austria 2 670 5 827 8 858 30,1 65,8 4,1

Others OECD Australia 1 691 7 035 11 858 14,3 59,3 26,4 Iceland 14 5 19 73,7 26,3 0,0 Japan 861 2 838 3 872 22,2 73,3 4,5 Canada 3 047 13 189 18 135 16,8 72,7 10,5 Mexico 4 004 9 362 14 816 27,0 63,2 9,8 Norway 15 085 28 600 45 987 32,8 62,2 5,0 New Zealand 369 1 150 1 690 21,8 68,0 10,1 Switzerland 2 466 3 834 7 391 33,4 51,9 14,8 South Korea 502 2 479 3 007 16,7 82,4 0,9 Turkey 270 1 071 1 414 19,1 75,7 5,2 USA 50 243 130 231 200 426 25,1 65,0 10,0

OECD total 220 315 522 929 810 737 27,2 64,5 8,3

Other larger countries Brazil 1 848 12 362 19 231 9,6 64,3 26,1 India 403 9 353 11 249 3,6 83,1 13,3 China 8 081 13 076 23 902 33,8 54,7 11,5 Russia 2 102 3 701 6 108 34,4 60,6 5,0

Abroad 266 995 628 564 996 171 26,8 63,1 10,1 Sweden 136 543 310 420 489 847 27,9 63,4 8,8

Total 403 538 938 984 1 486 018 27,2 63,2 9,7

26 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Table 2b Number of employees in Swedish controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2005, by world region and gender.

World region Number employees Share in per cent

Women Men Total Women Men Not classified

Europe (excl. Sweden) 178 511 378 294 611 689 29,2 61,8 9,0 Northern Europe 81 014 140 849 242 677 33,4 58,0 8,6 Western Europe 55 993 145 398 215 449 26,0 67,5 6,5 Southern Europe 19 085 48 410 79 314 24,1 61,0 14,9 Eastern Europe 21 048 40 971 70 149 30,0 58,4 11,6 Europe unspecified 1 371 2 666 4 100 33,4 65,0 1,5

America 65 200 185 030 278 846 23,4 66,4 10,3 North America 53 467 143 946 219 263 24,4 65,6 10,0 South America 4 555 28 478 38 351 11,9 74,3 13,9 Central America 5 044 10 663 17 156 29,4 62,2 8,4 Caribbean islands 2 134 1 943 4 076 52,4 47,7 0,0 America unspecified

Asia 16 574 42 602 66 663 24,9 63,9 11,2 East Asia 10 369 20 728 34 061 30,4 60,9 8,7 Southern Central Asia 1 016 12 530 15 490 6,6 80,9 12,6 South East Asia 4 366 6 722 13 476 32,4 49,9 17,7 West Asia 808 2 583 3 535 22,9 73,1 4,1 Asia unspecified 15 39 101 14,9 38,6 46,5

Africa 2 075 8 681 11 010 18,8 78,8 2,3 South Africa 1 647 4 709 6 610 24,9 71,2 3,8 Central and East Africa 181 2 056 2 237 8,1 91,9 0,0 North Africa 213 1 661 1 874 11,4 88,6 0,0 West Africa 34 250 284 12,0 88,0 0,0 Africa unspecified 0 5 5 0,0 100,0 0,0

Oceania 2 070 8 255 13 628 15,2 60,6 24,2

Abroad 266 995 628 564 996 171 26,8 63,1 10,1 Abroad Unspecified 2 565 5 702 14 335 17,9 39,8 42,3

27 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Table 3 Number of employees in Swedish controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2005 and 2004, by countries of location.

Country of location Number groups S hare of total number groups 2005 2004 Change(%) 2005 2004

EU 15 (excl. Sweden) 590 571 3,3 49,2 66,7 EU 25 (excl. Sweden) 714 657 8,7 59,5 76,8

Belgium 72 70 2,9 6,0 8,2 Cyprus 2 3 -33,3 0,2 0,4 Denmark 301 292 3,1 25,1 34,1 Estonia 109 91 19,8 9,1 10,6 Finland 276 267 3,4 23,0 31,2 France 137 137 0,0 11,4 16,0 Greece 14 13 7,7 1,2 1,5 Ireland 30 24 25,0 2,5 2,8 Italy 70 70 0,0 5,8 8,2 Latvia 69 58 19,0 5,8 6,8 Lithuania 49 36 36,1 4,1 4,2 Luxembourg 16 14 14,3 1,3 1,6 Malta 5 2 150,0 0,4 0,2 Netherlands 111 119 -6,7 9,3 13,9 Poland 155 140 10,7 12,9 16,4 Portugal 39 34 14,7 3,3 4,0 Slovakia 22 18 22,2 1,8 2,1 Slovenia 11 9 22,2 0,9 1,1 Spain 74 76 -2,6 6,2 8,9 UK 250 250 0,0 20,9 29,2 Czech Republic 58 52 11,5 4,8 6,1 Germany 241 235 2,6 20,1 27,5 Hungary 48472,14,05,5 Austria 45442,33,85,1

Others OECD Australia 52520,04,36,1 Iceland 1 0 - - - Japan 50 47 6,4 4,2 5,5 Canada 53 52 1,9 4,4 6,1 Mexico 27 23 17,4 2,3 2,7 Norway 365 362 0,8 30,4 42,3 New Zealand 15 14 7,1 1,3 1,6 Switzerland 72 72 0,0 6,0 8,4 South Korea 26 26 0,0 2,2 3,0 Turkey 16 15 6,7 1,3 1,8 USA 219 218 0,5 18,3 25,5

OECD total (excl. Sweden) 796 752 5,9 66,4 87,9

Other larger countries Brazil 37 38 -2,6 3,1 4,4 India 29 26 11,5 2,4 3,0 China 80739,66,78,5 Russia 59 50 18,0 4,9 5,8

Total 1 199 856 40,1 100,0 100,0

28 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Table 4 Number of employees in Swedish controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad and in foreign controlled enterprises in Sweden 2005.

Countries with the largest number of employees

S wedish controlled groups F oreign controlled enterprises in S weden Country Employees Country Employees

USA 200 426 USA 106 607 Germany 92 143 UK 64 845 France 69 702 Finland 57 370 UK 60 765 Netherlands 54 627 Finland 51 551 Germany 47 323 Norway 45 987 Norway 43 377 Denmark 45 044 France 41 325 Spain 40 642 Denmark 38 314 Poland 31 527 Switzerland 26 083 Italy 27 015 Luxembourg 13 065 China 23 902 Japan 6 477 Netherlands 19 275 Jersey 4 280 Brazil 19 231 Canada 3 632 Canada 18 135 Austria 2 845 Belgium 16 905 Italy 2 701

Others 212 885 Others2 39 737 Unspecified 21 036 Unspecified 4 888

Total 996 171 Total 557 496

Notes: 1. The data is obtained from the survey "Foreign controlled enterprises 2005", ITPS S2005:006. 2. This category also includes enterprises where foreign control is located in two or more countries and where the total voting rights of the foreign institutional controlling units exceeds 50 per cent, see above mentioned survey for further information on different definitions concerning foreign controlled enterprises.

29 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Table 5 Number of groups and number of employees in Swedish controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2005 and 2004, by group size in Sweden.

Size Number groups Number employees abroad Number employees in Sweden

2005 2004 Change (%) 2005 2004 Change (%) 2005 2004 Change (%)

0-49 622 336 85,1 19 561 16 055 21,8 11 665 6 656 75,3 50-249 337 283 19,1 25 350 23 176 9,4 38 161 32 512 17,4 250-499 100 89 12,4 48 275 37 398 29,1 36 389 31 689 14,8 500-999 62 66 -6,1 56 324 61 010 -7,7 43 784 47 082 -7,0 1000-4999 57 61 -6,6 245 046 236 066 3,8 118 818 131 969 -10,0 5000- 21 21 0,0 601 615 579 930 3,7 241 030 242 751 -0,7

Total 1 199 856 40,1 996 171 953 635 4,5 489 847 492 659 -0,6

30 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Table 6a Number of employees in Swedish controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2005, by country and size of group in Sweden.

Country of location S ize of group Share 0-49 50-249 250-499 500-999 1000-4999 5000- <1000 >1000

EU15 (excl. Sweden) 4 300 10 838 24 328 27 136 121 619 258 250 14,9 85,1 EU25 (excl. Sweden) 11 795 14 496 30 985 30 735 136 526 313 278 16,4 83,6

Belgium 34 225 878 653 5 497 9 618 10,6 89,4 Cyprus 00001120,0100,0 Denmark 606 2 145 2 977 5 314 10 925 23 077 24,5 75,5 Estonia 2 140 1 204 4 074 587 687 7 979 48,0 52,0 Finland 479 1 624 2 649 4 189 11 974 30 636 17,3 82,7 France 347 650 5 020 2 871 17 897 42 917 12,8 87,2 Greece 0 6 6 40 83 982 4,7 95,3 Ireland 0 20 225 26 1 302 1 851 7,9 92,1 Italy 76 158 1 075 1 498 8 973 15 235 10,4 89,6 Latvia 835 800 262 156 1 491 4 479 25,6 74,4 Lithuania 522 362 88 335 184 8 281 13,4 86,6 Luxembourg 1 107 47 0 278 742 13,2 86,8 Malta 1 0 0 10 719 130 1,3 98,7 Netherlands 146 585 1 361 830 5 976 10 377 15,2 84,8 Poland 3 036 1 024 1 282 1 503 7 469 17 213 21,7 78,3 Portugal 245 113 278 732 447 7 040 15,4 84,6 Slovakia 0 33 128 15 103 853 15,5 84,5 Slovenia 0 0 0 76 193 85 21,5 78,5 Spain 76 288 822 949 9 743 28 764 5,3 94,7 UK 1 495 2 765 4 164 4 732 20 492 27 117 21,7 78,3 Czech Republic 806 147 640 447 3 031 11 005 12,7 87,3 Germany 757 2 091 4 179 4 782 25 070 55 264 12,8 87,2 Hungary 155 88 183 470 1 019 5 001 13,0 87,0 Austria 38 61 647 520 2 962 4 630 14,3 85,7

Others OECD Australia 1 155 307 446 2 339 8 610 7,7 92,3 Iceland 1900000100,00,0 Japan 19 133 175 170 1 901 1 474 12,8 87,2 Canada 63 159 1 243 138 2 457 14 075 8,8 91,2 Mexico 13 12 134 1 003 5 064 8 590 7,8 92,2 Norway 1 389 2 045 2 645 3 186 12 815 23 907 20,1 79,9 New Zealand 0 1 4 20 643 1 022 1,5 98,5 Switzerland 59 133 431 277 3 267 3 224 12,2 87,8 South Korea 0 45 32 159 858 1 913 7,8 92,2 Turkey 0 0 28 68 638 680 6,8 93,2 USA 521 2 148 5 252 11 100 29 246 152 159 9,5 90,5

OECD total (excl. Sweden) 10 381 16 961 36 812 46 138 192 469 507 976 13,6 86,4

Others 5 990 4 668 9 832 6 232 45 332 92 344 16,3 83,7 Unspecified 3 190 3 721 1 631 3 954 7 245 1 295 59,4 40,6

Abroad 19 561 25 350 48 275 56 324 245 046 601 615 15,0 85,0 Sweden 11 665 38 161 36 389 43 784 118 818 241 030 26,5 73,5

Total 31 226 63 511 84 664 100 108 363 864 842 645 18,8 81,2

31 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Table 6b Number of employees in Swedish controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2004, by country and size of group in Sweden.

Country of location S ize of group Share 0-49 50-249 250-499 500-999 1000-4999 5000- <1000 >1000

EU15 (excl. Sweden) 4 213 10 034 17 210 31 556 116 797 257 310 14,4 85,6 EU25 (excl. Sweden) 11 920 13 664 23 144 34 958 130 155 307 870 16,0 84,0

Belgium 81 188 554 1 305 5 356 9 352 12,6 87,4 Cyprus 020012212,587,5 Denmark 718 1 888 2 188 5 046 12 060 22 937 21,9 78,1 Estonia 2 076 939 4 386 227 988 5 616 53,6 46,4 Finland 388 1 433 2 396 4 195 10 219 31 898 16,6 83,4 France 329 656 2 869 4 891 17 356 42 050 12,8 87,2 Greece 0 14 0 43 81 1 036 4,9 95,1 Ireland 0 41 174 43 1 216 1 616 8,3 91,7 Italy 41 152 812 1 643 8 190 15 686 10,0 90,0 Latvia 1 619 865 125 127 1 632 4 246 31,8 68,2 Lithuania 152 363 31 268 381 7 925 8,9 91,1 Luxembourg 1 38 40 7 147 664 9,6 90,4 Malta 0000781960,0100,0 Netherlands 118 636 1 048 1 041 6 078 10 411 14,7 85,3 Poland 3 022 1 238 751 1 997 5 682 16 796 23,8 76,2 Portugal 99 217 186 842 390 6 885 15,6 84,4 Slovakia 83 8 3 22 68 273 25,4 74,6 Slovenia 0 0 0 81 33 74 43,1 56,9 Spain 32 535 330 1 470 6 253 25 200 7,0 93,0 UK 1 560 2 361 3 765 4 625 21 396 27 027 20,3 79,7 Czech Republic 647 113 514 451 2 471 10 746 11,5 88,5 Germany 801 1 806 2 694 6 294 25 223 57 999 12,2 87,8 Hungary 108 102 124 229 1 310 4 786 8,5 91,5 Austria 45 69 154 111 2 832 4 549 4,9 95,1

Others OECD Australia 55 92 221 471 2 358 8 974 6,9 93,1 Japan 17 233 145 404 1 432 1 435 21,8 78,2 Canada 36 164 841 368 2 127 12 574 8,7 91,3 Mexico 12 12 1 077 694 5 266 6 886 12,9 87,1 Norway 1 146 2 153 2 352 3 965 11 929 18 896 23,8 76,2 New Zealand 42406178010,799,3 Switzerland 49 179 342 382 2 654 3 189 14,0 86,0 South Korea 0 55 31 146 758 1 918 8,0 92,0 Turkey 8 0 8 64 542 538 6,9 93,1 USA 505 2 307 4 442 13 915 30 290 151 089 10,5 89,5

OECD total (excl. Sweden) 9 905 16 692 28 065 54 664 184 301 496 211 13,8 86,2

Others 5 967 4 101 8 379 6 192 44 605 80 640 16,4 83,6 Unspecified 183 2 383 954 154 7 160 3 079 26,4 73,6

Abroad 16 055 23 176 37 398 61 010 236 066 579 930 14,4 85,6 Sweden 6 656 32 512 31 689 47 082 131 969 242 751 23,9 76,1

Total 22 711 55 688 69 087 108 092 368 035 822 681 17,7 82,3

32 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Table 7a Number of employees in Swedish controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2005, by country and group's industry classification in Sweden.

Country of location Manufacturing S ervices Business sector total S hare manufacturing S hare services

EU15 (excl. Sweden) 211 811 194 903 446 471 47,4 43,7 EU25 (excl. Sweden) 252 697 229 201 537 815 47,0 42,6

Belgium 11 010 5 878 16 905 65,1 34,8 Cyprus 13 0 13 100,0 0,0 Denmark 15 159 24 994 45 044 33,7 55,5 Estonia 7 235 8 975 16 671 43,4 53,8 Finland 11 607 31 480 51 551 22,5 61,1 France 41 374 28 126 69 702 59,4 40,4 Greece 1 085 32 1 117 97,1 2,9 Ireland 2 302 436 3 424 67,2 12,7 Italy 26 103 912 27 015 96,6 3,4 Latvia 3 162 4 647 8 023 39,4 57,9 Lithuania 1 361 8 400 9 772 13,9 86,0 Luxembourg 214 961 1 175 18,2 81,8 Malta 731 11 860 85,0 1,3 Netherlands 11 786 7 465 19 275 61,1 38,7 Poland 13 689 9 555 31 527 43,4 30,3 Portugal 1 745 7 109 8 855 19,7 80,3 Slovakia 1 094 38 1 132 96,6 3,4 Slovenia 269 85 354 76,0 24,0 Spain 12 743 27 897 40 642 31,4 68,6 UK 31 001 26 048 60 765 51,0 42,9 Czech Republic 7 102 1 912 16 076 44,2 11,9 Germany 39 929 30 460 92 143 43,3 33,1 Hungary 6 230 675 6 916 90,1 9,8 Austria 5 753 3 105 8 858 64,9 35,1

Others OECD Australia 11 160 698 11 858 94,1 5,9 Iceland 0 19 19 0,0 100,0 Japan 2 511 1 361 3 872 64,9 35,1 Canada 11 009 6 931 18 135 60,7 38,2 Mexico 11 317 3 465 14 816 76,4 23,4 Norway 8 215 29 894 45 987 17,9 65,0 New Zealand 1 681 9 1 690 99,5 0,5 Switzerland 4 360 3 025 7 391 59,0 40,9 South Korea 2 875 132 3 007 95,6 4,4 Turkey 1 406 8 1 414 99,4 0,6 USA 84 968 107 337 200 426 42,4 53,6

OECD total (excl. Sweden) 379 428 359 962 810 737 46,8 44,4

Other larger countries Brazil 17 089 50 19 231 88,9 0,3 India 10 845 264 11 249 96,4 2,3 China 22 651 1 186 23 902 94,8 5,0 Russia 3 800 1 470 6 108 62,2 24,1

Abroad 503 177 408 875 996 171 50,5 41,0 Sweden 212 179 227 209 489 847 43,3 46,4

Total 715 356 636 084 1 486 018 48,1 42,8

Notes: Industry is defined in accordance with SNI 2002 (NACE Rev. 1.1); manufacturing industry corresponds to the main classifications 15-37; the service sector corresponds to 50-99, and the whole of the business sector corresponds to all classifications including those with unknown industry classification.

33 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Table 7b Number of employees in Swedish controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2004, by country and group's industry classification in Sweden.

Country of location Manufacturing Services Business sector total Share manufacturing Share services

EU15 (excl. Sweden) 213 486 182 628 437 120 48,8 41,8 EU25 (excl. Sweden) 248 930 215 968 521 711 47,7 41,4

Belgium 10 935 5 882 16 836 65,0 34,9 Cyprus 16 0 16 100,0 0,0 Denmark 14 684 24 897 44 837 32,7 55,5 Estonia 6 383 7 428 14 232 44,8 52,2 Finland 11 393 30 765 50 529 22,5 60,9 France 42 117 25 809 68 151 61,8 37,9 Greece 1 137 37 1 174 96,8 3,2 Ireland 2 178 251 3 090 70,5 8,1 Italy 25 872 652 26 524 97,5 2,5 Latvia 2 884 5 576 8 614 33,5 64,7 Lithuania 871 8 170 9 120 9,6 89,6 Luxembourg 82 815 897 9,1 90,9 Malta 781 0 877 89,1 0,0 Netherlands 11 794 7 474 19 332 61,0 38,7 Poland 11 901 9 226 29 486 40,4 31,3 Portugal 1 697 6 922 8 619 19,7 80,3 Slovakia 357 100 457 78,1 21,9 Slovenia 174 14 188 92,6 7,4 Spain 13 477 20 342 33 820 39,8 60,1 UK 31 970 24 801 60 734 52,6 40,8 Czech Republic 6 171 2 085 14 942 41,3 14,0 Germany 41 450 30 921 94 817 43,7 32,6 Hungary 5 906 741 6 659 88,7 11,1 Austria 4 700 3 060 7 760 60,6 39,4

Others OECD Australia 11 603 537 12 171 95,3 4,4 Japan 2 467 1 199 3 666 67,3 32,7 Canada 10 008 6 008 16 110 62,1 37,3 Mexico 9 784 4 110 13 947 70,2 29,5 Norway 7 849 24 587 40 441 19,4 60,8 New Zealand 1 424 4 1 428 99,7 0,3 Switzerland 3 791 2 985 6 795 55,8 43,9 South Korea 2 799 109 2 908 96,3 3,7 Turkey 1 144 16 1 160 98,6 1,4 USA 88 091 105 212 202 548 43,5 51,9

OECD total (excl. Sweden) 376 781 339 547 789 838 47,7 43,0

Other larger countries Brazil 16 368 136 17 156 95,4 0,8 India 12 763 145 13 330 95,7 1,1 China 21 777 1 339 23 165 94,0 5,8 Russia 3 283 1 379 5 830 56,3 23,7

Abroad 489 330 379 359 953 635 51,3 39,8 Sweden 215 384 227 204 492 659 43,7 46,1

Total 704 714 606 563 1 446 294 48,7 41,9

Notes: Industry is defined in accordance with SNI 2002 (NACE Rev. 1.1); manufacturing industry corresponds to the main classifications 15-37; the service sector corresponds to 50-99, and the whole of the business sector corresponds to all classifications including those with unknown industry classification.

34 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Table 7c Number of employees in Swedish controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2005, by country groups and group's industry classification in Sweden.

World region Manufacturing Services Business sector total Share manufacturing Share services

Europe (excl. Sweden) 277 266 269 606 611 689 45,3 44,1 Northern Europe 80 440 135 916 242 677 33,1 56,0 Western Europe 114 426 79 020 215 449 53,1 36,7 Southern Europe 43 107 36 074 79 314 54,3 45,5 Eastern Europe 39 224 14 565 70 149 55,9 20,8 Europe unspecified 69 4 031 4 100 1,7 98,3

America 138 884 122 731 278 846 49,8 44,0 North America 95 983 114 964 219 263 43,8 52,4 South America 25 180 4 291 38 351 65,7 11,2 Central America 13 646 3 475 17 156 79,5 20,3 Caribbean islands 4 075 1 4 076 100,0 0,0 America unspecified

Asia 59 825 6 137 66 663 89,7 9,2 East Asia 30 924 3 072 34 061 90,8 9,0 Southern Central Asia 13 472 1 877 15 490 87,0 12,1 South East Asia 12 525 464 13 476 92,9 3,4 West Asia 2 809 718 3 535 79,5 20,3 Asia unspecified 95 6 101 94,1 5,9

Africa 9 604 345 11 010 87,2 3,1 South Africa 6 327 179 6 610 95,7 2,7 Central and East Africa 1 228 126 2 237 54,9 5,6 North Africa 1 776 27 1 874 94,8 1,4 West Africa 273 8 284 96,1 2,8 Africa unspecified 0 5 5 0,0 100,0

Oceania 12 921 707 13 628 94,8 5,2

Abroad 503 177 408 875 996 171 50,5 41,0 Abroad Unspecified 4 677 9 349 14 335 32,6 65,2 Notes: Industry is defined in accordance with SNI 2002 (NACE Rev. 1.1); manufacturing industry corresponds to the main classifications 15-37; the service sector corresponds to 50-99, and the business sector as a whole corresponds to all classifications including those with unknown industry classification.

35 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Table 7d Number of employees in Swedish controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2004, by country group and by groups' industry classification in Sweden.

World region Manufacturing Services Business sector total Share manufacturing Share services

Europe (excl. Sweden) 271 926 250 388 588 494 46,2 42,5 Northern Europe 78 444 126 910 232 264 33,8 54,6 Western Europe 114 869 76 946 214 588 53,5 35,9 Southern Europe 43 493 28 003 71 616 60,7 39,1 Eastern Europe 33 722 14 787 64 886 52,0 22,8 Europe unspecified 1 398 3 742 5 140 27,2 72,8

America 136 528 118 674 270 996 50,4 43,8 North America 98 099 111 822 219 260 44,7 51,0 South America 23 465 2 733 32 529 72,1 8,4 Central America 11 565 4 117 15 792 73,2 26,1 Caribbean islands 3 399 2 3 415 99,5 0,1 America unspecified

Asia 56 854 6 150 63 908 89,0 9,6 East Asia 29 538 2 914 32 501 90,9 9,0 Southern Central Asia 13 796 901 15 128 91,2 6,0 South East Asia 10 979 1 741 13 130 83,6 13,3 West Asia 2 511 584 3 109 80,8 18,8 Asia unspecified 30 10 40 75,0 25,0

Africa 7 598 174 9 529 79,7 1,8 South Africa 5 279 83 5 824 90,6 1,4 Central and East Africa 1 026 63 2 270 45,2 2,8 North Africa 1 066 23 1 191 89,5 1,9 West Africa 227 0 239 95,0 0,0 Africa unspecified 0 5 5 0,0 100,0

Oceania 13 027 541 13 599 95,8 4,0

Abroad 489 330 379 359 953 635 51,3 39,8 Abroad Unspecified 3 397 3 432 7 109 47,8 48,3 Notes: Industry is defined in accordance with SNI 2002 (NACE Rev. 1.1); manufacturing industry corresponds to the main classifications 15-37; the service sector corresponds to 50-99, and the business sector as a whole corresponds to all classifications including those with unknown industry classification.

36 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Table 8a Number of employees in Swedish controlled groups in manufacturing industry with subsidiaries abroad 2005, by country and gender.

Country of location Number employees Share in per cent

Women Men Total Women Men Not classified

EU 15 (excl. Sweden) 40 582 141 977 211 811 19,2 67,0 13,8 EU 25 (excl. Sweden) 52 748 160 634 252 697 20,9 63,6 15,6

Belgium 2 155 7 974 11 010 19,6 72,4 8,0 Cyprus 4 9 13 30,8 69,2 0,0 Denmark 3 704 10 287 15 159 24,4 67,9 7,7 Estonia 2 000 1 654 7 235 27,6 22,9 49,5 Finland 3 091 7 944 11 607 26,6 68,4 4,9 France 8 279 29 037 41 374 20,0 70,2 9,8 Greece 192 630 1 085 17,7 58,1 24,2 Ireland 461 1 420 2 302 20,0 61,7 18,3 Italy 3 843 13 425 26 103 14,7 51,4 33,8 Latvia 972 1 243 3 162 30,7 39,3 29,9 Lithuania 682 636 1 361 50,1 46,7 3,2 Luxembourg 33 123 214 15,4 57,5 27,1 Malta 221 510 731 30,2 69,8 0,0 Netherlands 1 683 8 647 11 786 14,3 73,4 12,4 Poland 4 082 7 660 13 689 29,8 56,0 14,2 Portugal 593 908 1 745 34,0 52,0 14,0 Slovakia 272 763 1 094 24,9 69,7 5,4 Slovenia 86 171 269 32,0 63,6 4,5 Spain 2 454 7 868 12 743 19,3 61,7 19,0 UK 5 967 22 181 31 001 19,2 71,5 9,2 Czech Republic 2 874 4 066 7 102 40,5 57,3 2,3 Germany 7 277 26 991 39 929 18,2 67,6 14,2 Hungary 973 1 945 6 230 15,6 31,2 53,2 Austria 850 4 542 5 753 14,8 79,0 6,3

Others OECD Australia 1 489 6 557 11 160 13,3 58,8 27,9 Japan 585 1 770 2 511 23,3 70,5 6,2 Canada 1 855 7 268 11 009 16,8 66,0 17,1 Mexico 3 665 6 202 11 317 32,4 54,8 12,8 Norway 1 799 5 356 8 215 21,9 65,2 12,9 New Zealand 366 1 144 1 681 21,8 68,1 10,2 Switzerland 779 2 490 4 360 17,9 57,1 25,0 South Korea 470 2 379 2 875 16,3 82,7 0,9 Turkey 268 1 065 1 406 19,1 75,7 5,2 USA 21 154 44 159 84 968 24,9 52,0 23,1

OECD total (excl. Sweden) 81 213 234 801 379 428 21,4 61,9 16,7

Other larger countries Brazil 1 761 10 307 17 089 10,3 60,3 29,4 India 313 9 046 10 845 2,9 83,4 13,7 China 7 738 12 217 22 651 34,2 53,9 11,9 Russia 1 319 2 271 3 800 34,7 59,8 5,5

Abroad 111 876 306 920 503 177 22,2 61,0 16,8 Sweden 44 012 147 351 212 179 20,7 69,4 9,8

Total 155 888 454 271 715 356 21,8 63,5 14,7

37 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Table 8 b Number of employees in Swedish controlled groups in the service sector with subsidiaries abroad 2005, by country and gender.

Country of location Number employees Share in per cent

Women Men Total Women Men Not classified

EU 15 (excl. Sweden) 76 643 116 324 194 903 39,3 59,7 1,0 EU 25 (excl. Sweden) 89 816 129 475 229 201 39,2 56,5 4,3

Belgium 1 986 3 887 5 878 33,8 66,1 0,1 Denmark 10 246 14 269 24 994 41,0 57,1 1,9 Estonia 3 495 2 735 8 975 38,9 30,5 30,6 Finland 15 841 15 193 31 480 50,3 48,3 1,4 France 8 536 19 540 28 126 30,3 69,5 0,2 Greece 4 4 32 12,5 12,5 75,0 Ireland 215 221 436 49,3 50,7 0,0 Italy 513 392 912 56,3 43,0 0,8 Latvia 1 648 1 150 4 647 35,5 24,7 39,8 Lithuania 2 892 2 684 8 400 34,4 32,0 33,6 Luxembourg 405 481 961 42,1 50,1 7,8 Malta 3 8 11 27,3 72,7 0,0 Netherlands 2 881 4 510 7 465 38,6 60,4 1,0 Poland 3 380 5 708 9 555 35,4 59,7 4,9 Portugal 1 208 5 901 7 109 17,0 83,0 0,0 Slovakia 15 8 38 39,5 21,1 39,5 Slovenia 63 22 85 74,1 25,9 0,0 Spain 9 764 18 120 27 897 35,0 65,0 0,0 UK 10 438 15 135 26 048 40,1 58,1 1,8 Czech Republic 1 419 450 1 912 74,2 23,5 2,2 Germany 12 786 17 386 30 460 42,0 57,1 0,9 Hungary 258 386 675 38,2 57,2 4,6 Austria 1 820 1 285 3 105 58,6 41,4 0,0

Others OECD Australia 202 478 698 28,9 68,5 2,6 Iceland 14 5 19 73,7 26,3 0,0 Japan 276 1 068 1 361 20,3 78,5 1,2 Canada 1 178 5 740 6 931 17,0 82,8 0,2 Mexico 336 3 129 3 465 9,7 90,3 0,0 Norway 12 302 16 475 29 894 41,2 55,1 3,7 New Zealand 3 6 9 33,3 66,7 0,0 Switzerland 1 687 1 338 3 025 55,8 44,2 0,0 South Korea 32 100 132 24,2 75,8 0,0 Turkey 2 6 8 25,0 75,0 0,0 USA 28 052 78 988 107 337 26,1 73,6 0,3

OECD total (excl. Sweden) 125 799 230 209 359 962 34,9 64,0 1,1

Other larger countries Brazil 18 32 50 36,0 64,0 0,0 India 86 171 264 32,6 64,8 2,7 China 328 809 1 186 27,7 68,2 4,1 Russia 524 867 1 470 35,6 59,0 5,4

Abroad 140 700 252 207 408 875 34,4 61,7 3,9 Sweden 85 380 120 624 227 209 37,6 53,1 9,3

Total 226 080 372 831 636 084 35,5 58,6 5,8

38 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Table 9a Number of employees in Swedish controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2005, by group's industry classification in Sweden.

Industry SNI 2002Number Number Degree of Share of (NACE REV.1.1)employees groups internation- total number alisation (%) employees Sweden Abroad abroad

Agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishery; Mining and quarrying ; 01-14 7 158 3 179 13 30,8 0,3 Electricity, gas and hot water supply 40-41 8 373 23 980 3 74,1 2,4

Manufacturing 15-37 212 179 503 177 464 70,3 50,5 Food industry 15-16 8 037 19 919 18 71,3 2,0 Textiles 17 1 322 4 426 17 77,0 0,4 Clothes; dressing and dyeing of fur 18 298 745 8 71,4 0,1 Mfr. of leather and leather products 19 451 90 3 16,6 0,0 Mfr. of wood products 20 4 550 2 787 26 38,0 0,3 Pulp, paper and paper products 21 19 529 52 546 18 72,9 5,3 Publishing 22 10 045 8 039 22 44,5 0,8 Chemical industry 23-24 2 376 6 096 27 72,0 0,6 Rubber and plastic products 25 8 081 24 388 27 75,1 2,4 Mfr. non-metallic mineral products 26 1 884 2 429 6 56,3 0,2 Mfr. of basic metals 27 10 120 1 986 9 16,4 0,2 Mfr. metal prodts. except machinery and equipment 28 23 431 75 284 59 76,3 7,6 Machinery in addition to below 29 31 075 152 869 95 83,1 15,3 Office machinery and computers 30 1 923 1 722 8 47,2 0,2 Electrical machines and articles 31 3 055 2 030 21 39,9 0,2 Radio, tv comm. equipt and app. 32 22 305 35 094 9 61,1 3,5 Precision instruments etc 33 4 641 25 212 37 84,5 2,5 Motor vehicles and trailers 34 43 068 75 158 22 63,6 7,5

Manufacture of other transport equipment 35 10 839 3 221 3 22,9 0,3 Other manufacturing industry 36-37 5 149 9 136 29 64,0 0,9

Construction 45 34 928 56 960 23 62,0 5,7

Services 50-99 227 209 408 875 696 64,3 41,0 Sales of motor vehicles and fuel 50 6 230 2 971 16 32,3 0,3 Wholesale and commission trade 51 32 630 27 145 249 45,4 2,7 Retail trade 52 20 802 35 382 33 63,0 3,6 Hotels and restaurants 55 819 285 6 25,8 0,0 Land transport 60 4 521 406 13 8,2 0,0 Sea and air transport 61-62 7 648 5 111 13 40,1 0,5 Travel agencies 63 1 370 688 20 33,4 0,1 Post and telecommunications 64 46 926 23 876 5 33,7 2,4 Financial intermediation 65-67 39 084 47 450 29 54,8 4,8 Real estate activities 70 578 968 14 62,6 0,1 Rental 71 71 175 7 71,1 0,0 Computer and related activities 72 20 325 14 918 108 42,3 1,5 Research and development 73 3 755 5 178 20 58,0 0,5 Other business activities 74 33 356 229 071 136 87,3 23,0 Other services 75-99 9 094 15 251 27 62,6 1,5

Total 00-99 489 847 996 171 1 199 67,0 100,0

39 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Table 9b Number of employees in Swedish controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2004, by group's industry classification in Sweden.

Industry SNI 2002Number Number Degree of Share of (NACE REV.1.1)employees groups internation- total number alisation (%) employees Sweden Abroad abroad

Agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishery; Mining and quarrying ; 01-14 6 957 3 175 7 31,3 0,3 Electricity, gas and hot water supply 40-41 8 192 24 903 2 75,2 2,6

Manufacturing 15-37 215 384 489 330 357 69,4 51,3 Food industry 15-16 8 144 19 949 14 71,0 2,1 Textiles 17 1 336 4 467 11 77,0 0,5 Clothes; dressing and dyeing of fur 18 329 669 8 67,0 0,1 Mfr. of leather and leather products 19 368 75 2 16,9 0,0 Mfr. of wood products 20 4 842 2 210 20 31,3 0,2 Pulp, paper and paper products 21 20 681 51 138 16 71,2 5,4 Publishing 22 10 237 7 741 18 43,1 0,8 Chemical industry 23-24 2 941 5 820 17 66,4 0,6 Rubber and plastic products 25 7 609 24 429 21 76,3 2,6 Mfr. non-metallic mineral products 26 765 1 475 4 65,8 0,2 Mfr. of basic metals 27 10 260 1 833 6 15,2 0,2 Mfr. metal prodts. except machinery and equipment 28 20 073 68 470 41 77,3 7,2 Machinery in addition to below 29 33 200 154 714 76 82,3 16,2 Office machinery and computers 30 1 478 1 993 5 57,4 0,2 Electrical machines and articles 31 2 572 1 656 18 39,2 0,2 Radio, tv comm. equipt and app. 32 22 953 31 977 7 58,2 3,4 Precision instruments etc 33 4 222 26 686 26 86,3 2,8 Motor vehicles and trailers 34 44 695 72 715 18 61,9 7,6

Manufacture of other transport equipment 35 13 196 2 618 4 16,6 0,3 Other manufacturing industry 36-37 5 483 8 695 25 61,3 0,9

Construction 45 34 922 56 868 13 62,0 6,0

Services 50-99 227 204 379 359 477 62,5 39,8 Sales of motor vehicles and fuel 50 5 448 2 098 10 27,8 0,2 Wholesale and commission trade 51 26 388 24 261 176 47,9 2,5 Retail trade 52 23 565 32 775 31 58,2 3,4 Hotels and restaurants 55 908 238 6 20,8 0,0 Land transport 60 4 088 314 7 7,1 0,0 Sea and air transport 61-62 7 726 5 042 13 39,5 0,5 Travel agencies 63 927 537 11 36,7 0,1 Post and telecommunications 64 47 036 17 725 5 27,4 1,9 Financial intermediation 65-67 37 621 46 247 19 55,1 4,8 Real estate activities 70 627 698 9 52,7 0,1 Rental 71 113 127 5 52,9 0,0 Computer and related activities 72 17 175 12 971 64 43,0 1,4 Research and development 73 2 978 4 221 15 58,6 0,4 Other business activities 74 34 206 219 987 88 86,5 23,1 Other services 75-99 18 398 12 118 18 39,7 1,3

Total 00-99 492 659 953 635 856 65,9 100,0

40 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Table 10 Number of employees in the 80 largest Swedish controlled manufacturing groups with subsidiaries abroad 2005 and 2004.

Country of location Number employees Share of employees abroad

2005 2004 Change (%) 2005 2004

EU 15 (excl. Sweden) 205 149 207 350 -1,1 42,3 43,7 EU 25 (excl. Sweden) 240 215 238 605 0,7 49,5 50,2

Belgium 10 875 10 808 0,6 2,2 2,3 Cyprus 13 16 -18,8 0,0 0,0 Denmark 13 750 13 371 2,8 2,8 2,8 Estonia 5 495 5 317 3,3 1,1 1,1 Finland 10 675 10 595 0,8 2,2 2,2 France 40 903 41 758 -2,0 8,4 8,8 Greece 1 085 1 137 -4,6 0,2 0,2 Ireland 2 299 2 154 6,7 0,5 0,5 Italy 25 977 25 805 0,7 5,4 5,4 Latvia 2 415 2 546 -5,1 0,5 0,5 Lithuania 703 506 38,9 0,1 0,1 Luxembourg 214 82 161,0 0,0 0,0 Malta 731 781 -6,4 0,2 0,2 Netherlands 11 376 11 485 -0,9 2,3 2,4 Poland 11 335 9 650 17,5 2,3 2,0 Portugal 1 609 1 485 8,4 0,3 0,3 Slovakia 1 065 356 199,2 0,2 0,1 Slovenia 269 174 54,6 0,1 0,0 Spain 12 409 13 133 -5,5 2,6 2,8 UK 29 571 30 420 -2,8 6,1 6,4 Czech Republic 6 848 6 020 13,8 1,4 1,3 Germany 38 666 40 432 -4,4 8,0 8,5 Hungary 6 192 5 889 5,1 1,3 1,2 Austria 5 740 4 685 22,5 1,2 1,0

Others OECD Australia 11 142 11 579 -3,8 2,3 2,4 Japan 2 407 2 369 1,6 0,5 0,5 Canada 10 920 9 895 10,4 2,3 2,1 Mexico 11 290 9 760 15,7 2,3 2,1 Norway 7 388 7 091 4,2 1,5 1,5 New Zealand 1 680 1 422 18,1 0,3 0,3 Switzerland 4 312 3 735 15,4 0,9 0,8 South Korea 2 866 2 776 3,2 0,6 0,6 Turkey 1 406 1 144 22,9 0,3 0,2 USA 83 829 86 979 -3,6 17,3 18,3

OECD total (excl. Sweden) 367 829 366 015 0,5 75,8 77,1

Europe (excl. Sweden) 263 639 260 310 1,3 54,3 54,8 America 137 501 135 156 1,7 28,3 28,5 Asia 58 784 56 110 4,8 12,1 11,8 Africa 9 598 7 567 26,8 2,0 1,6 Oceania 12 902 13 001 -0,8 2,7 2,7

Abroad 485 150 474 948 2,1 100,0 100,0 Abroad Unspecified 2 726 2 804 -2,8 0,6 0,6

Sweden 164 360 167 526 -1,9 - -

Total 649 510 642 474 1,1 - -

41 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Table 11 Number of employees in the 20 largest Swedish controlled manufacturing groups with subsidiaries abroad 2005 and 2004.

Country of location Number employees Share of employees abroad

2005 2004 Change (%) 2005 2004

EU 15 (excl. Sweden) 179 320 180 346 -0,6 42,4 43,1 EU 25 (excl. Sweden) 201 028 202 800 -0,9 47,5 48,4

Belgium 9 757 9 388 3,9 2,3 2,2 Cyprus 13 14 -7,1 0,0 0,0 Denmark 8 784 9 096 -3,4 2,1 2,2 Estonia 432 4 207 -89,7 0,1 1,0 Finland 7 478 7 175 4,2 1,8 1,7 France 36 571 37 241 -1,8 8,6 8,9 Greece 1 079 1 124 -4,0 0,3 0,3 Ireland 2 179 2 063 5,6 0,5 0,5 Italy 25 273 25 155 0,5 6,0 6,0 Latvia 1 503 1 501 0,1 0,4 0,4 Lithuania 443 211 110,0 0,1 0,1 Luxembourg 61 57 7,0 0,0 0,0 Malta 731 781 -6,4 0,2 0,2 Netherlands 10 029 10 233 -2,0 2,4 2,4 Poland 7 542 6 014 25,4 1,8 1,4 Portugal 1 549 1 457 6,3 0,4 0,3 Slovakia 943 334 182,3 0,2 0,1 Slovenia 193 93 107,5 0,0 0,0 Spain 11 620 11 782 -1,4 2,7 2,8 UK 26 084 26 427 -1,3 6,2 6,3 Czech Republic 4 661 4 403 5,9 1,1 1,1 Germany 33 867 34 730 -2,5 8,0 8,3 Hungary 5 247 4 896 7,2 1,2 1,2 Austria 4 989 4 418 12,9 1,2 1,1

Others OECD Australia 10 580 10 680 -0,9 2,5 2,5 Japan 2 313 2 191 5,6 0,5 0,5 Canada 10 196 9 367 8,9 2,4 2,2 Mexico 10 524 9 395 12,0 2,5 2,2 Norway 5 092 4 930 3,3 1,2 1,2 New Zealand 1 676 1 397 20,0 0,4 0,3 Switzerland 3 837 3 275 17,2 0,9 0,8 South Korea 2 799 2 687 4,2 0,7 0,6 Turkey 1 381 1 125 22,8 0,3 0,3 USA 75 680 78 881 -4,1 17,9 18,8

OECD total (excl. Sweden) 321 791 319 921 0,6 76,1 76,4

Europe (excl. Sweden) 220 344 220 760 -0,2 52,1 52,7 America 127 377 125 736 1,3 30,1 30,0 Asia 53 108 50 880 4,4 12,6 12,1 Africa 8 029 7 014 14,5 1,9 1,7 Oceania 12 336 12 077 2,1 2,9 2,9

Abroad 422 823 418 905 0,9 100,0 100,0 Abroad Unspecified 1 629 2 438 -33,2 0,4 0,6

Sweden 106 766 107 769 -0,9 - -

Total 529 589 526 674 0,6 - -

42 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Table 12 Number of employees in the 40 largest Swedish controlled service groups with subsidiaries abroad 2005 and 2004.

Country of location Number employees Share of employees abroad

2005 2004 Change (%) 2005 2004

EU 15 (excl. Sweden) 179 683 168 700 6,5 48,0 48,5 EU 25 (excl. Sweden) 209 633 197 202 6,3 56,0 56,7

Belgium 5 820 5 801 0,3 1,6 1,7 Denmark 20 502 20 731 -1,1 5,5 6,0 Estonia 7 595 5 374 41,3 2,0 1,5 Finland 27 140 27 010 0,5 7,3 7,8 France 27 752 25 102 10,6 7,4 7,2 Greece 26 33 -21,2 0,0 0,0 Ireland 427 232 84,1 0,1 0,1 Italy 870 595 46,2 0,2 0,2 Latvia 4 194 5 220 -19,7 1,1 1,5 Lithuania 8 112 8 102 0,1 2,2 2,3 Luxembourg 813 736 10,5 0,2 0,2 Netherlands 7 132 7 005 1,8 1,9 2,0 Poland 7 737 7 216 7,2 2,1 2,1 Portugal 6 908 6 814 1,4 1,8 2,0 Slovakia 35 17 105,9 0,0 0,0 Slovenia 85 14 507,1 0,0 0,0 Spain 27 783 20 195 37,6 7,4 5,8 UK 23 022 22 219 3,6 6,2 6,4 Czech Republic 1 796 2 020 -11,1 0,5 0,6 Germany 28 424 29 235 -2,8 7,6 8,4 Hungary 386 539 -28,4 0,1 0,2 Austria 3 064 2 992 2,4 0,8 0,9

Others OECD Australia 542 376 44,1 0,1 0,1 Japan 1 298 1 126 15,3 0,3 0,3 Canada 6 793 5 892 15,3 1,8 1,7 Mexico 3 461 4 105 -15,7 0,9 1,2 Norway 23 545 17 936 31,3 6,3 5,2 Switzerland 2 844 2 776 2,4 0,8 0,8 South Korea 129 93 38,7 0,0 0,0 USA 105 829 103 697 2,1 28,3 29,8

OECD total (excl. Sweden) 334 087 314 493 6,2 89,3 90,4

Europe 242 225 222 448 8,9 64,7 64,0 America 121 006 116 969 3,5 32,3 33,6 Asia 4 887 5 354 -8,7 1,3 1,5 Africa 37 32 15,6 0,0 0,0 Oceania 551 376 46,5 0,1 0,1

Abroad 374 285 347 757 7,6 100,0 100,0 Abroad Unspecified 5 579 2 578 116,4 1,5 0,7

Sweden 151 388 149 915 1,0 - -

Total 525 673 497 672 5,6 - -

43 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Table 13a Export of goods from all Swedish controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2005 SEK million.

Total Share of Sweden's Manufacturing Service Country Groups total exports (%) groups groups

EU 15 (excl. Sweden) 185 139 36,3 159 940 12 085 EU 25 (excl. Sweden) 203 036 36,9 175 972 13 308

Belgium 18 044 43,8 17 291 322 Cyprus 210 49,4 195 15 Denmark 15 309 24,1 11 846 3 362 Estonia 1 572 30,0 1 305 262 Finland 16 553 29,5 11 610 3 176 France 16 351 35,3 15 363 523 Greece 2 265 43,0 2 194 70 Ireland 2 383 45,4 2 222 76 Italy 15 180 46,7 14 533 301 Latvia 1 008 37,1 833 139 Lithuania 1 413 46,3 1 266 126 Luxembourg 136 19,1 117 18 Malta 73 51,9 64 9 Netherlands 23 781 54,8 22 403 507 Poland 6 936 40,9 6 299 391 Portugal 2 283 46,7 2 231 48 Slovakian Republic 703 44,4 667 33 Slovenia 470 52,4 426 43 Spain 11 460 41,9 10 504 605 UK 25 251 33,9 21 096 794 Czech Republic 2 618 49,9 2 384 96 Germany 32 401 32,6 24 959 2 145 Hungary 2 893 59,7 2 593 109 Austria 3 741 41,6 3 571 137

Others OECD Australia 4 898 43,8 4 796 99 Iceland 512 15,1 445 60 Japan 5 280 35,6 4 943 315 Canada 3 216 30,5 2 995 101 Mexico 2 650 50,3 2 626 20 Norway 21 073 25,2 14 848 5 461 New Zealand 558 41,6 551 7 Switzerland 3 143 34,1 2 671 176 South Korea 2 564 43,0 2 465 90 Turkey 4 828 56,1 3 980 49 USA 38 462 37,4 35 823 2 506

OECD total (excl. Sweden) 290 220 36,0 252 117 22 192

Europe 247 040 36,0 211 158 20 182 America 52 733 39,4 49 697 2 765 Asia 52 573 52,4 48 867 2 183 Africa 15 100 67,4 13 605 334 Oceania 5 537 43,9 5 428 106

Total exports 373 220 39,0 328 755 25 806

Notes: Industry is defined in accordance with SNI 2002 (NACE Rev. 1.1); manufacturing industry corresponds to the main classifications 15-37 and the service sector to 50-99. The column "All groups" includes all groups irrespective of industry.

44 SWEDISH CONTROLLED GROUPS WITH BUSINESS OPERATIONS ABROAD 2005

Table 13b Imports of goods to all Swedish controlled groups with subsidiaries abroad 2005 (SEK million).

Total Share of Manufacturing Service Country groups total imports (%) groups groups

EU 15 (excl. Sweden) 100 188 19,3 67 934 27 723 EU 25 (excl. Sweden) 115 708 20,2 80 566 30 197

Belgium 6 225 19,3 5 017 1 127 Cyprus 12 11,0 .. .. Denmark 8 948 12,0 4 840 3 887 Estonia 3 036 47,4 2 681 330 Finland 8 964 18,5 5 625 1 897 France 7 372 17,8 5 184 1 903 Greece 230 18,6 40 190 Ireland 1 821 16,0 1 098 711 Italy 6 665 25,8 4 117 2 458 Latvia 1 181 33,7 744 218 Lithuania 680 11,4 415 247 Luxembourg 737 19,2 435 292 Malta 19 13,9 .. .. Netherlands 11 444 21,2 7 028 4 368 Poland 6 360 31,8 5 219 1 025 Portugal 805 30,0 244 302 Slovakian Republic 413 26,0 338 75 Slovenia 343 28,3 298 44 Spain 2 467 18,9 1 356 934 UK 11 764 21,2 9 139 2 525 Czech Republic 1 037 13,8 833 174 Germany 30 625 20,9 22 257 6 631 Hungary 2 440 39,9 2 075 359 Austria 2 121 25,2 1 554 500

Others OECD Australia 1 894 73,4 1 748 28 Iceland 14 6,1 8 5 Japan 4 084 23,4 3 417 624 Canada 1 315 44,5 412 107 Mexico 120 37,6 113 6 Norway 7 238 10,7 5 503 1 434 New Zealand 116 31,7 99 16 Switzerland 1 772 20,8 1 239 490 South Korea 1 060 14,0 682 344 Turkey 1 659 27,4 339 1 198 USA 10 528 37,4 8 336 1 688

OECD total (excl. Sweden) 145 508 20,4 102 461 36 137

Europe 129 607 19,0 90 009 34 053 America 16 929 39,9 10 801 3 204 Asia 22 999 29,2 11 802 10 907 Africa 682 17,1 519 143 Oceania 2 023 67,5 1 860 44

Total imports 172 241 21,2 114 991 48 351

Notes: Industry is defined in accordance with SNI 2002 (NACE Rev. 1.1); manufacturing industry as the main classifications 15-37 and the service sector as 50-99. The column "All groups" includes all groups irrespective of industry.

45

The Swedish Institute for Growth Policy Studies (ITPS) is a Government Agency responsible for providing policy intelligence to strengthen growth policy in Sweden. ITPS primarily provides the Government Offices, Members of the Swedish Parliament, other state authorities and agencies with briefings based on statistical material, policy papers and key analyses. Business policy and regional development policy are areas given high priority. Changes in policy should be based on:

• Statistic data and analyses of the structure and dynamics of industry – to obtain an up-to-date view of future challenges and opportunities.

• Evaluation of results and effects of policy measures and programmes – to provide benchmarks and learn from measures implemented earlier.

• Policy intelligence in order to look outwards and ahead – what issues are likely to come on the growth policy agenda in the future?

These represent the principal missions of ITPS.

S2007:003 Swedish controlled groups with business operations abroad 2005

ITPS, Swedish Institute for Growth Policy Studies Studentplan 3, 831 40 Östersund, Sweden Telephone: +46 (0)63 16 66 00 Fax: +46 (0)63 16 66 01 [email protected] www.itps.se ISSN 1650-349X