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Verb-Linking and Events in Syntax: the Case of Uyghur -(I)P Constructions

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Verb-Linking and Events in Syntax: the Case of Uyghur -(I)P Constructions Verb-linking and Events in Syntax: The Case of Uyghur -(i)p Constructions Alexander Dylan Sugar A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2019 Reading Committee: Edith Aldridge, Chair Emily Bender Toshiyuki Ogihara Karen Zagona Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Department of Linguistics c Copyright 2019 Alexander Dylan Sugar University of Washington Abstract Verb-linking and Events in Syntax: The Case of Uyghur -(i)p Constructions Alexander Dylan Sugar Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Edith Aldridge Department of Linguistics This dissertation explores the syntactic structures of Uyghur multi-verb constructions formed using the verb-linking -(i)p suffix. In such constructions, only the final verb is inflected for tense, and -(i)p attaches to all non-final verbs in lieu of tense inflection. I demonstrate that not all -(i)p constructions share a uniform structure; instead, they are formed through a variety of structural configurations. The common element to the different analyses I propose is that the -(i)p suffix overtly realizes an Event head outside the verbal domain or an Inner Aspect head within the verbal domain whenever a structural configuration blocks one verb's access to Tense inflection. An Event Phrase contains a verb, all of its arguments, and manner adverbs while an InnerAspect Phrase contains only a lexical verb root, its internal arguments, and a verbalizing layer. Insertion of -(i)p in the Event or InnerAspect head allows multiple verbs to appear in one clause in Uyghur by satisfying the morphological inflection requirement of verbs that are otherwise unable to inflect. When two lexical verbs are linked by -(i)p, the construction is formed by either adjunction or coordination. In one type of construction, -(i)p heads either an Event or InnnerAspect Phrase that adjoins to the projection of the final, tense-inflected verb. The verb suffixed by -(i)p provides information about the manner in which the action denoted by the tense-inflected verb is performed. In another type of construction, -(i)p heads the first conjunct of a coordination structure consisting of two Event Phrases or even Tense Phrases, which yields a sequential or simultaneous reading of multiple events. A limited number of Uyghur verbs can be semantically bleached when preceded by -(i)p, contributing information about the aspectual characteristics of the event described by the -(i)p-suffixed verb and/or the manner in which the event is performed. Bleached verbs come in two varieties: 1) overt Voice heads selecting an InnerAspect Phrase headed by -(i)p as their complement; or 2) Auxiliary heads selecting an Event Phrase headed by -(i)p as their complement. The former type of bleached verb contributes to readings expressing completion and adds information about how an agent performed the action. The latter type either express iteration of an action or a change of state. In -(i)p constructions in which the final verb is bleached, it is possible to negate the lexical verb, the bleached verb, or both verbs. I demonstrate that despite the negation possibilities, -(i)p constructions in which one verb is bleached are always monoclausal, and negation can be merged at any point in the clause where it can select a verbal complement. The findings in this dissertation provide novel evidence for two event-related syntactic projections, and show that they can play a crucial role in allowing multiple verbs to appear within a clause. The study also demonstrates that there is no uniform syntactic structure for serial verb constructions. Instead, the way serial verb or other multi-verb constructions are formed is constrained by event structure. In light of the analyses proposed here, the key difference between multi-verb constructions in Uyghur and verb serialization in other languages is that Uyghur verbs require inflection, and Uyghur has a strategy available using event-related functional heads to provide inflection to tense-less verbs. 4 Acknowledgments It is ironic that the part of my dissertation that will likely be read the most was the part written last and revised the least. However, this irony was unavoidable: doing syntactic research is genuinely challenging (but rewarding!), while finding gratitude for the blessed life I've had and the colorful and supportive characters who've populated it is not. In the first place, I'm lucky to be where I am after applying to linguistics PhD programs without having ever studied linguistics. I'd like to thank the University of Washington's Department of Linguistics for giving me this incredible opportunity that has taught me new ways of thinking, taken me all over the world, let me learn a new language from scratch along the way, and set me on course for a lifetime of investigating language. My committee deserves the most credit for not just getting me to the finish line, but pushing me to leave behind a piece of work that I hope to look back on with pride. My committee chair, Edith Aldridge, has had my back during moments of struggle and shown incredible generosity in the form of careful, detailed and timely feedback on my work. Her fieldwork-based approach to syntactic research is the model I try to follow. I thank Emily Bender for providing a sharp, non-minimalist syntactician's perspective to my committee, encouraging me to articulate my findings in theory-neutral terms, and for teaching me some best practices in language documentation and hypothesis testing in her grammar engineering course. I thank Karen Zagona for pointing my ideas in the right direction and helping me situate them in relation to relevant and crucial syntactic literature. Her seminars and office were early sounding boards for many ideas that eventually found their way into this dissertation. Toshiyuki Ogihara provided two invaluable sources of insight to this thesis: that of a semanticist appreciative of the division of labor between semantics and syntax, and that of a native speaker of a language with remarkable typological similarities to Uyghur (Japanese). I admire his endless curiosity and scholarly humility. Finally, I'm grateful to Ana Fern´andezDobao not only for serving as the graduate school representative on my committee, but for showing me how to run an effective foreign language classroom that keeps students actively reaching for the next level as my supervisor while I taught Spanish at UW. I benefited from a large committee in which each member brought a clearly distinct background and skill set to the table. In addition to my committee, I am grateful to all the UW faculty who contributed to my linguistics education. Special recognition is due to Barbara Citko for providing my first exposure to syntax, and to Richard Wright for looking out for me as chair, helping me stumble through my first phonetic survey, and many fun conversations in his office. I am also indebted to the help and friendly banter from our department's dedicated administrative staff, including Cat Carerra, Mike Furr and Joyce Parvi. Then there are a whole lot of fellow graduate students at UW linguistics to thank. Special mentions go to Nathan Loggins for sharing a love of great music, films, and Asian languages and being my favorite person to argue with, and to Huang Jiahui for being my little advising brother and post-seminar dinner companion. I'm worried this section could get longer than one of my chapters, so in alphabetical order, I thank all the following UW 5 linguistics classmates I ever interacted with at length and/or gotten together with outside of a department-sanctioned event: Sophie Ahn Andrew Baer, Kelianne Bennett, Taylor Carrasco-Hermerding, Kirby Conrod, Amie DeJong, Molly FitzMorris, Valerie Freeman, Alli Germain, Nataliya Griggs, Kristen Howell, David Inman, Ben Jones, Rik Koncel-Kedziorski, Wendy Kempsell Jacinto, Katie King, Ister Le Grezause, Yin Li, Andrew Livingston, Katie Manlove, Courtney Mansfield, Dan McCloy, Sara Ng, Marina Oganyan, Laura Panfili, Amandalynne Paullada, Saral Puthuval, John Riebold, Leanne Rolston, Rachael Tatman, Wang Hongzhi, Brent Woo, Colum Yip and Olga Zamaraeva. It pains not to go into details for of you, but I am sympathetic to the reader. Thank you all for your friendship, great conversations and memories, and for being memorable comrades who shared a trench with me. And sorry to anyone I forgot! Thanks are also deserved by the colleagues I taught with/for in UW's Department of Spanish and Portuguese Studies. In the past few years, I have made many fantastic linguist friends from other departments while on the conference circuit or elsewhere. Special thanks here go to Mike Opper for helping me shop for my first linguistics books in Beijing and inspiring me to take the plunge of applying to graduate school, Travis Major for sharing the wonders of working on Uyghur from a minimalist syntax perspective, and Jonathan Washington for being an inspiring Turkic-specialized linguist and facilitating several opportunities for me to present my research during my graduate career. There are too many more people here to name once again, but you know that I appreciate you. In addition to being a linguist, I am also a human being, so I have many humanoid but non-linguist friends who deserve credit for sticking with me during the last several years, including but not limited to my pals Piotr Axer, Keith Cushner and Chris Juergens. It was a great treat of doing a PhD in Seattle that I got to stay in touch and visit with many friends from Whitman College and elsewhere. Like above, I'm not naming everybody, but if you belong to this category and are reading this document, then I thank you most sincerely.
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