Lesson 4 The Founding and Development of the

Lesson Focus Question How did transition from a period of conflict to a period of sustained peace?

Introduction In this lesson students will examine the founding and development of the European Union across the post World War II era. Working in groups, students will be assigned a decade to examine: The Beginnings of Cooperation (1945-1959), A Period of Economic Growth (1960-1969), The First Enlargement (1970-1979), The Changing Face of Europe (1980-1989), A Europe Without Frontiers (1990-1999), and A Decade of Further Expansion (2000-Today).

What’s the Big Idea?  The first phase of (1945-1959) began in the immediate post World War II era. A “political agenda” to draw together a divided Europe and usher in a period of peace was accomplished beginning with the Marshall Plan from the . This political cooperation was facilitated by economic cooperation and NATO.  The second phase of the development of the European Union (1960-1999) was expansion from the initial six member states to 15 member states that began the process of reuniting Eastern and Western Europe after the collapse of communism between 1989 and 1991 and the end of the Cold War.  Today (2000 – present) Europe is defining its role as a world leader in the 21st Century both politically and economically. During this period, the EU grew from 15 to 27 member states.

NCSS Themes II – Time, Continuity, and Change III – People, Places, and Environments VI – Power, Authority, and Governance VII – Production, Distribution, and Consumption

Knowledge Core Skills The student will know The student will be able to . the history of the European Union . read for information. as a prolonged period of peace and . organize data. cooperation that continues to evolve . transfer data to a map. and develop today.

Materials Needed  Website The History of the European Union . The History of the European Union Worksheets 1-6 [one copy per group] Lesson 4 page 1 of 20

. History of the European Union Summary Worksheet 7 [one copy per student] . Map of Europe Today Worksheet 8 . Highlighter pens or colored pencils in 8 different colors . PowerPoint for Lesson 4

Time Needed to Complete this Lesson Two 55 minute class periods

Procedures

1. Begin this lesson by reviewing the period of military conflict in Europe during the first half of the 20th Century. Explain to students that at the end of World War II, leaders of six countries began the process of uniting their countries economically and politically in order to secure a lasting peace during the second half of the 20th Century.

2. Divide the class into six groups of students. Assign each group one of the following time periods: Group 1 – A Peaceful Europe: The Beginnings of Cooperation (1945-1959) Group 2 – The Swinging Sixties: A Period of Economic Growth (1960-1969) Group 3 – A Growing Community: The First Enlargement (1970-1979) Group 4 – The Changing Face of Europe: The Fall of the Berlin Wall (1980-1989) Group 5 – A Europe Without Frontiers (1990-1999) Group 6 – A Decade of Further Expansion (2000-Today).

Direct students to the Europa Website: to locate the description of events in the history of the EU related to their assigned time period.

Point out to students that Norway and Switzerland held popular referendums on applying for EU membership, but they did not result in the necessary level of support by the citizenry. Subsequently, the two countries entered into new agreements with the EU, including associate status in the (free movement of persons with no internal borders between cooperating countries).

3. Have students work together to use the information on the website to complete the worksheet on the time period assigned to their group. When the worksheets have been completed, ask a representative from each group to share their findings in each of the five topic areas.

4. As each group reports, all students should record key facts from the presentation on their individual History of the European Union Summary Worksheet.

As each group reports, the teacher should project the Map of Europe Today worksheet and use 8 different color markers to shade the number of member states in the union at each point of expansion: 1952, 1973, 1981, 1986, 1990, 1995, 2004, and 2007. The Lesson 4 page 2 of 20

candidate countries could also be noted. For more information on the EU today, see Guide to the Lisbon Treaty. Summary/Review – To review the key points of this lesson, show students the PowerPoint presentation.

Web Support For more information related to this lesson, visit these websites:

Ten Historic Steps http://europa.eu/abc/12lessons/lesson_2/

Enlargement Policy http://europa.eu/abc/12lessons/lesson_3/ http://europa.eu/pol/enlarg/index_en.htm

Key Dates in the History of the EU http://europa.eu/abc/12lessons/key_dates/

Your Guide to the Lisbon Treaty http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/others/89/

Assessment

1. When did the fall of the Berlin Wall signal the end of the Cold War? A. 9, 1950 B. April 18, 1951 C. November 9, 1989 * D. December 31, 1991

2. How many new member states were added to the European Union at its 2004 expansion? A. 3 B. 6 C. 10* D. 27

3. Which Treaty set the stage for moving to a single currency within the European Union? A. The Treaty of Rome B. The Maastricht Treaty * C. The Lisbon Treaty D. The and Steel Treaty

Lesson 4 page 3 of 20

Worksheet 1, page 1

The History of the European Union http://europa.eu/abc/history/

Decade (check the time period assigned to your group):

 1945-1959  1960-1969  1970-1979  1980-1989  1990-1999  2000-present

Description of the Era: ______

1. Member States That Joined During this Decade:

2. Key Events and Dates of the Decade for European Integration:

3. Most Significant Event of the Decade in the World:

Lesson 4 page 4 of 20

Worksheet 1, page 2

4. Cultural Trends of the Decade:

5. Summary of the Overall Accomplishments Achieved During the Decade:

Lesson 4 page 5 of 20

Worksheet 1 KEY, page 1

The History of the European Union http://europa.eu/about-eu/eu-history/ Decade (check the time period assigned to your group):

 1945-1959  1960-1969  1970-1979  1980-1989  1990-1999  2000-present

Description of the Era: ___A Peaceful Europe – The Beginnings of Cooperation______

1. Founding Member States During this Decade: Belgium, , , , Luxembourg, and the

2. Key Events and Dates of the Decade for European Integration:

, 1950 – Schuman Plan is proposed to deepen cooperation among European countries; this date is now celebrated as “Europe Day”

 April 19, 1951 – The Coal and Steel Treaty is signed so that none of the members can make weapons of war to use against another member

 March 25, 1957 – The Treaty of Rome is signed creating the European Economic Community (EEC) or ‘common market’ so that goods and services can move freely across international borders of the six member countries

3. Most Significant Event of the Decade in the World:

Answers will vary but would include either: (a) the end of food rationing in Europe and the U.S., (b) Hungarian Revolt of 1956, or (c) launch of Sputnik in 1957.

Lesson 4 page 6 of 20

Worksheet 1 KEY, page 2

4. Cultural Trends of the Decade:

Kids dress like their parents; rock and roll music gains popularity; later, blue jeans are worn by boys but girls still wear full skirts and ankle socks; the hula hoop craze hits

5. Summary of the Overall Accomplishments Achieved During the Decade:

The European Union is set up with the aim of ending the frequent and bloody wars between neighbors, which culminated in the Second World War. As of 1950*, the European Coal and Steel Community begins to unite European countries economically and politically in order to secure lasting peace. The six founders are Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. The 1950s are dominated by a cold war between east and west. Protests in Hungary against the Communist regime are put down by Soviet tanks in 1956; while the following year, 1957, the Soviet Union takes the lead in the space race, when it launches the first man-made space satellite, Sputnik 1. Also in 1957, the Treaty of Rome creates the European Economic Community (EEC), or ‘Common Market’.

*ECSC Treaty not in force until July 1952; 1950 marks the —the beginnings of the idea of European integration.

Lesson 4 page 7 of 20

Worksheet 2 KEY, page 1

The History of the European Union http://europa.eu/about-eu/eu-history/

Decade (check time period assigned to your group):

 1945-1959  1960-1969  1970-1979  1980-1989  1990-1999  2000-present

Description of the Era: ___The ‘Swinging Sixties’ – A Period of Economic Growth______

1. Member States That Joined During this Decade: No new member countries

2. Key Events and Dates of the Decade for European Integration:

 July 30, 1962 – “common agricultural policy” gives the countries joint control over food production; equalizes prices farmers are paid for their produce

 July 20, 1963 – the European Community signs its first international agreement to help 18 former colonies in Africa. Today, the EU is the world’s biggest provider of development assistance to poorer countries.

 July 1, 1968 – the six member states remove customs duties and allow free cross- border trade for the first time

3. Most Significant Event of the Decade in the World:

Answers will vary but would include either: (a) the Beatles and “Beatlemania” in 1963; (b) Pact and Soviet tanks roll into Prague 1968; (c) protests against the Vietnam War and the nuclear arms race; or (d) Americans land a man on the moon in 1969.

Lesson 4 page 8 of 20

Worksheet 2 KEY, page 2

4. Cultural Trends of the Decade:

Teenage girls dress in miniskirts and high boots, boys sport long hair and wear pointed shoes; pop music booms thanks to the new television, transistor radios, and records

5. Summary of the Overall Accomplishments Achieved During the Decade:

The 1960s sees the emergence of 'youth culture’, with groups such as The Beatles attracting huge crowds of teenage fans wherever they appear, helping to stimulate a cultural revolution and widening the generation gap. It is a good period for the economy, helped by the fact that EU countries stop charging custom duties when they trade with each other. They also agree to joint control over food production, so that everybody now has enough to eat–and soon there is even surplus agricultural produce. May 1968 becomes famous for student riots in , and many changes in society and behavior become associated with the so-called ‘68 generation’.

Lesson 4 page 9 of 20

Worksheet 3 KEY, page 1

The History of the European Union http://europa.eu/abc/history/

Decade (check time period assigned to your group):

 1945-1959  1960-1969  1970-1979  1980-1989  1990-1999  2000-present

Description of the Era: ___A Growing Community – The First Enlargement______

1. Member States That Joined During this Decade: Denmark, Ireland, the

2. Key Events and Dates of the Decade for European Integration:

 January 1, 1973 – the first expansion of the Member States as three new countries join

 December 10, 1974 – the European Regional Development Fund is set up to transfer money from rich to poor regions to improve roads, communications, and attract investment and create jobs

 June 7-10, 1979 – the first direct election of members of the ; the members do not sit together by nation, but by political groups (e.g., Socialist, Conservative, Liberal, Greens, etc.)

 European Monetary System set up

3. Most Significant Event of the Decade in the World:

Answers will vary but would include either: (a) the fight against pollution, Earth Day, and the creation of groups such as Greenpeace; (b) the 1973/74 oil crisis; (c) the end of fascist dictatorships and movement toward democracies in and ; or (d) terrorist acts such as assassinations of politicians, the Israeli athletes at the Munich in 1972; Iranian Revolution & American hostage crisis 1979; and end of the gold standard in the U.S.

Lesson 4 page 10 of 20

Worksheet 3 KEY, page 2

4. Clothes and Accessories of the Decade:

Miniskirts give way to “hot pants” on young women, but most teenagers wear pants with

wide flares at the bottom (bell bottoms) and they also wear tie-dye textiles and thick-soled

platform boots; punks appear with spiky hair, dyed an array of colors.

5. Summary of the Overall Accomplishments Achieved During the Decade:

Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom join the European Union on 1 January 1973, raising the number of Member States to nine. The short, yet brutal, Arab-Israeli war of October 1973 resulted in an energy crisis and economic problems in Europe. The last right-wing dictatorships in Europe come to an end with the overthrow of the Salazar regime in Portugal in 1974 and the death of General Franco of Spain in 1975. The EU regional policy starts to transfer huge sums to create jobs and infrastructure in poorer areas. The European Parliament increases its influence in EU affairs and in 1979 all citizens can, for the first time, elect their members directly.

Lesson 4 page 11 of 20

Worksheet 4 KEY, page 1

The History of the European Union http://europa.eu/abc/history/

Decade (check time period assigned to your group):

 1945-1959  1960-1969  1970-1979  1980-1989  1990-1999  2000-present

Description of the Era: ___The Changing Face of Europe – The Fall of the Berlin Wall______

1. Member States That Joined During this Decade: Greece, Portugal, and Spain

2. Key Events and Dates of the Decade for European Integration:

 January 1, 1981 – membership reaches 10 with the addition of Greece

 February 28, 1984 – Europe adopts the “Esprit” program, the first of many research and development programs created to keep Europe in the forefront of innovation as the use of computers and automation climbs in manufacturing

 January 1, 1986 – membership grows to 12 nations when Portugal and Spain join

 February 17, 1986 – The Single European Act is passed to help improve the flow of trade among Member States.

 June 15, 1987 – launch of the “Erasmus” program to allow university students to study in another European country.

3. Most Significant Event of the Decade in the World:

Answers will vary but would include either: (a) Chernobyl nuclear meltdown or (b) the collapse of communism across Central and Eastern Europe which began in with the Solidarity movement in the shipyards of Gdansk in 1980 and was most pronounced in the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989.

Lesson 4 page 12 of 20

Worksheet 4 KEY, page 2

4. Cultural Trends of the Decade:

Along with bungee jumping, roller skating is a new craze; teenagers listen to their Walkmans and CDs; huge parties or “raves” attract teenagers; and both males and females are wearing pants.

5. Summary of the Overall Accomplishments Achieved During the Decade:

The Polish trade union, Solidarność, and its leader Lech Walesa, become household names across Europe and the world following the Gdansk shipyard strikes in the summer of 1980. In 1981, Greece becomes the 10th member of the EU and Portugal and Spain follow five years later. In 1987 the Single European Act is in force. This is a treaty that provides the basis for a vast six-year program aimed at sorting out problems with the free flow of trade across EU borders and thus creates the ‘Single Market’. There is major political upheaval when, on November 9, 1989, the Berlin Wall is pulled down and the border between East and is opened for the first time in 28 years. This leads to the reunification of Germany in October 1990.

Lesson 4 page 13 of 20

Worksheet 5 KEY, page 1

The History of the European Union http://europa.eu/abc/history/

Decade (check time period assigned to your group):

 1945-1959  1960-1969  1970-1979  1980-1989  1990-1999  2000-present

Description of the Era: ___A Europe Without Frontiers______

1. Member States That Joined During this Decade: Austria, Finland and Sweden

2. Key Events and Dates of the Decade for European Integration:  February 7, 1992 – the Treaty of European Union is signed in Maastricht; the name “European Union” replaces “European Community”; the treaty sets the stage for moving to a single currency and closer cooperation in domestic and international affairs

 January 1, 1993 – the single market is established identifying four freedoms: the free movement of goods, services, people, and capital

 January 1, 1995 – three additional Member States join; Austria, Finland, and Sweden

 March 26, 1995 – the Schengen Agreement takes effect allowing people to travel between many countries without boarder checks

 June 17, 1997 – the Treaty of Amsterdam is signed and builds on the Maastricht Treaty to reform EU institutions, give Europe a stronger voice in the world, and concentrate more resources on employment and citizen rights

 December 13, 1997 – EU leaders begin accession negotiations with 10 Central and Eastern European countries

 January 1, 1999 – The is launched in 11 countries

 June 3, 1999 – EU heads of State and Government adopt a proposal for the creation of a common European Security and Defense Policy

Lesson 4 page 14 of 20

Worksheet 5 KEY, page 2

3. Most Significant Event of the Decade in the World:

Answers will vary but would include either: (a) the breaking apart of Yugoslavia, and fighting in Bosnia, Croatia, Herzegovina, Macedonia, and Serbia; (b) the cloning of "Dolly" the sheep; (c) the first Persian Gulf War

4. Cultural Trends of the Decade:

Piercing and tattoos become mainstream; girls show a little midriff; mobile phones and the Internet change the way people communicate; young people often take a ‘gap’ year to travel before continuing with their college education.

5. Summary of the Overall Accomplishments Achieved During the Decade:

With the collapse of communism across Central and Eastern Europe, Europeans become closer neighbors. In 1993 the Single Market is completed with the 'four freedoms' of: movement of goods, services, people and capital. The 1990s is also the decade of two treaties, the ‘Maastricht’ Treaty on European Union in 1993 and the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1999. People are concerned about how to protect the environment and also how Europeans can act together when it comes to security and defense matters. In 1995 the EU gains three new members, Austria, Finland and Sweden. A small village in Luxembourg gives its name to the ‘Schengen’ agreements that gradually allow people to travel without having their passports checked at the borders. Millions of young people study in other countries with EU support. Communication is made easier as more and more people start using mobile phones and the Internet.

Lesson 4 page 15 of 20

Worksheet 6 KEY, page 1

The History of the European Union http://europa.eu/abc/history/

Decade (check time period assigned to your group):

 1945-1959  1960-1969  1970-1979  1980-1989  1990-1999  2000-present

Description of the Era: ___A Decade of Further Expansion______

1. Member States That Joined During this Decade: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, , Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, and Slovakia; candidates include Croatia, Iceland, former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and Turkey; potential candidate countries include Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, under UN Security Council Resolution 1244, Montenegro and Serbia.

2. Key Events and Dates of the Decade for European Integration:  December 2000 – Charter of Fundamental Rights

 January 1, 2002 – the Euro notes and coins are released in the first 12 countries in the

 March 31, 2003 – the EU sends peace-keeping troops to the Balkans to replace NATO units

 May 1, 2004 – ten additional Member States join the EU

 October 29, 2004 – leaders of the 25 EU countries sign a treaty establishing a European Constitution; failure to achieve ratification because of “no” votes by the citizens in France and the Netherlands in 2005 results in leaders declaring a “period of reflection”

 January 1, 2007 – two additional Member States join the EU (Bulgaria and Romania); by January 1, 2008 the euro zone expands to 16 Member States.

 December 1, 2009 – the goes into effect (following a two-year ratification process) to make the EU more democratic, efficient, united, secure, and transparent so that it is better able to tackle global challenges.

Lesson 4 page 16 of 20

Worksheet 6 KEY, page 2

3. Most Significant Event of the Decade in the World:

Answers will vary but would include either (a) the September 11, 2001 attack on New York and Washington, global terrorism and the rise of Al-Queda; (b) the Kyoto Protocol treaty to limit global warning; or (c) the second Gulf War and the War in Afghanistan

4. Cultural Trends of the Decade:

The communication revolution continues as text messages are the way that young people stay in contact with each other; wide-screen televisions and DVDs set the pace for home entertainment

5. Summary of the Overall Accomplishment Achieved During the Decade:

The euro is the new currency for many Europeans and becomes an important world currency. September 11, 2001, becomes symbolic of global terrorism. EU countries and the U.S. begin to work much more closely together to fight international crime. The previous divisions between Eastern and Western Europe are dissolved when 10 new countries join the EU in 2004 and two more in 2007. Many people think it is time for Europe to have a constitution but much debate ensues as to what sort of constitution. The Treaty of Lisbon, in force since December 2009, is the culmination of this process.

Lesson 4 page 17 of 20

The History of the European Union Summary Sheet

2000- Present

1990- 1999

1980- 1989

1970- 1979

1960- 1969

1945- 1959 Era Newest Member States Key Events in Europe Success Main Period of the

Lesson 4 page 18 of 20

The History of the European Union Summary Worksheet KEY

Newest Main Success of the Era Member Key Events in Europe Period States . Bulgaria . Cyprus . Euro notes and coins released . Czech . EU sends peace-keeping troops . Launch of the new euro Republic to Balkans currency is a success . Estonia . Failed attempt to approve . End of the political . Latvia European constitution 2000- divisions between Eastern . Lithuania . Treaty of Lisbon adopted and and Western Europe are Present . Hungary in force evident as the number of . Malta . Economic crisis in Greece Member States reaches 27 . Poland spurs financial reform

. Romania initiatives . Slovenia . Slovakia . Maastricht Treaty . Single Market guarantees . Austria . Single market 1990- the free movement of . Finland . Schengen Agreement goods, services, people, 1999 . Sweden . Treaty of Amsterdam and capital . Launch of the Euro . Greece 1980- . Spain . Esprit program . Single European Act sets . Portugal . Single European Act the stage for free trade 1989 . German . Erasmus program launched . Berlin Wall falls Unification . First expansion of member . First direct election of countries . Denmark members of Parliament . European Regional 1970- . Ireland . European Monetary Development Fund . United System established 1979 . First direct election of Kingdom . Last of the Western members of European European dictatorships fall Parliament . No New . Common agricultural policy 1960- . Customs duties disappear Member . Aid to Africa . Joint food production 1969 States . Removal of customs duties

. Germany . France . Schuman Plan . Economic and political 1945- . Italy . Coal and Steel Treaty cooperation put in place to . Netherlands . Treaty of Rome 1959 secure a lasting peace . Belgium . Luxembourg

Lesson 4 page 19 of 20

Map of Europe Today Worksheet 8 http://www.worldatlas.com

KEY

1952 green

1973 red

1981 yellow

1986 blue

1990 orange

1995 pink

2004 purple

2007 brown

Lesson 4 page 20 of 20