CHAPTER ONE / GROWTH OF THE PRESS FROM 1864 TO 1930. (PRE-RAJARAM ERA TO FIRST DECADE OF RAJ ARAM ERA).
Press is often hailed as the fourth pillar of democracy.
It plays a very important role in all the branches of human life.
So it did in pre-Independence period of the modern India. Its
contribution is quite substantial to the social history of
that period and to the freedom struggle.
The history of the press in India goes back to
the period of Company rule, when some Europeans and Anglo-Indians
had started newspapers in the second half of the eighteenth 1 century. Their objectives, however, were limited, just two-fold -
information and amusement. And in meeting those objectives, those
newspapers relied heavily on extracts from the newspapers and
journals published in England or in other parts of Europe.
The printing press, newspapers and journals made
their beginning in the metropolitan towns of Calcutta, Madras and
Bombay. In the beginning, newspapers were published in English.
The 'Calcutta General Advertiser'was the first newspaper 2 to arrive onthe Indian scene. It was brought out by James Augustus
Hicky, the proprietor of the 'Bengal Gazette' or 'Calcutta General
Advertiser' and its first issue was published on January 29, 1780,
■3 at Calcutta.
The 'Madras Courier' was the first newspaper started in 4 Madras in 1785. Bombay, the last of the Presidency to have its own 15)
5 newspaper, came up with ’Bombay Herald' in 1789 which was followed by 'Bombay Gazette' (1790) and the 'Bombay Courier' (1792).
However, all those publications were essentially in
English. With the passage of time, newspapers came out in vernacu lars too. So far the Marathi press is concerned, Bal Gangadhar
Shastri Jambhekar (1812-46) is the pioneer of it. He came up with
'Darpan', a fortnightly in Bombay, on January 6, 1832. 6 During the same year, on My 4, he turned it into a weekly, a bilingual one, published in English and Marathi. Other newspapers, started in Bombay, soon after the beginning of ' Darpan', were ' Mumbai
Akhabar* and 'Dnyan-Sindhu' in 1840, 'Prabhakar' in 1841, 'Indu- prakash in 1862, and so on.
Though Bombay took a lead in the publication of
Marathi papers, yet Pune did not lag behind. Within a. few years of the publication of 'Darpan' in Bombay, Pune had its first 7 paper in 'Mitrodaya' in 1844. The other papers soon to be published
from Pune was 'Dnyanprakash' in 1849.
Growth of the Press in Kolhapur State Upto 1894:
The Princely State of Kolhapur also followed the suit
just a decade later. However, there is some controversy as
to the first paper started in this region. Some credit it to
Q Nana Moraji Trilokekar (1822-1895) with that honour. He hailed from
Bombay and worked as Chief Clerk in the office of the Political
Agent at Kolhapur. He started 'Vartman Sangrah' in 1853-^ But this (6) view is not accepted by others. Many others associate Colonel
Anderson, the Political Agent of Kolhapur, with the beginning 10 of the press in Kolhapur. It was started with three motives, as a money saving device, to complete the typing work of Durban in time and to inform the subjects of the work being done by 11 the Government. - Thus, the beginning of the press in the Princely
State of Kolhapur might have been led by an Englishman, who wanted it to be a link between the ruler and his subjects.
The second newspaper of Kolhapur 'Dnyanasagar’, which 12 was edited by one Narayan Raghunath Mantri, appeared in 18?0. Ini tially, it was a monthly, but later on it was converted into a weekly. The periodical was brought out in a traditional and old manner. It survived for long.
The 'Shubhavartamandarshak Va Churchsambandhi Nanavidh
Sangraha', a monthly that appeared in 1872, was for the propagation 18 of Christianity. Edited by one Rev.D.J.Taylor, it was a bilingual, in English and in Marathi. The title of the former was 'The 14 Gospel and Church Missalani'. However, the monthly could not survive long and it was closed down in 1876.
Narayan Raghunath Mantri, the editor of the 'Dnyansagar' t 15 started another monthly, viz. Sudnyanammrut' in 1874. It contained various topics from chemistry to fiction-plays, poems, essays and book reviews, etc. Unfortunately, this monthly also did not survive for long. It had a life-span of only two years.
A joint venture came up between one Abasaheb Parasnis and Shankarshastri Gokhale in 1883, in the form of a weekly
'Dakshinvrutta' in Marathi. 0 But the venture obviously failed due perhaps to partnership hassles, because one of the partners,
Shankarshastri Gokhale, later started his own paper 'Vidhvavilas' -paper- in 1886. * It must be noted that this was the onlyy which lived for a long time, from 1886 to 1948. It was also the first daily 18 newspaper in Kolhapur State. There is also' a reference that the owner of the above newspaper, 'Vidhyavikas', started a
IQ monthly, 'Tatvaprakash' some time in 1876.
Growth of the Press from 1894 to 1922 (Rajarshi Shahu Era)i
The 'Shahu Era' stretching from 1894-1922 is of major significance in the social history of Maharashtra in general and that of Kolhapur State in particular. Efforts were made in the establishment of equality among all sections of people and to raise the status of the backward classes. Non-Brahmin
Movement, Satyashodhak Movement, Untouchability Removal Movement, dominated Kolhapur. He initiated a policy of recruitment of non-Brahmins in the State services, special provisions of reserva tions of seats in the government services for backward class persons, abolition of various kinds of 'Vatans', viz. Joshi-Vatans,
Mahar-Vatans, Kulkarni-Vatans, etc., 'Vedokta Controversy' and establishment of 'Kshatrajagatguru Peeth', free and compulsory education, encouragement to female education, establishment of various kinds of schools, etc. This period is also important in the growth of
the press in Kolhapur State.
The first two decades of twentieth century witnessed
the arrival of a number of newspapers and peridicals in Kolhapur
1 State, particularly due to keen interest and encouragement
shown by Chhatrapati Shahu in the development of the press.
For instance, he personally took one Mr.Bhujangarao Gaikwad
to Pune to have him trained in journalism under the guidance ?n of Prof.N.R.Phatak, editor of the wellknown paper 'Induprakash'7
Subsequently, Mr.Bhujangrao Gaikwad started 'Vijai Maratha*.
Similarly, Chhatrapati Shahu also extended financial help of
Rs.500/- annually to- Prof.Vijapurkar in 1894, which helped 21 him to start a monthly ’Granthamala*T Chh.Shahu's inspiration was
behind the genesis of many newspapers, such as 'Tarun Bharat'
of Dinkarrao Jawalkar.,. 'Garibancha Kaivari' of Dattatraya
Sakharam Jadhav.
Of such publications, Prof.Vishnu Govind Vijapurkar's
'Granthamala' was the important one. It was devoted to the 22 cause of social awakening and reforms. However, 'Granthamala'
i touched various other topics too, such as linguistics, education,
politics, science, sports, mythology, etc. The source material
of the Maratha History, Vols.V, VI and VIII and the English
Translation of the 'Maratha History' of V.K.Rajawade were included
in it. However, it did not enjoy history. It ceased to be published
from 1907, twelve years after its beginning. 19)
Prof.Vijapurkar had also started a weekly entitled
'Samartha' in 1898 devoted to national education and politics.
However, his anti-Shahu role in Vedokta Controversy and his criticism of British sealed his paper's fate. A security was demanded from him, which he could not afford and so he stopped its publication in 1909. In 1906, he had started a monthly,
'Vishvavrutta'. His attempts to uphold 'Brahminism' was looked down upon by both the general public and the Durbar. He and his co-editor, Vaman Malhar Joshi, were awarded three years'
28 imprisonment. The publication ceased to exist.
Papers also appeared during this period in other
|larts of the State. At Gadhinglaj (Elakha Karveer), a monthly
'Nanalahari' started in 1897 by one Narayan Hari Patki. A bi- mo thly 'Dnyanavilas' edited by B.A.Surve and published by M.S.Hire- 24 math was started at Khandal in Gadhinglaj in 1898.
'Maratha Dinbandhu', a weekly started in 1901 by the efforts of Bhaskarrao Jadhav, D.A.Vichare and Rane, was closed down immediately within four years in 1905 due to financial
25 difficulties.
p£ It is interesting to note that 'Aryamitra'~ a bimonthly edited by Muttayya Siddhalingappa Hiremath of Khandal and the
'Manovinod', a monthly edited by Ismal Babaji Bhaldar of Kolhapur brought out in 1904 were solely devoted to entertainment and
27 amusement. Similarly, the Virshaiva community in Kolhapur State pQ started the 'Veerashaivamatprakash' in the year 1906, which was edited by Muttayyaswami Brahmamathadhyaksha at Khandal and the pg 'Veerashaivotkarsha Vicharmala' in the year 1907, edited by Veera- basav Shivalingappa Shreshethi at Kolhapur devoted to the propaga- tionof Veerashaivism.
Some time before 1905, two magazines, 'Mahapuram' and
'Jain Bodhak* started by Kallappa Bharmappa Nitave, were printed SO at his own press 'Shri Jainendra Press', Kolhapur.
Two monthly papers were started in the year 1906-07, the 'Prakashak' of the Society for the propagation of the Gospel and the 'Hospital Assistant' of Mr.R.V.Bapat.^
The 'Sunrittavadini', a weeklyand the 'Sanskrit
Chandrika', a monthly, were started by Appashastri Rashivadekar, in 1908, in Sanskrit. -?2 It was the first attempt in Kolhapur
State made by Appashastri Rashivadekar to publish newspapers in Sanskrit.
The paper 'Pragati' appeared in 1908, but it only added its name to the list.
The second decade of Shahu Era saw the arrival of three important periodicals, i.e. 'Dharma-Vichar', 'Vishwabandhu* and 'Chhatrapati'. The 'Dharma-Vichar', a monthly was started in
1911- Atmaramshastri Harishastri Pitre and Eknath Pandurang
Kulkarni as its editor and co-editor, respectively. It was devoted to the propagation of Hinduism. It tried to apply scienti- 84 fic thinking to the understanding of the religion. In the same in) ons Balawant Krishnaji- Pisal started the 'Vishwabandhu' withthe object to reply the propaganda against Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj mads bythe Brahmin newspapers of Pune and outside. But its 35 publication ceased in the year 1920.
There is a reference to a weekly 'Sudarshan' started 36 in this decade.
Another important bi-monthly, 'Chhatrapati' edited by 37 Sakharam Pandurang Sawant, appeared in August 1920. Two years later, it was turned into a monthly. It aimed at creating national unity amongst the students.
Thus, within a span of sixty years (1864-1922) of the history of the growth of the press in the Princely State of Kolhapur, there appeared nearabout forty newspapers - weeklies, bi-weeklies, monthlies, bi-monthlies, periodicals, etc., devoted to political, social, religious, educational, industrial and agricultural causes.
Growth of the Press from 1922 to 1930.
Chhatrapati Rajaram.Maharaj succeeded Chhatrapati Shahu in 1922 and ruled upto 1940. He came at the helm of the affairs at a very crucial period in the history of India. The freedom- struggle had acquired new turn and dimension under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, as was quite obvious from his very launching of 'non-cooperation movement' in 1921, which had created unparalle led zeal and motivation among millions of Indians for freedom. Similarly, his political programmes had also envisaged upliftment of the backward classes and elimination of untouchability.
These socio-political developments were bound to have a considerable influence on the Princely State of Kolhapur. The political struggle for freedom started gaining more ground in the State and the non-Brahmin Movement aimed at social goals took a backseat.
Khanderao Gopalrao Bagal, a leader of Satyashodhak Samaj. in
Kolhapur, invited Mahatma Gandhi on behalf of Satyashodhak Samaj, nO and brought him to Kolhapur on March 25, 1927- Mahatma Gandhi delivered a public speech at Khasbag Maidan and laid the foundation 59 stone of 'Charakhashram’ in Kolhapur. At the same time, Khanderao
Bagal, Dharmadhikari, Shreshthi, Methe and others presented
Mahatma Gandhi a sum of Rs.3,000/- which was collected from 40 the citizens of Kolhapur. There was growing desire among people to have a share in the administration. Rajaram Maharaj understood 41 changing needs of time. He established ’Elakha Panchayat' and hand ed over the administration of the primary school institutions, public health, means of transport and communication and Devasthan 42 (sanctuary) to the subjects.
Rajaram Maharaj extended support to the Non-Brahmin
Movement. He was the president of the ’All-India Non-Brahmin Social
Conferences' held at Satara and Amraoti in December 1922 and , 43 December 1926, respectively. J
Rajaram Maharaj not only walked in the footsteps of his predecessor, Chhatrapati Shahu, but also emerged as a man of versatile interests. He tried to achieve agricultural,
Um. 8ALASAHEB KHAHDEKAR Li BRAIN MiWUi UBIVEBSITY. KQLUAPtM, 173)
industrial and commercial growth in his State. This decade was important for the developments in the economic sphere.
The citizens, businessmen and the commercial community established 44 ’The Kolhapur Bank’ on 25th January 1926. Chhatrapati Rajaram Maha- 45 raj gave facilities to established and to develop the Bank. The co-operative societies, which were 38 in number in 1922, also in- 46 creased in this decade. Loans worth lakhs of rupees were 47 given to the farmers by the State Government in this decade.
Rajaram Maharaj constructed the ’Rajaram Tank’ and raised the height of the Radhanagari Dam with the purpose of irrigation 48 and agricultural development.
Rajaram Maharaj took a keen interest in education, general as well as professional, in this decade. Encouragement was given to the backward classes and the female education.
Arrangements for scholarships made by the State government adopted a free education policy at Rajaram College to the backward 49 class students and girls. For female education, 'Shree Maharani 50 Laxmibai Girls High School was established in 1929* For profession al education, three institutions were started in this decade, these were: the O’Brien Technical School (1928), the Irwin Agricul tural Museum (1928) and the Shri Shahu Shetki Shala (1929)-
The Scout Movement was started at primary and secondary schools level in 1922-23 and 1924-25, respectively. In 1927-28, physical education was made compulsory at the primary school 53 level, inorder to ensure physical fitness of the students. New Additions : Periodicals:
The first periodical to appear was a quarterly named 54 'Shivankala' in October 1923. It was edited by Shripati Hari 55 Hakade, who soon converted it into a bi-monthly. The year 1925 saw two important additions, 'Hunter* and 1 Karmavir'. 'Hunter' was
a $ printed at -Aryabhanu Press of .Indurao Tatyasaheb Nimbalkar 56 and it was publised by its editor Haribhau Chavan. Some maintain
57 that it was started by Khanderao Bagal. However, this is not correct. One Haribhau Laxman Chavan with Ramchandra Babaji 58 Jadhav started it in May 1925. Later on, in August 1925,
it was transferred to Khanderao Gopalrao Bagal, a wellknown
59 lawyer.
There is a reference that a newspaper named 'Karmavir' Go had appeared in the year 1925.
The publication doubled up in the next year 1926. The
'Bhagawa Zenda' edited by Kurane; the 'Arya', a bi-monthly of
Karveer Arya Samaj edited by I.T.Nimbalkar, the owner of the 61 Aryabhanu Press; the 'Garud', a weekly by Dadasaheb Malharrao 62 Shirke; and 'Chhatrapati Scout', a monthly edited by the
editorial board - V.S.Ayyar, D.B.Patil and G.R.Kolatkar, appeared.
The last was a bi-lingual published in English and Marathi.
In March 1927 appeared the 'Upayukta Dhandeshikshan',
a quarterly edited by Bhimaji Vithal Atyalkar and published 64 by Audyogik Kalamandir, Kolhapur. In the same year, Bharat Kavi 65 Mandal at Kolhapur started a bi-monthly, the 'Ranjanmala*. The (75)
last publication to appear in this decade was the 'Satyavadi', 66 started in 1930, a weekly edited by Balasaheb Patil.
THE MOTIVES.
The new publications which appeared in the ’twenties
between 1922-30 differed in their motives and aims. 'Hunter', the
most prominent of these publications, was a product of the
Non-Brahmin Movement and it had a specific role to perform
as a mouthpiece of Satyashodhak Samaj. It was committed to
social reforms and with those definite motives, it was started.
Following were some of the important motives:
i) To protect and promote the social, religious, industrial
and moral welfare of the non-Brahmin class;
ii) To propagate the social philosophy of Rajarshi Shahu
Maharaj and work for the removal of the caste distinction;
iii) To work for the removal of the man-made caste distinc
tions as they are based on an element of birth, deviating
from the original concept of class, based on the division
of work;
iv) To work for the welfare of poor and the spread of social
equality in the rural areas;
v) To propagate the principles of simple-living and high
thinking as the only way leading to happiness; and
to cultivate certain basic qualities such as industrious
ness, boldness, self-respect and self-reliance, which
characterise the western civilization; and also to
discourage the wrong practices promoted in the name of modernization;
vi) To propagate certain basic concepts of Hindu philosophy in
right spirit such as destiny, knowledge and worship
through publishing the articles of scholars and learned;
vii) To promote education of science among the non-Brahmin
class; viii) To inform the people about the Session Court decisions,
ordinances, etc.;
ix) To inform the people of important topics and developments
by publishing useful extracts from newspapers and
Crj monthlies.°
Thus, the 'Hunter* had a social cause to champion. C Q So had the 'Bhagawa Zenda' of Kurans. ° It was also aimed at propagating the aims and goals of Satyashodhak Movement. The 69 'Karmaveer' started in 1925, also fell in the same category.
Further specialization among the publications that had
taken up social case may be traced to * Garud', the weekly which 70 championed the cause of untouchables in particular. Its founder-
editor, D.M.Shirke, aimed at unveiling of the sorrows and the miserable condition of untouchables in Kolhapur State and to popularise the thoughts of Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar among the 71 untouchables of Kolhapur State.
Identified with certain social and cultural cause far
differing from the ones mentioned above, was the 'Arya'. It
stood for the renaissance of the Aryan Culture, publishing articles on Aryan theories, ancient religious glory of the Aryas, their c onduct and thoughts, arts and science, social organizations, etc.72
Other publications of this decade differed in motives from the ones mentioned above. The 'Chhatrapati Scout* had a specific aim of training and educating the boys in the ideals of self-sacrifice, good citizenship, loyalty to His Highness, 73 duty to the motherland, endurance, social service and brotherhood.
The 'Shivankala* was brought out by one Shripati
Hari Kakade, who held a diploma in tailoring, with a motive
to give scientific knowledge regarding tailoring. It contained 74 articles on illustrated cutting work, stitching, etc. It means
this paper was devoted only to the business of tailoring. The
'Upayukta Dhandeshikshan* was also in the category of 'Shivankala*.
It carried information regarding various professions and profe- 75 ssional skills, businesses, occupations, etc. On the other hand, the 'Ranjanmala*, as the name indicates, was totally rj C devoted to provide only entertainment. The 'Satyavadi* started
with the motives as indicated in its motto, carried on its first
issue on May 21, 1926. Na Ho Pakshapati, Batave Sumarga | Dare
Na Kisise, Kahe Satyavani |. It is interesting that the motto was in Hindi. It reflected the character of the weekly.
No partiality, show right path, not afraid of anyone and speaks
only truth. Initially, it was meant for the younger generation
of the Jain community. It aimed at creating general awakening
regarding ignorance and evil practices and customs; to expose
the hypocrisy of those who mislead the people in the name of ,. 77 religion.
OWNERSHIP.
Ownership of those periodicals was vested in the
individuals mostly. There were exceptions • too. The 'Chhatrapati
Scout', the magazine was started by the Kolhapur Scout Organiza-
■jQ rjQ tion, whereas 'Ranjanmala' was started by Bharat Kavi Mandal.
Similarly, 'Upayukta Dhandeshikshan' and the 'Arya* were started by Audyogik Kalamandir and Karveer Arya Samaj, respectively.
The individual owners of these periodicals were,
Shripati Hari Kakade of 'Shivankala'; Shri.Kurane of 'Bhagawa
Zenda'; and Shri.D.M.Shirke of 'Garud'. At first, the owners
of the 'Hunter' were H.L.Chavan and R.B.Jadhav, but soon Khanderao
Bagal became the sole owner of the paper in August 19251 Balasaheb
Patil was the sole owner of the 'Satyavadi'.
EDITORS.
Editorial policies play a very important role in
the case of any periodical. As such, it is essential to know
about the editors. The 'Hunter' was the only paper which had
certain changes in its editorship. At first, it was edited
by its owner, but when it came under the ownership of Khanderao
Bagal, it was edited by Dattatraya Sakharam Jadhav, a high- ftn school teacher of Nipani. From March 12, 1926, the name of
Khanderao Bagal also started appearing on the paper as an editor 179)
8i together with the name of D.S.Jadhav. The whole responsibility of editing the paper was taken over by K.G.Bagal from April 23,
1926. He alone edited it for three years and then took the help of his son Madhavrao Bagal. The name of Madhavrao Bagal, as an editor, appeared together with the name of Khanderao Op Bagal from April 19, 1929. From that date onwards, both edited the 'Hunter' till the end of the paper in 1930.
NATURE OF PUBLICATION.
The number of the periodicals doubled during this decade from the last. Many of them changed the nature of publica tion. 'Shivankala' was a quarterly to begin with, but a few
On years later, i.e. from October 1929, it became a bi-monthly. 3 The
'Upayukta Dhandeshikshan' was also a quarterly to begin with, but after threeyears, it started its publication as a monthly, 84 in 1930. The other publications remained as they were throughout their existence.
PRESS.
Individual ownership of printing presses gave a greater degree of freedom to the publishers and the editors.
As such, it is important to know if a particular periodical was published at its own printing press or at another's printing press.
The 'Hunter' was initially printed at the 'Aryabhanu Press' of I.' T.' Nimbalkar : of Kolhapur.85 Then’ 8^ WaS printed in its own P^ting press 'Samata Press' from 1926. Similarly, the 'Arya was printed in its own 'Aryabhanu (20)
Qty Press. The weekly 'Garud' was printed at and published from 88 'Ratnakar Press' of D.H.Inamdar. The 'Upayukta Dhandeshikshan' was also printed at an outside press, viz. Siddheshwar Press,
Kolhapur, but it soon established its own 'Audyogik Frinting 89 Press'. The weekly 'Satyavadi' was printed at the 'Sudarshan
Press' Kolhapur.
FINANCIAL ASPECTS AND GOVERNMENT POLICT.
One of the basic questions the periodicals faced was that of survival. From the very first publication in Kolhapur State in 1864 down to 1921, more than forty publications arrived on the scene; of which, only six could survive. Thus, the percen tage of survival of the periodicals was barely fifteen. The same pattern continued in 'twenties; the 'Arya', the 'Bhagawa
Zenda', the 'Karmavir' were closed down after a few years of 91 starting their respective publication. The 'Shivankala' also 92 ceased its publication soon after, at the end of this decade.
Many factors affected the survival of the papers, most important two being - finance and government policy. All publications, except 'Hunter', were closed down for financial reasons. The concerned data reveals that the papers with the institutionalized ownership such as 'The Chhatrapati Scout',
'Ranjanmala', 'Arya', etc., survived.
The 'Hunter' criticized the government and the government policy through the writings on the condition of [211 peasants, heavy-revenue, the habit of horse-racing of His Highness, demands for fundamental rights, etc. The authorities looked upon these writings as anti-government and charged security
of Rs.5,000 on the paper and closed it off.
Thus, it may be seen that in the first decade of
Chhatrapati Rajaram's rule, some ten periodicals were brought
out with different social, educational motives, reflecting
the socio-educational aspirations of the society.
REFERENCES
1. Kanade, R.G., 'Marathi Niyatkalikancha Itihas', p.90.
2. Natarajan, S., 'A History of the Press in India', p.14.
3- Ibid.
4. Ibid., p.19 •
5. Ibid.
6. Kanade, R.G., op.cit., p.32.
7. Rao, Dr. Vasant D., ' The Beginning and the , Growth of the
Marathi Press', In: The Indian Press (Ed.Dr.S.P.Sen), p.56.
8. Ibid., p.58.
9. Ibid.
10. Telvekar, Anandrao, 'Kolhapurchi Vruttapatrasrushti', In:
Pudharikar G.G.Jadhav Gaurao Grantha, (Ed.S.S.Bhosale), p.112.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13- S.G.Date Suchi Mandal, 'Marathi Niyatkalikanchi Suchi',
(pub: Bhat, Vasudeo Vishnu), p.328. (22 J
14. Ibid.
15. S.G.Date Suchi Mandal, op.cib., p.383- lb. Lele, R.K., ’Marathi Vruttapatrancha Itihas’, p.628.
17. Ibid.
18. Gokhale, Baburao (Ed.), 'Vidhyavilas Shatsamvatsarik
Prakashan, p.3-
19* S.G.Date Suehi Mandal, op.oit., p.106.
20. Televekar, Anandrao, op.oit :., p.116.
21. Ibid, p.108.
22. Kanade, R.G., op.oit., p.18.
23. S.G.Date Suchi Mandal, op.oit., p.308.
24. Ibid., p.138.
25. Report on the General Administration of the Kolhapur
State for the year 1904-05, 1905, p.67.
26. S.G.Date Suchi Mandal, op.oit., p.28.
27. Ibid., p.212.
28. Ibid., p.309.
29. Ibid., p.310.
30. Report on the General Administration of the Kolhapur State
for the year 1904-05, 1905, p.67.
31. Ibid., 1906-07, 1907, p.56.
32. Ibid., 1907-08, 1908, p.62.
33- Lele, R.K., op.cit., p.590.
34. S.G.Date Suohi Mandal, op.oit., p.129.
35. Ibid., p.631.
36. Lele, R.K., op.oit., p.631 -
37. S.G.Date Suchi Mandal, op.cit., p.91. 123)
38. Bagal, Madhavrao (Ed.), 1 „ ' Khanderao Bagal Yanche
Nivadak Lekh', p.17.
39. Patgaonkar, Chandrakant, 'Bharatiya Swatantryacha Ladha', In:
Pudhari Golden Jubilee Special Issue, p.23.
40. Bagal, Madhavrao, op.eit., p.17.
41. Herawade, Sridhar, 'Chhatrapati Rajaram Charitra Granth',
p.58.
42. Ibid., p.58.
43. Ibid., P.79.
44. Savant, M.V., 'Kolhapur State under Chhatrapati Rajaram : A Study of Economic Conditions, M.Phil.Dissertation submitted to m Herwade, Sridhar, op.cit., p.62. [Shivaji University, [Kolhapur, p.140. 46. Sawant, M.V., op.eit., p.141.
47. Ibid., P.63.
48. Herwade, Sridhar, op.eit., p.63.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid., p.62.
51. Ibid., p.72.
52'; Powar, V.K., 'Kolhapur State Under Chhatrapati Rajaram
: A Study of Educational Progress, M.Phil.Disserta
tion, p.96.
53- Ibid.
54. S.G.Date Suchi Mandal, op.eit., p.322.
55; Ibid.
56. 'Hunter* (weekly), June 6, 1925, p.4.
57. Kadam, N.M., 'Satyashodhak Movement in Kolhapur', p.56.
58. 'Hunter' (weekly), March 12, 1926, p.4,
59. Ibid., August 21, 1925. (24)
60. Chavan, Shivajirao, 'Kolhapurchi Vruttapatrasrushti', In
Kolhapur Darshan, (eds.Bhide and Deshpande), p.399.
61. Lele, R.K., op.cit., p.881.
62. Nirmale, H.S., 'Dalitanohi Marathitil Niyatkalike', Ph.D
Thesis submitted to Shivaji University, Kolhapur, p.126.
63. S.G.Date Suchi Mandal, op.eit., p.91•
64. Ibid., p.124.
65. Ibid., p.447.
66. Patil, Balasaheb, 'Jeevanchakra', p.42.
67. 'Hunter', (weekly), June 19, 1925, p.2.
68. Lele, R.K., op.cit., p.881.
69. Ibid.
70. Ranpise, A.S., 'Dalitanohi Vruttapatre', p.23.
71. Nirmale, H.S., op.cit., p.126.
72. Lele, R.K., op.cit., p.881.
73. Kolhapur Administration Report, 1934-35, 1935, p.173-
74. S.G.Date Suchi Mandal, op.cit., p.322.
75. Ibid., p.124.
76. 'Satyavadi' (fortnightly), May 21, 1926, p.1.
77* S.G.Date Suchi Mandal, op.cit., p.91•
79. Ibid., p.124.
80. 'Hunter* (weekly), August 14, 1925, p.1.
81. Ibid., March 12, 1926, p.1.
82. Ibid., April 19, 1929, p.1.
83. S.G.Date Suchi Mandal, op.cit., p.322.
84. Ibid., p.124.
85. 'Hunter' (weekly), June 5, 1925, p.6. 125)
86. Ibid., March 12, 1926, p.j>.
87. Lele, R.K., op.cib., p.881.
88. Nirmale, H.S., op.cit., p.126.
89. S.G.Date Suchi Mandal, op.cib., p.124.
90. Patil, Balasaheb, op.cib., p.42.
91. Reporb on bhe General Adminisbrabion of bhe Kolhapur
Sbabe, 1928-29, 1929, p.95.
92. S.G.Dabe Suchi Mandal, op.cib., p.322.
93- ’Akhand Bharab' (weekly), December 28, 1943, p.7.
ill