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Monitoring the Flood Pulses in the Epiphreatic Zone of Karst Aquifers: the Case of Reka River System, Karst Plateau, Sw Slovenia

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Monitoring the Flood Pulses in the Epiphreatic Zone of Karst Aquifers: the Case of Reka River System, Karst Plateau, Sw Slovenia COBISS: 1.01 MONITORING THE FLOOD PULSES IN THE EPIPHREATIC ZONE OF KARST AQUIFERS: THE CASE OF REKA RIVER SYSTEM, KARST PLATEAU, SW SLOVENIA SPREMLJANJE POPLAVNIH VALOV V EPIFREATIČNI CONI KRAŠKEGA VODONOSNIKA: PRIMER REKE REKE, KRAS, JZ SLOVENIJA Franci GABROVŠEK1 & Borut PERIC2 Abstract UDC 556.3 (497.4-14) Izvleček UDK 556.3 (497.4-14) Franci Gabrovšek & Borut Peric: Monitoring the flood pulses Franci Gabrovšek & Borut Peric: Spremljanje poplavnih valov in the epiphreatic zone of karst aquifers: The case of Reka river v epifreatični coni kraškega vodonosnika: Primer reke Reke, system, Karst plateau, SW Slovenia Kras, JZ slovenija The Reka river sinking into Škocjan caves (Škocjanske jame) Reka Reka, ki ponika v Škocjanske jame, je najpomembnejši is the main allogenic input into the aquifer of Classical Karst. alogeni vir, iz katerega se napaja kraški vodonosnik. Doslej so So far the subsurface flow of the Reka river between Škocjan med Škocjanskimi jamami in izviri Timave v Italiji našli pet caves and the spring of Timava in Italy has been reached in five jam, kjer je mogoče priti do podzemnega toka Reke. Dve so caves. Two were recently discovered in Slovenia. Continuous pred kratkim odkrili v Sloveniji. Pomladi leta 2005 se je začelo logging of water levels and temperatures in four of these caves stalno spremljanje nivoja in temperature vode v štirih od teh was established in spring 2005. The paper presents and briefly jam. Članek predstavlja in na kratko obravnava prve rezultate, discusses the first results obtained in three of them. The results pridobljene na treh merilnih mestih. Rezultati kažejo na hitro are indicating a fast passage of a flood wave along a well devel- potovanje poplavnega vala po dobro razvitem sistemu kraških oped conduit system. kanalov. Key words: karst hydrology, aquifer, flood pulse, Reka, Kras, Ključne besede: kraška hidrologija, vodonosnik, poplavni val, Slovenia. Reka, Kras, Slovenija. INTRODUCTION The Kras (Classical Karst) plateau has been attracting re- the main geological formations, caves with the active un- searchers for more than a century. Its aquifer is as com- derground flow and the measurement points presented plex as a karst aquifer can get. A more than 300 m deep in this paper. vadose zone, huge underground cavities, all possible flow Kras belongs to the Adriatic-Dinaric tectonic plate regimes, complex recharge and discharge conditions and in the region of the Outer Dinarids (Kranjc, 1997). The complex evolution, enough to believe that the system is folds sink towards NW under Soča alluvium. The same far from being resolved. This paper presents the first re- direction is also followed by the main draining conduits sults of an ongoing effort to put a new stone into the puz- from SE of the plateau. The area is mostly composed of zle of the aquifer of Kras. Cretaceous and Tertiary carbonate sediments. Fig. 1 presents a generalized map and a cross-sec- The depth of the unsaturated zone reaches more tion of the Kras plateau and its surroundings. It shows than 300 m. Many caves, remains of an old drainage net- work, can be found along its complete vertical profile. 1Karst Research Institute, ZRC SAZU, Titov trg 2, SI-6230 Postojna, Slovenia 2Park Škocjanske jame Public Agency , Škocjan 2, SI-6215 Divača, Slovenia Received / Prejeto: 20.06.2006 ACTA CARSOLOGICA 35/1, 35–45, Ljubljana 2006 Franci GABROVŠEK & Borut PERIC Fig. 1: Simplified map and cross-section of the Kras plateau with main geological formations, caves and measurement points presented in this study. Below the piezometric surface, the structure of the other smaller springs in the vicinity, many of which are aquifer is largely unknown. An indicator of a well devel- bellow the sea surface. oped conduit system was a sudden collapse in the Reka Efforts to reach Reka between Škocjan caves and the stream near Gornje Vreme in 1980, at the flysch-lime- springs of Timavo have long history (Kranjc, 1997). At stone contact, where around 1 m3/s still disappears un- the moment we know five caves leading to the active sub- derground (Brilly et al., 2002). surface flow: Kačna cave and Labodnica/Grotta di Trebi- The focus of our study is epiphreatic zone, charac- ciano are well known and have already been thoroughly terized by a high flow variability of the Reka river which investigated. Recently, three additional caves were pushed is the main allogenic input to the aquifer. The river flows down to the depths of active Reka flow: Lazzaro Jerko in about 50 kilometers on impermeable flysch rocks, con- Italy; Jama 1 v Kanjaducah and Brezno v Stršinkni do- tinues for another 7 kilometers as a surface flow on a lini in Slovenia. The river has also been reached through limestone terrain, and starts its underground course at Brezno 3G, which turned out to be another entrance of Škocjan caves. It emerges at the Timavo springs in Tri- Kačna cave. este Bay. The air distance between Škocjan caves and In Škocjan caves and Kačna cave it is possible to fol- springs of Timavo is around 33 km. Based on the data low several kilometers of the underground river, while of the Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia only small fragments are accessible in other caves as the for the period 1961–1990, the average discharge of the confining siphons are not far apart, therefore further ex- Reka River is 8.26 m3/s. The ratio between low and high ploration is left to cave divers. waters reaches 1 to 1700 with the maximum measured For more information on geology, speleology, hy- discharge 305 m3/s, and minimum 0.18 m3/s. The springs drogeology and history of exploration and research of of Timavo have an average discharge of 30.2 m3/s. Beside Classical Karst and its aquifer refer to (Cucchi et al., 2000; main spring, the aquifer discharges through the many Galli, 1999; Kranjc, 1997; Mihevc, 2001). 36 ACTA CARSOLOGICA 35/1 – 2006 MONITORING THE FLOOD PULSES IN THE EPIPHREATIC ZONE OF KARST AQUIFERS Cuchi and Zinni (2002) reported on the continu- namely the Reka River, Brestovica basin and Soča-Vipava ous monitoring of physical parameters of the subsurface rivers basin. The temperature and conductivity changes Reka flow. They have measured level, temperature and between Škocjan caves, Labodnica/Trebiciano and Laz- specific electric conductivity in Škocjan caves, Grotta zaro Jerko cave indicate that the underground flow is fast di Trebiciano/Labodnica, Lazzaro Jerko and Timavo (even more than 800 m/h) and continuous. Their results springs. Based on more than 100 flood events, a distinc- indicate a “direct drainage” along Škocjan-Labodnica/ tion was made between three principal types of flood Trebiciano-Lazzaro Jerko. They proposed that the aqui- waves, characterized by the presence or absence of in- fer of Classical Karst is at the 3rd state of the Ford-Ewers’s flow from the sources that feed the Timavo river system: speleogenetic model (Ford & Ewers, 1978). OBSERVATION POINTS Except in Škocjan caves, the underground flow of Reka is in this paper. The distance between Škocjan caves and not easy accessible. To reach it one must descend between Kačna cave is about two kilometres. The direct distance 250 and 330 m down vertical shafts and steep galleries. from Kačna cave to Jama 1 v Kanjaducah is about seven New entrances are rarely found. During the flood kilometers (see Fig. 1). events when the water rises and squeezes the air from the The instruments were fixed to the underground voids and fractures, an intense airflow can be detected at river banks. In Škocjan caves and Kačna cave the micro some spots at the surface. These are the spots where cav- location was chosen so that the instruments cannot be ers start following narrow leads through the vadose zone damaged by larger pieces of flotsam. and hope to enter an easy passage to the river. Normally Fig. 2 shows simplified sketches of the caves with it takes years of digging and climbing to succeed. Except the positions of measurement points. In Škocjan caves in Škocjan caves and Kačna cave, all the discoveries have it was fixed at Martel’s lake (P1) at the end of 2.2 mil- been done this way. lions m3 large Martel’s chamber, in Kačna cave at rapids Between February and October 2005, data loggers in Škocjanski kanal passage (P2), in Kanjaduce (P3) and were placed in Škocjan caves, Kačna cave, Jama 1 v Kan- Brezno v Stršinkni dolini it is located at terminal sumps jaducah and Brezno v Stršinkni dolini. Data from the first at the end of the caves. three caves have been retrieved so far and are presented Fig. 2: Simplified sketches of the caves with positions of the measuring points. Flood levels based on flotsam occurrence (Mihevc, 2001) are marked in Kačna cave. Maps of Škocjan caves and Kačna cave were obtained from the Karst Research Institute archive and Slovenian cave cadastre. Map of Jama 1 v Kanjaducah was obtained from the web site of Sežana caving club (http://www.brlog.net/jds/kanjaduce.htm). ACTA CARSOLOGICA 35/1 – 2006 37 Franci GABROVŠEK & Borut PERIC INSTRUMENTS To log water level and temperature we use TD Diver pro- range of 100 m. Precision of the level measurements is duced by Van Essen, a Schlumberger company, Holland 0.1% of the full range, i.e. 10 cm in our case. Precision of (Fig. 3). Instruments measure and record pressure and temperature sensor is 0.1°C. Data from the instrument temperature. Recently we have introduced instruments can be retrieved to computer via optical bridge as shown (CTD Diver) which additionally log specific electric con- in Fig.
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