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Museu Nacional/Ufrj Bull. Biogeogr. Soc. Japan VoI. 44 Dec. 20, 1989 Geographic Variation of Chromosomes in Sabacon makinoi Suzuki (Arachnida, Opiliones, Sabaconidae) Nobuo Tsurusaki Abstract. Chromosomes of Sabacon makinoi Suzuki were surveyed from five populations in Hokkaido and the northernmost part of Honshu, Japan. Chromosome numbers (2n=1O to 14) were found to vary among and sometimes within populations. Out-group comparison and the spatial distribution of the chromosome variants suggest that 2n=14 is the plesiomorphic state and the evolution proceeded with a decrease in the chromosome number. Centric fusion is considered the most important type of chromosome rearrangement responsible for the karyo­ typic change. Harvestmen of the family Sabaconidae are the details of the method, see Tsurusaki (l985a), represented by two genera and about 40 species, and Tsurusaki and Cokendolpher (in press). The and are sporadically distributed in temperate format of the description of karyotypes including regions of the Northern Hemisphere (Martens, idiograms follows Tsurusaki and Cokendolpher 1972, 1983; Suzuki, 1974; Shear, 1975, 1986; (in press). The samples were collected from the Cokendolpher, 1984). Their cytology has been following localities: 1) Asamushi, Hachiman-gu seriously neglected due to the rarity and the small Shrine, a site in Japanese red ceder, Cryptomeria size of these opilionids. Chromosome numbers japonica forest, 20 malt., Aomori Pref.; 2) Onuma are known for only two species: Sabacon par­ adoxum Simon from Europe (2n=16; Juberthie, 2n-14 1956) and S. pygmaeum Miyosi from Japan (2n= 14; Suzuki, 1966). This paper reports observa­ tions on an additional species, S. makinoi Suzuki sampled from five different populations in north­ ern Japan. Sabacon makinoi Suzuki is mainly found in eastern Japan, namely Hokkaido, Honshu (Chubu , district and northward, northeastern part of Hiroshima Prefecture), and Shikoku (Mt. Tsurugi, Tokushima Prefecture) and in Korea (Suzuki, 1974; Suzuki & TSUfusaki, 1983). This species is found in leaf litter and under stones and logs on o the forest floor. The life cycle of S.makinoi is , , Sabacon •• .akinoi not fully known. However, the results obtained ", from periodical field surveys conducted at two -- localities in and near Sapporo, Hokkaido, in 1979 show that this species overwinters as eggs and Sabacon •• sugi.atoi various stages of juveniles (Tsurusaki, unpubl.). • • Materials and Methods Fig. I. Distribution and chromosome numbers of Sabacon makinoi in Hokkaido and the north­ The cytological data were obtained from air­ ernmost part of Honshu. A, Asamushi; B, dry preparations of testes or ovaries of field-col­ Onuma; C, Maruyama; D, Nopporo; E, Wak­ lected adults and juveniles of later instars. For kanai. -111- Tsurusaki, N. Chromosomes of Sabacon makinoi Park, ca. 150 malt., Nanae-ch6, Kameda-gun, with 2n = 12 and its haploid idiogram are shown Hokkaido; 3) Maruyama, Sapporo; Hokkaido; 4) in Fig. 2B and Fig. 3, respectively. Autosomes Nopporo, Ebetsu, Hokkaido; 5) Wakkanai Park, are composed of one pair of metacentrics (No. 4), 60 malt., Wakkanai, Hokkaido (Fig. 1). The two pairs of submetacentrics (Nos. 1, 2), one pair of data are tabulated in Table 1 together with the subtelocentrics (No. 5), and one pair of acrocel)­ results. S. makinoi is divided into two subspecies tries (No. 3). The X chromosome is a metacentric by the difference in the degree of developement of being second largest in size, while Y is sub­ abdominal scutum in females. Females of S. metacentric and somewhat smaller than the X. makinoi makinoi Suzuki, inhabiting Hokkaido, The outstanding feature of the karyotype is the always have a somewhat sclerotized scutum on presence of large submetacentric chromosomes their abdomens. Females of S. makinoi sugimotoi which occupies about one fourth of the total Suzuki et Tsurusaki, inhabiting Honshu and chromosome length (TCL) (Fig. 3). Further Shikoku, have no marked scutum (Suzuki & study is needed to comprehend this discrepancy Tsurusaki, 1983; Affiliation of Korean popula­ in chromosome numbers. tions remains unknown, since no female has been collected from those areas). Of the present Onuma population: 2n = 10 (0') materials, only the Asamushi population belongs Diploid chromosomes were clearly counted to S. makinoi sugimotoi. as 10. Unfortunately, chromosome slides stored under inappropriate condition were so severely deteriorated before photographing that its karyo­ Results type remains unknown. The results are summarized in Table 1 and karyotypes are shown in Fig. 2. Haploid id i­ Maruyama population: 2n = 10 (0', 'fl) ograms obtained from some karyotypes are pre­ The karyotype is composed of four pairs of sented in Fig. 3. autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (0': XY,'fl: XX) (Figs. 2C-D, 3). Autosomes are ig. 2. Karyotypes of Sabacon makinoi. A, Asamushi, male (2n=14); B, Asamushi, male (2n=12); C, D, Maruyama(2n=10). C, male; D, female; E, Nopporo, male (2n=12); F, Wakkanai, female Asamushi population: 2n = 12 (0', 'fl) and 14 (0'). metacentric without exception. The X chromo­ (2n= 14). Scale=5 (tm. Chromosome observations were made for spe­ some is metacentric similar in size to chromosome cimens collected from the same site at Asamushi No. 3, and Y is the shortest metacentric. MARUYAMA, 2n=10 in two consecutive years (1981 and 1982). Two -l 20 males used in 1981 preparations showed 2n = 14, Nopporo population: 2n = 12 (0') ...u whereas two males and two juveniles (one male The karyotype consists offive pairs of autosomes ....o and one pair of sex chromosomes (Figs. 2E, 3). Cl> and one female) in 1982 showed 2n = 12 without "4 exception. Figure 2A shows the male karyotype Autosomes comprise of two pairs of metacentrics ~ 10 30 with 2n = 14. Unfortunately, the detailed karyo­ (Nos. 1,2), one pair of subtelocentrics (No. 3), 8... type is unknown. The sex chromosome com­ and two pairs of acrocentrics (Nos. 4, 5). The X ~ ASAMUSHI,2n=12 position is probably XY. The male karyotype chromosome is a metacentric similar in size to o 20 x Y Table 1. Chromosome numbers in five populationsof Sabacon makinoi. j=juvenile(s). 20 NOPPORO,2n=12 2n chrom. number No. modal cells Locality Date No. indiv. obs. (CS/';f) CS ';f 10 Asamushi 23-YII-1981 2CS 14 7/- 2-YII-1982 2 CS 2j(CS, ';f) 12 12 27/ 4 10 Onuma 29-Y-1984 I CS 10 3/- o Maruyama 22-YI-1982 2 CS 2j(CS, ';f) 10 10 44/ 6 x Y 15-YII-1982 3CS 10 14/- 22-X-1982 8j(4CS,4';f) 10 10 66/19 o Nopporo 20-IX-1982 I CS 2j (CS) 12 5/- x Y Wakkanai 7-YJI-1984 1 ';f 14 -/8 ig. 3. Idiograms of some populations of Sabacon makinoi. TCL (total chromosome length) is a total of lengths of all haploid autosomes and an X chromosome. -112- -113- Tsurusaki, N. Chromosomes of Sabacon makinoi chromosome No. 2, while Y is the shortest meta­ 2n=12 and 14, respectively. The proposed origin yama population) was formed by centric fusion Sabacon Simon 1879 (Arachnida: Opiliones: 'Saba­ centric. of this geographic pattern of chromosome varia­ of two acrocentric pairs (Nos. 4 and 5 in Nopporo conidae). Senckenb. BioI., 63: 265-296. tions is presented in Fig. 4 and is explained as population). Likewise, the Asamushi popula­ Minato, M., 1972. Late Quaternary geology in northeni Japan, pp. 63-71. In: Fyles, J. G., Stalker, Wakkanaipopulation: 2n=14 (~) follows: tion with 2n=12 has two acrocentric or sub­ Only one female was karyotyped. 2n chromo­ Stage 1: Ancestral populatipn of S. makinoi A. M. and W. O. Kupsch (eds.), International Geo­ telocentric pairs. Derivation of 2n=10 form from logical Congress, 24th Session, Section 12. HarpeII's, some number was determined as 14 (Fig. 2F). The had invariably 2n=14 chromosomes. this variant can also be envisaged in the same Gardenvale, PQ, Canada. detailed karyotype is unknown, although it seems Stage 2: A new chromosomal form with 2n= manner. However, centric fusion is not likely --- (ed.), 1978. Atlas of the Geologic Develop­ to contain some pairs of acrocentrics and some 12 occurred somewhere in what is now the south­ to be the only mechanism causing the changes in ment of the Japanese Islands. Tsukiji-Shokan, pairs of submeta- or metacentrics. Since no western part of Hokkaido/northern Honshu and karyotypes. The presence of a large chromosome Tokyo. 124 pp. (In Japanese.) male could be studied, no information on sex displaced the former chromosomal type with 2n = (No. 1) in the Asamushi population, for instance, Juberthie, c., 1956. Nombres chromosomiques chez chromosomes is available. 14. This event should have preceeded the com­ suggests that also other rearrangement mech­ les Sironidae, Trogulidae, Ischyropsalidae, Phalangi­ pletion of the Tsugaru Straight between Hokkaido anisms, such as tandem fusion or pericentric inver­ idae (Opilions). C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 242: 2860­ Discussion and Honshu (ca. 18,000 years ago; Minato, 1972). sion, participated in the changes of chromosome 2862. Stage 3: Following the completion of the morphology. Further study is needed to infer Shear, W. A., 1975. The opilionid genera Sabacon and Tomicomerus in America (Opiliones, Troguloidea, Diploid chromosome numbers in Sabacon maki­ Tsugaru Straight,another new chromosomal detailed process of karyotype evolution. Ischyropsalidae). J. ArachnoI., 3: 5-29. noi range from 10 to 14. Of these numbers, 14 is form with 2n=10 arose in the midst of the range Effects of this karyotype diversity on the mor­ --- 1986. A cladistic analysis of the opilionid considered to be primitive by out-group com­ occupied by the northern 2n=12 variant and phological evolution or speciation are unclear. superfamily Ischyropsalidoidea, with descriptions parison. Its immediate sister species, S. pygmaeum spread over the southwestern part of Hokkaido. As stated earlier, among the populations studied of the new family Ceratolasmatidae, the new genus (Suzuki, 1974; Suzuki & Tsurusaki, 1983), is Comparisons among the various karyotypes the Asamushi population differs from the others Acuclavella, and four new species.
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