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216 Bibliography 217

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Adams, Margaret, 195 on wife-beating, 180 Adelman, Pnina, 204 Binstock, Ivan, 163 Adler, Rachel, 35, 37, 156, !57 Bird, Phyllis, 44, 148 Adler, Valerie, 38 Bishov, B.K., 136 Ajzen, 1., 201 Black, Norma, 196 Alexander II, Tsar, 20 Bleich, David, 64 American Jewish Year Book (A.J.Y.B.), 12, Blendis, Judy, 83 24 Boronitz, Eugene B., 21 Amias, David, 182-3 Borts, Barbara, 81, 90-1 Arnie!, Barbara, 49 Bowlby, John, 197 Archives Israelites, 53 Boyd, Roisin, 209 Ardener, Shirley, 37, 104, 213 Brayer, M., 127 Arendt, Hannah, 125 Brecht, Bertolt, 27 Aviad, Janet, 68, 103, 115 Brichto, Sidney, 182 Brier, Sam, 181 Ba'al Shem Tov, the, 109, 172 Brody, C.M., !56 Baker, Adrienne Brook, Stephen, 82, 85, 106, 110, 174 on roles and expectations, 123, 127-8, Brown, Erica, 207 190,200,205 Bunim. Sarah Silver, 26, 107 Balka, Christie, 168 Burman, Rikki Bard, Julia 93, 94, 111-13, 209,211 on changing roles, 22, 36, 144-5, 198, Bart, Pauline, 132, 135 199 Bateson, Gregory, 129 on cultural differences, 11, 127, 199 Baum, Charlotte, 22, 127 on position of women, 2 Beck, Evelyn Torton, 167, 168 Bell, Alan P., 167 Cantor, Aviva, 195 Bern, Sandra, 214 Cesarani, David, 28, 29,92-3, 211 Ben Azzai, 51 Chodorow, Nancy, 126 Bergmann, MartinS., 20 Chofetz, Chaim, 53 Berkovits, Berel, 154, 208 Cohen, Myrella, 63, 208 Berkovits, Eliezer, 154 Cohen, Naomi, 192, 193 Berman, Saul, 38, 49, 51,64 Cohen, Steven M., 110, 134, 198 Bermant, Chaim, 51, 142, 164, 176 Cohen-Nusbacher, Ailene, 26, 113, 127, Bernard, Jessie, 214 192,198,212 Bettelheim, Bruno, 134 Cohn Schlachet, Barbara, !56 Biale, Rachel Cole, Rosalind, 97 on betrothal and marriage, 148-9 Community Research Unit, 28 on childbearing, 165 Conway, Joy, 76 on contraception and abortion, 161, 162 Cooper, Cassie, 130-1 on exclusion of women from ritual and Cooper, Howard study, 35, 36, 49, 51,77 on demography, 31 on inequalities in divorce law, 54-5, on expectations for children, 21, 128-9 57-60,80 on family life, 138 on sexual morality, 163 on family roles, 128 on lesbianism, 166 on Holocaust, 94 on religious law, 46, 47, 61, 156, 163-5 on male emphasis, 76-7 on sexuality and religion, 155, 156, onroleoffood, 135,137 163-5 Cromwell, Oliver, 9 on subservient role of women, 43 Currie, Edwina, 174

224 Index 225

Dale, Naomi, 20 Goodman, Philip and Hanna, 149 Dally, Ann, 107, 135 Grazin, Elaine, 180 Dansky, Miriam, 115, 206 Green, Barbara, 38 Danzger, M.H., Greenberg, Blu on contrast with Christian on maternal role, 162 rebirth, 117 -18 on minyan of women, 207 on marriage into Orthodoxy, 112, 119 on rabbinic power for change, 207, on phenomenon of 'returning', 68, 103, 208-9 115, 116, 117-18 on religious law, 46, 54, 61,207 on women's crucial role, 146 on women's position, 44,204,205, 206 de Beauvoir, Simone, 126, 212 Greenberg, Irving, 66 Douglas, Mary, !55 Greer, Germaine, 107 Duncan, Erika, 132, 137 Gubbay, Lucien, 147, 155-6, 158, 161, 196

Eban, Abba, 9 Hacohen, Caroline, 202 Eichenbaum, Luise, 2, 44, 126, 213 Ha'Ezer, Even, 148-9 Eilberg, Amy, 70 Halevi, Yehuda, 19 Eimer, Dee, 90 Halevi, Yossi Klein, 103 Elazar, Daniel J., 14, 17, 178 Haman, 141 Eliezer, Rabbi, 50, 51 Harding, Jim, 181-2 Eliot, T.S., 114 Harris, Lis, Ill Emanuel, Charles, 83, 90, 167 Hauptman, Judith, 44, 148 Encyclopedia Talmudit, 46 Heine, Heinrich, 124 Erens, Patricia, 134 Herman,S.N., 14,93,124 Erikson, Erik H., 2, 93, 119 Hesche!, Susannah on exclusion of women, 211 Falk, Z.W., 62 on hidden images and beliefs, 43-4 Feldman, David, 42, 46, 149, 194 on images of woman, 42-3, 132, 133, Festinger, Leon, 113, 116 214 Figes, Eva, I 07 on Jewish father, 131 Fine, Toni, 97 on man's role, 44,214 Finkelhor, D., 180 on Orthodox attitudes, 7 4 Firestone, Shulamit, 117 on stereotypes, 213-14 Fishbein, M., 201 on woman's roles, 126, 135,204,214 Fishman, Sylvia Barack, 26, 191, 195,200 on women's sub-culture, 37 Frankel, William, 174 Hillel, 158 Frankie!, Tamar, 157, 162 Himmelfarb, Harold S., 174 Freud, Sigmund, 131, 133 Hirsch, Richard G., 174 Friday, Nancy, 202 Hitler, Adolf, 10, 94, 96 Friedan, Betty, 107, 197,201,205,214 Huberman, Steven, 95 Fromm, Eric, 68, 117 Hyman, Paula E., 144, 146, 197, 204, (with Steven M. Cohen, 110, 134, 198) Gavron, Hannah, 197 Gershom of Mainz, Rabbi, 54, 62 Ibn Gabirol, Solomon, 19 Ghatan, H.E., 127 Isaac, 152 Giele, Janet, 214 Giller, Betsy, 180-1 Jacob, 159 Gilligan; Carol, 117,214 Jacobs, Louis, 63, 79 Glazer, Nathan, 95 Jakobovits, Lady, 63 Gluckman, Max, 104 Jakobovits,Lord, 173,174,176,194,208 Gold, Doris, 195 Janeway, Elizabeth, 132, 133 Gold, Michael, 158, 160 Joffe, Juliette, 97 Goldscheider, Calvin, 13, 92, 93, 174 Johnson, Virginia, 167 Goldstein, Sidney, 13 Johnson, Paul, 24, 26, 94 226 Index

Jucovy, Milton, 20 Loewenthal, Naftali, 113 Jung, Carl Gustav, 133 London, A., 136 Kagan, Yisrael Meir Hacohen, see Chofetz, Long, Asphodel, 44, 146, 209, 211 Chaim Kaplan, Aryeh, 153, !56 Maimon, Solomon, 43 Kaplan, Marion A, 65, 124, 198 Maimonides, 52, Ill, 161, 180,204 Kaufman, Debra Malnick, Sally, 97 on phenomenon of returning, 68, 103, Mannheim, Ralph, 27 115, 116, 119 Mattin, Bernice, 86 on values of women's community, 41, Masters, William Howell, 167 117, 162-3 Maurice, Frederick, 197 on women's self-esteem, 113 Mazow, Julia, 42 Kaye/Kantrowitz, Melanie, 95, 187, 204 Mead, Margaret, 36 Kierkegaard, S¢ren, 118 Meiselman, Moshe Kimche, Rabbi, 91 on bat-mitzvah, 76 Kinsey, Alfred Charles, 167 on divorce laws, 58 Klarsfeld, Serge, 94 on domestic ritual, 86 Kleiman, Susie, 78, 97 on exclusion of women, 49, 51, 90, 104, Klein, Marc D., 103 135,206 Klein, Melanie, 131 on inheritance laws, 62 Kobler, Franz, 86, 127 on purity laws, !56 Koltun, Elizabeth, 127, 132, 156-7, 204, on rabbinic authority, 61 206 on woman's role, 53 Kosmin, Barry, 25, 28, 30-1, 65,92 on women's study, 52 Kraemer, David, 5, 127, 144, 192, 194, 198 Miller, Jean Baker, 117,214 Kupferman, Jeanette Millett, Kate, I 07 on attraction of Orthodoxy, 112 Mills, Charles Wright, 116 on phenomenon of 'returning', I 03 Montague, Lily, 84, 85 on position of women, 124,212 Montefiore, Claude, 84 on purity laws, 156-7 Moses, 160 on woman's world, 104, 117 Myerhoff, Barbara on women's self-esteem, 44 on domestic religion, 125 on women's sub-culture, 37, 38 on elderly women, 186 Kustow, Sheila, 89 on food, 135, 137 on lighting of candles, 88 Lasch, Christopher, 164 on position of women, 2, 144, 198 Laws, Sophie, !57 on women's self-esteem, 44 Lee, Sharon, 78, 81,97 on women's sub-culture, 37, 38, 123 Lerman, Antony, 25 Lerner, Gerda, 214 Nahmanides, 155 Levi-Strauss, Claude, 38 Nathan, Melissa, 77 Levine, Lynndy, 115 Neuberger, Julia, 2, 45, 46, 204, 206 Levy, Abraham, 147, 155-6, !58, 161 North American Jewish Data Bank, 67 Levy, Caren, 30, 65 Linzer, N., !59 Oakley, Ann, 195,213 Litman, Jane, 167 Olsen, Tillie, 132 Loewenthal, Kate Onan, 161 on achieving religious identity, 113, 119 Orbach, Susie, 2, 44, 126,205, 213 on education for Orthodox girls, 190 Owen, Aron, 208 on family size, 159, 160 Ozick, Cynthia, 37 on 'inspirational experiences' 115 on Lubavitch women, 112 Peli, Pnina, 206 on phenomenon of returning, I 03 Piercy, Marge, 81 on types of Orthodox women, 112 Pirani, Alix, 131, 133, 156 on well-being and depression, 105 Plaskow, Judith, 73, 135 on women's roles, 119, 206 Pogrebin, Letty, 210 Index 227

Priesand, Sally, 204 on elderly women, 186 on intermarriage, 175 Rabinovitch, Harry, 202 on marriage contract, 154 Rachel, 159 on roles and expectations, 127, 204,213 Randall, Ina, 165 on single-parent families, 183 Rapoport-Alben, Ada, 113, 212 Seltzer, Robert M., 174 Rebecca, 152 Shaffir, William, 11 0-11 Reguer, Sara, 79 Shakdiel, Leah, 199 Reif, Shulie, 49 Sharon, Ariel, 96 Reik, Theodore, 134 Shokeid, Moshe, 13 Reisman, Bernard, 23 Showalter, Elaine, 201 Rich, Adrienne, 36, 126-7, 132, 144, 198 Shulman, Sheila, 169, 212 Riskin, Shlomo, 154, 208 Sidelsky, Arlene (Chana Shaindl), 114 Rivka (in Gateshead), 105 Simons, Eytah, 199 Rogow, Faith, 167, 168, 210 Singer, Iris, 159 Roiphe, Anne, 52, 127, 128, 134 Sklare, Marshall, 87 Roith, Estelle, 42, 131, 133 Smith, Adrienne J., 166 Rosaldo, M. Z., 214 Smith, Chani, 50, 61 Rose, Andy, 168 Smith-Rosenberg, Carol, 126 Rose, Evelyn, 137 Solomon, Alisa, 210 Rose, Susan, 179 Stadlen, Naomi, 88, 126 Rosen, Gila, 207 Stavroulakis, Nicholas, 137 Rossi, Alice, 2i4 Swirsky, Ruth, 44,205,213 Rossiter, Amy, 202 Roth, Philip, 134 Tager, Esther, 207-8 Rothbell, Gladys, 134 Rozenberg, Joshua, 78 Warshal, Sandar, 95, 97 Rubin, Lillian B., 133 Waskow, Arthur I., 81 Ruether, Rosemary, 148 Waterman, Stanley, 23, 30, 191,201, Ruppin, Arthur, 172 (with Barry Kosmin, 28, 31, 92) Ruth (in Gateshead), 102 Webber, Jonathan Ruth (the Moabite), 176, 178 on female education, 192 on halacha, 63, 155 Sabbatai Zvi, 108 on Judaism as male religion, 46 Sacks, Rabbi Dr Jonathan on marriage, 147, 155 on divorce, 154 on position of women, 2, 45, 132 on law and tradition, 61, 64 on'yidishemama', 127 on learning, 50 Weber, Max, 116 on public and private ritual, 89 Weinberg, MartinS., 167 on religious education, 144 Weissman, Deborah, 51,53 on secular Jewishness, 92 Wertheimer, Jack, 68 on women's prayer groups, 77 Westkott, Marcia, 144, 164, 198 on women's role, 46 Wiesel, Elie, 20 sets up women's working party, 192 Willett, John, 27 Sarah, Rabbi Elizabeth, 41, 90, 166 Winston-Fox, Ruth, 208 Scarf, Mimi, 179,201 Wiselberg, Hugette, 39, 106, 161, 180 Schechter, Solomon, 69, 79 Wittenberg, Jonathan, 80 Schiff, G., !59 Wolf, Janet, 105, 113 Schlesinger, Rachel Aber Wolfe, Ann, 26 on commitment to Jewish life, 26 Wolfson, Judy, 193 on roles and expectations, 127, 144, 195, Wollstonecraft, Mary, 214 197,200,205 Woolf, Virginia, 44, 195 Schmool, Marlena, 29 Schneider, Susan Weidman Zalman, Schneur, Ill on conversion, 179 Subject Index

abortion, 5, 161-2 divorce, 55-7, 83 Aden, Sephardi emigrants from, II, 17 betrothal, 147 adoption, 160, 176 Bible adultery, 163-4, 165 portrayal of women, 42 agunah, 55-6,58-61, 154-5,207-9 status of women, 51 Aliens Act (1905), 10,20 Birmingham, Jewish population in, 28 anti-Semitism birth control, see contraception emigration from, 10, 108 birth rate, 23, 25, 31, 128 Israeli issues, 6, 209 -II Boro Park, ultra-Orthodox Jewish identity, 93-4 community in, I 03 mediaeval, 9 Boston, Jewish population in, 24 memories of, 99, 125 Bournemouth, Jewish population in, 28 responses to, 97 Brighton, Jewish population in, 28 threat of, 2 Britain, Jews in ultra-Orthodox seclusion, 106 births and deaths, 31 anti-Zionism, 94,209-11 class and occupations, 30 Arab countries, 10-11,16 denominations, 74-86 Arab-Israel wars, I 0 -II, Ill divorce, 31 arranged marriage, 48 emigration, 31-2 artificial insemination, 160 immigration, 9-11,27 Ashkenazim, 16-17, 19-23 marriage, 30 food specialities of, 139 population, 27, 28 immigrants to Britain, 9-11, 14, 27 religious composition, 28-9 immigrants to USA, 12, 14 synagogue observance, 3-4 women, 22-3 ultra-Orthodox communities, I 03 assimilation fear of, 2, 23, 68 candles, Shabbat, 86-8,90,98, !57 increased, 27, 93 cantor, woman, 73 integration, 14, 21-2 careers, see work 'marrying-out', 30 carers, women as, 186-7 Austria celibacy, 147, 163 Jewish emigrants from, 10, 12, 20 chalitzah, 60 Nazism in, 10, 12 Chanukah, 141 Chassidim, 4, 108-14 ba'a/t'shuva, 115-19 Chicago, Jewish population in, 24 appeal of Orthodox stability, 68 child abuse, 181-3 appeal to women, I I 9, 1'46 childbearing, 42, 108, 158-9, 200 background, 4, 118, 119 childlessness, 5, 19, 159-60 example, 104 children Lubavitch outreach, 68, II 0 adoption of, 160, 176 studiesof, 68,103,115-16,119,146,162 careof, 200-1 baby-naming ceremony, 85 expectations of, 21, 128-9 Balkans, Jewish emigrants from, 17, 67 handicapped, 5, 106, 187 Baltimore, 24, 103 illegitimate, 57, see also mamzerim barmitzvah, 50, 99 in care, 182-3 bat chayil ceremony, 49, 76, 83 of convert, 177 bat-mitzvah, 70, 73, 76, 83, 99 of mixed-faith marriage, 71, 73, 93, 172, Beth Din 174-5, 178 conversion, 80, 86, I 77, 179 of working mothers, 200-1

228 Index 229

Children's Transport Programme, 10 USA, 26 Christianity dress, ultra-Orthodox, 108, 109 celibacy and, 147 marriage and divorce in, 55, 62 education 'rebirth', 117-18 attitudes to women's, 5 chuppah, 151, 152, 153 mixed messages, 193 class, social, 25-6, 30 mother's duty, 144 Cleveland religious, 52-3,68-9 Jewish population in, 24 secular, 191-4 ultra-Orthodox community in, I 03 university, 191 Conservative Judaism, 69-71 women's 46,52-3 conversion, 177, 179 educational status, Jewish (USA), 25-6 halacha, 47,66 Egypt home ritual, 87 Jewish emigrants, II, 17 membership, 25,66 Sephardim, I 7 position of agunah, 56 elderly, caring for the, 5, 185, 186-7 United Synagogue comparison, 4, 39, 66 emigration from Britain, 3 I-2 women rabbis, 65 employment, see work women's role, 50, 91 enabler, role of, 4, 36, 52, 132 women's status, 70-1 Enlightenment, 52 contraception (birth control), 5, 39, 102, Equal Opportunities Commission, 201 107, 158-61 evangelism, 4 conversion, 175-9 expectations, 4 British Jews, 27 Ezrat Nashim, 70 Liberal, 86, 177 Masorti, 80, I 77 family, Jewish Reform, 84, 176, 177 breakdown, 5, 128, 179 religious laws, 3 daughter's apprenticeship, 4, 125-31 return and rebirth, I 17-I 8 domestic violence, 5, I 79-83 counterpart culture, 6, 37, 104 food, 135-43 Crown Heights, ultra-Orthodox community gender roles, 126, 144 in, 103,114 handing on tradition, 143 Crusades, I 08 idealized picture, 5 Curacoa, Jewish emigrants from, 12 in history, 124-5 Czechoslovakia, Jewish emigrants from, 10, myths, 132-5 20,101 problems, I 06 purity laws, 5, 52, 116-17, 149, 155-8 daughter's apprenticeship, 125-31 Sephardi, 19 demography, 23-4 single parent, 5, 26, 183-6 of Britain, 27-32 size, 39, 107-8, 110, 158-9,200 ofUSA, 24-7 woman's role, 4, 123-4,205 denominations, 25, 28-9, 66-74, 74-86 Family Violence Project, 180 Detroit, Jewish population in, 24 feminism, Jewish, 204 Diaspora, 9 achievements, 3-4 dietary laws, 136-8 ambivalence and change, 2, 5-6, 145, dissonance, cognitive, 113,180,191,198, 193-4,212-15 212 in Britain, 23 divorce groups, 93 in Britain, 3 I and halacha, 62-3 Liberal, 56, 85 and marriage contract attitudes, !55 Masorti position, 79-80 and motherhood role, 162 rate, 183, 212 in USA, 23 Reform, 83-4 and Zionism issue, 94, 209 religious law, 3, 54-8 festivals, food for, 135, 139-43 230 Index food, 135-43 to Britain, 9-11, 27 dietary laws, 4, 135, 136-8 to USA, 12-14, 24,67 festivals, 135, 139-43 incest, 164 Sephardi, 18, 19 India Shabbat, 100, 135, 138-9 Jewish emigrants from, 11 symbolic meaning, 5 Sephardim in, 16, 17 France, Ashkenazim from, 16 infertility, 159-60 inheritance, laws of, 62 Galicia, Jewish emigrants, 10, 12, 20 insemination, artificial, 160 Gateshead, ultra-Orthodox community in, intermarriage, 172-5 103 fears about, 23 Gemara, 45, 48, 147 increasing rates, 3, 66, 68, 93, 172, 174, Germany 176 chassidism, 108 integration problem, 14 Jewish emigrants from, 9, 10, 12, 15-16, Jewish status issue, 66, 93 20,67,81 polarization of choice, 22 Nazism, 10, 12, 15 in USA, 25 get, 31,54-6,79-80, 83, 85, 156 Iran ghetto life, 13, 36, 72, 145 Jewish emigrants from, 13, 18 Gingerbread group, 184 Sephardim, 17, 18 Glasgow see also Persia Jewish immigrants in, 11 Iraq Jewish population in, 28 Jewish emigrants from, I 0, 11, 17 ultra-Orthodox community in, 103 Sephardim, 17, 18 Golders Green, ultra-Orthodox community Islam, 16-17, 19 in, 103 Israel Greece, Sephardim from, 17 attitudes to, 6, 93, 204 civil and religious law, 63 halacha, see law, religious emigration to Britain, 17-18 hallah, 90, !57 emigration to USA, 13,17-18 handicapped children, 5, 106 establishment of, 2, I 0 havdalah, 73, 87,91 immigrants, 13 Havura movement (groups), 70, 74, 167, immigration from Britain, 31 171 intifada, 210 Hebrew Union College, 168 Palestinians, 94, 204,209-11 Hendon, ultra-Orthodox community, 103 Peace Movement, 211 hereditary diseases, 106 Sephardim, 17 Holocaust Italy, Jewish emigrants from, 9 importance of Israel, 210 legacy, 20, 94, 100-1 Jewish Care, 106, 185, 186 survivors in Britain, I 0 Jewish Chronicle, 52-3 survivors' expectations of Jewish identity children, 20, 159 being Jewish, 1-3,95-7,21,211 survivors' mental health, 186 being a Jewish woman (discussion), survivors' sense of Jewishness, 97-101 survivors' violence, 181 British Jews, 27-8 home the secular Jew, 92-5 ritual in, 4 synagogue membership, 29,65-6 shalom ha bayit, 75, 180 Jewish Lesbian and Gay helpline, 167 Hungary, Jewish emigrants from, II, 12, Jewish Socialist movement, 92 20,67 Jewish status Conservative position, 71 immigrants, 14-16 halachic definition, 23, 66, 86 immigration Liberal position, 84, 86 Index 231

mother's right of transmission, 145-6 Jewish population in, 24 Jews' College, London, 38 Lubavitch Chassidim, 110-13 conversion, 178 Kabbalah, 72, 109 Crown Heights population, I 03 kaddish, 79,99-100,206 evangelical role, 4, 68 kashrut, 52, 72, 82, see also laws, dietary women, 112-13 ketubah, 54, 56, 60, 147, 151-2, 154 kibbutz movement, 213 mamzerim, 57,83-4 kiddush, 73, 76,91 Manchester kippah, 90 Jewish immigrants in, II kosher food, 136, see also laws (dietary) ultra-Orthodox community in, 103 Kristallnacht, I 0 marriage, kvod ha-tzibbur, 49 arranged, 48 breakdown of, 31 Ladies' Guild, 76 in Britain, 30 Ladino, 18 ceremony, 151-4 law, religious (halacha) and courtship, !50-I agunah, 58-61,207-9 expectations of, 5, 165 dietary laws, 135, 136-8 late, 26 divorce, 54-8,207-9 meaning of 147-9 family purity laws, 5, 52, 116-17, 149, mixed-faith, 30, 71, 73, 93,172-5 155-8 polygamous, 62, 163 oral and written, 165 relationship, 155-7 possibility of change, 61-4, 208-9 religious laws and, 5 prayer, 48-50 sexual morality in, 163-4 religious study, 50-3 and staying single, 5, 164-5 Shabbat laws, 72, 100, 114, 138-9 synagogue, 30, 31 study of, 46 in USA, 26 woman's status, 3, 45-8,207-9 see also intermarriage leadership, 4-5,48, 52, 112, 192 'marrying-out' 30, 31, 93, 96, 128, 175, Lebanon see also intermarriage, mixed-faith Israel's invasion of, 210 marriage Jewish emigrants, 17 Masorti movement, 78-81 Sephardim, 17 conversion, attitude towards, 177 Leeds membership, 29 Jewish immigrants in, II women's role, 50, 98, 100 Jewish population, 28 matriarch, 132-3 lesbianism, 5, 71, 93, 164, 166-71 mechitzah, 48, 83, 102, 104 L' Eylah, 206 menstruation, 155-6 Liberal Judaism, 84-6 Miami conversion, 177 Jewish population in, 24 membership, 29 ultra-Orthodox community in, 103 mixed-faith marriage, attitudes regarding, Middle Ages, 9, 62, 108, 137 173, 175 mikvah, 80, 102, 104, 151, 155-7, 177-8 women's role, 4 minyan, 48, 69,70-1,73, 79, 207 Lilith, image of, 43, 133 Mishnah, 43, 45, 50, 51, 147, 161 Lithuania, Jewish emigrants from, I 0, II, mitzvot 12,20,67 positive and negative, 47-8 Liverpool, Jewish population in, 28 procreation, 158 London Progressive debate, 90-1 Jewish immigrants in, I 0, II time-bound, 90-2 Jewish population in, 28 Torah study, 53 Los Angeles women's exemption from, 48,90-1 gay synagogues in, 168 women's obligations, 90, 116, !57 232 Index mixed-faith marriage, 30, 71, 73, 93, 172-5 Palestinians, 94, 204, 209-10 morality, sexual, 163-4 Passover, 140, 141-3, 184 Morocco patriarchal culture Jewish emigrants from, 11 education of girls in, 44 Sephardim in, 17 male-defined Judaism, 2, 44 mother Sephardi families, 19 -daughter relationship, 126 women as 'Other', 212 Jewish, 123, 132-5 women attracted to, 112-13, 131 portrayals of, 43 women's challenge to, 204 role of, 124, 127, 130-1, 132-5 woman's role as 'enabler', 36 transmission of Jewish status by, 145-6 women victims of, 206 Ms magazine, 209 Persia music, klezmer, 104, 109 Jewish community in, 14-15 Muslims, 15, 16-17 Jewish emigrants from, 10, II, 17 myths see also Iran about role of Jewish woman, 3 Philadelphia, Jewish population in, 24 and the Jewish mother, 124, 132-5 Pittsburgh, ultra-Orthodox role of, 4 community in, 103 pogroms, 10, 12, 15, 20, 72, 108 Nazism, 10, 12, 15,20-1,67,82 Poland New London Synagogue, 79 chassidism in, 108 New Skvare, ultra-Orthodox community in, Jewish emigrants from, 10, II, 12, 20 103 politics, 92-3 New Year, 140 polygamy, 62, 163 New York Portnoy, Mrs, 134 Jewish immigrants in, 12 Portugal Jewish population in, 24, 67,68 Jewish emigrants from, 9, 12 ultra-Orthodox communities in, 103 Sephardim in, 16, 17 women's prayer groups in, 69 poverty, 26, 106, 183-4, 187 Newport, Rhode Island, Jewish immigrants prayer, 48-50 to, 12 chassidic, 109 niddah, 90,155-7,178 personal account of, 88-9 Norwood Child Care, 181, 183, 184 women's groups, 49, 69, 77 Progressive Judaism Oakland, Jewish population in, 24 membership, 29 onah, !55 mixed-faith marriage, attitudes regarding Orange County, Jewish population in, 24 173-4 Orthodox Judaism women's role, 40, 50, 206 in Britain, 4, 56, 74-8 proselytes, 86, see also conversion Chassidim, 4, 108-13 Purim, 141 conversion, attitudes regarding, 17 6-7, 179 rabbis home ritual, 86-7 resistance to change, 207,208-9 Lubavitch, 110-13 women, 40, 65, 70, 71, 73,82 membership, 66 Reconstructionist movement, 71-2 mixed-faith marriage, opposition to, 173 conversion, 177 position of agunah, 56 membership, 25, 67 remaining Orthodox, 113 -14 mixed-faith marriage, attitudes regarding, returning to strict Orthodoxy, 4, 44, 103, 173, 175 115-19 origins, 25, 70 ultra-Orthodox, 37, 102-8 woman's role, 50 in USA, 4, 25, 56, 66, 67-9 Reform Judaism (Britain), 81-4 women's role in, 206-7 conversion to, 176, 177 Ottoman Empire, 17 divorce, 56-7 membership, 29, 82 Index 233

mixed-faith marriage, attitudes regarding laws, 72,100,114,138-9 173, 175, 178 Shalom Bat ceremony, 73 refugees from Nazism and, 21 Shavuoth, 141 USA Reform comparison, 4 Shekhinah, the, 43, 133 women, 39,50 shidduch, 48, 104, 137, 150 women rabbis, 40, 82 shtetls, 10, 36 Reform Judaism (USA), 72-4 siddur, 71 conversion, attitudes regarding, 176, 177 Simchat Torah, 109, 141,207 divorce, 56 single parent families, 5, 26, 183-6 membership, 25, 66, 72 single woman, 5, 164-5 mixed-faith marriages, 73, 173, 175 Song of Solomon, 148 refugees from Nazism and, 21 South Africa women, 39, 50, 73-4 Jewish community in, 15 women rabbis, 40, 65, 73 Jewish emigrants from, II religious law, see law Southend, Jewish population in, 28 revelation, 63, 82 Soviet Union, Jewish emigrants from, 13, ritual, 86-8 see also Russia home, 4, 49, 65, 86-7 Spain public, 4, 49, 65, 89-92 Jewish emigrants from, 9, 12 Rochester, ultra-Orthodox community in, Sephardim in, 16-19 103 Spare Rib, 209, 210 Romania, Jewish emigrants from, 10, 12,20 Stamford Hill Rosh Chodesh, 109, 113 strictly Orthodox families in, 39, 103 Rosh Chodesh groups, 49, 81, 98 stereotypes, 3, 41-4, 123-4, 127 Rosh Hashana, 140 Stoke Newington, Gingerbread group, 184 Russia, Jewish emigrants from, 10, 12, 20, Stonewall 'riot', 167 see also Soviet Union study, religious, 36, 37, 48, 50-3, 72 study groups, women's, 38, 102, 105 Sabra and Shatila massacres, 210 Succoth, festival of, 19, 140-1 San Diego, Jewish population in, 24 Suez invasion, II San Francisco, Jewish population in, 24 Surinam, Jewish emigrants from, 12 Satmar chassidim, 103 synagogue Scranton, ultra-Orthodox community in, attendance at, 65 103 gay, 73, 167-8 Seattle, ultra-Orthodox community in, 103 marriage in, 30, 31 Seder meal, 142-3, 184 membership of, 28, 29 self-esteem, women's, 44, 113 ritual in, 3-4 Sephardim, 16-19 seating in, 40, 48, 76, 82-3, 85 British population, 28-9 Torah reading, 40,48-9,71, 73, 83, 85, domestic violence, 180 90 food specialities, 139 women's role in, 50 immigrants to Britain, 9-11, 14 Syria, Sephardim from, 17 immigrants to USA, 12, 14 women, 18-19 Tabernacles, festival of, 19 sermons, 73 taharat ha mishpachah, 116, 151, 155-8 sexuality feminist approach, 157-8 attitudes towards woman's, 42 ta/lit, 40, 48, 71, 83, 90,91-2 Family Purity Laws and, 116, 149, 157-8 Talmud, talmudic law lesbianism, 5, 71, 93, 164, 166-71 embryo teaching, 161 marital relationship, 55, 149, 155-7 marriage law, 148 morality, 163-4 portrayal of women, 42 Shabbat religious law, 45 the kindling of the candles, 86-8,90,98, study, 36, 52, 53 157 tefillin, 48, 71, 92 food, 100, 135, 138-9 Torah 234 Index

attitudes to, 79 of uncooperative husband, 59-60 reading, 40,48-9, 71, 73, 83, 85,90 Williamsburg, ultra-Orthodox community study, 37, 48,50-3 in, 103 tradition, woman's role in conveying, 4, WomanofWorth,A, 36,144,193,196 143-6 woman's role 'Traditional Alternatives' symposium, 38 as carer, 5, 186-7 Tripoli, Sephardim from, 17 changing, 22, 36, 144-5, 198-9 TuB' Shevat, 141 child-care, 200-l Turkey daughter's apprenticeship to, 4, 125-31 Sabbatai Zvi, 108 equal but different, 37-41 Sephardim from, 17 and exclusion, 35-6,49,51,206 tzitzit, 48, 90 and food, 4-5, 135-43 in handing on tradition, 4, 143-6 Union of American Hebrew Congregations, legal status, 207-9 73 as mother, 123-4, 127, 130-1, 132-5, United Nations Decade on Women, 209 202-3 United Nations General Assembly, 94, 209 peer group pressure on, 201-3 United States of America (USA), Jews in as rabbi, 40, 65, 70, 71, 73, 82 birth rate, 25 reversion to traditional roles, 213 class and educational status, 25-6 rightful realm of, 35-7 Conservative/Orthodox arguments, 63 and stereotypes, 3, 41-4, 123-4 demography, 24-7 within family, 3, 205 denominations, 25, 66-74 within religion, 206-7 divorce, 26 Women Against Fundamentalism, 93, 112 geographical distribution of, 24-5 women's movement, 23, 209, see also immigration to, 12-14, 24,67 feminism intermarriage, 25, 173-5 women's prayer groups, 49, 69, 77 marriage statistics, 26 women's study groups, 38, 102, 105 synagogue observance, 3 -4 work, women's ultra-Orthodox communities, I 03 contemporary situation, 200-1 women's peace groups, 210 gender roles, 198, 199 United Synagogue, 75-8 history of, 43, 125, 127, 196-7 Conservative comparison, 4, 39, 66 Jewish considerations, 197-9 halacha, 47,66 jobs and careers, 129, 196-203 home ritual, 87 peer group pressure and personal needs, Lubavitch influence, II 0 201-3 membership, 28, 29, 75 Sephardi attitudes to, 19 mixed-faith marriage, attitudes regarding, voluntary, 5, 127, 194-6 173 position of agunah, 56 Yemen women's status, 76 Jewish emigrants from, 11 Sephardim in, 17 violence, domestic, 5, 179-83 yeshivot, 67, 69, 103, 110 virginity, 163 yevamah, 60 voluntary work, 5, 127, !93-5 Yiddish, 10, 19 yidishe mama, image of, 127 Washington DC, Jewish population in, 24 Yom Kippur, 98, 100, 140, !51 We Have Reason to Believe, 79 wedding ceremony, 104, 151-4 Zionism, 94,209-11 widows, 183 childless, 60-l wife, wives beating, 179-81 forsaken, 59 of legally incompetent husband, 60