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1Monumental Roman Temples Architecture in Roman Times Was the Pinnacle of Culture in Late B.C.E and Early C.E. Times. One Of

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1Monumental Roman Temples Architecture in Roman Times Was the Pinnacle of Culture in Late B.C.E and Early C.E. Times. One Of 1Monumental Roman Temples Architecture in Roman times was the pinnacle of culture in late B.C.E and early C.E. times. One of the greatest examples of Roman architecture was the temples. Roman temples were important due to their dedications to gods and their culture and the different styles of columns used to create them. Some great examples of Roman temples was the Pantheon and the Temple of Portunus. The Temple of Portunus and the Pantheon show how a 300 year period can create a distinction in the material, style, design, and purpose of the temples. Rome advanced in different areas of technology and in the case of architecture the advancement of building materials would differentiate the Pantheon and the Temple of Portunus. The Temple of Portunus was made out of stone while the Pantheon was created out of Roman concrete. The creation of Roman concrete was one of the most important breakthrough in the history of architecture. Roman concrete’s components were cheaper than stone and were lighter, making it easier to transport.1 Additionally stone required skilled workers to create buildings, while concrete didn’t require skilled laborers to work on creating buildings.2 Roman concrete was made out of lime, volcanic sand, and rubble. With these elements combined a chemical reaction occurred which turned the mixture into a strong mass.3 What is interesting is that even though the Pantheon and the Temple of Portunus were created with different material both are currently in excellent condition and have been preserved quite well. To this date both the Pantheon and the Temple of Portunus are two of the best kept in condition and 1 Marilyn Stokstad and Michael Watt Cothren, Art History (Upper Saddle River: Pearson, 2017), 196. 2 Marilyn Stokstad and Michael Watt Cothren, Art History (Upper Saddle River: Pearson, 2017), 196. 3 Marilyn Stokstad and Michael Watt Cothren, Art History (Upper Saddle River: Pearson, 2017), 196. preserved pieces of Roman architecture. Their importance has kept them intact over the years. The Pantheon and the Temple of Portunus also differed stylistically such as the orders that they used for the columns. The Pantheon was created with Corinthian order columns. Corinthian order columns are the most sophisticated order and use leaves, volutes, and acanthus for their design.4 The Temple of Portunus differed by using Ionic order columns. Ionic order columns are much simpler columns on a platform (or stylobate) and have spirals (or volutes).5 Both the Corinthian and Ionic order use volutes in their design but the main difference in the Corinthian order is the leaves and acanthus that are used. These regal leaves were slender and more sophisticated. Since the Pantheon was the hub for Rome it would make sense for the order to be used is a more sophisticated order like the Corinthian. The design of the Pantheon and the Temple of Portunus were different by the design choices the builders created them with. The Pantheon was built with a dome (or oculus) atop of a rotunda and was supported by circular supporting walls (or drums). The building was massive so it was important for the builders to manage the weight of the oculus by making sure the drums were able to support it. To help with the weight of the oculus the builders put a hole in the middle to reduce the weight of the huge dome. Since the middle of the dome now had a hole the builders designed the floor of the Pantheon to slope downward so that when it rained and water came inside of the Pantheon the water would drain into the middle and would not stay in the temple. Inside of the temple there were niches and statues of Christians were to be seen for the 4 “Greek architectural orders (article),” Khan Academy, accessed November 25, 2017. 5 “Greek architectural orders (article),” Khan Academy, accessed November 25, 2017. Roman visitors. On the other hand the Temple of Portunus was more decorative. The outside of the Temple of Portunus looked like a peripteral temple but the columns surrounding the temple were decorative rather than functional and is described as pseudoperipteral. The plan for the temple was having free-standing podiums and columns on the outside of the temple with a porch and in the inside of the building there would be a cella. Surrounding the cella would be engaged columns that were attached to the temple for the support of the temple. This would provide a nice decorative appeal to the Temple of Portunus while still having the main building of the temple be secure and functional. The Pantheon and the Temple of Portunus although sharing some similarities had some stark differences that were caused by the time difference in which the pieces were created. Both the Temple of Portunus and the Pantheon were created in Rome but the Temple of Portunus was created between 120-80 B.C.E., while the Pantheon was created between 113-125 C.E. under the reign of the third good emperor, Hadrian. The Temple of Portunus was dedicated to the god of the harbor, Portunus, who was associated with livestock, keys, and harbor.6 This was dedicated because the temple was near a harbor on the river near Rome. The Temple of Portunus also served as a forum. The forum was used as a recreational center for people to gather and socialize. The Temple of Portunus also influenced by Greek and Etruscan architecture when building the temple. For example, the usage of stone to build the temple was different than the norm in Etruscan architecture as the usage of stone was not regular in Etruscan architecture. This differs from the Pantheon which was commissioned by 6 “Temple of Portunus (article) | Republic,” Khan Academy, accessed November 25, 2017. Marcus Agrippa and was dedicated to all gods. It is believed that since there was no religion or cult at the time that the Pantheon was built so that the emperor could appear or give speeches the courtyard in front of the Pantheon.7 The Pantheon had difficulties in its completion as the first attempt that was commissioned by Marcus Agrippa was destroyed by a fire and the second attempt that was commissioned by the Roman emperor, Domitian, was destroyed by a lightning strike.8 The third attempt of the Pantheon started under the reign of Trajan and was finally completed under Hadrian.9 The Pantheon and the Temple of Portunus were the marvel of Roman architecture. Although they were both created in Rome they were vastly different. The Pantheon had an Corinthian order while the Temple of Portunus had a Ionic order, the Pantheon was made out of Roman concrete while the Temple of Portunus was made out of stone, and the Pantheon was dedicated to all gods, while the Temple of Portunus was dedicated to the god of harbor, Portunus. The Pantheon and the Temple of Portunus showed the progression and advancement of Roman architecture by the material, style, design, and purpose differences between the Pantheon and the Temple of Portunus. 7 “Pantheon,” Ancient History Encyclopedia, accessed November 25, 2017. 8 “Pantheon,” Ancient History Encyclopedia, accessed November 25, 2017. 9 “Pantheon,” Ancient History Encyclopedia, accessed November 25, 2017. Bibliography Becker, Jeffrey A. “Temple of Portunus (article) | Republic.” Khan Academy. Accessed November 25, 2017. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient- art-civilizations/greek-art/beginners-guide-greece/a/greek-architectural-orders Becker, Jeffrey A. “Greek architectural orders (article).” Khan Academy. Accessed November 25, 2017. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art- civilizations/roman/roman-republic/a/temple-of-portunus Cartwright, Mark. “Pantheon.” Ancient History Encyclopedia. June 12, 2013. Accessed November 25, 2017. https://www.ancient.eu/Pantheon/. Stokstad, Marilyn, and Michael Watt Cothren. Art History. Upper Saddle river: Pearson, 20 2017 “Pantheon,” Rome c. 110-128 CE Rome/Italy. Vicenzo Pirozzi, Rome. “Temple of Portunus,” Rome. Late 2nd century BCE, Rome/Italy. Vicenzo Pirozzi, Rome. .
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