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Sunni – Shi`A Relations and the Implications for Belgium and Europe
FEARING A ‘SHIITE OCTOPUS’ SUNNI – SHI`A RELATIONS AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR BELGIUM AND EUROPE EGMONT PAPER 35 FEARING A ‘SHIITE OCTOPUS’ Sunni – Shi`a relations and the implications for Belgium and Europe JELLE PUELINGS January 2010 The Egmont Papers are published by Academia Press for Egmont – The Royal Institute for International Relations. Founded in 1947 by eminent Belgian political leaders, Egmont is an independent think-tank based in Brussels. Its interdisciplinary research is conducted in a spirit of total academic freedom. A platform of quality information, a forum for debate and analysis, a melting pot of ideas in the field of international politics, Egmont’s ambition – through its publications, seminars and recommendations – is to make a useful contribution to the decision- making process. *** President: Viscount Etienne DAVIGNON Director-General: Marc TRENTESEAU Series Editor: Prof. Dr. Sven BISCOP *** Egmont - The Royal Institute for International Relations Address Naamsestraat / Rue de Namur 69, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Phone 00-32-(0)2.223.41.14 Fax 00-32-(0)2.223.41.16 E-mail [email protected] Website: www.egmontinstitute.be © Academia Press Eekhout 2 9000 Gent Tel. 09/233 80 88 Fax 09/233 14 09 [email protected] www.academiapress.be J. Story-Scientia NV Wetenschappelijke Boekhandel Sint-Kwintensberg 87 B-9000 Gent Tel. 09/225 57 57 Fax 09/233 14 09 [email protected] www.story.be All authors write in a personal capacity. Lay-out: proxess.be ISBN 978 90 382 1538 9 D/2010/4804/17 U 1384 NUR1 754 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the permission of the publishers. -
How the Shiites Live in Kyrgyzstan: Report from the Imam Ali Mosque
How the Shiites Live in Kyrgyzstan: Report from the Imam Ali Mosque The only mosque of the Twelver Shiites of Kyrgyzstan is located in Bishkek. Follow us on LinkedIn The article was co-authored by Argen Baktybek uulu. *This publication was prepared as a series of CABAR.asia articles dedicated to raising awareness on religious diversity in Central Asian countries. The authors do not seek to promote any religion. It seems impossible to determine the number of citizens who relate themselves to any religious branch in Kyrgyzstan. The situation is similar for the Shiite community who live in Kyrgyzstan. Hajji Ilgar Radzhov is the imam of the Shiite mosque, who agreed to tell in detail about this issue and told us about the activities of the mosque. How the Shiites Live in Kyrgyzstan: Report from the Imam Ali Mosque The blue dome of the Imam Ali Mosque. Photo: CABAR.asia The mosque of the Twelver Shiites is located in a quiet district of Bishkek among low-rise houses. The rising blue dome of the mosque can be seen from afar. A low fence encloses the building, which has an oriental style yard. Construction of the mosque was initiated by the Azerbaijan diaspora in 2002. The mosque is the only one in Kyrgyzstan. According to imam Ilgar Radzhov, all necessary documents were prepared and executed on time: certificates from the ministry of justice, approvals from the muftiate, State Commission for Religious Affairs, Bishkekglavarkhitektura, and other agencies. Ilgar Radzhov. Photo: CABAR.asia The official opening ceremony was held on February 18, 2004. -
3D Scanning, 3D Virtual Reality, and 3D Printing for Najaf Holy City's Cultural Heritage and Identity
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Volume 9, Issue 5, 2018 pp.515-528 Journal homepage: www.IJEE.IEEFoundation.org TECHNICAL PAPER 3D scanning, 3D virtual reality, and 3D printing for Najaf Holy City's cultural heritage and identity Maher A.R. Sadiq Al-Baghdadi Center of Preserving of the Cities Heritage and Identity, International Energy and Environment Foundation, Najaf, P.O.Box 39, Iraq. Received 7 May 2018; Received in revised form 19 June 2018; Accepted 20 June 2018; Available online 1 Sep 2018 Abstract Recently, great development in 3D technologies facilitates digital preservation of cultural heritage. Najaf holy city in Iraq has a rich ancient cultural history, which includes historic groups of buildings, monuments, sites, natural heritage, and energy and sustainability systems in the heritage's buildings. The Center of Preserving of the Cities Heritage and Identity (CPCHI) at International Energy and Environment Foundation (IEEF) founded a first roadmap in preserving Iraqi cultural heritage and identity with 3D scanning, 3D virtual reality, and 3D printing technologies. Part of this project was dedicated to the holy city of Najaf because of its rich cultural heritage. In this part, we intend to share how these three dimensional technologies can be the first step of intervention to save Najaf history. Furthermore, this work highlights the accelerating risks threatening Najaf cultural treasures. We also aim to get our local peoples to think about what we as a community can do to save heritage within our reach, before it is lost to us forever. Not knowing about Najaf heritage is of course a key risk. -
Institutionalization of Ja'farism As a Modern
INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF JA’FARISM AS A MODERN IDENTITY IN TURKEY* Caferiliğin Türkiye’de Modern Bir Kimlik Olarak Kurumsallaşması Abdülkadir YELER** Abstract In this study, the creation of identity and institutionalization processes of the Ja’faris living in Turkey are discussed in the context of social change in Turkey. Firstly, the historical process of Jafarism and its position in the Turkish society were examined. The effects of urbanization on the institutio- nalization and identity building of Jafarism were investigated. Because social transformations and changes taking place in Turkey with urbanization and modernization in the last century have led to the emergence of new religious, ethnic and political identities in the country and to the process of institutionalization. In this study, qualitative research techniques such as documentation, interview and direct observation techniques were used. The migration processes of Ja’faris living in Turkey were examined utilizing the Ottoman archive documents. To assess the situation of Ja’faris, living in Turkey today, is made of interviews with leaders and members of the Ja’farism. In addition, observations were made in places of worship and research was conducted by participating in their some rituals. When the obtained data were evaluated, in the process of internal migration, that experienced in Tur- key, it is seen that the Ja’faris began to settle in large cities. Because of, has been seen that, Ja’farism in Turkey has been institutionalized in parallel to the urbanization and modernization processes in the Turkish society. This institutionalization was the determining factor in shaping the identity of Ja’farism. However, it has been observed that the identity of the Ja’farism in Turkey is not homoge- neous but it has diversity. -
`Ali Hassan Al-Majid and the Basra Massacre of 1999
Human Rights Watch February 2005 Vol. 17, No. 2(E) `Ali Hassan al-Majid and the Basra Massacre of 1999 I. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 II. Identifying the Perpetrators ................................................................................................... 4 The Basra Execution List .................................................................................................... 4 Information about the Perpetrators................................................................................... 6 III. The al-Sadr Intifada of 1999...............................................................................................10 IV. Reprisals: Gross and Systematic Violations of Human Rights......................................12 Arbitrary Arrest of Suspects..................................................................................................12 Mass Summary Execution and Burial at Unmarked Mass Graves..................................15 Arbitrary Detention and Abuse of Family Members of Suspects...................................23 Collective Punishment: House Demolitions and Displacement .....................................26 V. The Need for Accountability and Justice...........................................................................29 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................30 Appendix: Basra Execution -
Apart in Their Own Land Government Discrimination Against Shia in Bahrain
Apart in eir Own Land GOVERNMENT DISCRIMINATION AGAINST SHIA IN BAHRAIN VOLUME I Violence, Political Disclusion, and Attacks on the Shia Religious Establishment Apart in Their Own Land GOVERNMENT DISCRIMINATION AGAINST SHIA IN BAHRAIN VOLUME I Violence, Political Disclusion, and Attacks on the Shia Religious Establishment February 2015 Updated April 2015 1001 Connecticut Avenue Northwest, Suite 205 • Washington, D.C. 20036 • 202.621.6141 • www.adhrb.org • @ADHRB ©2014, Americans for Democracy and Human Rights in Bahrain (ADHRB), the Bahrain Center for Human Rights (BCHR), and the Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy (BIRD). All rights reserved. Americans for Democracy and Human Rights in Bahrain is a non-profit, 501(c)(3) organization based in Washington, D.C. We seek to foster awareness of and support for democracy and human rights in Bahrain and the Middle East. The Bahrain Center for Human Rights (BCHR) is a non-profit, non-governmental organization, registered with the Bahraini Ministry of Labor and Social Services since July 2002. Despite an order by the authorities in November 2004 to close, the BCHR is still functioning after gaining a wide local and international support for its struggle to promote human rights in Bahrain. The Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy is a London, UK based non-profit organization focusing on advocacy, education and awareness for the calls of democracy and human rights in Bahrain. Americans for Democracy and Human Rights in Bahrain 1001 Connecticut Ave. Northwest, Suite 205 Washington, DC -
The Smiling, Scented Men: the Political Worldview of The
THE SMILING, SCENTED MEN: THE POLITICAL WORLDVIEW OF THE ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ, 2003-2013 By CRAIG ANDREW WHITESIDE A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Politics, Philosophy, and Public Affairs DECEMBER 2014 ©Copyright by CRAIG ANDREW WHITESIDE, 2014 All Rights Reserved © Copyright by CRAIG ANDREW WHITESIDE, 2014 All Rights Reserved ii To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the dissertation of CRAIG ANDREW WHITESIDE find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. _____________________________ Martha Cottam, Ph.D., Chair _____________________________ Thomas Preston, Ph.D. _____________________________ Otwin Marenin, Ph.D. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I could not have written this dissertation without the help of many people who took the time to care about my research and help me. Heider al Khoei and Fanar Haddad corresponded with me and explained various Iraqi slang and ideas about sectarian trends in Iraq from 1979 to the present. Mo Hafez shared his book Suicide Bombers in Iraq with me and gave me valuable feedback at the Naval Postgraduate School at Monterey, California at one of my presentations about this research. Karl Walling shared with me his idea about strategy as pathology. My colleague Jan Breemer listened to many of my ideas, as did Jon Czarnecki, Mitch Brown, and Casey Lucius – all of the Naval War College, Monterey. Steven Metz shared with me a chapter of a previous work that answered an important question that informed my research. Joel Rayburn shared his excellent new book with me, Iraq after America, which had some great ideas and terms that I used (and acknowledged) in the paper. -
Shiite Politics in Iraq: the Role of the Supreme Council
SHIITE POLITICS IN IRAQ: THE ROLE OF THE SUPREME COUNCIL Middle East Report N°70 – 15 November 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... i I. SCIRI BEFORE 2003...................................................................................................... 1 A. FOUNDING.............................................................................................................................1 B. THE IRAN-IRAQ WAR: TEHRAN’S PROXY ................................................................................3 C. THE SANCTIONS DECADE: SPREADING ITS WINGS ...................................................................5 II. SCIRI IN POWER........................................................................................................... 9 A. HOMECOMING .......................................................................................................................9 B. SCIRI IN GOVERNMENT .......................................................................................................11 III. FACING THE FUTURE............................................................................................... 15 A. METAMORPHOSIS.................................................................................................................15 B. RULING A “SHIASTAN”? .......................................................................................................17 C. FACING A DIFFERENT REVOLUTION ......................................................................................18 -
Hezbollah's Threat in Germany
Hezbollah’s Threat in Germany: AN UPDATED OVERVIEW OF ITS PRESENCE AND THE GERMAN RESPONSE Jasmine Williams (Research Assistant, ICT) Spring 2014 ABSTRACT Former CIA director, George Tenet testified that the capability and presence of Hezbollah is equal, if not more capable than that of al-Qaeda.1 Tenet made this statement in 2003, over a decade ago, and Hezbollah has only further expanded its operations as it continues to evolve and function as a hybrid organization with political, social, and terrorist components, as well as expanding its network outside of its home base of Lebanon. As many focus on the growing presence of Hezbollah operations in Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa, Hezbollah’s presence in Europe is quite fascinating, Germany in particular. Within German borders, the group has built a strong presence, as there is known to be over 1000 operatives within its borders to date.1 It is important to note what factors have caused such localized German mobilization. This paper will provide an updated overview of Hezbollah operations in the Federal Republic of Germany and its government reaction and weaknesses. The views expressed in this publication are solely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT) 2 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................... 3 HEZBOLLAH STRUCTURE AND OPERATIONS IN GERMANY .................................................. -
Journey Text and Recorded History Migration Of
THE JOURNEY OF MAN MODERN HOMO SAPIENS ARE TRACED TO ABOUT 60,000 YEARS AGO AND MIGRATORY PATHS PROVEN IN 2002 BY A GROUP OF AMERICAN GENETICISTS AND SCIENTISTS LED BY DR. SPENCER WELLS OF STANFORD UNIVERSITY MADE PUBLIC A TEN YEAR RESEARCH PROJECT. THEY FOLLOWED THE MALE “Y” CHROMOSOME AND THE GENETIC MARKERS IN NUCLEAR DNA TO TRACE THE CRADLE OF MANKIND TO CENTRAL AFRICA AND THE VILLAGE OF SAN WHICH IS NEAR RUNDU, NAMIBIA AND CONFIRMING THE “OUT OF AFRICA HYPOTHESIS”. ANOTHER GROUP OF 55,000 SANS PEOPLE PRESENTLY LIVING ALSO RESIDE IN BOTSWANA. TWO THOUSAND GENERATIONS BACK OR APPROXIMATELY 50,000 YEARS AGO THEY DISCOVERED THE DECENDENTS OF THE OLDEST TRIBE IN AFRICA AND THE BEGINNING OF MODERN MAN BASED ON COLLECTED NUCLEAR DNA AND GENETIC MARKERS FROM THOUSANDS OF BLOOD SAMPLES FROM POPULATIONS AROUND THE WORLD. SOME OF THESE SAME PEOPLE ‘SANS BUSHMEN’ WITH A POPULATION AT THAT TIME OF ABOUT 10,000 TOTAL AND THEIR DECENDENTS MOVED 1200 MILES SOUTH AND EAST IN AFRICA AND THEN PROCEED TO FOLLOW THE COASTLINE NORTH AND EASTWARD TO INDIA AND THEN ON DOWN THE COASTLINES TO SOUTHEAST ASIA TO AUSTRALIA. THEY VERIFIED ONE OF THE OLDEST SETTLEMENTS ON THE WEST SIDE OF MADERAI, INDIA ABOUT 200 MILES NORTH OF THE COASTLINE TO MATCH THE “Y” CHROMOSOME OF THE CENTRAL AFRICANS AND A VERIFICATION WAS ALSO PROVIDED ON THE AUSTRALIAN MONGO ABORIGINE PEOPLE DNA TO BE ON A TIMELINE ABOUT 10,000 YEARS AFTER THE CENTRAL AFRICANS. ANOTHER MIGRATION WAS HAPPENING ABOUT 35,000 YEARS AGO THAT PLACES THE DNA GENETIC MARKER TO THE MIDDLE EAST WHERE IT SPLITS AND SOME GO SOUTH TO INDIA AND SOME CONTINUE TO MOVE NORTHEAST TO KAZIKSTAN WHERE THEY FIND THE OLDEST LINEAGES IN CENTRAL ASIA. -
Iraq's Evolving Insurgency and the Risk of Civil
Center for Strategic and International Studies Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy 1800 K Street, N.W. • Suite 400 • Washington, DC 20006 Phone: 1 (202) 775-3270 • Fax: 1 (202) 457-8746 Web: http://www.csis.org/burke Iraq’s Evolving Insurgency and the Risk of Civil War Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy [email protected] With the Assistance of Eric M. Brewer & Sara Bjerg Moller Rough Working Draft for Outside Comment Revised: June 22, 2006 Copyright CSIS, all rights reserved. All further dissemination and reproduction must be done with the written permission of the CSIS Cordesman: Iraq’s Evolving Insurgency 6/22/06 Page ii Executive Summary Later Coalition reporting has shown that the insurgency managed to increase the average number of weekly attacks during the period from around 470 in mid-2005 to 620 in May 2006, and succeeded in triggering a steady increase in civil violence and sectarian and ethnic conflict. While Coalition casualties averaged under 20 per day from the spring of 2005 to the spring of 2006, even a partial count of Iraqi casualties rose from less than 60 per day during February 2005 to February 2006 to 78 per day during February though May 2006.1 The quarterly reports that the Department of Defense issued to Congress do not seem to count many low-level incidents and types of civil violence.2 They omit coverage of major problem areas like Arab-Kurdish ethnic violence in the Kirkuk area, and Shi'ite violence in the Basra area. They still, however, report serious increases in civil conflict and the fact that most Iraqis came to see Shi'ite and Kurdish militias as a growing threat to security by the spring of 2006.3 Even the Coalition's partial count of Iraqi civilian casualties showed an increase from 10% of its national total in January 2006 to 13% in March 2006, and from 10% to 18% in Baghdad. -
Community Resilience to Sectarian Violence in Baghdad Peace Psychology Book Series
Peace Psychology Book Series Series Editor: Daniel J. Christie Ami C. Carpenter Community Resilience to Sectarian Violence in Baghdad Peace Psychology Book Series Series Editor Daniel J. Christie For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7298 Ami C. Carpenter Community Resilience to Sectarian Violence in Baghdad 1 3 Ami C. Carpenter Joan B. Kroc School of Peace Studies University of San Diego San Diego, CA USA ISBN 978-1-4614-8811-8 ISBN 978-1-4614-8812-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-8812-5 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013946313 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center.