DOCSLIB.ORG

SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Table

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Table Supplementary Data Table 2. Bog vegetation analysis. Homestead Ridge bog crest (near drill site, Homestead Ridge Bog X9901). E1-N5 sites along transect; s1-s10, supplementary sites to sample wetter sites. Vegetation cover visually assessed over one metre square plots. Water table measured from adjacent 15 x 15 cm hole after equilibrium reached. Vegetation s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6 s7 s8 s9 s10 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 Astelia 50 40 55 35 15 40 20 15 40 70 0 60 40 25 30 35 30 15 15 20 0 60 Bare ground 5 0.1 0.1 2 0 5 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 30 15 15 Bulbinella 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 5 1 Centrolepis 35 30 30 55 0 0.1 8 0 35 18 0 5 30 10 10 10 15 10 50 10 20 15 Chionochloa antarctica 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 0.1 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 5 5 0 5 5 15 5 10 10 5 10 5 Coprosma cililiata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 Coprosma cunneata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coprosma persusilla 3 2 1 0.1 0 0 2 0.1 0.1 1 5 5 1 5 5 0 5 10 5 5 5 5 Damnamenia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 Dicranoloma 3 10 5 3 0 3 55 40 8 5 15 5 5 15 15 5 10 5 5 50 20 5 Dracophyllum longifolium 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 Dracophyllum scoparium 2 0.1 3 1 25 0 1 1 0 0.1 25 20 20 20 25 25 40 35 20 25 20 20 Dracophyllum seedlings 0 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0.1 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Drosera 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 0 1 5 1 1 5 0 5 0 1 1 Gentiana 0 0 0.1 0.1 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 1 1 5 1 5 5 1 0 1 1 2 Phlegmariurus varius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 Isolepis antarctica 6 25 8 2 15 5 1 1 3 1 0 5 5 1 0 0 5 1 5 0 5 0 Myrsine divaricata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0.1 0 5 5 1 0 1 0 Orchidaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Oreobolus 5 2 1 3 45 25 10 45 18 3 30 12 5 25 30 5 20 50 5 10 10 10 Phyllachne 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 0.1 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0 5 0 5 5 5 1 5 5 0 5 5 Poa literosa 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Pleurophyllum hookeri 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Schizea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 Sphagnum 0.1 0.1 1 0.1 0 1 0 0 0.1 0.1 0 5 5 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 5 5 Water table (cm below litter surface) 0.16 0.14 0.15 0.12 0.37 0.3 0.31 0.31 0.17 0.18 0.3 0.16 0.08 0.26 0.29 0.28 0.14 0.46 0.1 0.2 0.17 0.6 9901 - Homestead Bog Woody Macroforbs Wetland Ferns-Lycopods type undiff. Pleurophyllum speciosum Lycopodium fastigiatum Coprosma perspusilla Pleurophyllum hookeri Stilbocarpa polaris CallitrichePhyllachne antarctica clavigera Lycopodium varium Myrsine divaricata Astelia antarctica Hymenophyllum Dracophyllum Bulbinella rossii Centrolepis Gonocarpus Fuscospora Coprosma Anisotome Gentiana Grammitis Casuarina Age (cal BP) (cal Age Depth Poaceae total total Cyperaceae Monolete spores total Long-distanceTotal tree types podocarps totalZone 0 0 50 1000 100 150 2000 200 250 3000 300 350 4000 Dracophyllum 400 5000 450 500 6000 550 600 7000 650 8000 700 9000 10000 Wetland-grassland 750 11000 12000 Grassland-shrubland 800 13000 850 14000 Tundra 900 950 15000 20 40 60 80 20 20 40 20 40 60 20 40 60 20 40 60 20 20 40 60 20 40 60 80 20 40 60 20 40 60 80 20 20 20 40 20 20 40 1000 16000 Figure 1. Homestead Ridge Bog (HRB – X9901), pollen and spore percentage diagram. Pollen sum: all island pollen types. X9903 - Mount Honey Bog Woody Macroforbs Wetland Ferns-lycopods type undiff. Coprosma perspusilla Pleurophyllum hookeri Phyllachne clavigera Myrsine divaricata Lycopodium varium Astelia antarctica Hymenophyllum Dracophyllum Bulbinella rossii Centrolepis Coprosma Anisotome Gentiana Grammitis Age (cal BP) Age Poaceae total Total Cyperaceae Orchidaceae Monolete spores total Long-distancetotal podocarp types total treesZone 0 50 1000 100 2000 3000 150 4000 200 Dracophyllum 250 5000 300 6000 350 400 7000 Depth 450 8000 9000 500 Wetland-grassland 10000 11000 Grassland-shrubland 550 12000 13000 600 Tundra 14000 650 15000 20 40 60 80 20 20 20 40 60 20 40 20 40 20 40 60 80 20 40 20 40 20 40 60 80 20 20 40 60 20 40 20 Figure 2. Mount Honey Bog (MHB -X9903): pollen and spore percentage diagram. Pollen sum: all island pollen types. X9911 - Homestead Scarp Peat Woody Macroforbs Wetland Ferns-lycopods type undiff. Pleurophyllum speciosum Coprosma perspusilla Pleurophyllum hookeri Damnamenia vernicosaPhyllachne clavigera Myrsine divaricata Stilbocarpa polaris Lycopodium varium Bulbinella rossii Astelia antarctica Hymenophyllum Dracophyllum Centrolepis Fuscospora Coprosma Anisotome Gentiana Grammitis Age (cal BP) Poaceae total Total Cyperaceae Monolete spores total Long-distancetotal podocarptypes total treesZone 0 50 1000 2000 100 3000 150 4000 200 Dracophyllum 5000 250 6000 7000 300 8000 Depth 9000 Wetland-grassland 10000 11000 Grassland-shrubland 12000 350 13000 14000 15000 Tundra 16000 400 20 40 60 20 40 20 40 20 20 40 60 80 20 20 40 60 20 40 60 20 20 20 40 20 40 20 20 40 60 17000 Figure 3. Homestead Scarp Peat (HSP -X9911): pollen and spore percentage diagram. Pollen sum: all island pollen types. Derivation of a surface wetness index We used an ordination to arrange both modern surface sample pollen data and peat core pollen data according to composition to interpret major past environmental gradients. Modern surface sample data have been obtained across the island from coastal communities through to high elevation communities, spanning significant gradients of temperature and moisture [1]. We used non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) to optimally arrange the pollen compositional data in multidimensional space. Ordination analyses used raw counts of pollen grains and data were log- transformed while preserving zero values following [2]. We used metaMDS in the vegan library of R v.3.5.1 [3] with Bray’s distance measure, 999 permutations and default settings. This approach finds a stable solution (i.e., minimises stress) from many random starts and is considered the most robust form of ordination available. The optimal solution had two axes, stress of 0.16 and a good non-metric fit between sample and ordination distances (R2 = 0.974). Figure 4. NMS ordination of modern pollen samples and peat core pollen samples collected from Campbell Island, New Zealand. Figure 5. NMS scores for modern pollen samples from 11 distinct plant communities from Campbell Island, New Zealand. The first axis arranged samples according to temperature (Figure S4). Low axis one scores were associated with modern sites in tundra and alpine herbfield (Figure S5), and peat core samples from the early Holocene (12-16,000 years). Species with low axis one scores were macrophyllous herbs (e.g. Pleurophyllum hookeri) and subshrubs (e.g. Damnamenia vernicosa). High axis one scores were associated with modern sites in woody vegetation (shrublands and forest; Figure S5), and peat core samples from the last 6,000 years. Species with high axis one scores were Dracophyllum and Myrsine divaricata. The second axis arranged samples according to moisture availability (Figure S4). Low axis two scores were associated with modern sites in cushion bogs, tundra and tussocklands (Figure S5) and species with low axis two scores were the restionad herb Centrolepis, the graminoid herb Astelia antarctica and the shrub Phyllachne clavigera. High axis two scores were associated with modern sites in woody vegetation (shrublands and forest) and maritime turfs and herbfields (Figure SXb), and species with high axis two scores were Hebe shrubs, the macrophyllous herb Stilbocarpa polaris, Acaena herbs, and subshrubs including Anaphylloides bellidioides. Based on the organisation of communities and species along this second axis, we used Axis 2 scores as a Wetness Index.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Classification
    STUDENT ACTIVITY Megaherbs – Classification ACTIVITY OVERVIEW In this activity, students use megaherb image cards to group species of megaherbs according to their physical structures (leaf shape, leaf size, flower structure, flower colour). The purpose is to encourage students to look more closely at plant structures and to introduce them to methods of classification. By the end of this activity, students should be able to: • e xplain what general classification is and why it is important • e xperience devising and revising their own classification system • bett er understand why scientists do not always agree and why species may be reclassified as new information comes to light. Introduction/background notes Scientists use classification to identify with large leaves and colourful floral organisms and to show how organisms displays – completely different from their are related to each other. Organisms are mainland counterparts. There are theories grouped by their characteristics. Botanists as to why these plants have evolved in rely on the morphological (form and this way – some suggest that having large structure) characteristics to classify plants. leaves is an adaptive response to the climatic conditions found on the islands DNA analysis is now allowing scientists to – cool, cloudy, and humid. The flowers look for similarity at the molecular level. with their bright colours are adapted to New information either confirms what utilize the weak sunlight and short summer botanists already knew or helps them to season, as well as attracting the pollinators. revise their classification of plants. This activity encourages students to take New Zealand’s Sub-Antarctic Islands a closer look at the physical structures of support a diverse and unique flora.
    [Show full text]
  • Damnamenia Vernicosa
    Damnamenia vernicosa COMMON NAME Damnamenia SYNONYMS Celmisia vernicosa Hook.f. FAMILY Asteraceae AUTHORITY Damnamenia vernicosa (Hook f.) D.R.Given FLORA CATEGORY Vascular – Native ENDEMIC TAXON Yes ENDEMIC GENUS Campbell Island. Photographer: David Norton Yes ENDEMIC FAMILY No STRUCTURAL CLASS Herbs - Dicotyledonous composites NVS CODE DAMVER CHROMOSOME NUMBER Campbell Island. Photographer: David Norton 2n = 108 CURRENT CONSERVATION STATUS 2012 | At Risk – Naturally Uncommon | Qualifiers: RR PREVIOUS CONSERVATION STATUSES 2009 | At Risk – Naturally Uncommon 2004 | Range Restricted DISTRIBUTION Endemic. New Zealand: Auckland and Campbell Islands. HABITAT A species of mostly upland cushion bogs and Pleurophyllum Hook.f. dominated meadows. Also grows at low altitudes in exposed, inhospitable, sparsely vegetated sites. FEATURES Stoloniferous herb with thick woody multicipital basal stock. Living leaves densely imbricating and forming rosettes at tips of branchlets and sometimes at ends of leafy stolons. Leaves glossy as though varnished, glabrous; venation simple with lateral veins of sheath not extending into the lamina. Ptyxis plain. Inflorescence scapose and monocephalous. Receptacle obconic; phyllaries in several series, bearing eglandular uniseriate hairs only. Ray florets ligulate, female, white, occasionally pale rose especially near tips, limb and tube clad in scattered hairs. Disc florets tubular, pefect, purple or occasionally yellow, cyathiform above point of insertion of stamen filaments and usually cylindrical below, although occasionally gradually narrowing towards corolla base; corolla hairs eglandular biseriate and uniseriate; stamen tip usually obtuse or if acute then short, anther tails present but shorter than the basally narrowed filament collar; style arms short, terminal appendage broadly triangular and bearing long collecting hairs on back and margin. Pappus bristles unequal, in more than one series, plumose with long crowded teeth.
    [Show full text]
  • The Island Rule and Its Application to Multiple Plant Traits
    The island rule and its application to multiple plant traits Annemieke Lona Hedi Hendriks A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Ecology and Biodiversity Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand 2019 ii “The larger the island of knowledge, the longer the shoreline of wonder” Ralph W. Sockman. iii iv General Abstract Aim The Island Rule refers to a continuum of body size changes where large mainland species evolve to become smaller and small species evolve to become larger on islands. Previous work focuses almost solely on animals, with virtually no previous tests of its predictions on plants. I tested for (1) reduced floral size diversity on islands, a logical corollary of the island rule and (2) evidence of the Island Rule in plant stature, leaf size and petiole length. Location Small islands surrounding New Zealand; Antipodes, Auckland, Bounty, Campbell, Chatham, Kermadec, Lord Howe, Macquarie, Norfolk, Snares, Stewart and the Three Kings. Methods I compared the morphology of 65 island endemics and their closest ‘mainland’ relative. Species pairs were identified. Differences between archipelagos located at various latitudes were also assessed. Results Floral sizes were reduced on islands relative to the ‘mainland’, consistent with predictions of the Island Rule. Plant stature, leaf size and petiole length conformed to the Island Rule, with smaller plants increasing in size, and larger plants decreasing in size. Main conclusions Results indicate that the conceptual umbrella of the Island Rule can be expanded to plants, accelerating understanding of how plant traits evolve on isolated islands.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny of Hinterhubera, Novenia and Related
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2006 Phylogeny of Hinterhubera, Novenia and related genera based on the nuclear ribosomal (nr) DNA sequence data (Asteraceae: Astereae) Vesna Karaman Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Recommended Citation Karaman, Vesna, "Phylogeny of Hinterhubera, Novenia and related genera based on the nuclear ribosomal (nr) DNA sequence data (Asteraceae: Astereae)" (2006). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 2200. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/2200 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. PHYLOGENY OF HINTERHUBERA, NOVENIA AND RELATED GENERA BASED ON THE NUCLEAR RIBOSOMAL (nr) DNA SEQUENCE DATA (ASTERACEAE: ASTEREAE) A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Biological Sciences by Vesna Karaman B.S., University of Kiril and Metodij, 1992 M.S., University of Belgrade, 1997 May 2006 "Treat the earth well: it was not given to you by your parents, it was loaned to you by your children. We do not inherit the Earth from our Ancestors, we borrow it from our Children." Ancient Indian Proverb ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am indebted to many people who have contributed to the work of this dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • Subantarctic Islands: an Intrepid Journey and Brief History©
    Subantarctic islands: an intrepid journey and brief history© T. Hatch a Joy Plants, 78, Jericho Road, RD 2, Pukekohe, 2677, New Zealand. MY INTREPID JOURNEY It was with a sense of both trepidation and expectation that I boarded the shuttlebus setting out on the once busy road from Invercargill to Bluff – long gone were the miners, seafarers, polar explorers and whalers of yesteryear. Off on a long awaited journey to the islands of the subantarctic at the kindest time of the year – in January of 2016. Never a mariner, the quote came to mind “one does not discover new lands without consenting to leave sight of the shore” (André Gide). Arriving at the dock with an elect group of birdwatchers and animal photographers from various lands we boarded our sea vessel the Spirit of Enderby hosted by Heritage Expeditions. Overnight we sailed the 130 km south to the Snares Islands with their steep cliffs only to be viewed from Zodiac boats. The vegetation grows in deep peat soil full of breeding seabirds where the endemic Olearia lyallii reaches 5 m or more tall, and its tangled branches cover the myriads of muttonbird nests. The yellow-flowered tree daisy, Brachyglottis stewartiae, along with Veronica (Hebe) elliptica covered in white flowers were hanging off the rocks. The megaherb Stilbocarpa robusta (Figure 1), the endemic Anisotome acutifolia (Figure 2), Asplenium ferns and Poa grass draped down to the tide edge. Snares crested penguin numbering around 60,000, and three albatross species nest here as well as New Zealand fur seals and New Zealand sea lions in small numbers.
    [Show full text]
  • Astereae, Asteraceae) Downloaded from by Guest on 04 September 2019 GISELA SANCHO1*, PETER J
    bs_bs_banner Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 177, 78–95. With 5 figures Late Cenozoic diversification of the austral genus Lagenophora (Astereae, Asteraceae) Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-abstract/177/1/78/2416348 by guest on 04 September 2019 GISELA SANCHO1*, PETER J. DE LANGE FLS2, MARIANO DONATO3, JOHN BARKLA4 and STEVE J. WAGSTAFF5 1División Plantas Vasculares, Museo de La Plata, FCNYM, UNLP, Paseo del Bosque s.n., La Plata, 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina 2Ecosystems and Species Unit, Department of Conservation, Private Bag 68908, Newton 1145, Auckland, New Zealand 3ILPLA, Instituto de Limnología Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet, FCNYM, UNLP and CONICET, 122 and 60, La Plata, 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina 4Otago Conservancy, Department of Conservation, PO Box 5244, Dunedin 9058, New Zealand 5Allan Herbarium, Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand Received 14 March 2014; revised 23 May 2014; accepted for publication 30 August 2014 Lagenophora (Astereae, Asteraceae) has 14 species in New Zealand, Australia, Asia, southern South America, Gough Island and Tristan da Cunha. Phylogenetic relationships in Lagenophora were inferred using nuclear and plastid DNA regions. Reconstruction of spatio-temporal evolution was estimated using parsimony, Bayesian inference and likelihood methods, a Bayesian relaxed molecular clock and ancestral area and habitat reconstruc- tions. Our results support a narrow taxonomic concept of Lagenophora including only a core group of species with one clade diversifying in New Zealand and another in South America. The split between the New Zealand and South American Lagenophora dates from 11.2 Mya [6.1–17.4 95% highest posterior density (HPD)].
    [Show full text]
  • THE VEGETATION of SUBANTARCTIC CAMPBELL ISLAND ______Summary: the Vegetation of Campbell Island and Its Offshore Islets Was Sampled Quantitatively at 140 Sites
    COLIN D. MEURK, M.N. FOGGO1 and J. BASTOW WILSON2 123 Landcare Research - Manaaki Whenua, PO Box 69, Lincoln, New Zealand. 1. Department of Science, Central Institute of Technology, Private Bag 39807, Wellington, New Zealand. 2. Botany Department, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand. THE VEGETATION OF SUBANTARCTIC CAMPBELL ISLAND __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Summary: The vegetation of Campbell Island and its offshore islets was sampled quantitatively at 140 sites. Data from the 134 sites with more than one vascular plant species were subjected to multivariate analysis. Out of a total of 140 indigenous and widespread adventive species known from the island group, 124 vascular species were recorded; 85 non-vascular cryptogams or species aggregates play a major role in the vegetation. Up to 19 factors of the physical environment were recorded or derived for each site. Agglomerative cluster analysis of the vegetation data was used to identify 21 plant communities. These (together with cryptogam associations) include: maritime crusts, turfs, megaherbfields, tussock grasslands, and shrublands; mid-elevation swamps, flushes, bogs, tussock grasslands, shrublands, dwarf forests, and induced meadows; and upland tundra-like tussock grasslands, tall and short turf-herbfields, bogs, flushes, rock-ledge herbfields, and fellfields. Axis 1 of the DCA ordination is largely a soil gradient related to the eutrophying impact of marine spray, sea mammals and birds, and nutrient flushing. Axis 2 is an altitudinal (or thermal) gradient. Axis 3 is related to soil reaction and to different kinds of animal influence on vegetation stature and species richness, and Axis 4 also appears to have fertility and animal associations.
    [Show full text]
  • Co-Extinction of Mutualistic Species – an Analysis of Ornithophilous Angiosperms in New Zealand
    DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES CO-EXTINCTION OF MUTUALISTIC SPECIES An analysis of ornithophilous angiosperms in New Zealand Sandra Palmqvist Degree project for Master of Science (120 hec) with a major in Environmental Science ES2500 Examination Course in Environmental Science, 30 hec Second cycle Semester/year: Spring 2021 Supervisor: Søren Faurby - Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences Examiner: Johan Uddling - Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences “Tui. Adult feeding on flax nectar, showing pollen rubbing onto forehead. Dunedin, December 2008. Image © Craig McKenzie by Craig McKenzie.” http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/sites/all/files/1200543Tui2.jpg Table of Contents Abstract: Co-extinction of mutualistic species – An analysis of ornithophilous angiosperms in New Zealand ..................................................................................................... 1 Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: Samutrotning av mutualistiska arter – En analys av fågelpollinerade angiospermer i New Zealand ................................................................... 3 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 5 2. Material and methods ............................................................................................................... 7 2.1 List of plant species, flower colours and conservation status ....................................... 7 2.1.1 Flower Colours .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Reconstruction and Divergence Time Estimation of Blumea DC
    plants Article Phylogenetic Reconstruction and Divergence Time Estimation of Blumea DC. (Asteraceae: Inuleae) in China Based on nrDNA ITS and cpDNA trnL-F Sequences 1, 2, 2, 1 1 1 Ying-bo Zhang y, Yuan Yuan y, Yu-xin Pang *, Fu-lai Yu , Chao Yuan , Dan Wang and Xuan Hu 1 1 Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute/Hainan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Blumea Balsamifera, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China 2 School of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-898-6696-1351 These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 21 May 2019; Accepted: 5 July 2019; Published: 8 July 2019 Abstract: The genus Blumea is one of the most economically important genera of Inuleae (Asteraceae) in China. It is particularly diverse in South China, where 30 species are found, more than half of which are used as herbal medicines or in the chemical industry. However, little is known regarding the phylogenetic relationships and molecular evolution of this genus in China. We used nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) trnL-F sequences to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationship and estimate the divergence time of Blumea in China. The results indicated that the genus Blumea is monophyletic and it could be divided into two clades that differ with respect to the habitat, morphology, chromosome type, and chemical composition of their members. The divergence time of Blumea was estimated based on the two root times of Asteraceae. The results indicated that the root age of Asteraceae of 76–66 Ma may maintain relatively accurate divergence time estimation for Blumea, and Blumea might had diverged around 49.00–18.43 Ma.
    [Show full text]
  • The Leipzig Catalogue of Plants (LCVP) ‐ an Improved Taxonomic Reference List for All Known Vascular Plants
    Freiberg et al: The Leipzig Catalogue of Plants (LCVP) ‐ An improved taxonomic reference list for all known vascular plants Supplementary file 3: Literature used to compile LCVP ordered by plant families 1 Acanthaceae AROLLA, RAJENDER GOUD; CHERUKUPALLI, NEERAJA; KHAREEDU, VENKATESWARA RAO; VUDEM, DASHAVANTHA REDDY (2015): DNA barcoding and haplotyping in different Species of Andrographis. In: Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 62, p. 91–97. DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2015.08.001. BORG, AGNETA JULIA; MCDADE, LUCINDA A.; SCHÖNENBERGER, JÜRGEN (2008): Molecular Phylogenetics and morphological Evolution of Thunbergioideae (Acanthaceae). In: Taxon 57 (3), p. 811–822. DOI: 10.1002/tax.573012. CARINE, MARK A.; SCOTLAND, ROBERT W. (2002): Classification of Strobilanthinae (Acanthaceae): Trying to Classify the Unclassifiable? In: Taxon 51 (2), p. 259–279. DOI: 10.2307/1554926. CÔRTES, ANA LUIZA A.; DANIEL, THOMAS F.; RAPINI, ALESSANDRO (2016): Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Schaueria (Acanthaceae). In: Plant Systematics and Evolution 302 (7), p. 819–851. DOI: 10.1007/s00606-016-1301-y. CÔRTES, ANA LUIZA A.; RAPINI, ALESSANDRO; DANIEL, THOMAS F. (2015): The Tetramerium Lineage (Acanthaceae: Justicieae) does not support the Pleistocene Arc Hypothesis for South American seasonally dry Forests. In: American Journal of Botany 102 (6), p. 992–1007. DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400558. DANIEL, THOMAS F.; MCDADE, LUCINDA A. (2014): Nelsonioideae (Lamiales: Acanthaceae): Revision of Genera and Catalog of Species. In: Aliso 32 (1), p. 1–45. DOI: 10.5642/aliso.20143201.02. EZCURRA, CECILIA (2002): El Género Justicia (Acanthaceae) en Sudamérica Austral. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 89, p. 225–280. FISHER, AMANDA E.; MCDADE, LUCINDA A.; KIEL, CARRIE A.; KHOSHRAVESH, ROXANNE; JOHNSON, MELISSA A.; STATA, MATT ET AL.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Distribution and Evolution of Mycorrhizas in Land Plants
    Mycorrhiza (2006) 16: 299–363 DOI 10.1007/s00572-005-0033-6 REVIEW B. Wang . Y.-L. Qiu Phylogenetic distribution and evolution of mycorrhizas in land plants Received: 22 June 2005 / Accepted: 15 December 2005 / Published online: 6 May 2006 # Springer-Verlag 2006 Abstract A survey of 659 papers mostly published since plants (Pirozynski and Malloch 1975; Malloch et al. 1980; 1987 was conducted to compile a checklist of mycorrhizal Harley and Harley 1987; Trappe 1987; Selosse and Le Tacon occurrence among 3,617 species (263 families) of land 1998;Readetal.2000; Brundrett 2002). Since Nägeli first plants. A plant phylogeny was then used to map the my- described them in 1842 (see Koide and Mosse 2004), only a corrhizal information to examine evolutionary patterns. Sev- few major surveys have been conducted on their phyloge- eral findings from this survey enhance our understanding of netic distribution in various groups of land plants either by the roles of mycorrhizas in the origin and subsequent diver- retrieving information from literature or through direct ob- sification of land plants. First, 80 and 92% of surveyed land servation (Trappe 1987; Harley and Harley 1987;Newman plant species and families are mycorrhizal. Second, arbus- and Reddell 1987). Trappe (1987) gathered information on cular mycorrhiza (AM) is the predominant and ancestral type the presence and absence of mycorrhizas in 6,507 species of of mycorrhiza in land plants. Its occurrence in a vast majority angiosperms investigated in previous studies and mapped the of land plants and early-diverging lineages of liverworts phylogenetic distribution of mycorrhizas using the classifi- suggests that the origin of AM probably coincided with the cation system by Cronquist (1981).
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology and Ecophysiology of Subantarctic Campbell Island Megaherbs
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Ecology and Ecophysiology of Subantarctic Campbell Island Megaherbs A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Ecology at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Vivienne Joy Nicholls 2000 Abstract The megaherb growth form is not common in the New Zealand flora; yet it is a distinctive feature of the flora of New Zealand's subantarctic islands, such as Campbell Island (52°33'S, 169°09'E). It occurs in four genera: Pleurophyllum, Stilbocarpa, Bulbinella and Anisotome. Their unusually large form and striking colourful flowers have long been commented as possible relics of a more widespread flora or possibly more recently dispersed and adapted to the present conditions. This research focussed on how well they are adapted to their environment and how adaptable they may be to novel conditions using ecophysiological methods. The breeding system of Pleurophyllum was also looked at as an example of the development of reproductive systems in an isolated island environment. Biomass allocation patterns were investigated in two species, A. latifolia and P. speciosum in order to determine whether this growth form was extraordinary compared with other herbaceous perennials. Six shoots of each species were harvested on the island, and sorted into components (leaf, stem, rhizome, reproductive) and dried back on the mainland. Leaf:stem ratios were found to be higher in both species than other perennials.
    [Show full text]