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Actualité Espace N°21-01

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Actualité Espace N°21-01 Bulletin d’actualité Espace n°21-01 Bulletin d’actualité Espace précédent Bulletin d’actualité Espace suivant Bulletin d’actualité rédigé par le Bureau du CNES à Washington D.C. (Amaury Carbonnaux, Nicolas Maubert, Diane Zajackowski) Liens utiles Pour consulter le présent bulletin d’actualité sous format PDF, cliquez ici. Pour consulter le présent bulletin d’actualité en ligne, cliquez ici. Pour consulter tous les bulletins d’actualité, toutes les notes, toutes les actualités et l’agenda du Service Spatial aux États-Unis, cliquez ici. Avant tout chose, le bureau du CNES à Washington D.C. vous souhaite une très bonne année 2021, pleine de bonheur, de succès dans vos projets professionnels et privés, et bien sûr la santé ! 2021 devrait être une année riche en évènements spatiaux aux États-Unis, en particulier pour notre coopération franco-américaine. La France est directement partie prenante dans deux des trois évènements principaux mis en avant par la NASA cette année, à savoir l’atterrissage du rover Perseverance sur Mars le 18 février et le lancement du méga télescope JWST lancé par une Ariane 5 depuis la Guyane Française en octobre prochain. Nous suivrons également le lancement de Thomas Pesquet vers l’ISS fin mars depuis Cap Canaveral à bord d’un Crew Dragon de SpaceX, puis à l’automne prochain la mission Artemis 1 sans équipage vers la Lune. Et cette année, nous serons heureux et fiers de célébrer le 60ème anniversaire du CNES créé par le Général De Gaulle le 19 décembre 1961. En ce début d’année 2021, l’actualité spatiale reste donc très intense, marquée par la transition entre les administrations Trump et Biden. Au cours des dernières semaines de son mandat, Donald Trump a multiplié les initiatives règlementaires dans le domaine spatial, en promulguant plusieurs décrets présidentiels dont deux nouvelles Space Policy Directives (voir la rubrique « Politique »). Cette intense activité montre la volonté du Président sortant d’ancrer sa politique spatiale avant son départ. Plusieurs départs sont également à noter à la tête de la NASA ou au sein du National Space Council, marquant sans doute une nouvelle ère spatiale que devra s’approprier Joe Biden, devenu ce 20 janvier le 46ème Président des États-Unis. Personalia Départ de Jim Bridenstine, Steve Jurczyck assure l’intérim à la tête de la NASA Space News, 20 janvier 2021 SpacePolicyOnline, 21 janvier 2021 Conformément à ce qu’il avait annoncé en novembre 2020 suite aux résultats de l’élection présidentielle américaine, Jim Bridenstine a quitté ses fonctions d’Administrateur de la NASA le 20 janvier 2021, date de l’investiture de Joe Biden en tant que 46ème Président des États-Unis. La veille de son départ, Jim Bridenstine a profité d’une rencontre autour de la campagne de test du SLS pour s’exprimer sur ses trois ans passés à la tête de la NASA et pour exhorter la future administration à poursuivre les efforts fournis sous le mandat de Donald Trump en matière d’exploration, notamment la poursuite du programme Artemis. We« need our Artemis program, we need our moon-to-Mars program, to span generations », tels furent les mots de Jim Bridenstine, premier Administrateur de la NASA à n’avoir pas connu les missions Appollo de son vivant. Si Jim Bridenstine n’a pas clairement communiqué sur le futur de ses propres activités, il s’est engagé à apporter son entier soutien au futur Administrateur de la NASA. L’identité de celui-ci n’est d’ailleurs pas encore connue à ce jour, bien que plusieurs noms de personnalités féminines du secteur aient été mentionnés, à l’instar de Pam Melroy (ancienne astronaute), Wanda Austin (ancienne Directrice générale de l’Aerospace Corporation) et Kendra Horn (ancienne député et Présidente de la Sous-commission Espace de la Chambre des représentants). Dans l’attente de cette nomination, l’intérim est assuré par Steve Jurczyk, Administrateur associé de l’Agence. Dès sa prise de fonction, celui-ci a annoncé trois nominations sur des postes clefs de la NASA : Bhavya Lal commeSenior White House Appointee, Alicia Brown comme Associate Administrator for Legislative and Intergovernmental Affairs, et Marc Etkind en tant qu’Associate Administrator for Communications. Quel avenir pour le National Space Council suite au départ de Scott Pace ? Space News, 4 janvier 2021 Scott Pace, qui occupait le poste de Secrétaire exécutif du National Space Council (NSpC) depuis le rétablissement de ce dernier par Donald Trump en 2017, a annoncé sa démission le 31 décembre 2020. Il reprendra ses anciennes fonctions de directeur du Space Policy Institute de la George Washington University. Au sein du NSpC, anciennement présidé par l’ex Vice-Président des États-Unis Mike Pence et réunissant l’ensemble des administrations compétentes en matière spatiale, Scott Pace a été à l’origine des multiples publications de politiques spatiales promulguées par le Président Donald Trump. On peut citer notamment septSpace Policy Directives (SPD), la mise à jour de l’U.S. National Space Policy, et plusieurs autres lois dont la dernière en date est une nouvelle stratégie nationale sur la protection planétaire (voir infra). L’avenir de cet organe, dont l’efficacité a été reconnue par diverses organisations, demeure toutefois incertain à l’heure de la prise de fonction de la nouvelle administration. Politique Publication de la 7ème Space Policy Directive 4 jours avant la passation de pouvoir Cf. Navigation et Positionnement Le Président Donald Trump publie une loi relative à la préservation du patrimoine lunaire Cf. Lunaire et Cis-Lunaire L’Exécutif sortant poursuit ses efforts pour favoriser le recours aux technologies nucléaires dans l’Espace Parabolic Arc, 8 janvier 2021 Space News, 12 janvier 2021 Quelques semaines seulement après la publication de la Space Policy Directive-6 (SPD-6) dite « National Strategy for Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion », le Président sortant Donald Trump a promulgué un décret présidentiel encourageant le recours à l’énergie nucléaire dans les secteurs de la Défense et du Spatial. Selon un représentant de l’Exécutif, ce décret s’inscrirait dans le sillage de la SPD-6 qu’il aurait vocation à approfondir. Pour ce faire, il fixe des objectifs précis à trois administrations compétentes en matière spatiale : NASA : il demande à son Administrateur de rédiger dans les 180 jours un rapport détaillant les exigences (de taille, de masse, de performance) de l’Agence concernant l’utilisation de systèmes d’énergie nucléaire dans le cadre des missions d’exploration humaines et robotiques et d’analyser les coûts et les bénéfices de ces exigences Département de l’Énergie (DoE) : le décret lui demande de concevoir un plan sur trois ans permettant la production d’uranium faiblement enrichi à haut dosage (HALEU). Celui-ci pourrait effectivement être utilisé comme carburant dans l’Espace dans la mesure où il présente un degré de performance supérieur à l’uranium faiblement enrichi tout en évitant les risques de prolifération liés à l’uranium hautement enrichi Département de la Défense (DoD) : le décret lui impose de travailler avec les administrations compétentes – notamment la NASA – pour identifier les applications de sécurité nationale des systèmes d’énergie nucléaire dans l’Espace Plus globalement, le décret appelle au développement de synergies entre les trois administrations et les incite à coordonner leurs efforts en matière d’énergie et de propulsion nucléaires. À noter en ce sens que le DoE avait publié quelques jours auparavant – comme annoncé lors de la dernière réunion du National Space Council – une feuille de route intitulée « Energy for Space » contenant des recommandations politiques visant à renforcer le rôle du DoE dans le développement du secteur spatial. Dans le cadre de cette stratégie, le DoE prévoit de mettre ses compétences au profit des intérêts de la communauté spatiale en se concentrant sur quatre thématiques principales : l’exploration, l’innovation, la sécurité et le développement du secteur privé. L’Administration sortante publie sa stratégie relative à la protection planétaire Space News, 30 décembre 2020 Conformément aux directives inscrites dans la nouvelleNational Space Policy promulguée le 9 décembre 2020, la Maison Blanche a publié juste avant la fin de l’année sa « National Strategy for Planetary Protection ». Fruit des travaux menés par le National Space Council (NSpC) et l’Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), ce document ne propose aucune règle clairement établie mais constitue davantage une feuille de route qui devra guider les diverses parties prenantes dans la formulation des nouvelles recommandations relatives à la protection planétaire. Tenant compte des nombreuses missions d’exploration prévues pour les prochaines années et de l’essor du secteur privé dans ce domaine, la stratégie fixe notamment trois grands objectifs : La prévention des risques de « contamination aller » (qui vise à limiter l’introduction de contaminants biologiques terrestres sur les corps célestes) en encourageant : La rédaction de recommandations scientifiques La mise en place d’analyses de risques L’examen de la prise en compte par le gouvernement des objectifs de protection planétaire et la rédaction de recommandations sur la responsabilité des acteurs privés en la matière La prévention des risques de « contamination retour » (qui vise à protéger l’environnement terrestre d’une possible contamination biologique extra- terrestre) en encourageant la mise en place de différents cadres et protocoles permettant : D’évaluer les risques liés au retour sur Terre
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