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Płazy Beznogie - Apoda Biologia i ochrona płazów wypisy z wykładu 3 Płazy beznogie - Apoda Prof. dr hab. Maria Ogielska Zakład Biologii Ewolucyjnej i Ochrony Kręgowców, Instytut Biologii Środowiskowej, Uniwersytet Wrocławski 2013/2014 Systematyka Współcześnie żyjące płazy (Lissamphibia) należą do 3 rzędów: Urodela/Caudata: Salientia/Anura: Apoda/Gymnophiona: 655 gatunków 6342 gatunków (ponad 50% należy 199 gatunków (50% należy do 3 rodzin: do rodziny Plethodontidae) Ranidae, Leptodactylidae i Hylidae) Amphibia Batrachia Urodela Salientia Apoda + + + Triadobatrachus Anura Gymnophiona Caudata Eocaecilia Karaurus Łącznie 7196 gatunków 2013, AmphibiaWeb kopalne płazy beznogie (Apoda)- wczesna Jura, Arizona USA Eocaecilia micropodia Herpetology, F.H. Pough, R.M. Andrews, J.E. Cadle, M.L. Crump, A.H. Savitzky, K.D. Wells, second edition, Prentice Hall, 2001. Apoda - charakterystyka Blisko spokrewnione z najstarszymi płazami sprzed ok. 400 mln lat Pozbawione kończyn i ich obręczy Ciało wydłużone o robakowatym kształcie Większość Apoda żyje w glebie ryjąc korytarze, nieliczne w wodzie (Typhlonectidae) Żyją w tropikach i subtropikach Wielkość: najmniejszy gatunek Grandisonia brevis 1.12 cm, największy Caecilia thomsoni 152 cm (rodzina Caeciliidae – Marszczelcowate) Apoda - charakterystyka Ciało segmentowane: fałdy obejmują ciało częściowo, pierścienie – całkowicie. Pierścienie I-rzędowe odzwierciedlają segmentację ciała, a ich granice przypadają na septy miotomalne. Pierścienie II- i III-rzędowe występują pomiędzy septami. Siphonops annulatus Najbardziej zaawansowane Apoda nie mają pierścieni III-rzędowych. Apoda - narządy zmysłów Ichthyophis kohaoensis Głównym narządem zmysłu są czułki (tentacle) chemoreceptory Apoda - narządy zmysłów Czułki (tentacle): • odbierają bodźce chemiczne do narządu Jacobsona i do dodatkowych opuszek węchowych, • mają funkcje czuciowe, • są narządami unikatowymi wśród kręgowców, • powstały ze zmodyfikowanych mięśni oka i innych struktur związanych z okiem, • posiadają kanał łączący otoczenie z gruczołami Herderiana w oku. Płyn z gruczołów powoduje usztywnienie czułków po zaciśnięciu mięśnia gładkiego wokół gruczołu, • ponieważ oczy są słabo wykształcone, a nozdrza podczas kopania pod ziemią są zamknięte, czułki są głównym narządem zmysłu. Apoda - narządy zmysłów Oczy Oczy małe lub uwstecznione. Mogą być po skórą lub pod kośćmi czaszki. U Scolecomorphidae oczy są umieszczone przy podstawie czułków i mogą być wciągane wraz z nimi. Są to jedyne kręgowce, które mają wysuwane oczy. Apoda - budowa skóry W skórze obecne są łuski wapienne zbudowane z włókien kolagenowych. Jest to pozostałość po pancerzu skórnym wymarłych przodków. W trakcie ewolucji zachodziła redukcja łusek, np. gatunki wodne z rodziny Typhlonectidae nie posiadają ich wcale. W skórze obecne są również gruczoły śluzowe i jadowe. Apoda - budowa skóry – zwapniałe łuski na bazie włókien kolagenowych Hypogeophis sp. - Caeciliidae Ichthyophis sp. - Ichthyophiidae Florida International University www.fiu.edu/ Apoda - systematyka Internetowa baza gatunków płazów: Frost, Darrel R. 2013. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.6 (9 January 2013). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. www.amphibiaweb.org Caecilian web site.http:/www.caecilian.org./ Gromada: Płazy (Amphibia) Rząd: Płazy beznogie (Apoda/Gymnophiona) 10 rodzin, 35 rodzajów, 199 gatunków Rodziny (w nawiasach liczba gatunków): Caeciliidae (42) Chikilidae (4) Dermophiidae (14) Herpelidae (9) Ichtyophiidae (54) Indotyphlidae (21) Rhinatrematidae (11) Scolecomorphidae (6) Siphonopidae (25) Typhlonectidae (13) W nowym podziale taksonomicznym wyodrębniono nowe rodziny, dotychczas znajdujące się w obrębie rodziny Caeciliidae Nowa systematyka: Stara systematyka: Caeciliidae (42) Chikilidae (4) Caeciliidae – marszczelcowate (104) Dermophiidae (14) Rhinatrematidae (10) Herpelidae (9) Ichtyophiidae (46) Ichtyophiidae (54) Uraeotyphlidae (7) Indotyphlidae (21) Scolecomorphidae (6) Rhinatrematidae (11) Typhlonectidae (13) Scolecomorphidae (6) Siphonopidae (25) Typhlonectidae (13) Rząd: Płazy beznogie – Apoda (Gymnophiona) Nowa taksonomia: Rodzina: Caecilidae Rodzaje: Caecilia, Oscaecilia, 42 gatunki Costa Rica and Panama throughout northern South America south to Bolivia, southern Brazil, and possibly Paraguay. Rząd: Płazy beznogie – Apoda (Gymnophiona) Nowa taksonomia: Rodzina: Dermophiidae Rodzaje: Dermophis, Geotrypetes, Gymnopis, Schistometopum 14 gatunków Southern Mexico through Central America to northwestern Colombia; tropical West Africa; Tanzania and Kenya. Rząd: Płazy beznogie – Apoda (Gymnophiona) Rodzina: Ichthyophiidae Rodzaje: Ichthyophis, Uraetyphlos 54 gatunki Filipiny, Indie, płd Chiny, Tajlandia, Malaje (do linii Wallace’a) Rząd: Płazy beznogie – Apoda (Gymnophiona) Rodzina: Typhlonectidae Rodzaje: Atretochoana, Chthonerpeton, Nectocaecilia, Potomotyphlus, Typhlonectes 13 gatunków Oczy dość dobrze wykształcone i widoczne pod skórą. Czułki niewielkie, blisko nozdrzy. Największe płazy beznogie, dochodzą do 80 cm długości. Potomotyphlus i Typhlonectes wodne, pozostałe wodno-lądowe. Żyworodne. Apoda - rozród Apoda - rozród • Brak dymorfizmu płciowego i skomplikowanych zachowań godowych. • Zapłodnienie wewnętrzne przy pomocy narządu kopulacyjnego – phallodeum. Jest to przekształcona część kloaki. • Około75% gatunków jest żyworodna. Zarodki rozwijają się w rozszerzonej części jajowodu – pseudomacicy. Apoda - rozród - phallodeum Typhlonectes natans - Geotrypetes seraphini - Typhlonectidae Caeciliidae Apoda - rozród - żyworodność Caecilian web site.http:/www.caecilian.org./ Najlepiej poznany jest Typhlonectes compressicauda z Gujany Francuskiej. Cykl rozrodczy jest zsynchronizowany z porą deszczową. Po opuszczeniu osłon jajowych larwy odżywiają się nabłonkiem i wydzieliną nabłonka ściany jajowodu matki. Zarodki mają charakterystyczne ząbki. Narządami oddechowymi są skrzela, które zajmują dużą powierzchnię. Samica rodzi 4 młode. Po porodzie młode mają ok. 1.3 cm długości. Apoda - rozród - dermatofoagia Boulengerula taitanus U jajorodnego Boulengerula taitanus opisano niezwykły sposób opieki nad potomstwem- dermatofagię. Po porodzie młode odżywiają się zmodyfikowanym naskórkiem samicy, który zeskrobują specjalnymi ząbkami. http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2008/01/surreal_caecilians_part_ii.php Mus Nat Hist London Apoda - rozród - dermatofoagia Ząbki służące młodym larwom (świeżo po wykluciu) do zeskrobywania naskórka matki - dermatofagia Kupfer, A., Müller, H., Antoniazi, M. M., Jared, C., Greven, H., Nussbaum, R. A. & Wilkinson, M. 2006. Parental investment by skin feeding in a caecilian amphibian. Nature 440, 926-929. Boulengerula taitana Apoda - rozród – matrofoagia/matrotrofia Ząbki służące młodym larwom (nienarodzonym) do zeskrobywania nabłonka jajowodów – matrotrofia. Ząbki zanikają wkrótce po urodzeniu. Kupfer, A., Müller, H., Antoniazi, M. M., Jared, C., Greven, H., Nussbaum, R. A. & Wilkinson, M. 2006. Parental investment by skin feeding in a caecilian amphibian. Nature 440, 926-929. Apoda - rozród U jajorodnych (Ichthyophis) samice składają 30 - 40 jaj na lądzie w jamkach i pilnują złoża. Larwy po opuszczeniu osłon jajowych przemieszczają się do potoków i są drapieżnikami. Metamorfoza jest słabo zaznaczona. Apoda - rozród - jajorodność Ichthyophis glutinosus Amphibia and reptiles. Gadow, H. Macmillan and Co. Ltd. 1901, London Apoda – odżywianie i ruch Apoda - odżywianie Odżywiają się bezkręgowcami, głównie dżdżownicami, ale też małymi kręgowcami (żabami, wężami, jaszczurkami). Polują na powierzchni lub pod ziemią. Zęby odgięte ku tyłowi. Język nie jest wysuwany i nie służy do łapania pokarmu. Głównym ich wrogiem są węże. Apoda - sposób poruszania się Specyficzny sposób poruszania. Nie wyginają ciała, lecz przesuwają głowę, kręgosłup i mięśnie osiowe względem luźno połączonej warstwy mięśni powierzchniowych i skóry. Kręgosłup ulega esowatym wygięciom. Czaszka jest bardzo masywna i pełni funkcję tarana. .
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  • Cryptic Lineages in Seychelles' Frogs
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