OCCURRENCE of STONE FRUIT VIRUSES in PLUM ORCHARDS in LATVIA Alina Gospodaryk*,**, Inga Moroèko-Bièevska*, Neda Pûpola*, and Anna Kâle*
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE LATVIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Section B, Vol. 67 (2013), No. 2 (683), pp. 116–123. DOI: 10.2478/prolas-2013-0018 OCCURRENCE OF STONE FRUIT VIRUSES IN PLUM ORCHARDS IN LATVIA Alina Gospodaryk*,**, Inga Moroèko-Bièevska*, Neda Pûpola*, and Anna Kâle* * Latvia State Institute of Fruit-Growing, Graudu iela 1, Dobele LV-3701, LATVIA [email protected] ** Educational and Scientific Centre „Institute of Biology”, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64 Volodymyrska Str., Kiev 01033, UKRAINE Communicated by Edîte Kaufmane To evaluate the occurrence of nine viruses infecting Prunus a large-scale survey and sampling in Latvian plum orchards was carried out. Occurrence of Apple mosaic virus (ApMV), Prune dwarf virus (PDV), Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), and Plum pox virus (PPV) was investigated by RT-PCR and DAS ELISA detection methods. The de- tection rates of both methods were compared. Screening of occurrence of Strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRSV), Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) and Petunia asteroid mosaic virus (PeAMV) was performed by DAS-ELISA. In total, 38% of the tested trees by RT-PCR were infected at least with one of the analysed viruses. Among those 30.7% were in- fected with PNRSV and 16.4% with PDV, while ApMV, ACLSV and PPV were detected in few samples. The most widespread mixed infection was the combination of PDV+PNRSV. Observed symptoms characteristic for PPV were confirmed with RT-PCR and D strain was detected. Com- parative analyses showed that detection rates by RT-PCR and DAS ELISA in plums depended on the particular virus tested. The results obtained in this study revealed that commonly grown plum cultivars in Latvia are infected with economically important stone fruit viruses and highlight the need to implement a programme to produce and propagate virus-free planting material. Key words: Prunus viruses, DAS-ELISA, RT-PCR, detection rates. INTRODUCTION (García and Cambra, 2007). PPV is considered as the most damaging virus affecting stone fruits and causing yield Stone fruits are hosts for a large number of viruses that can losses up to 80–100% (Nemeth, 1986; Cambra et al., 2006). cause substantial economic losses (Nemeth, 1986; Desvig- PPV is transmitted by vegetative propagation and natural nes, 1999; Myrta et al., 2003). Among the viruses affecting vector aphid species. The use of infected plant material for plums, Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), Prune propagation is the main cause of long-distance spread, dwarf virus (PDV), and Plum Pox virus (PPV) are the most whereas at a site, spread is mediated by a number of aphid significant with worldwide distribution. PNRSV, PDV and species in a non-persistent manner (Labonne et al., 1995; Apple mosaic virus (ApMV) are members of the genus Isac et al., 1998). PPV isolates are currently grouped into Ilarvirus, family Bromoviridae (Roosinck et al., 2005). seven distinct strains, which differ in their pathogenicity, These viruses, alone or in combination, can severely affect host range, serological and molecular characteristics, and fruit yield, fruit maturity, and tree growth (Uyemoto et al., geographical distribution (Glasa and Candresse, 2005; 1992). Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) (Tricho- García and Cambra, 2007; Barba et al., 2011). Most PPV virus, Betaflexiviridae) is economically important due to its isolates belong to the D, M and Rec types. PPV-M is mostly high prevalence and to the detrimental effects caused in known in Southern, Eastern and Central Europe, while some infected stone fruit species and rootstocks. Infection PPV-D mostly in Western Europe (Sochor et al., 2012). of these viruses is often symptomless in most of the stone fruit cultivars. ACLSV, together with PNRSV, may give rise to chlorotic “oak leaf” like patterns on plum leaves Other less prevalent viruses that infect Prunus species be- (Myrta et al., 2011). long mainly to the families Secoviridae and Tombusviridae, such as Strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRSV, Sadwa- PPV (Potyvirus, Potyviridae) is the causal agent of Sharka virus), Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV, Nepovirus) and Tomato disease on Prunus spp. worldwide, including economically ringspot virus (ToRSV, Nepovirus). Petunia asteroid mo- important stone fruit crops, such as peach, apricot and plum saic virus (PeAMV, Tombusvirus) belongs to the family 116 Proc. Latvian Acad. Sci., Section B, Vol. 67 (2013), No. 2. Tombusviridae. These viruses are listed in the European and from 28 commercial plum orchards and germplasm collec- Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) stan- tions in five regions of Latvia. The samples were collected dards as a requirement to be tested in the certification from randomly selected trees without symptoms, except in a scheme for cherry varieties and rootstocks (Anonymous, few cases when typical viral infection symptoms were pres- 2004). In Prunus, ToRSV can cause serious diseases includ- ent. Samples were placed in plastic bags in an ice box and ing stem pitting and decline in peach and cherry, yellow bud transported to the laboratory where they were immediately mosaic in peach and almond and brown line and decline in analysed or frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at –80 °C plum. PeAMV infection may cause 5–30% loss of the mar- until use. Before analyses or preservation each leaf in the ketable value of the fruits due to malformations with ne- sample was divided in two portions to equally represent the crotic spots and sunken and circular pits (Hadidi and Barba, sample for DAS ELISA and RT-PCR. 2011). DAS ELISA. For the initial screening and detection of Plum plantations in Latvia include cultivars derived from ACLSV, PPV, ApMV, ArMV, PeAMV, PDV, PNRSV, Prunus domestica L., such as traditionally grown cultivars SLRSV, ToRSV commercially available DAS ELISA kits ’Victoria’, ’Julius’, ‘Experimentalfältets Sviskon’, ’Pe- (Bioreba AG, Switzerland) were used according to the man- rdrigon’, ’Stanley’, and the more recently established dip- ufacturer’s instructions with some modifications. The coat- loid cultivars derived from crosses between P. salicina ing and conjugate conditions were changed to an overnight Lindl., P. cerasifera Ehrh., P. simonii Carrière and P. incubation in a refrigerator at 4–6 °C to increase sensitivity americana Marshall (e.g. cultivar ‘Kubanskaya Kometa’) of the test. The absorbance was read at 405/492 nm with a (Skrîvele et al., 2008; Kaufmane et al., 2010). Viral dis- dual filter microplate reader Asys Expert 96 (Hitech, Aus- eases in stone fruit orchards were not been studied until tria) after 30 min,1hand2hofincubation. Lyophilised 2008, when survey and screening on occurrence was initi- samples supplied in the kit for each virus were used as posi- ated in national research programmes (Pûpola et al., 2010). tive and negative controls. A “cut-off” value was calculated In other previous studies on stone fruit viruses in Latvia according to manufacturer recommendations (Bioreba AG, (Turka et al., 1984) only visual observations have been re- Switzerland). corded and noted as infections by ACLSV and ApMV. RNA extraction. For total RNA isolation, collected leaves Since a certification system for planting material has not were ground in liquid nitrogen until fine powder and ap- been established in Latvia, the risk for continuous spread of proximately 100 mg of each sample were suspended in 200 viral diseases in orchards is high. ml of TE buffer. The extraction of RNA was carried out Timely monitoring of virus infections and elimination of in- with the Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Thermo scientific, fected trees from orchards is a key issue in preventing the Lithuania) following the manufacturer’s recommendations spread of viruses. For routine diagnosis, reliable, fast and with minor modifications adapted for RNA isolation. Nu- inexpensive procedures are essential. Despite wide use in cleic acid precipitation was done with cold 96% ethanol routine and screening diagnosis, ELISA tests may fail due overnight at –20 °C instead of 10 min at –20 °C. After ex- to low viral titre and the inhibitory effect of woody plant traction DNase I (Thermo Scientific, Lithuania) was used to sap compounds (Kinard et al., 1996; MacKenzie et al., obtain DNA free RNA. The quantity and quality of the 1997). Therefore, PCR based techniques, which are more RNA was measured using a spectrophotometer NanoDropR sensitive and accurate, can provide an alternative for virus ND-1000 (Thermo Scientific, USA). RNA was directly detection in woody plants (Kinard et al., 1996; Sánchez- used for RT-PCR assays or stored at –80 °C until analysis. á Navarro et al., 2005; López et al., 2008; Jaroðov et al., RT-PCR. RT-PCR assay was applied for detection of Ç 2010; evik et al., 2011). ACLSV, ApMV, PDV, PNRSV and PPV. RT-PCR assays The aim of the research presented here was to determine the were carried out with a One-Step RT-PCR kit (Qiagen AG, occurrence of nine viruses of Prunus in Latvian plum or- Germany) in 50-µl reactions according to the manufac- chards, as well as to identify the PPV strains present and to turer’s instructions. All samples for ACLSV and the major- compare the detection rates by ELISA and RT-PCR for the ity of the samples for the other viruses were tested twice. most significant viruses. Primers used in this study are presented in Table 1. RT-PCR was carried out in a Mastercycler® thermocycler (Eppendorf AG, Germany). Reverse transcription was car- o MATERIALS AND METHODS ried out 30 min at 50 C, activation of the HotStart Taq DNA polymerase was at 95 oC for 15 min, followed by 40 Sampling and plant material. Samples of European plum cycles of 94 oC for 30 s, 55 oC for 45 s, 72 oC for 1 min, (P. domestica L.), cherry plum (P. cerasifera Ehrh.), Pru- and a final extension step at 72 oC for 10 min.