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ii iii Erstgutachter: Professor Dr. Frank Schwab Zweitgutachter: Professor i.R. Harald A. Euler, Ph.D. iv 2.1 A historical overview of mobile phones and smartphones 6 2.2 Adoption, purchase, and use of mobile phones and smartphones 6 2.2.1 Mobile device adoption: Technology Acceptance Model and Innovation Diffusion Theory 7 2.2.2 Usage of mobile devices: Uses and gratifications 12 2.2.3 Purchase of mobile devices: Consumption values and conspicuous consumption 15 2.2.4 Summary 18 2.3 Broadening the point of view: An evolutionary psychological perspective on mobile phones and smartphones 24 2.3.1 Principles of evolutionary psychology 24 2.3.2 Natural selection and sexual selection 26 2.3.3 Principles of sexual selection applied to humans 28 2.3.4 Sex-specific mate preferences in humans 28 2.3.5 Fundamental human needs and motives 30 2.3.6 Fundamental human motives and mobile device adoption, purchase, and use 32 2.3.7 Status from an evolutionary perspective 33 2.3.8 Extended phenotype: Status signaling with prestigious goods and conspicuous consumption 36 2.3.9 Conspicuous consumption, mate attraction, and intrasexual competition 38 2.3.10 Costly signaling with mobile devices 40 2.3.11 Further characteristics indicating mate quality 41 2.3.12 Summary 45 2.4 Research questions 45 3.1 Hypotheses 47 3.2 Method 48 3.2.1 Participants 48 3.2.2 Design and statistical analyses 49 3.2.3 Materials 49 3.2.4 Procedure 54 3.2.5 Measures 55 3.3 Results 56 3.3.1 Manipulation checks 56 3.3.2 Desirability as a short-term mate 57 3.3.3 Desirability as a long-term mate 57 v Contents 3.3.4 Inclination toward short-term mating 58 3.4 Discussion 59 4.1 Hypotheses 63 4.2 Method 64 4.2.1 Participants 64 4.2.2 Design and statistical analyses 65 4.2.3 Materials 65 4.2.4 Procedure 67 4.2.5 Measures 68 4.3 Results 69 4.3.1 Manipulation checks 69 4.3.2 Desirability as a short-term mate 70 4.3.3 Desirability as a long-term mate 72 4.3.4 Inclination toward short-term mating 73 4.3.5 Mate value 75 4.3.6 Male rival 78 4.3.7 Male friend 80 4.3.8 Mate poacher 81 4.4 Discussion 82 5.1 Hypotheses 87 5.2 Method 88 5.2.1 Participants 88 5.2.2 Design and statistical analyses 89 5.2.3 Materials 89 5.2.4 Procedure 93 5.2.5 Measures 94 5.3 Results 95 5.3.1 Manipulation checks 95 5.3.2 Desirability as a short-term mate 96 5.3.3 Desirability as a long-term mate 97 5.3.4 Inclination toward short-term mating 97 5.3.5 Mate value 98 5.3.6 Male rival, male friend, and mate poacher 102 5.4 Discussion 103 6.1 Summary of the results 108 6.2 Alternative explanations, limitations, and future research 111 6.3 Conclusion 115 v Contents vi Contents viii Table 1. Factors and Motives for Mobile Device Adoption, Purchase, and Usage ......................................................... 20 Table 2. Problems Men and Women Face in Short-Term and Long-Term Mating Contexts ......................................... 29 Table 3. Fundamental Motives and Corresponding Motives for Mobile Device Adoption, Purchase, and Use ............. 32 Table 4. Means and Standard Deviations of Smartphone Conspicuousness, Status, Suitability to Show Off, and Desirability (Pre-rating, Study 1) .......................................................................................................................... 51 Table 5. Means and Standard Deviations of the Male Target Models’ Attractiveness and their Desirability as a Short-Term and Long-Term Mate (Pre-rating, Study 1) .................................................................................... 53 Table 6. Effects of Smartphone Type (ST), Facial Attractiveness (FA), and Participant Sex (PS) on Perceptions of a Man’s Attractiveness (Manipulation Check), his Desirability as a Short-Term Mate (H1) and Long-Term Mate (H2), and his Inclination Toward Short-Term Mating (H3), Study 1 ............................................................ 57 Table 7. Means and Standard Deviations of Smartphone Conspicuousness, Status, and Desirability (Pre-rating, Study 2) ............................................................................................................................................. 66 Table 8. Effects of Smartphone Type (ST), Facial Attractiveness (FA), and Participant Sex (PS) on Perceptions of a Man’s Desirability as a Short-Term Mate (H1), Long-Term Mate (H2), and his Inclination Toward Short-Term Mating (H3), Study 2 ......................................................................................................................... 71 Table 9. Effects of Smartphone Type (ST), Facial Attractiveness (FA), and Participant Sex (PS) on Perceptions of a Man’s Mate Value (H4), Study 2 ................................................................................................................... 77 Table 10. Effects of Smartphone Type (ST), Facial Attractiveness (FA), and Participant Sex (PS) on Perceptions of a Man as a Male Rival (H5), Male Friend (H6), and Mate Poacher (H7), Study 2 ............................................. 79 Table 11. Means and Standard Deviations of the Male Targets’ Attractiveness, Dominance, and Estimates of Age (Pre-rating, Study 3) ............................................................................................................................................. 91 Table 12. Means and Standard Deviations of Mean Social Dominance Ratings by Social Dominance and Participant Sex (Pre-rating, Study 3) .................................................................................................................... 93 Table 13. Effects of Smartphone Type (ST), Social Dominance (SD), and Participant Sex (PS), on Perceptions of a Man’s Desirability as a Short-Term Mate (H1), Long-Term Mate (H2), and his Inclination Toward Short-Term Mating (H3), Study 3 ......................................................................................................................... 98 Table 14. Effects of Smartphone Type (ST), Social Dominance (SD), and Participant Sex (PS) on Perceptions of a Man’s Mate Value (H4), Study 3 ................................................................................................................. 100 Table 15. Summary of Study Results Pertaining to Male Conspicuous Consumption of Smartphones ....................... 109 ix List of tables x Figure 1. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) ............................................................................................................. 7 Figure 2. TAM 2 ............................................................................................................................................................... 8 Figure 3. Taxonomy of Motives ..................................................................................................................................... 30 Figure 4. Hierarchy of Fundamental Human Motives .................................................................................................... 31 Figure 5. More Attractive Male Target Depicted as Owner of the Conspicuous Smartphone ........................................ 54 Figure 6. Less Attractive Male Target Depicted as Owner of the Nonconspicuous Smartphone ................................... 54 Figure 7. Perceptions of a Man’s Desirability as a Long-Term Mate as a Function of the Man Owning a Conspicuous vs. Nonconspicuous Smartphone (H2), Study 1 ............................................................................ 58 Figure 8. Perceptions of a Man’s Inclination Toward Short-Term Mating as a Function of the Man Owning a Conspicuous vs. Nonconspicuous Smartphone (H3), Study 1 ............................................................................ 59 Figure 9. More Attractive Male Target Depicted as Owner of the Conspicuous Smartphone ....................................... 67 Figure 10. Less attractive Male Target Depicted as Owner of the Nonconspicuous Smartphone .................................. 67 Figure 11. Perceptions of a Man’s Desirability as a Short-Term Mate as a Function of the Man Owning a Conspicuous vs. Nonconspicuous Smartphone and of the Man’s Facial Attractiveness (H1, RQ2), Study 2 ..... 72 Figure 12. Perceptions of a Man’s Desirability as a Long-Term Mate as a Function of the Man Owning a Conspicuous vs. Nonconspicuous Smartphone (H2), Study 2 ............................................................................ 73 Figure 13. Perceptions of a Man’s Inclination Toward Short-Term Mating (SOI-R) as a Function of the Man Owning a Conspicuous vs. Nonconspicuous Smartphone and the Man’s Facial Attractiveness (H3, RQ2), Study 2 ................................................................................................................................................ 74 Figure 14. Perceptions of a Man’s Inclination Toward Short-Term Mating (Lack of Relationship Exclusivity Scale) as a Function of the Man Owning a Conspicuous vs. Nonconspicuous Smartphone (H3), Study 2 ........... 75 Figure 15. Perceptions of a Man’s Mate Value as a Function of the Man Owning a Conspicuous vs. Nonconspicuous Smartphone (H4), Study 2 .................................................................................................... 78 Figure 16. Perceptions of a Man as a Male Rival as a Function of the Man Owning a Conspicuous vs. Nonconspicuous Smartphone and of the Man’s Facial Attractiveness (H5, RQ2), Study 2 ............................. 80 Figure 17. Perceptions of a Man as a Male Friend (H6) as a Function of the Man Owning a Conspicuous vs. Nonconspicuous Smartphone, Study 2 ...........................................................................................................

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