California Advocate January 14, 2011 Issue
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Martin Luther King Jr., Cesar Chavez, and the Images of Their Movements
MIXED UP IN THE MAKING: MARTIN LUTHER KING JR., CESAR CHAVEZ, AND THE IMAGES OF THEIR MOVEMENTS A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School University of Missouri-Columbia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by ANDREA SHAN JOHNSON Dr. Robert Weems, Jr., Dissertation Supervisor MAY 2006 © Copyright by Andrea Shan Johnson 2006 All Rights Reserved The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled MIXED UP IN THE MAKING: MARTIN LUTHER KING JR., CESAR CHAVEZ AND THE IMAGES OF THEIR MOVEMENTS Presented by Andrea Shan Johnson A candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of History And hereby certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance. __________________________________________________________ Professor Robert Weems, Jr. __________________________________________________________ Professor Catherine Rymph __________________________________________________________ Professor Jeffery Pasley __________________________________________________________ Professor Abdullahi Ibrahim ___________________________________________________________ Professor Peggy Placier ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe thanks to many people for helping me in the completion of this dissertation. Thanks go first to my advisor, Dr. Robert Weems, Jr. of the History Department of the University of Missouri- Columbia, for his advice and guidance. I also owe thanks to the rest of my committee, Dr. Catherine Rymph, Dr. Jeff Pasley, Dr. Abdullahi Ibrahim, and Dr. Peggy Placier. Similarly, I am grateful for my Master’s thesis committee at Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Dr. Annie Gilbert Coleman, Dr. Nancy Robertson, and Dr. Michael Snodgrass, who suggested that I might undertake this project. I would also like to thank the staff at several institutions where I completed research. -
Framing, Transnational Diffusion, and African- American Intellectuals in the Land of Gandhi
IRSH 49 (2004), Supplement, pp. 19–40 DOI: 10.1017/S0020859004001622 # 2004 Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis Framing, Transnational Diffusion, and African- American Intellectuals in the Land of Gandhi Sean Chabot Summary: Most of the contentious-politics scholars who pioneered the study of framing in social movements now also recognize the importance of transnational diffusion between protest groups. Interestingly, though, they have not yet specified how these two processes intersect. This article, in contrast, explores the framing- transnational diffusion nexus by highlighting three historical moments of inter- action between African-American intellectuals and Gandhian activists before Martin Luther King, Jr traveled to India in 1959. After briefly reviewing the relevant literature, it illustrates how three different types of ‘‘itinerant’’ African- American intellectuals – mentors like Howard Thurman, advisors like Bayard Rustin, and peers like James Lawson – framed the Gandhian repertoire of nonviolent direct action in ways that made it applicable during the American civil rights movement. The final section considers possible implications for social movement theory and fertile areas for further research. In February 1959, a few years after the Montgomery bus boycott had anointed him as a prophet of nonviolence, Martin Luther King, Jr arrived in India to talk with fellow disciples of Gandhi and witness the effects of the Indian independence movement. He and his wife, Coretta, toured the country, had dinner with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, visited Gandhi’s ashrama (self-sufficient communes), participated in conferences, and attended numerous receptions in their honor. During their four-week stay in India, the Kings discussed Gandhian nonviolent action with native experts like Dr Radhakrishnan, India’s Vice-President; Jayaprakash Narain, a contemporary protest leader; and G. -
Martin Luther King Jr
Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr.; January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister and activist who The Reverend became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the American civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. King Martin Luther King Jr. advanced civil rights through nonviolence and civil disobedience, inspired by his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi. He was the son of early civil rights activist Martin Luther King Sr. King participated in and led marches for blacks' right to vote, desegregation, labor rights, and other basic civil rights.[1] King led the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and later became the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). As president of the SCLC, he led the unsuccessful Albany Movement in Albany, Georgia, and helped organize some of the nonviolent 1963 protests in Birmingham, Alabama. King helped organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. The SCLC put into practice the tactics of nonviolent protest with some success by strategically choosing the methods and places in which protests were carried out. There were several dramatic stand-offs with segregationist authorities, who sometimes turned violent.[2] FBI King in 1964 Director J. Edgar Hoover considered King a radical and made him an 1st President of the Southern Christian object of the FBI's COINTELPRO from 1963, forward. FBI agents investigated him for possible communist ties, recorded his extramarital Leadership Conference affairs and reported on them to government officials, and, in 1964, In office mailed King a threatening anonymous letter, which he interpreted as an attempt to make him commit suicide.[3] January 10, 1957 – April 4, 1968 On October 14, 1964, King won the Nobel Peace Prize for combating Preceded by Position established racial inequality through nonviolent resistance. -
The Fierce Urgency of Now
The Fierce Urgency of Now: Building Bridges of Department of Administrative Services Justice, Equality, Mike DeWine, Governor Jon Husted, Lt. Governor Matt Damschroder, Director and Unity Ohio Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday Commission 2021 Calendar Ohio Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday Commission Dear Reader, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. led with a fierce urgency to bring change and build understanding. His enduring hope for a better tomorrow is fitting today as we enter 2021 and emerge from a year of uncertainty and change. The theme of this year’s calendar – The Fierce Urgency of Now: Building Bridges of Justice, Equality, and Unity – captures his legacy of acting today to bring a better tomorrow. Inspired by the recent loss of Congressman John Lewis and Cordy Tindell Vivian, as well as the historic recent events calling for social justice, this year’s calendar features civil rights leaders and icons whose fearless resolve in the face of intolerance continue to inspire us today. Their wise words are moving today as we carry on Dr. King’s pursuit of nonviolent change through positive activism in our communities. Typically, this calendar showcases outstanding Ohio youth who competed in the Statewide MLK Oratorical Contest. However, the 2020 contest was canceled due to the pandemic. We look forward to resuming this wonderful tradition of highlighting exceptional Ohio students who share Dr. King’s oratorical gifts in the future. For information about becoming involved with the oratorical contest, please visit our website at das.ohio.gov/mlk. Thank you for your support of the Ohio Dr. -
An Introduction to Martin Luther King, Jr
1 AN INTRODUCTION TO MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. Prepared by the GBCHRB, March, 2010 Source: Wikipedia, March, 2010 Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African-American civil rights movement. His main legacy was to secure progress on civil rights in the United States, and he has become a human rights icon: King is recognized as a martyr by two Christian churches.[1] A Baptist minister,[2] King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, serving as its first president. King's efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech. There, he raised public consciousness of the civil rights movement and established himself as one of the greatest orators in U.S. history. In 1964, King became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his work to end racial segregation and racial discrimination through civil disobedience and other non-violent means. By the time of his death in 1968, he had refocused his efforts on ending poverty and opposing the Vietnam War, both from a religious perspective. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee. He was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and Congressional Gold Medal in 2004; Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a U.S. national holiday in 1986. I. EARLY LIFE Martin Luther King, Jr., was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia. -
Caste Or Colony?: Indianizing Race in the United States*
Caste or Colony?: Indianizing Race in the United States* DANIEL IMMERWAHR August 2006 ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION IN MODERN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY PLEASE DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE WITHOUT PERMISSION OF AUTHOR Abstract: Since the 1830s, thinkers in both the United States and India have sought to establish analogies between their respective countries. Although many have felt the U.S. black experience to have obvious parallels in India, there has been a fundamental disagreement about whether being black is comparable to being colonized or to being untouch- able. By examining these two competing visions, this essay introduces new topics to the study of black internationalism, including the caste school of race relations, B. R. Ambedkar’s anti-caste movement, and the changing significance of India for Martin Luther King, Jr. In 1999, UNESCO published a short book, intended for a general audience, comparing the ca- reers of Martin Luther King, Jr., and Mohandas K. Gandhi and noting the obvious parallels in their use of nonviolence. Four years later, the Motilal Bhimraj Charity Trust put out a similar book, also comparing black politics to Indian politics, although with one major difference. Instead of casting Gandhi as the Indian analogue to King, as UNESCO had done, it cast B. R. Ambedkar, a leader of un- touchables and one of Gandhi’s most formidable opponents.1 The difference is not trivial. Gandhi, the hero of the first book, stands as the implicit villain of the second, for Ambedkar believed that the greatest obstacle to the full flourishing of untouchables was the Mahatma himself. The irrecon- cilability of the two books, each affable enough when taken on its own, is a consequence of, and an emblem for, the irreconcilability of two competing visions of how blacks in the U.S. -
Dr. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR
dR. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. REMAINING AWAKE THROUGH A GREAT REVOLUTION OHIO DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. HOLIDAY COMMISSION 2013 CALENDAR Ohio Dr. MLK, Jr. Holiday Commission Dear Readers, The Ohio Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday Commission is pleased to present the 2013 King calendar. Dr. King once said, “All labor that uplifts humanity has dignity and importance and should be undertaken with painstaking excellence.” The Commission designed this portable desk calendar to remind you that every day the opportunity exists to engage in those types of labors. The Commission’s charge is to encourage and ensure the ongoing celebration of the life and legacy of Dr. King throughout Ohio. For 2013, the Commission selected the theme “Remaining Awake through a Great Revolution,” inspired by a notion that present generations must be awake to uplift youth of the future generations, the young leaders of Ohio. This year’s theme is the title of an address King first made in 1965 at Oberlin College and again in 1968 just before his assassination. The speech contains root messages that are timeless – as relevant today as they were then. Dr. King still inspires people of all ages long after his death and his dream is alive and well throughout the state of Ohio as you will read in the upcoming calendar pages. This year’s calendar features a group of such inspired individuals, the winners of the Statewide MLK Oratorical Contest held in April 2012. For information about becoming involved with the oratorical contest, please visit our website. Dr. King said, “Let us stand up. -
Rethinking the Origins of Non-Violence in the US Struggle For
Building the Most Durable Weapon: Rethinking The Origins of Non-Violence in the U.S. Struggle for Civil Rights By Anthony C. Siracusa Masters Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School at Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in History May, 2015 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Dennis C. Dickerson, Ph.D. Samira Sheikh, Ph.D. Only if the human being is a creation of spirit, a being capable of making moral decisions and therefore of governing himself, is the dream of a free democratic society capable of fulfillment. The movement for social change will have to make a radical decision for or against violence. A.J. Muste, 1940 1 In September of 1958, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. outlined his “Pilgrimage to Nonviolence” in an article published by the Fellowship of Reconciliation. King’s journey to embrace nonviolent resistance, a force he described as among “the most potent weapons available to oppressed people in their quest for social justice,” began as an intellectual encounter with Karl Marx, Friederich Nietzsche, Reinhold Niebuhr and G.F.W. Hegel. But the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 marked a turning point for King. Following the 381- day boycott, King moved from offering “intellectual assent” to non-violence to embracing the spiritual philosophy as “a way of life.”1 This commitment to non-violence poised the gifted preacher to become the most well known non-violent activist in American history. But it also cemented an indelible association between King and non-violence, effectively obscuring historical apprehension of the long process of intellectual, tactical and spiritual experimentation that produced a new kind of weapon in the United States. -
Signed Anthony C. Si Cusa III 11 May 2009 Permission Page I Give
Permission Page I give permission for public access to my Honors paper and for any copying or digitization to be done at the discref n of the College Archivist and/or the College Librarian. Signed Anthony C. Si cusa III 11 May 2009 Developing an American Ahimsa: The Rev. James M. Lawson Jr.s Paradigm of Protest Anthony C. Siracusa III Department of History Rhodes College Memphis, Tennessee 2009 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Arts degree with Honors in History This Honors paper by Anthony Siracusa has been read and approved for Honors in History. Dr. Charles W. McKinney Project Sponsor Dr. Gail S. Murray Second Reader Dr. Luther D. Ivory Extra-Departmental Reader Dr. Gail S. Murray Department Chair 111 Acknowledgements This thesis is the product of a question I asked four years ago: why was Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in Memphis in 1968? I found an answer easily enough, and that was James M. Lawson Jr. asked King to come to Memphis. But how Lawson knew King and why King came to Memphis in spite of his closest advisors warnings is a much longer story than this thesis can or should tell. However, I was compelled that Lawson knew King so well, and so I traced his life backwards from Memphis to his upbringing. This work has occupied much of my time at Rhodes College. Dr. Charles McKinney has been a source of constant inspiration and a model of academic rigor, and his unwavering support and assistance from my first semester until know has been invaluable. -
Nonviolence As Love in Action: James Lawson's Transforming The
Nonviolence as Love in Action: James Lawson’s Transforming the Promise of Jesus’ Love into a Practical Force for Change Veena R. Howard California State University, Fresno Abstract This article expands on the existing scholarship on the Reverend James M. Lawson’s philosophy of nonviolent direct action, which he situated in the Christian lexicon and Jesus’ model of love. More specifically, this essay focuses on Lawson’s coherent and rational articulation of love as an unparalleled resource for social change. His own life, as he continues to teach and fight against injustices, represents an example of the confluence of a fierce principle of love and fervent praxis for social advocacy. The primal principle of love contains within itself deep and diverse meanings, as evidenced by various philosophical and religious examples. The Christian theology of love (agape) was essential to the transmission of the “Gandhian nonviolent repertoire,” as some scholars term it, to the Nashville movement of resisting segregation laws. The participants who were familiar with the centrality of love in their own Christian faith, understood the connection between the theological vision of love and the self-sacrifice required in nonviolent direct action. After analyzing specific familial/intellectual/spiritual influences on Lawson’s theoretical interpretation of the nonviolent methods as “Love in action,” the article will assess his method of teaching workshops. Further, it will provide philosophical, ethical, and strategic analyses of Lawson’s techniques during the historic 1960 Nashville sit-in campaign, a sustained experiment in campaigns of “militant nonviolence” as “love in action.” Finally, the paper will reflect on the ways Lawson’s exemplary model of applying the theological principle of love in the direst situations can offer insights into a broad, pragmatic approach to religious beliefs and practices. -
Lovein JUSTICE
MLK50 Legacy of LOVE in Pursuit of JUSTICE Ohio Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday Commission 2018 Calendar Ohio Dr. MLK, Jr. Holiday Commission Dear Readers, The Ohio Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday Commission is pleased to present its 2018 MLK calendar. This year the commission chose to mark the 50th anniversary of Dr. King’s assassination with the theme “MLK50: Legacy of Love in Pursuit of Justice.” The theme strives to summarize Dr. King’s life’s work and the ensuing 50 years. Important events from Dr. King’s life and the U.S. Civil Rights Movement are highlighted in this calendar. In addition to helping us learn from the past, another purpose of this calendar is to share the current day outlook from the voices of our future. Each calendar month features an excerpt from a winning essay delivered by an Ohio student at the 2017 Statewide MLK Oratorical Contest. This contest is held annually in April in Columbus for students in grades kindergarten through 12. The contest and this calendar are sponsored by the Ohio Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday Commission. For information about becoming involved with the oratorical contest, please visit das.ohio.gov/mlk . We hope the words of our oratorical contest winners and the words of Dr. King inspire you throughout this year to do your part to honor Dr. King and carry on his legacy. Respectfully, Will Lucas, Chair David Jehnsen Rev. Joel L. King, Jr., Vice Chair Dorothy Lovell Jones Napoleon A. Bell II Elizabeth Blount McCormick Sen. Edna Brown Rev. -
Building a Loving, Nonviolent Community
dR. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. MLK BUILDING A LOVING, NONVIOLENT COMMUNITY Ohio DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. Holiday Commission 2014 Calendar Department of Administrative Services Service · Support · Solutions Ohio Dr. MLK, Jr. Holiday Commission Dear Readers, The Ohio Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday Commission is pleased to present its 2014 MLK calendar. For 2014, the Commission selected the theme, “Building a Loving, Nonviolent Community,” which stems from Dr. King’s principles of nonviolence. Dr. King spoke of the creation of a “Beloved Community” as the end goal of nonviolent boycotts. In a speech following a U.S. Supreme Court ruling that desegregated the seats on the busses of Montgomery, Dr. King said, “… the end is the creation of the Beloved Community. It is this type of spirit and this type of love that can transform opponents into friends. It is this type of understanding goodwill that will transform the deep gloom of the old age into the exuberant gladness of the new age. It is this love which will bring about miracles in the hearts of men.” This year we have the privilege to commemorate Dr. King’s philosophy and achievements even more profoundly than most years because we are celebrating the 50th anniversary of two of the most historic triumphs of the Civil Rights Movement – the signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in July of that year and the awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize to Dr. King in December 1964. At age 35, Dr. King was the youngest person in history to receive this tremendous award and the second African American.