Dr. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR
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Martin Luther King Jr., Cesar Chavez, and the Images of Their Movements
MIXED UP IN THE MAKING: MARTIN LUTHER KING JR., CESAR CHAVEZ, AND THE IMAGES OF THEIR MOVEMENTS A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School University of Missouri-Columbia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by ANDREA SHAN JOHNSON Dr. Robert Weems, Jr., Dissertation Supervisor MAY 2006 © Copyright by Andrea Shan Johnson 2006 All Rights Reserved The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled MIXED UP IN THE MAKING: MARTIN LUTHER KING JR., CESAR CHAVEZ AND THE IMAGES OF THEIR MOVEMENTS Presented by Andrea Shan Johnson A candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of History And hereby certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance. __________________________________________________________ Professor Robert Weems, Jr. __________________________________________________________ Professor Catherine Rymph __________________________________________________________ Professor Jeffery Pasley __________________________________________________________ Professor Abdullahi Ibrahim ___________________________________________________________ Professor Peggy Placier ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe thanks to many people for helping me in the completion of this dissertation. Thanks go first to my advisor, Dr. Robert Weems, Jr. of the History Department of the University of Missouri- Columbia, for his advice and guidance. I also owe thanks to the rest of my committee, Dr. Catherine Rymph, Dr. Jeff Pasley, Dr. Abdullahi Ibrahim, and Dr. Peggy Placier. Similarly, I am grateful for my Master’s thesis committee at Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Dr. Annie Gilbert Coleman, Dr. Nancy Robertson, and Dr. Michael Snodgrass, who suggested that I might undertake this project. I would also like to thank the staff at several institutions where I completed research. -
Martin Luther King Jr
Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr.; January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister and activist who The Reverend became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the American civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. King Martin Luther King Jr. advanced civil rights through nonviolence and civil disobedience, inspired by his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi. He was the son of early civil rights activist Martin Luther King Sr. King participated in and led marches for blacks' right to vote, desegregation, labor rights, and other basic civil rights.[1] King led the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and later became the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). As president of the SCLC, he led the unsuccessful Albany Movement in Albany, Georgia, and helped organize some of the nonviolent 1963 protests in Birmingham, Alabama. King helped organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. The SCLC put into practice the tactics of nonviolent protest with some success by strategically choosing the methods and places in which protests were carried out. There were several dramatic stand-offs with segregationist authorities, who sometimes turned violent.[2] FBI King in 1964 Director J. Edgar Hoover considered King a radical and made him an 1st President of the Southern Christian object of the FBI's COINTELPRO from 1963, forward. FBI agents investigated him for possible communist ties, recorded his extramarital Leadership Conference affairs and reported on them to government officials, and, in 1964, In office mailed King a threatening anonymous letter, which he interpreted as an attempt to make him commit suicide.[3] January 10, 1957 – April 4, 1968 On October 14, 1964, King won the Nobel Peace Prize for combating Preceded by Position established racial inequality through nonviolent resistance. -
The Fierce Urgency of Now
The Fierce Urgency of Now: Building Bridges of Department of Administrative Services Justice, Equality, Mike DeWine, Governor Jon Husted, Lt. Governor Matt Damschroder, Director and Unity Ohio Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday Commission 2021 Calendar Ohio Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday Commission Dear Reader, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. led with a fierce urgency to bring change and build understanding. His enduring hope for a better tomorrow is fitting today as we enter 2021 and emerge from a year of uncertainty and change. The theme of this year’s calendar – The Fierce Urgency of Now: Building Bridges of Justice, Equality, and Unity – captures his legacy of acting today to bring a better tomorrow. Inspired by the recent loss of Congressman John Lewis and Cordy Tindell Vivian, as well as the historic recent events calling for social justice, this year’s calendar features civil rights leaders and icons whose fearless resolve in the face of intolerance continue to inspire us today. Their wise words are moving today as we carry on Dr. King’s pursuit of nonviolent change through positive activism in our communities. Typically, this calendar showcases outstanding Ohio youth who competed in the Statewide MLK Oratorical Contest. However, the 2020 contest was canceled due to the pandemic. We look forward to resuming this wonderful tradition of highlighting exceptional Ohio students who share Dr. King’s oratorical gifts in the future. For information about becoming involved with the oratorical contest, please visit our website at das.ohio.gov/mlk. Thank you for your support of the Ohio Dr. -
California Advocate January 14, 2011 Issue
The Epic Crusade for Equality KING: See Stories & Fresno King March & Events Schedule: Pages 9 - 16 PRESORTED STANDARD U.S. POSTAGE PAID FRESNO, CA Volume 45 No. 2 ~ January 14, 2011 PERMIT NO.35 50 The California CHANGE SERVICE REQUESTED cents DVOCATE AATHED CALIFORNIAV ADVOCATE • OP.O. BOX 11826 C• FRESNO, CALIFORNIAA 93775TE Fresno’s African American Community Newspaper SUMMONING THE SOUL OF A NATION Obama tells polarized nation: ‘We can be better’ Obama ‘Nation Needs Healing’ BIGGIEBIGGIE BY JULIE PAVE & BEN FELLER ARIZONA (AP) – Investigation Into Death Of Summoning the soul of a nation, Presi- dent Barack Obama on Wednesday im- plored Americans to honor those slain and injured in the Arizona shootings by becom- ing better people, telling a polarized citi- Notorious B.I.G. Heats Up zenry that it is time to talk with each other “in a way that heals, not in a way that wounds.” Following a hospital bedside vis- Above: Brooklyn BY TED ROWLANDS tion. Attorney’s Office and the it with Rep. Gabrielle Giffords, the target Rapper Jamal According to one law en- FBI. of the assassination, he said: “She knows ‘Gravy’ Woolard LOS ANGELES (CNN) – forcement source, the in- On March 9, 1997, Wal- A task force made up of vestigation into the 13- lace, 24, was shot and we’re here, and she knows we love her.” potrays Wallace in In a memorably dramatic moment, the local and federal law en- year-old unsolved case was killed while riding in a Sub- the 2009 hit movie forcement agencies is ac- “reinvigorated” months ago urban that was driving president said that Giffords, who on Satur- ‘Notorius” day was shot point-blank in the head, had tively pursuing leads into as a result of new informa- away from a music industry opened her eyes for the first time shortly the 1997 slaying of hip hop tion, but the source would party at the Petersen Auto- Right: Christopher artist Christopher Wallace, not elaborate further be- motive Museum in Los An- after his hospital visit. -
An Introduction to Martin Luther King, Jr
1 AN INTRODUCTION TO MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. Prepared by the GBCHRB, March, 2010 Source: Wikipedia, March, 2010 Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African-American civil rights movement. His main legacy was to secure progress on civil rights in the United States, and he has become a human rights icon: King is recognized as a martyr by two Christian churches.[1] A Baptist minister,[2] King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, serving as its first president. King's efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech. There, he raised public consciousness of the civil rights movement and established himself as one of the greatest orators in U.S. history. In 1964, King became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his work to end racial segregation and racial discrimination through civil disobedience and other non-violent means. By the time of his death in 1968, he had refocused his efforts on ending poverty and opposing the Vietnam War, both from a religious perspective. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee. He was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and Congressional Gold Medal in 2004; Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a U.S. national holiday in 1986. I. EARLY LIFE Martin Luther King, Jr., was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia. -
Lovein JUSTICE
MLK50 Legacy of LOVE in Pursuit of JUSTICE Ohio Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday Commission 2018 Calendar Ohio Dr. MLK, Jr. Holiday Commission Dear Readers, The Ohio Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday Commission is pleased to present its 2018 MLK calendar. This year the commission chose to mark the 50th anniversary of Dr. King’s assassination with the theme “MLK50: Legacy of Love in Pursuit of Justice.” The theme strives to summarize Dr. King’s life’s work and the ensuing 50 years. Important events from Dr. King’s life and the U.S. Civil Rights Movement are highlighted in this calendar. In addition to helping us learn from the past, another purpose of this calendar is to share the current day outlook from the voices of our future. Each calendar month features an excerpt from a winning essay delivered by an Ohio student at the 2017 Statewide MLK Oratorical Contest. This contest is held annually in April in Columbus for students in grades kindergarten through 12. The contest and this calendar are sponsored by the Ohio Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday Commission. For information about becoming involved with the oratorical contest, please visit das.ohio.gov/mlk . We hope the words of our oratorical contest winners and the words of Dr. King inspire you throughout this year to do your part to honor Dr. King and carry on his legacy. Respectfully, Will Lucas, Chair David Jehnsen Rev. Joel L. King, Jr., Vice Chair Dorothy Lovell Jones Napoleon A. Bell II Elizabeth Blount McCormick Sen. Edna Brown Rev. -
Building a Loving, Nonviolent Community
dR. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. MLK BUILDING A LOVING, NONVIOLENT COMMUNITY Ohio DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. Holiday Commission 2014 Calendar Department of Administrative Services Service · Support · Solutions Ohio Dr. MLK, Jr. Holiday Commission Dear Readers, The Ohio Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday Commission is pleased to present its 2014 MLK calendar. For 2014, the Commission selected the theme, “Building a Loving, Nonviolent Community,” which stems from Dr. King’s principles of nonviolence. Dr. King spoke of the creation of a “Beloved Community” as the end goal of nonviolent boycotts. In a speech following a U.S. Supreme Court ruling that desegregated the seats on the busses of Montgomery, Dr. King said, “… the end is the creation of the Beloved Community. It is this type of spirit and this type of love that can transform opponents into friends. It is this type of understanding goodwill that will transform the deep gloom of the old age into the exuberant gladness of the new age. It is this love which will bring about miracles in the hearts of men.” This year we have the privilege to commemorate Dr. King’s philosophy and achievements even more profoundly than most years because we are celebrating the 50th anniversary of two of the most historic triumphs of the Civil Rights Movement – the signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in July of that year and the awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize to Dr. King in December 1964. At age 35, Dr. King was the youngest person in history to receive this tremendous award and the second African American.