Annual Review 2003

Annual Annual Review 2003

The Wellcome Trust Annual Review 1 October 2002 – 30 September 2003 – raising awareness – improving our understanding– improving – ensuring health maximum – providing exceptional – providing The Wellcome Trust is an independent Trust Wellcome The research-funding charity, under established in 1936. Wellcome the will of Sir Henry It is funded from a private endowment, which is managed with long-term stability in mind. and growth and promote research Its mission is to foster human and animal with the aim of improving health. Its work areas: covers four Knowledge of human and animal biology in health and disease, and of the past and present role of medicine in society. Resources researchers with the infrastructural and career support they need to fulﬁl their potential. Translation beneﬁts are gained from biomedical research. Public engagement of the medical, ethical and social implications of biomedical science. www.wellcome.ac.uk Annual Review 2003

Contents

2 From the Director 6 Making a difference 8 Financial summary

10 Knowledge 16 Resources Advancing knowledge and Contributing to a long-term and understanding in the biomedical vibrant research environment. sciences and their impact on society – past, present and future.

22 Translation 28 Public engagement Advancing the translation of Trust- Engaging with the public through funded research into health beneﬁts. informed dialogue.

The cover images are of objects displayed at the ‘Medicine Man’ exhibition at the British Museum in 2003.The exhibition commemorated the 150th anniversary of the birth of Henry Wellcome.

Front cover Back cover, left Back cover, right Yoruban ﬁgures representing Protective amulet said to Tobacco resuscitator kit. 34 A year at the Trust deceased twins, 1870–1910. contain a child’s umbilical cord. London, England, 1774. Among the Yoruba people Sioux people, Northern The idea of reviving a victim UK Funding of Nigeria, twins (ibeji) are Plains, USA, 1880–1920. of drowning by injecting Career Schemes and Clinical Initiatives special children whose birth Leather containers such as tobacco smoke into the can bless their parents with these were made to hold rectum seems very strange International Programmes good fortune.The Yoruba the umbilical cords of girls. to us now.To 18th-century Centres and Initiatives have one of the highest rates They were generally physicians, however, this Research Partnerships and Ventures of twin births in the world attached to a baby’s cradle approach was entirely rational. and their loss is considered and were believed to be The mainstay of treating Medicine, Society and History a great misfortune. If a twin lifelong protective amulets. the ‘apparently dead’ was Catalyst BioMedica Ltd dies, the mother commissions They are turtle shaped warmth and stimulation, and a memorial ﬁgure (two if since it was believed that tobacco was thought to be both twins die), and the soul the turtle presided over particularly powerful in this 49 Advisory committees of the deceased twin is the diseases of women. respect.This resuscitator kit transferred to it.The mother was provided by the Royal dresses the statuette in cloth, Humane Society of London adorns it with jewellery and and would have been placed, These objects are keeps it near her bed. along with others, at various held at the Science points along the river Thames. Museum, London Annual Review 2003

Contents

2 From the Director 6 Making a difference 8 Financial summary

22 Translation 28 Public engagement Advancing the translation of Trust- Engaging with the public through funded research into health beneﬁts. informed dialogue.

The cover images are of objects displayed at the ‘Medicine Man’ exhibition at the British Museum in 2003.The exhibition commemorated the 150th anniversary of the birth of Henry Wellcome.

Focus Highlights of the year on the future Outputs and outcomes • The ‘gold standard’ human genome It is time to assess impact, says new Director Dr Mark Walport. sequence is released, over 30 per cent Far left Dr Mark of it having been produced by the Walport, Director of Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. the Wellcome Trust. • A draft mouse genome sequence is Left The Wellcome published, with the Sanger Institute This is the first time I have had the need to ‘make a difference’ remit will be to identify the Trust Sanger Institute the privilege of writing a Director’s – and this is what I would like key issues for research and has had a busy year. contributing 20 per cent. introduction to the Wellcome to become the touchstone of medical application in its area Among its achievements • A cognitive behaviour therapy for Trust’s Annual Review. I have my tenure at the Trust. of science, and to make was the release of the ‘gold standard’ human bulimia is to be recommended for use had the honour of serving the recommendations on what Building on the foundations of genome sequence. in the NHS by the National Institute Trust in a variety of different the Wellcome Trust’s priorities Planning for the Future, over the Below A single, for Clinical Excellence. guises, from panel member to ought to be to maximize its coming year we will develop a isolated melanocyte: • Lapdap, a cheap, effective antimalarial Governor, during the last few impact. Each committee will a Biomedical Image more clearly articulated strategy developed and tested at Wellcome Trust years. So I was absolutely include leading figures from Award-winning image setting out what we are aiming that also featured in laboratories in Africa, is licensed for use delighted to be appointed science and medicine, to achieve in each of our core the ‘Truth and Beauty’ by the Medicines and Healthcare Products earlier in the year as Director. Governors and Wellcome Trust exhibition. areas of activity. An obvious Regulatory Agency. The first thing I must do is pay staff. Separate panels will be corollary of this approach is that tribute to Mike Dexter’s astute involved in the equally • Structure is published of angiotensin- we need to be able to assess leadership during his five years important task of adjudicating converting enzyme (ACE) bound to ACE whether we are actually achieving inhibitor, pointing the way to refined at the helm of the Trust. His on grant applications in each FIGURE 1: WELLCOME TRUST FUNDING STREAMS these aims. For this reason term of office bore witness to stream. In many ways, the structures for this important class of drugs. I see strategy and evaluation many exciting developments, stream structure mirrors the • Genes are discovered predisposing to as important priorities for the notably major infrastructure approach we have already asthma (PHF11) and three autoimmune coming years. investments in partnership with adopted for our grant-funding diseases (CTLA4). Government, including the Joint Strategy development activities in Technology Transfer • ‘Medicine Man’ exhibition at the Infrastructure Fund and the Strategy setting rarely starts and Medicine, Society and British Museum is seen by more than Science Research Investment with a blank slate on which a History, which have their own 200 000 visitors. Fund. His diverse legacy includes new vision can be sketched. strategy committees distinct the UK Biobank and national So it is with the Wellcome Trust. from grant-giving mechanisms Funding initiatives Science Learning Centre We have to take stock of all our (Figure 1). An integrated view • Total spend on research and associated projects, and Clinical Research current activities and think more of the science funding activities activities: £516 million. Facilities, all of which feature in carefully about what we are and strategy of the Trust will be • New funding initiatives are launched the pages of this Annual Review. trying to achieve, how successful formed by the Board of in stem cell biology and international we have been in the past, and Governors with the assistance animal health. After many years of growth, the what it is we could or should of an academic appraisal Wellcome Trust is able to make • £18 million is committed to the Structural be doing in the future.This is committee. a nationally and internationally Genomics Consortium. neither a simple nor a one-off significant impact, and I see it as • Work begins on the International HapMap task: I expect our strategy to my priority to ensure that the Project, which will map global human evolve over the coming years and Trust’s impact is commensurate genetic variation. I expect it to be flexible enough with its status as one of the to respond to new opportunities • Grants worth £12 million are made to world’s largest medical research and emerging priorities. the Asia-Pacific region, in a partnership charities. In 2000, the Trust I also expect it to involve the with the governments of Australia and reached a milestone in publishing research and other stakeholder New Zealand. its first corporate plan, Planning communities as well as Wellcome • £25 million is committed to the Science for the Future, which formally Trust staff and Governors. Learning Centres initiative. identified four high-level aims and seven objectives for the Trust. To this end, one of my first It is hoped that the examples actions when I became Director of our work over the last year was to introduce a new structure contained within this Annual Review for our biomedical research will illuminate achievements funding activities, based on five relating to these aims. Planning ‘funding streams’ covering the for the Future also emphasized full area of biomedical science. Each funding stream will have a strategy committee whose 2 3

We have made great strides These researchers have proven studies emerging from these Our public engagement with Left Life, the Newcastle towards the implementation that they can deliver high-quality sites. But it is equally true that science schemes – the Engaging upon Tyne science centre, which aims to of the funding streams model. research, given the right clinical research needs more Science Programme – have been raise young people’s Most of the impact will initially be support, and that should be careful nurturing. It remains extremely successful, attracting interest in science. felt internally as we restructure a significant aspect in grant extremely difficult for medically applicants from all walks of life. Below Simon Ndirangu ourselves in order to deliver the assessments. Another equally trained researchers to combine We have used all manner of who works in the new approach. Applicants for high priority is to identify and research with clinical practice, means – websites, publications, pharmacology labs in Nairobi, Kenya, grants are unlikely to notice any support the new generation of and many opt for ‘basic’ studies exhibitions and talks – to inform that were involved in significant changes in terms of researchers who are at the start rather than patient-oriented and encourage debate on testing Lapdap. the types of grants available, of their careers.We will build investigations.There may be biomedical science, while our application procedures, on our fellowship schemes to a number of reasons for this £25 million commitment to the FINANCIAL REVIEW mechanisms of peer review, support young investigators. situation, but we need to work Science Learning Centre initiative or decision-making procedures. in partnership with others to demonstrates our desire to Scientific focus Following the prolonged sharp • Technology transfer funding The new panels are due to get the environment right for ensure that young people receive Scientifically, I see us continuing fall in world financial markets, will be unchanged. become operational in autumn clinical research. Only then will a science education that meets the Wellcome Trust has been to fund across wide areas of • History of medicine research 2004; development of strategy we reap the full rewards from their needs as well as those of obliged to reassess its future science, even if we begin to funding has been scaled back will be an ongoing process and major investments in basic the science research base. funding plans, a process slightly. Biomedical ethics focus on more discrete areas as completed in the summer of I am committed to ensuring research, such as the Human research will continue to be our scientific strategy develops. Funding stability 2003.The Trust has endeavoured that changes are communicated Genome Project. supported at current levels. I also firmly believe that we need Finally, a word on our financial to preserve all funding central effectively to all our stakeholder • Funding for public engagement to build upon our traditional Research for people situation. It is no secret that the to its key mission, and to fund audiences. all programmes at levels that activities – the Engaging approach in aiming to train and One of the delights of working Wellcome Trust, like other are viable over the longer Science Programme – has Evaluation fund the most able scientists and at the Wellcome Trust is the endowed foundations, has been term.The result has been a been maintained. Some cost For us to adopt a more strategic clinicians. It is after all the person exposure one gets not just to hit by the downturn in world carefully tailored exercise savings have been identified approach to funding we need who comes before the idea. ground-breaking science but stock markets over the past few involving some scaling back of within internal projects, such as exhibitions and the to consider the measures by Internationally, the Wellcome also to other stimulating aspects years.We have been fortunate activities, and the suspension Wellcome Library, though which we will assess success. Trust has had a long and proud of biomedical culture.This year that our financial planning or discontinuation of a handful of schemes. Nevertheless, the it is not anticipated that Only by rigorous evaluation of tradition of research in the was the 150th anniversary of smoothes such falls, and that Wellcome Trust expects to the revised budgets will our activities will we be able to developing world, and today the the birth of Henry Wellcome, we have had the luxury of time continue committing in the compromise the overall demonstrate any achievements, international programmes in and the most notable to conduct in-depth reviews of region of £400 million a year objectives of these or make meaningful decisions Kenya (led by Professor Kevin commemoration of this our funding plans and internal for the foreseeable future. important activities. about where our funding should Marsh),Thailand (led by Professor anniversary was the ‘Medicine operations. More details can Among the key decisions were: At the same time as this be concentrated. Nick White),Vietnam (led by Man’ exhibition we staged at the be found in the Box on the review, the Trust has been • Previous commitments: examining its support costs, Dr Jeremy Farrar) and South British Museum.The exhibition right. Although such exercises Evaluation of scientific research All commitments already in order to ensure that it is Africa (led by Dr Mike Bennish) brought together a small selection are always difficult, I feel that made – for example, is a notoriously difficult topic, operating in a cost-effective are centres of world renown of Henry Wellcome’s vast this one has also been helpful to the UK Biobank Project and I do not expect us to develop and business-like fashion. that represent models of how collection of objects, pictures in concentrating minds on and the Structural Genomics This exercise has identified effective approaches overnight. Western agencies can conduct and literature.The result was our overall objectives and how Consortium – will be savings that will see office Bibliometric analyses have their honoured in full. research in resource-poor truly fascinating and a huge they can best be achieved. costs lowered significantly. place, but it is the quality of the • UK funding: The Trust has also carried out countries – in long-term success, and reminded us all We plan to commit more than output that matters, and Some reduction in budgets a review of its staffing levels, partnership with local structures that science and medicine are £400 million each year for the bibliometric data are open to for 2003/04, which will mean and will be streamlining staff and tackling regionally not, as sometimes portrayed, next few years and will use this distortion and are often difficult greater competition for project numbers in line with the important medical problems. somehow distinct or remote to make a real difference to and programme grant reduction in external grants to interpret. I firmly believe that The programmes have had a from everyday experience, but research, medicine support. support and internal costs. there is no better mechanism major impact on health, and have been – and continue to and health. • Careers funding: It is not anticipated that these than human judgement – signal our commitment to fund be – intimately interwoven into Most schemes safeguarded; changes will affect the quality the reading of scientific papers of service offered to the Trust’s research in areas where medical people’s lives. Prize Studentships have and assessment of discoveries many user communities. needs are huge and local been suspended, as the by experts in the field.We will It is sad that science and the Trust’s contribution is being Current indications are that resources are limited. also be paying attention to humanities have come to concentrated on Four-year the global financial situation is the mentoring and training The Wellcome Trust has also occupy such different intellectual PhD Training Programmes; improving. Latest predictions some clinical schemes have are for a period of relative of scientists employed as part expressed a firm commitment territories, and I am pleased that been merged. stability in Trust spend of of grants, and looking at how to clinical research.The most the Wellcome Trust is doing its • International funding: around £400 million a year – the scientists we fund could concrete signs of this are our bit to reunite them – or at least International health-related which compares with a figure contribute to public engagement. Clinical Research Facilities in to identify what it is they have research safeguarded. Some of less than £100 million ten Birmingham, Cambridge, in common and where they years ago. In funding decisions, we will scaling back in collaborative Edinburgh, Manchester and diverge, so relationships can be and international fellowship be paying more attention to Southampton, which are now all based on mutual understanding schemes. factors such as an excellent established, and hosting patient- rather than confusion or mistrust. track record of investigators. oriented research. It is gratifying to see a steady stream of 4 5

Making a difference

The Wellcome Trust is an independent, privately endowed medical research charity, founded in 1936 by Sir Henry Wellcome. It has an ambitiously broad sphere of interest, reﬂected in its overarching mission statement. It focuses its work through four key Aims, and the following pages illustrate some of the ways in which Wellcome Trust funding is working to achieve these Aims.

MISSION AIMS VALUES

The Wellcome Trust’s The four Aims identify the priorities on which the In all that it does to achieve its mission, Board of Governors mission is to foster and Trust concentrates. Each Aim is underpinned by the Wellcome Trust is guided by a set of values, Sir Dominic Cadbury Chairman promote research with a series of objectives which establish the practical shared by the staff and Governors. Professor Sir Michael Rutter the aim of improving measures being taken to achieve the Aims and, Deputy Chairman human and animal health. ultimately, the mission of the Trust. Professor Adrian Bird Professor Martin Bobrow Knowledge Translation Independence Integrity Supporting basic, applied Promoting patient-oriented To retain our independence To act responsibly and Professor Christopher Edwards and strategically important research and health services of decision making. with integrity in our work Mr Alastair Ross Goobey research in biomedical research. Leadership and interactions with others. Professor Julian Jack sciences. Advancing the dissemination To create and seize Responsiveness Professor Jean Thomas Researching the societal and exploitation of the results opportunities and help To maintain close relationships Mr Edward Walker-Arnott impact of biomedical science of Trust-funded research. shape the agenda. with our communities and, – past, present and future. through this, continue to Executive Board Public engagement Evidence respond flexibly to their needs. Dr Mark Walport Resources Stimulating an informed To base funding priorities Director of the Wellcome Trust and policy making on the Human resources: dialogue to raise awareness Openness Linda Arter meeting training and and understanding of best available evidence. To be open and transparent Director of Finance and career development needs biomedical science, its Flexibility in our work. Information Management of researchers. achievements, applications To support innovation Partnership Dr Ted Bianco and implications. Director of Technology Transfer Physical resources: and manage risk so that To work with others building suitable conditions we can move rapidly into where this achieves the John Cooper for research. new and emerging areas greatest benefits to achieve Director of Human Resources in imaginative ways. our mission. and Services Clare Matterson Excellence Empowerment Director of Medicine, Society To achieve excellence within To empower and develop and History our own work and in the our staff to enable them to Dr Sohaila Rastan work of those we support. fulfil their potential and the Director of Science Funding Trust to fulfil its mission. Gary Steinberg Chief Investment Officer

As at January 2004. 6 7

Making a difference

MISSION AIMS VALUES

As at January 2004. 8 9

Financial

Figure 1: RESOURCES EXPENDED £m

summary ■ Grants awarded 395 ■ Direct activities 78 ■ Support and administration costs 44 ■ Investment costs 35

Total 552

Expenditure on the synchrotron outflow linked to the Trust’s but then rebounded as the war 1 OCTOBER 2002 TO 30 SEPTEMBER 2003 being constructed by Diamond grant commitments. drew to a close. In contrast, Light Source Limited amounted fixed income markets, which Grants awarded: £395 million The amount of cash paid this to £3 million. The first phase had been performing strongly, Grants awarded, year was lower than had been Figure 2: Figure 4: GRANTS PAID Direct activities: £78 million of the project is expected to reversed sharply as the global paid and outstanding anticipated; this is mainly due to GRANTS AWARDED (£m) AND OUTSTANDING (£m) Grants awarded in the year Applications: 4312 applications; 1805 awards incur a further £29 million of economy recovered and the (Figure 2) represent the total unexpectedly long waits for funds committed to successful expenditure over the next threat of deflation receded. applications during the Trust’s 2001

Total charitable expenditure: £516 million 2000 1999 2002 2003 2001 2000 1999 2002 claims from JIF and SRIF building 2003 ﬁve years. ﬁnancial year. Most awards are Investment assets: £10.1 billion (as at 30 September 2003) and refurbishment projects. Overall, both global equities made to researchers’ host

approximately £9 million, which the year under review which, 395 979 £78 million (2002: £70 million), 388 amounts claimed by host are subject to various ethical and together with continued positive institutions during the year for of which £62 million (2002: 354 legal conditions.These awards returns from commercial expenses incurred, while the In the year to 30 September In the year to 30 September £56 million) related to will be accounted for in 2004 property, has helped lift the dark purple (outstanding grant 2003, the total amount of 2003, grants totalling £395 million expenditure by the Wellcome 722 commitments) represents the if the conditions are met. One investment asset base of the total sums committed by the resources expended was were awarded (2002: Trust Genome Campus at such award is the £4.8 million Trust to £10.1 billion (2002: Trust to projects which had not £552 million (2002: £419 million), as shown in Hinxton, just outside Cambridge. been claimed by the end of the agreed in principle for the £9.3 billion). ﬁnancial year.The gap between £585 million). As an endowed Figure 2. As usual, the bulk of The bulk of this expenditure is committed funds and cash paid

‘Spartac’ programme, which is a 412 charity, the Wellcome Trust has funding was awarded through in respect of the Wellcome Trust Costs of generating funds have is due to the long-term nature been adversely affected by the the UK Subject Panels for multinational study to investigate 327 of many grants, and to the time

Sanger Institute.This level of fallen to £35 million (2002: 274 ways of optimizing use of drug lag between a grant award and 223

large and sustained fall in global response-mode, investigator-led expenditure by the Sanger £48 million), reflecting the one- 201 the subsequent claim for funds therapies against HIV (see page 40). markets over the past three research proposals (Figure 3). Institute is expected to continue off nature of costs in 2002, mainly from an institution. years.The Trust has developed In addition, through its careers Grants awarded for the benefit over the coming years, as it relating to the disposal of shares ■ Grants paid a financial framework that schemes the Trust continues of the history of medicine, continues to develop its in GlaxoSmithKline plc, and a ■ smoothes variations in investment to provide extensive career Outstanding grant biomedical ethics and public postgenomic research and recruit reduction in property costs. commitments values, but the length and severity development support, to basic engagement with science new researchers (see page 10). Investment income for the year of the recent slump has led to and clinical scientists, and at all amounted to £25.5 million. The Trust’s other direct activities to 30 September 2003 was some adjustments to the Trust’s stages of a research career. This included £13 million for Figure 3: BREAKDOWN OF GRANTS AWARDED 2002/03* £m include the Wellcome Library £262 million, compared with future spending plans (see page 5). response-mode grants support, Although the initiatives have for the History and Understanding the previous year’s figure of as well as expenditure of ■ UK funding† 112.9 Nevertheless, markets began finished, funding continues to of Medicine and, for example, £297 million. £12.5 million on major capital ■ Careers 79.1 to recover in the second half be committed through the Joint public engagement with science awards, principally the National ■ of the year. Over the course Infrastructure Fund (JIF) and initiatives such as ‘Imagine’ (see Additional financial information can be International 41.2 found in the Wellcome Trust’s Annual Report Science Learning Centre (see ■ § of the year the return from the Science Research Investment page 31). and Financial Statements 2003, available from Infrastructure and equipment 117.5 page 30). investment portfolio was Fund (SRIF) as provisional the Trust’s Marketing Department (contact ■ Medicine, Society and History 13.0 The decrease in administration details on inside back cover). £1.3 billion net of costs. awards are formally approved. The number of grant awards ■ and support costs to £44 million Other‡ 31.3 A total of £417 million has so made during the year was 1805 The Trust’s expenditure falls into (2002: £48 million) reflected the far been committed by the Trust (2002: 2172), a decrease of two categories:‘charitable’ considerable efforts made during Total 395 to these programmes, with the 16 per cent, although 4312 expenditure, which covers the year to reduce internal costs, remainder likely to be committed applications (2002: 3884) grants made to other bodies, ensuring that support costs in the next financial year. were received, 11 per cent * A further £65.6 million was awarded to Wellcome Trust subsidiaries, mainly to support activities at the Wellcome Trust the cost of activities carried out were reduced in line with the Sanger Institute (£62 million was expended during the year, and forms part of the direct activities figure given in Fig. 1). more than last year. by the Trust itself, and support Funding through the Trust’s lower level of actual and † £103.7 million was awarded through the UK Subject Panels; £9.2 million was awarded through the Functional Genomics Development Initiative. and administration costs; and International Programmes As a consequence of reduced forecast direct activities. § Includes £12.5 million capital awards in Medicine, Society and History, principally to the National Science Learning Centre. investment costs, the resources accounted for just over 10 per grant-giving activity and higher ‡ Includes £18 million award to the Structural Genomics Consortium. Investments expended managing the Trust’s cent of grants expenditure cash payments, the level of During the year, financial asset base and generating its (although much of the research outstanding grant commitments markets continued to be highly income. A breakdown of the funded in the UK is relevant to, slightly decreased, although it volatile. Global equity markets Trust’s expenditure is provided and will benefit, countries remains more than £1 billion. fell sharply as the build up to in Figure 1. outside the UK, particularly Figure 4 demonstrates the cash developing nations). the war with Iraq intensified, 8 9

Financial

Figure 1: RESOURCES EXPENDED £m summary ■ Grants awarded 395 ■ Direct activities 78 ■ Support and administration costs 44 ■ Investment costs 35

Total 552

480 institutions, which then claim The total grants awarded and fixed income markets have 1185 Expenditure on the direct 1168 monies from the Trust.The figures exclude awards totalling provided positive returns for 1093 light purple in Figure 4 activities of the Trust in 2003 was 419 (grants paid) represents the approximately £9 million, which the year under review which, 395 979 £78 million (2002: £70 million), 388 amounts claimed by host are subject to various ethical and together with continued positive institutions during the year for of which £62 million (2002: 354 legal conditions.These awards returns from commercial expenses incurred, while the In the year to 30 September In the year to 30 September £56 million) related to will be accounted for in 2004 property, has helped lift the dark purple (outstanding grant 2003, the total amount of 2003, grants totalling £395 million expenditure by the Wellcome 722 commitments) represents the if the conditions are met. One investment asset base of the total sums committed by the resources expended was were awarded (2002: Trust Genome Campus at such award is the £4.8 million Trust to £10.1 billion (2002: Trust to projects which had not £552 million (2002: £419 million), as shown in Hinxton, just outside Cambridge. been claimed by the end of the agreed in principle for the £9.3 billion). financial year.The gap between £585 million). As an endowed Figure 2. As usual, the bulk of The bulk of this expenditure is committed funds and cash paid

Sanger Institute.This level of fallen to £35 million (2002: 274 ways of optimizing use of drug lag between a grant award and 223 large and sustained fall in global response-mode, investigator-led expenditure by the Sanger £48 million), reflecting the one- 201 the subsequent claim for funds therapies against HIV (see page 40). markets over the past three research proposals (Figure 3). Institute is expected to continue off nature of costs in 2002, mainly from an institution. years.The Trust has developed In addition, through its careers Grants awarded for the benefit over the coming years, as it relating to the disposal of shares ■ Grants paid a financial framework that schemes the Trust continues of the history of medicine, continues to develop its in GlaxoSmithKline plc, and a ■ smoothes variations in investment to provide extensive career Outstanding grant biomedical ethics and public postgenomic research and recruit reduction in property costs. commitments values, but the length and severity development support, to basic engagement with science new researchers (see page 10). Investment income for the year of the recent slump has led to and clinical scientists, and at all amounted to £25.5 million. The Trust’s other direct activities to 30 September 2003 was some adjustments to the Trust’s stages of a research career. This included £13 million for Figure 3: BREAKDOWN OF GRANTS AWARDED 2002/03* £m include the Wellcome Library £262 million, compared with future spending plans (see page 5). response-mode grants support, Although the initiatives have for the History and Understanding the previous year’s figure of as well as expenditure of ■ UK funding† 112.9 Nevertheless, markets began finished, funding continues to of Medicine and, for example, £297 million. £12.5 million on major capital ■ Careers 79.1 to recover in the second half be committed through the Joint public engagement with science awards, principally the National ■ of the year. Over the course Infrastructure Fund (JIF) and initiatives such as ‘Imagine’ (see Additional financial information can be International 41.2 found in the Wellcome Trust’s Annual Report Science Learning Centre (see ■ § of the year the return from the Science Research Investment page 31). and Financial Statements 2003, available from Infrastructure and equipment 117.5 page 30). investment portfolio was Fund (SRIF) as provisional the Trust’s Marketing Department (contact ■ Medicine, Society and History 13.0 The decrease in administration details on inside back cover). £1.3 billion net of costs. awards are formally approved. The number of grant awards ■ and support costs to £44 million Other‡ 31.3 A total of £417 million has so made during the year was 1805 The Trust’s expenditure falls into (2002: £48 million) reflected the far been committed by the Trust (2002: 2172), a decrease of two categories:‘charitable’ considerable efforts made during Total 395 to these programmes, with the 16 per cent, although 4312 expenditure, which covers the year to reduce internal costs, remainder likely to be committed applications (2002: 3884) grants made to other bodies, ensuring that support costs in the next financial year. were received, 11 per cent * A further £65.6 million was awarded to Wellcome Trust subsidiaries, mainly to support activities at the Wellcome Trust the cost of activities carried out were reduced in line with the Sanger Institute (£62 million was expended during the year, and forms part of the direct activities figure given in Fig. 1). more than last year. by the Trust itself, and support Funding through the Trust’s lower level of actual and † £103.7 million was awarded through the UK Subject Panels; £9.2 million was awarded through the Functional Genomics Development Initiative. and administration costs; and International Programmes As a consequence of reduced forecast direct activities. § Includes £12.5 million capital awards in Medicine, Society and History, principally to the National Science Learning Centre. investment costs, the resources accounted for just over 10 per grant-giving activity and higher ‡ Includes £18 million award to the Structural Genomics Consortium. Investments expended managing the Trust’s cent of grants expenditure cash payments, the level of During the year, financial asset base and generating its (although much of the research outstanding grant commitments markets continued to be highly income. A breakdown of the funded in the UK is relevant to, slightly decreased, although it volatile. Global equity markets Trust’s expenditure is provided and will benefit, countries remains more than £1 billion. fell sharply as the build up to in Figure 1. outside the UK, particularly Figure 4 demonstrates the cash developing nations). the war with Iraq intensified, KNOWLEDGE 10 11

A sequence pipeline 2002/03 was another productive year for the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.

December 2002 saw the Sequence data generated by the completion of the ‘first draft’ of the Sanger Institute are made freely mouse genome – thanks to the available on the Internet, for use combined efforts of the Wellcome by other researchers throughout History Trust Sanger Institute and the world. A particularly useful sequencing centres in the USA. browser is Ensembl, a genome database that provides access in the making The mouse genome is slightly not only to the human genome bigger than the human genome, sequence, but also to vast but contains about the same amounts of additional information number of genes – roughly about DNA sequences and 30 000.The mouse has just 300 New forms of In 2002/03, Exeter and Warwick The awards provide support to software tools enabling genes that have no obvious were the first recipients of the for research, core administrative researchers to manipulate and support in the equivalent in humans, and humans Wellcome Trust’s new Strategic support, postgraduate teaching explore genomic data. only 300 not found in mice.This history of medicine Awards in the History of and outreach work. are encouraging Medicine, providing large-scale, great similarity further underlines Developed jointly by the Sanger Two Enhancement Awards – long-term (five-year) support the value of the mouse as a Institute and the European the growth of new lower-level support without for clusters of medical historians model of human biology. Molecular Biology Laboratory’s the need for a single research Top left Derek Stemple, centres of research working on a common theme. European Bioinformatics NEW STAFF AND NEW DIRECTIONS theme – were also made in Pathogens are another important a new recruit working on excellence. Previously, long-term support Institute, use of Ensembl has zebrafish development. 2002/03, to groups at Oxford focus of work at the Sanger Under new Director Allan Derek Stemple, who has has focused on Wellcome sky-rocketed, with around Brookes University and the Institute, and the genetic code Bradley, the Wellcome Trust relocated from the National To p Tropheryma whipplei, 150 000 hits per day from a pathogen sequenced at Units in the History of Medicine, of the bacterium Tropheryma Sanger Institute is building Institute for Medical Research universities of Durham and users in more than 80 countries. the Sanger Institute. which gave little scope for whipplei was uncovered in 2003. on its existing strengths in at Mill Hill, will be using a Newcastle upon Tyne. The figures demonstrate how burgeoning new groups to The bacterium thrives in the genome analysis to tackle different model organism – Above Alex Bateman, Both types of award provide genome sequence data are important biological issues – the zebrafish, which is also who works on the Pfam develop further. human gut, but generally causes protein database. important opportunities for underpinning the research of and has recruited several new being sequenced at the Sanger only mild symptoms. It can, The £700 000 award to Mark centres to develop their thousands of scientists all over senior staff this year to take Institute – to study early spinal however, be more serious, Jackson and colleagues (University research capacity in the history the world. its work forward. cord development. causing weight loss, diarrhoea of Exeter) will support research of medicine – an area in which Under Dr Bradley mouse A recent recruit from Oxford, on the interplay between nature the Trust has long played a and abdominal pain (Whipple’s development will be a major Chris Tyler-Smith, will be disease). T. whipplei’s sequence focus of research. Bill Skarnes tackling gene analysis from and nurture in health and disease critical role in the UK. is revealing how it evades host has moved from the USA to an evolutionary perspective. from 1850 to the present day, including environmental and defences so well, despite its lead a project on ‘gene-trap He hopes to identify the 150 YEARS OF MEDICINE remarkably small genome of just mutagenesis’ – creating tagged genes that give us our human- occupational respiratory diseases, mutations in multiple genes specific characteristics. 784 genes. and the history of gender, Leading historians, including across the mouse genome. Finally, Professor Gordon sexuality and the family. Mark Jackson, contributed to His research will create a Dougan, a microbiologist at a Wellcome News supplement, valuable resource for Sanger Imperial College, will be joining The £600 000 grant to From Victoria to Viagra: 150 years investigators and others studying in 2004. Professor Dougan has Hilary Marland and colleagues of medical progress, published gene function in the mouse. already worked extensively (University of Warwick), plus to commemorate the 150th Seth Grant has moved from with the Pathogen Sequencing David Gentilcore (University anniversary of the birth of Henry Edinburgh to continue his Unit at the Sanger Institute in of Leicester), will support Wellcome.The supplement studies on the molecular basis his studies on gut pathogens provided a thought-provoking research on the social history of memory, integrating such as Salmonella typhi,an insight into the changing face information from molecular, important cause of typhoid. of medicine and medical of science and medicine, and cellular and systems-level practice in early modern their social impact over the neuroscience. Karen Steel, See www.sanger.ac.uk Europe and in the UK over past century and a half. formerly of the MRC Institute the past two centuries. Victoria to Viagra is available of Hearing Research in from the Wellcome Trust Nottingham, is working on the (www.wellcome.ac.uk/v2v), genetics of deafness. priced £4.50. KNOWLEDGE 10 11

A sequence pipeline 2002/03 was another productive year for the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.

Left Brain activity in right and left temporal lobes in subjects listening to Mandarin Chinese (left pair) and English Clocking (right pair). Below left Activation of on a directly light-sensitive nerve cell in the mouse retina.The series of images shows signiﬁcant Research on internal body clocks has increases in ﬂuorescence transformed our understanding of the eye. of a calcium-sensitive dye after light stimulation.

The mammalian eye has been Over several years, working studied for some 200 years, and with strains of mice lacking any until recently its function was rods or cones, Professor Foster Stem cell thought to be pretty well and colleagues in the USA understood. Light-sensitive cells have shown conclusively that in the retina – rods and cones – the body clock is completely partners register incoming light and signal independent of these cells: through the optic nerve to the another form of photoreceptor brain. But in the past decade, must exist. A trans-Atlantic collaboration to further stem Professor Russell Foster and cell research could lead to new treatments for With continued Wellcome Trust colleagues have discovered that funding, he is now aiming to diabetes and other chronic diseases. rods and cones are not the only discover the identity of this sensory cells in the eye: Stem cell biology is one of focusing on either maintaining elusive photoreceptor and work remarkably, there are other biology’s most exciting areas of stem cells in an undifferentiated out how it signals to clock photoreceptors whose job it is research. It offers the prospect state in culture or regulating their mechanisms in the brain. to set our internal body clocks. of converting undifferentiated differentiation. The question is of much more stem cells to new tissue grown Almost all organisms have some than academic interest: working The JDRF wishes to support specifically to replace damaged kind of body clock, which allows ‘out of phase’ leads to fatigue, research in its priority areas or diseased tissue. In February body physiology to be fine- insomnia, altered mood and of type 1 diabetes and the 2003, the Wellcome Trust joined tuned to the varying demands diminished performance. In the complications of diabetes. It will forces with a US charity, the of night and day.This body clock USA, the cost of accidents also fund proposals that might BRAIN TEASERS: NEUROSCIENCE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE YEAR Juvenile Diabetes Research is, however, slightly erratic and attributed to human fatigue is a lead to stem cell therapies, such Foundation (JDRF), to promote has to be synchronized each staggering US$16 billion a year. Using functional magnetic Dr Sukhwinder Shergill and More recently, she has found as glucose-responsive, insulin- this important area of research. day – which in mammals is A better understanding of how resonance imaging, Dr Sophie colleagues at University that participants in World producing cell lines that could linked to the disappearance of light affects our internal rhythms Scott and colleagues at College London have Memory Championships are The JDRF has committed be used in transplant therapy light at twilight. would be a major step towards University College London uncovered the neurological not especially intellectually £3 million over five years to for diabetics. discovered that Mandarin basis of force escalation.When gifted, nor are their brain drugs or new light regimes match Wellcome Trust funding Eyes were known to be Chinese speakers use two two subjects were asked to structures particularly The UK has a well-regulated to reduce a significant source for high-quality projects in essential for setting the clock, sides of their brains to take it in turns to apply an distinctive. Rather, they adopt environment for undertaking of physical discomfort and understand language, whereas equal force to one another, spatial learning strategies, this area. Proposals aimed and received wisdom was that stem cell research.With this new social damage. English speakers use just one. using a specially designed making use of brain regions at developing new human rods and cones must be partnership, the Wellcome Trust Unlike English, Mandarin uses device, subjects always applied such as the hippocampus that embryonic or adult stem cell responsible. But Professor and JDRF hope to enable stem Professor Russell Foster is in the Division intonation to give different a greater response than was are critical for memory and for lines or characterizing existing Foster’s group had noticed that of Neuroscience and Psychological Medicine meanings to words; the word applied to them, suggesting that spatial memory in particular. cell research to flourish within at Imperial College, London. He was human stem cell lines are a bizarre form of social ‘ma’, for example, can mean the brain is underestimating the UK and ultimately improve awarded a Wellcome Trust programme A better understanding of encouraged, as are applications mammal, the blind mole-rat – grant in 2002/03. ‘mother’,‘scold’,‘horse’ or actual forces being applied. the mechanisms of different the health of hundreds of which lives underground and is ‘hemp’. It may be that This phenomenon may help memory strategies should thousands of people whose daily Mandarin speakers interpret virtually blind – still has its the brain distinguish between lead to better rehabilitation lives are affected by diabetes and intonation and melody in the internal and externally generated programmes for patients internal clock set by light signals other chronic illnesses. right temporal lobe – an area forces, but could mean we suffering from memory loss. falling on its rudimentary eyes. known to be activated when consistently underestimate people listen to music. the strength of our physical Maguire E A et al. (2003) Routes to As well as providing an reactions. remembering: the brains behind superior insight into how brains work, memory. Nature Neuroscience 6: 90–5. Brain imaging has also been Scott S K, Rosen S, Meng Y Y,Warren J, the research could help us used to explore the basis of Wise R J S (2003) The neural substrates understand what happens prodigious memory feats. of speech perception in Mandarin and when people have to re-learn English – common and separate systems. Dr Eleanor Maguire at the 10th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive their speech comprehension Institute of Neurology has Neuroscience Society. skills – following a stroke, previously shown that London Shergill S S, Bays P M, Frith C D, for example. taxi drivers have significantly Wolpert D M (2003) Two eyes for an eye:The neuroscience of force escalation. enlarged hippocampi, Science 301: 187. presumably related to their memorization of large tracts of London. KNOWLEDGE 12 13

A faulty

Far left Cysts on the ovary wall, a symptom of brake polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Genetic studies are helping us to understand Left Simon Fisher, who has why the body sometimes turns on itself. worked on FOXP2 at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics in Oxford.

Subtle variations in a gene By studying hundreds of affected encoding a vital component of families, the researchers had ACE of the body’s immune system have previously identified a region been found to increase the risk on chromosome 2 associated of three common diseases – with all three diseases. Graves’ disease, autoimmune The equivalent chromosomal hypothyroidism and type 1 region in mice was also known hearts (early-onset) diabetes – which to confer susceptibility to type 1 together affect more than diabetes. CTLA4 and two other The structure of a key metabolic enzyme 1 million people in the UK. genes associated with the could herald more targeted treatments immune response stood out Researchers led by Professors for high blood pressure. as possible candidates for the John Todd and Linda Wicker in susceptibility gene. Cambridge, and Dr Stephen GENES AND THE BODY: HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE YEAR A collaboration between ACE inhibitors have been a Gough in Birmingham, identified More detailed analysis of Dr Ravi Acharya at the University mainstay of drug treatment the variants in a gene called thousands of infected individuals The story of FOXP2, a gene In Birmingham, Professor of Bath and Dr Edward Sturrock for several years, but were CTLA4. CTLA-4 protein acts as revealed that subtle genetic required for speech and Paul Stewart, working with at the University of Cape Town developed on the basis of the a brake on the immune system, variations (single nucleotide language, took an evolutionary colleagues from the UK and has deciphered the structure structure of a related enzyme. preventing it from reacting too polymorphisms, or SNPs) twist this year with the USA, has shed new light on of ACE, angiotensin-converting As a result, they are relatively discovery that just two amino polycystic ovary syndrome aggressively.With some genetic around CTLA4 were associated enzyme, a key regulator of non-specific and have a number variants, however, the brake with susceptibility both to the acids distinguish human and (PCOS), a hormonal disorder chimpanzee FOXP2 proteins. affecting up to 10 per cent blood pressure.The structure of side-effects.The new work is less effective, predisposing autoimmune diseases and to Professor Tony Monaco’s of pre-menopausal women, has revealed for the first time shows clearly how ACE people to the three diabetes in the mouse.The SNPs laboratory in Oxford first leading to excessive hair how a member of an important inhibitors bind to and spike the autoimmune disorders. appear to alter the relative identified that FOXP2 played growth, miscarriages and group of drugs, the ACE activity of the enzyme, and proportions of the different a role in the development of infertility.While studying three inhibitors, binds to the enzyme. suggests which parts of the Autoimmune diseases – originally speech and language in 2001. individuals with PCOS-like forms of CTLA-4 protein. The structure of this complex enzyme are involved in its known as ‘horror autoxicus’ – Along with colleagues in symptoms, Professor Stewart occur when the immune Although other genes are Germany, they have now discovered that their disease will provide important clues to catalytic activity. researchers developing new system, including T lymphocytes, undoubtedly also important, discovered that the human form was caused by mutations in A better understanding of the of FOXP2 became established not one but two genes, which compounds to target ACE. mistakenly identifies the body’s the discovery provides important interaction will open the way normal cells as ‘foreign’ and insights into how autoimmune sometime within the last in combination impaired the 200 000 years, around the time cortisol–cortisone hormone ACE acts by converting to more tailored compounds attacks them. As with many diseases arise. Moreover, as the of a population growth believed system and led to inactive angiotensin I to its that should be more effective common diseases, autoimmune CTLA4 gene variant is found in to be driven by more proficient overproduction of male active form, angiotensin II. and have fewer side-effects. diseases are caused by a most people with these diseases, spoken language.The intriguing hormones.As well as their When activated, angiotensin has With Wellcome funding, the Bath combination of genetic and it also opens up the possibility possibility is that FOXP2 may relevance to PCOS, the genes a number of actions, which in and Cape Town teams are now therefore have played a pivotal may be involved in other environmental factors. These that CTLA-4, or other molecules combination cause small blood aiming to develop molecules with complex origins present a regulating T-cell behaviour in role in the development of metabolic disorders. modern human culture. vessels to constrict, raising a better ‘fit’ to the active site. considerable challenge to a similar way, could be used as blood pressure. High blood Allergic or ‘atopic’ diseases Professor Tony Monaco and Professor researchers, and CTLA4 joins a a target for new therapies. William Cookson are at the Wellcome Dr Edward Sturrock is an International such as asthma and eczema are pressure has been implicated modest list of around ten genes Trust Centre for Human Genetics in Senior Research Fellow in South Africa. chronic, debilitating diseases Oxford; Professor Paul Stewart is at the in a wide range of common CTLA-4: cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 Source: Natesh R et al. (2003) Crystal for which genetic associations affecting around 15 per cent of University of Birmingham and directs the disorders, from heart disease structure of the human angiotensin- to common disease have been John Todd and Linda Wicker are in the Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, converting enzyme–lisinopril complex. Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/ the population.Also in Oxford, Birmingham. to kidney damage. Nature 421: 551–4. convincingly established. Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Professor William Cookson and Source: Enard W et al. (2002) Molecular Laboratory in Cambridge; Stephen Gough his group have discovered a evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in is at the University of Birmingham. genetic variant that predisposes speech and language. Nature 418: 869–72. Source: Ueda H et al. (2003) Association individuals to asthma.The group Zhang Y et al. (2003) Positional cloning of of the T cell regulatory gene CTLA4 with a quantitative trait locus on chromosome susceptibility to autoimmune disease. found that variations in the 13q14 that influences immunoglobulin Nature 423: 506–11. PHF11 gene influenced E levels and asthma. Nature Genetics Left Structure of angiotensin- 34: 181–6. production of immunoglobulin E converting enzyme (ACE) (IgE), high levels of which trigger Draper N et al. (2003) Mutations in the with ACE inhibitor (brown genes encoding 11beta-hydroxysteroid allergic responses. Some PHF11 dehydrogenase type 1 and hexose-6- structure in centre). Green variants were associated with phosphate dehydrogenase interact to and red spheres: location of severe asthma in particular, but cause cortisone reductase deficiency. key zinc and chloride ions Nature Genetics 34: 434–9. could also be involved in milder respectively. forms and childhood eczema. KNOWLEDGE 11 14 15

A faulty

Left More than a million people in the UK suffer Talking from some kind of eating disorder, most of them young women. Below, left The aftermath success of the Omagh bombing.

Evidence is mounting that cognitive behaviour therapy, a ‘talking’ therapy, is highly effective for a range of psychological disorders.

Traumatic experiences inevitably Remarkably, in the work with have a devastating impact. But the Omagh community, the Protein for some, the nightmare lingers model’s cognitive measures on long after the trauma is over. predicted the likelihood of They continue to relive the PTSD even more strongly than experience, are easily agitated, ‘objective’ measures, such as profiles and avoid thoughts, people or proximity to the site of the situations that might act as bombing. People with a strong reminders of the trauma.This tendency to ruminate, or with PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS A new international consortium will post-traumatic stress disorder a markedly negative self-image, generate valuable information on the (PTSD) can be extremely were particularly at risk. Professor Clark’s and Ehlers’ In his latest research, Professor distressing and disabling. group has also shown that Fairburn is evaluating an structure of important human proteins. The model has also been used cognitive therapy can be used enhanced form of the treatment Wellcome Principal Research to develop a specialized cognitive to treat social phobia – designed to be suitable for With the letters of the human Although structural biology Fellow Professor Anke Ehlers is therapy programme for PTSD. a disabling condition in which all forms of eating disorder, genome now laid out, scientists is less amenable to scale-up attempting to find out why It aims to help patients move people dread almost any including anorexia nervosa. have an invaluable tool to than, say, genome sequencing, some people are prone to such away from their excessively form of social mixing. In two A cognitive therapy is also the understand the role of genes a concerted effort could speed devastating long-term effects, negative interpretations of their randomized controlled trials, ultimate goal of Professor Mark a specific intervention in health and disease. However, the process – and that is the and whether cognitive behaviour experience and to correct the Williams, who was awarded a programme outperformed Wellcome Principal Research actual disease processes in objective of the newly created therapy could help them recover. memory disturbance drug treatment and the leading Fellowship in 2002/03. Professor the body usually owe more to Structural Genomics Consortium. Professor Ehlers, in collaboration responsible for unwanted traditional psychological Williams has moved from the products of these genes – with Professor David Clark, recollections of the trauma. treatment – and achieved The £40 million consortium, Bangor to Oxford to continue proteins – than to the genes has worked with individuals improvements greater than his studies on the psychological which was officially unveiled in Encouragingly, in two recently themselves. And new medicines and groups exposed to severe had ever been seen before in triggers of suicidal behaviour. April 2003, comprises the completed trials – on chronic social phobia. to treat these diseases will traumas, including assault, His research looks at how small Wellcome Trust, GlaxoSmithKline PTSD and recent PTSD A highly successful cognitive mood changes may induce large Below Structure of a generally be based on products accidents, and torture, and with protein of unknown (GSK) and four of Canada’s triggered by serious traffic behavioural treatment has also and catastrophic patterns of designed to interfere with the population of Omagh after function (pale pink and leading research-funding agencies. accidents – this new version of been developed by Professor negative thinking. He also plans to these proteins. the bombing of 1998. yellow) superimposed The consortium has a three- cognitive behaviour therapy was Christopher Fairburn, a Principal test the potential of a new form on that of a well- of therapy, mindfulness-based So it is proteins that excite the year plan to focus on 350 According to a model highly effective and had lasting Research Fellow at the University characterized protein of Oxford, who has spent over cognitive therapy, to prevent the (magenta and orange), interest of many medical human proteins, including developed by Professors Ehlers benefits. In addition, another 20 years investigating the origins escalation of suicidal behaviour revealing common researchers – and in particular proteins associated with cancer, and Clark, people with PTSD study has shown that it is practical structure and potentially and treatment of severe eating in vulnerable patients. their structure, which can give neurological disorders and have processed the trauma in enough to be delivered through disorders such as anorexia important amino-acid Finally, and also in Oxford, residues. clues to function and suggest malaria. All structural information a way that gives them a sense the NHS; therapists in Omagh nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Professor Alan Stein has how therapeutics could be will be placed in the public of serious, current threat. trained in the Ehlers–Clark This treatment for bulimia discovered that mealtime developed to block them. domain for use by research This sense has two sources: technique achieved improvements nervosa and related eating conflict between mothers But while gene sequencing is groups around the world. excessively negative interpretations as great as those seen in the disorders – which collectively with eating disorders and their relatively trivial, protein structure of the trauma or its aftermath original studies. affect 1–2 per cent of young children can have a significant adult women – has been and persistent effect on a child’s determination is decidedly not. (for example,‘flashbacks’ in the The Wellcome Trust is contributing The the findings encouraged identified by the National psychological development, It can take months to decipher £18 million to the consortium, GSK £3 million, weeks after); and a characteristic Institute for Clinical Excellence continuing even after the mother and another £19 million will come from the Northern Ireland Office the structure of a single protein Genome Canada, the Ontario government’s disturbance of autobiographical (NICE) as clearly the most has recovered.With recent to establish a Trauma and by X-ray crystallography. Challenge Fund, the Ontario Innovation memory for the trauma, such effective treatment available. Wellcome Trust funding he is Trust and the Canadian Institutes of Health. Reconciliation Centre, which The European Bioinformatics Institute, that unwanted ‘flashback’-like This is the first time that NICE now following up the children will treat PTSD patients and based at the Wellcome Trust Genome memories can be easily triggered. has recommended disseminating in later life and developing Campus in Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, will disseminate the approach to a specific psychological a psychological treatment to provide technical support for the project. These negative interpretations other healthcare professionals. treatment across the NHS. help reduce mealtime conflict. and disturbed trauma memory

are maintained by problematic Professor David Clark, formerly a Wellcome behavioural and cognitive Principal Research Fellow, is Head of the Department of Psychology, Institute of strategies (for example, Psychiatry, London. Professor Anke Ehlers suppression of thoughts about is a Principal Research Fellow in the same department. the event and excessive precautions). RESOURCES 16 17

Left More than a million people in the UK suffer Talking from some kind of eating disorder, most of them young women. Below, left The aftermath success of the Omagh bombing.

Evidence is mounting that cognitive behaviour therapy, a ‘talking’ therapy, is highly effective for a range of psychological disorders.

Far left David Bentley, Wellcome Trust Sanger Tip top Institute. Left Lon Cardon, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, HapMap University of Oxford. A global collaboration to understand ‘genome superstructure’ will help researchers identify medically important areas of the human genome.

It is comparatively rare for a Researchers are keen to identify single gene to have a major SNPs involved in susceptibility impact on health. Usually, many to (or protection against) genes are involved, each having common diseases, but analysing a small effect and acting in 3 million or so SNPs in large concert with environmental and groups of people is way beyond lifestyle factors. Finding these current technologies. genes among a forest of poorly Fortunately, rather than being understood influences is a major completely independent of one challenge for biomedical science. another, SNPs seem to come in ‘blocks’ (or haplotypes) that It is a challenge that underpins have stuck together through the UK Biobank project human evolutionary history. (see page 21), and the newly If so, researchers could work launched International HapMap with just a few SNPs in each Project, a global collaboration block, rather than the whole set. involving researchers from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute The HapMap project is analysing and the Wellcome Trust Centre DNA from a range of for Human Genetics in Oxford. populations across the world – Nigerian Yorubas, Han Chinese, The project aims to map ‘South-south’ Japanese, and US residents of common variants in DNA European origin – to create a sequence across the entire snapshot of DNA diversity, human genome, and to develop how the human genome has success a better understanding of how been shuffled through history. these variants are grouped The resulting map will be an together and inherited. Much A partnership with the Australian and New Zealand governments invaluable tool for researchers human variation takes the form aiming to pin down the genetic will provide major benefits to the research base – and populations – of single-letter changes in DNA origins of the diseases that most of the Asia-Pacific region. code (so-called single nucleotide of us will eventually die from. polymorphisms, or SNPs). According to the World Health nations. All research projects are As well as generating important SNPs are fairly evenly distributed The International HapMap Project is being across the genome, roughly coordinated by the US National Human Organization, nearly half a million addressing a major health information to inform medical Genome Research Institute. UK participants once every 1000 bases, and act include David Bentley and colleagues at the people die from acute pesticide problem of direct local relevance. practice and health policy as landmarks or genetic markers. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and Lon poisoning in the Asia-Pacific making, the projects will also help Cardon, a Principal Research Fellow, and In all, 11 projects are being region every year.Tackling this to cement relationships between colleagues at the Wellcome Trust Centre for funded, in countries as far afield Human Genetics at the University of Oxford. distressing statistic is the principal institutions and make a valuable as Sri Lanka, China, Malaysia, See www.hapmap.org aim of one of the projects contribution to the transfer of Papua New Guinea, Fiji,Thailand funded through the Wellcome knowledge and skills to researchers and Tonga.Topics are similarly Trust’s Asia-Pacific partnership in the Asia-Pacific region. diverse, ranging from the with the governments of ‘traditional’ tropical diseases such Australia and New Zealand. The Wellcome Trust has committed as malaria and schistosomiasis, £6 million to the scheme, the Australian National Health and Medical Research The £12 million initiative is to more modern issues such as Council £4.5 million and the New Zealand supporting collaborations the devastating health impact Health Research Council £1.35 million. between researchers in Australia of road traffic accidents and the See www.wellcome.ac.uk/international or New Zealand and groups in growing problems of obesity less developed Asia-Pacific and other ‘diseases of affluence’. RESOURCES 18 19

Left Three ﬁghting men of the ‘Black Miao’ of Instant south-western China, calmed by three women. access From Pearls of the Orient. Online databases are providing access to a multitude of quality-assured resources in biomedical ethics, public engagement with science and the history of medicine.

The web is proving an At the core of each site are LIBRARY ACQUISITIONS immensely powerful tool for descriptions of Internet resources, Banking on the sharing information. But its evaluated against a set of key The Wellcome Library is from 1922 to 1926 to train major benefits – ease of criteria. Hosted on the BIOME committed to developing its childminders looking after publication and effectively hub, sites are grouped into historical and modern collections young infants. limitless capacity – are also its related categories and also and continues to acquire new The wonderful material held material. Most notable in biggest drawbacks: there are fully searchable. BioethicsWeb in the Wellcome Library’s 2002/03 was the decision of future masses of information out and psci-com also provide Oriental Collections – possibly Sir John Sulston to donate his the most significant oriental there, much of dubious quality. forthcoming events calendars. The ambitious UK Biobank project is gradually archive of professional papers collection outside the East – to the Wellcome Library, One aim of the Wellcome This year, psci-com expanded its was showcased in a new coming together – with an ethics and governance a magnanimous gesture that Library for the History and services, introducing psci-comlit, publication, Pearls of the Orient, framework the latest piece of the jigsaw. will see the ‘Sulston papers’ edited by Nigel Allan and Understanding of Medicine is a bibliographic database join the archives of Francis published by Serindia Publications. to ensure important sources of covering science communication, Crick, Sir Richard Doll and Pearls of the Orient features 12 The year has been one of Much of the work will be The framework will set standards other giants of 20th-century information are freely available public engagement with science, essays on topics as diverse as significant progress for the carried out at the UK Biobank’s for the project and ensure that medical science. Jewish wedding contracts, the for scholarly research or other and the broader issues of UK Biobank project. A chief headquarters in the University data and samples are used only Other notable acquisitions life of Buddha, Islamic calligraphy constructive uses. More than this, science and society; psci-com executive has been appointed, of Manchester, where Dr Newton for ethically and scientifically it also aims to help users gain also provides access to a lively included an important collection and early Japanese surgery. of letters from the psychoanalyst its coordinating centre and holds an Honorary Chair in approved research. Key issues easier access to evaluated discussion forum. Such While Pearls may encourage Carl Jung, written to an English regional branches have been Public Health.There will also include consent, confidentiality, sources of information. Central innovations helped secure an more scholarly access to the colleague between 1936 and collections, a new scheme set up, and a draft of its ethics be six scientific collaborating stewardship of and access to to this aim are its ‘gateway’ sites, impressive 69 per cent increase 1943, which document not launched by the Wellcome and governance plans has centres, each comprising a data and samples, management such as psci-com for public in usage in 2002/03. only Jung’s professional ideas Trust in 2002/03 aims to open been published. network of academic and of the Biobank, and accountability. but also his thoughts on wider engagement with science, MedHist up the rich resources of the research institutions working Ultimately, an independent in the history of medicine, and psci-com: http://psci-com.ac.uk events such as the Second Wellcome Library to wider Dr John Newton, former BioethicsWeb: http://bioethicsweb.ac.uk World War and the position of with a total of 23 universities Ethics and Governance Council its newest site, BioethicsWeb, MedHist: http://medhist.ac.uk audiences.The Alchemy Awards Director of Research at the Jewish refugees.The Wellcome around the UK. A 17-strong will be appointed to be a BIOME: http://biome.ac.uk scheme provides funds of up John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, launched in July 2003. Library also acquired two rare Science Committee, chaired by guardian of the framework to £12 000 for groups to use took up the UK Biobank reins in early American books – the collections in community, Professor John Bell, Regius and to report publicly on how March 2003 and has the task of A Treatise on the Management teaching or media projects. Professor of Clinical Medicine at well UK Biobank is meeting its of the Teeth, by Benjamin James, delivering this landmark project. the University of Oxford, has been responsibilities to participants Boston, 1814 (the first full- UK Biobank aims to recruit up See http://library.wellcome.ac.uk established to provide scientific and the public. length American book on to 500 000 volunteers, aged leadership for the project. dentistry), and The New- between 45 and 69, who will Englander Farrier, 1795, the first UK Biobank is jointly funded by the provide details of their lifestyles The project has been marked Wellcome Trust, the Medical Research American publication devoted Council and the Department of Health. and medical histories, and by extensive consultation, with to veterinary medicine. See www.ukbiobank.ac.uk Among the most picturesque donate a sample of blood for the general public as well as key acquisitions was a series of DNA and other analysis.The groups such as GPs.This work lithographs produced in Berlin resulting database will provide has fed into a draft ethics and an invaluable resource for governance framework, published researchers studying the origins in September 2003, along with of common diseases such as input from an Interim Advisory cancer, diabetes and Alzheimer’s Group, chaired by Dr William which are caused by the complex Lowrance, a consultant in health interplay between genes, lifestyle policy and ethics.The group and the environment. also included experts in law, social science, consumer representation and philosophy.

Left Detail from a 1920s German lithograph, produced to train childminders. RESOURCES 20 21

Left Detail from a 1920s German lithograph, produced to train childminders. TRANSLATION 22 23 Translating Paradigm success gained Launched in March 2003, the Wellcome Trust’s Using an innovative combination of

Technology Transfer initiative handles all Trust- Left Refugee camps in computers and mouse genetics, Paradigm funded commercial translation projects. Afghanistan, where diseases Therapeutics is searching for new drug targets. can spread rapidly. Above Rhombomys opimus, For discoveries and innovations As technology transfer depends The Programme has two schemes: a rodent that contributes The development of new producing similar proteins, each from academic research to on productive partnerships, University Translation Awards to the spread of pharmaceuticals is a time- a potential new target for drugs. leishmaniasis in countries be translated into healthcare the Wellcome Trust’s approach provide ‘hands-off’ support – such as Afghanistan. consuming process that can However, most of these targets products, they require both is to play a complementary of up to £300 000 – for take years or even decades. have no known biological financing and project management role to scientists, university projects managed by university One of the key bottlenecks in function, and are known as to guide them successfully into technology transfer offices, technology transfer offices. the process is the need to find ‘orphan druggable targets’. the commercial sector. The life science industries and the Early-stage projects, as yet human proteins involved in Paradigm is searching the Wellcome Trust’s Technology investment community. insufficiently developed to disease whose activity could sequence of the human genome Transfer initiative aims to attract first-round professional potentially be altered by drugs – A new funding programme of for orphan druggable target support this translation process, financing, covering any aspect so-called druggable targets. Translation Awards replaces its genes. Once the genes have by providing ‘pump-priming’ of technology development in By integrating computer analysis former mechanism of support, been identified, their biological funding for promising early-stage biomedical science, will be of the human genome sequence the Development Fund. function is explored in mouse projects, and access to key funded, provided they address Displacement with mouse genetics, Paradigm Projects will span all areas of models – experiments that advice on intellectual property an unmet need in healthcare. Therapeutics in Cambridge biomedical science, and will be suggest which disease process and product development.The has developed a powerful new of interest to venture capitalists, Strategic Translation Awards the genes might be involved in. aim is to maximize the likelihood streamlined process for the life science industries and provide ‘hands-on’ support – that an invention will be suitable activity identifying druggable proteins. Paradigm is focusing its efforts local commerce, including of up to £500 000 – to projects for further development by on therapeutic areas of high business angels and Regional focused on areas of strategic Paradigm Therapeutics was either a start-up company or unmet medical need such as Development Agencies. scientific importance to the Trust. Wellcome Trust educational CD-ROMs are founded by Dr Mark Carlton licensing to a third party. obesity, central nervous system Unlike University Translation and Dr Samuel Aparicio (then being used in some of the most disadvantaged disorders and cancer. More than Awards, projects will be at the Wellcome Trust/Cancer areas of the world. 800 potential druggable targets managed directly by Technology Research UK Institute of Cancer have already been identified, of Transfer at the Wellcome Trust. and Developmental Biology) which more than 200 of the The Wellcome Trust’s ‘Topics Against this backdrop, HealthNet and was spun-out from the most exciting are well advanced See www.wellcome.ac.uk/techtransfer in International Health’ (TIH) International (HNI), a non- University of Cambridge with within its research programme. educational CD-ROMs on governmental Dutch-based initial ‘pump-priming’ research malaria and leishmaniasis are development organization, has funding from the Wellcome In December 2000, Paradigm being used to help train staff been conducting malaria and Trust’s Development Fund. received a first tranche of working in refugee camps in leishmaniasis control activities venture capital of approximately The vast majority of drugs on war-torn Afghanistan. Decades of in refugee camps in Pakistan £1 million. In December 2002, the market are directed to civil war and political instability and Afghanistan. As part of this the company attracted a second Right Zebrafish embryos fewer than 500 known drug have driven more than 6 million programme, HNI runs training round of private equity funding are being used in drug targets – proteins that include discovery programmes people into refugee camps in courses and workshops for amounting to £12 million. G-protein-coupled receptors, by DanioLabs, a start-up Afghanistan and Pakistan. healthcare personnel on the The company has grown to company with Technology ion channels, proteases and diagnosis, treatment and employ 30 staff and consultants, Transfer funding. With a near-collapse of the transporters.With the human prevention of both diseases. and has moved into new health and economic genome fully sequenced, premises on the Cambridge infrastructure, these refugees HNI selected the Wellcome sequence comparisons suggest Science Park. are prey to an upsurge of Trust’s TIH CD-ROMs because there are some 4000 genes diseases such as malaria and of their clarity, user-friendliness See www.paradigm-therapeutics.com leishmaniasis. Each year there and strong image collection. are an estimated 2.5 million There are 12 titles in the cases of malaria in Afghanistan TIH series, which have been and more than 135 000 of developed to provide a high- leishmaniasis. quality and up-to-date teaching resource for diseases of the developing world.

See www.wellcome.ac.uk/tih HNI: www.healthnetinternational.org TRANSLATION 22 23 Translating Paradigm success gained Launched in March 2003, the Wellcome Trust’s Using an innovative combination of

See www.wellcome.ac.uk/tih HNI: www.healthnetinternational.org TRANSLATION 24 25 Lapdap Treat ing on tap malaria A much-needed antimalarial, developed with A drug developed from an ancient Chinese Wellcome Trust support in Kenya and Malawi, herbal remedy may be of beneﬁt in the most has been licensed and is ready for use in Africa. severe forms of this disease.

With a vaccine still some way Kilifi, Kenya, and Blantyre, Malawi, A Wellcome Trust-funded team THE MALARIA PARASITE off, drugs remain the mainstay and has been brought to market based in Thailand is conducting of defence against malaria.Yet, by a public–private partnership the largest-ever clinical trial A ten-strong team of throughout Africa, drugs are comprising GlaxoSmithKline, in severe falciparum malaria, researchers, including Wellcome SHOPKEEPERS UNITE Trust-funded researchers failing alarmingly as the parasite the World Health Organization which kills over a million people Professor Stephen Ward and each year. gains resistance to our chemical and the UK’s Department for The Wellcome–KEMRI Dr Patrick Bray at the Liverpool armoury. In this worrying International Development in Research Programme at Kilifi To date there is no agreement School of Tropical Medicine, climate, the launch of a new, collaboration with Liverpool’s has also been the focus about which is the best drug has found how artemisinins cheap and effective antimalarial University and School of Tropical of a highly successful project kill the malaria parasite. to treat this form of malaria. is a major step forward. Medicine, the London School of aimed at ensuring precious Artemisinins are becoming antimalarial drugs are used Although quinine is still the most Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, increasingly important Lapdap, a so-called short-half-life correctly – misuse is not widely used treatment, many and African researchers. antimalarials, as resistance to antifolate, was approved in July only dangerous for patients, people believe that artesunate, Governments can purchase other drugs spreads. Indeed, 2003 by the Medicines and it encourages the development a drug derived from a Chinese in some parts of South-East Lapdap for just 10 pence for a of drug resistance. Healthcare Products Regulatory herbal remedy, qinghaosu, Asia they are the only effective course of treatment for a child. Agency (MHRA) – the UK’s key Dr Vicki Marsh has been running is more effective. However, treatment for acute malaria. an education programme How they work, however, drug regulatory body – and has Plans are under way to combine there is as yet no proof of this. for local shopkeepers and has been a mystery. already been registered in several Lapdap with another drug Livestock communities around Kilifi – Professor Nick White and team The new research, led by African countries, including known to be effective in delaying shops often being the first are therefore launching the MRC-funded Professor Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria the development of resistance. point of call for parents with for life largest-ever randomized control Sanjeev Krishna of St George’s and Tanzania. A second public–private a feverish child. Shopkeepers trial in severe falciparum malaria Hospital Medical School, partnership is energetically are taught to ask the right London, has found that Lapdap was the brainchild of questions about symptoms The Animal Health in the Developing World – more than twice the size of pursuing a combination known as artemisinins irreversibly inhibit Dr Bill Watkins at Wellcome and offer the right doses of any previous study – comparing CDA (Lapdap with artesunate), initiative will benefit those for whom livestock a key Plasmodium falciparum Trust-supported laboratories in antimalarials for children of artesunate and quinine. Over a metabolic enzyme – the which is currently in phase II means more than a square meal. Nairobi and Professor Peter different ages, and to encourage three-year period, they will enrol malarial calcium-dependent clinical trials. Commercialization parents to go straight to clinics Winstanley at the University of 2000 patients at hospitals in ATPase (PfATP6), which pumps is being funded by the Medicines in serious cases. Liverpool.Their aim was to find In many parts of the developing In recognition of this need, the Bangladesh, Myanmar (Burma), calcium from one part of the for Malaria Venture, a non-profit Following highly successful cell to another. PfATP6 is very an antifolate that was as effective world, farm animals are not just Wellcome Trust has launched Indonesia and India. foundation to which the Trust pilots, Dr Marsh has worked similar to a mammalian known as existing treatments but rapidly a source of food – they are also a new £25 million initiative, has contributed. with the Ministry of Health in The trial will be coordinated as SERCA. Crucially, however, disappeared from the body – bank balances for families and ‘Animal Health in the Developing Kenya to develop a programme by the Wellcome Trust-funded artemisinins inhibit only the to lessen the likelihood that If CDA comes through clinical of training for informal drug communities.Through breeding, World – Livestock for Life’. parasite enzyme. research programme in Thailand resistance might develop. trials successfully, it should be as retailers that integrates with livestock holdings can be built up, The initiative aims to encourage (based in Mahidol University, effective as Lapdap, be cheaper other forms of local healthcare leading to better health, better Source: Eckstein-Ludwig U et al. (2003) After several years’ laboratory delivery.And in 2003, the research into the distribution Bangkok), which has pioneered Artemisinins target the SERCA of than many other combination opportunities and better life. testing, Lapdap went through shopkeepers project went of diseases and how they are the use of artemisinin derivatives, Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 424: 957–61. therapies and, importantly, Yet one of the main enemies extensive clinical trials at sites in national, with education spread. It will also support the artesunate or artemether, have a longer useful lifespan. to such sustainable solutions is programmes being rolled development of vaccines, drugs for the treatment of malaria. Africa, including the Wellcome disease. It takes just one outbreak out to five districts of Kenya, and diagnostics that can tackle Trust Research Programmes in with Dr Marsh providing of a major infection to devastate these diseases.To complement support and contributing the livestock and the community. to evaluations of the trials. such research, the initiative will For many animal diseases, fund activities that help scientists The shopkeepers project is good evidence that, as well there is only a limited work with livestock keepers, as the high-tech approaches understanding of transmission animal health practitioners and Above right In rural areas of drug development, it is and natural reservoirs, and there community policy makers. around Kilifi, Kenya, most absolutely essential to are few vaccines, diagnostics antimalarial drugs are look at how therapeutics or treatments available. See www.wellcome.ac.uk/livestock bought at small shops. are actually being used Above far right Livestock in the community. play many vital roles in African life. Funding for the shopkeepers project is Right Young children also being provided by the Division of Malaria Control, Kenya.The Department outside Kilifi, Kenya, where for International Development provided malaria is endemic. initial funding for the project. TRANSLATION 24 25 Lapdap Treat ing on tap malaria A much-needed antimalarial, developed with A drug developed from an ancient Chinese Wellcome Trust support in Kenya and Malawi, herbal remedy may be of benefit in the most has been licensed and is ready for use in Africa. severe forms of this disease.

With a vaccine still some way Kilifi, Kenya, and Blantyre, Malawi, A Wellcome Trust-funded team THE MALARIA PARASITE off, drugs remain the mainstay and has been brought to market based in Thailand is conducting of defence against malaria.Yet, by a public–private partnership the largest-ever clinical trial A ten-strong team of throughout Africa, drugs are comprising GlaxoSmithKline, in severe falciparum malaria, researchers, including Wellcome SHOPKEEPERS UNITE Trust-funded researchers failing alarmingly as the parasite the World Health Organization which kills over a million people Professor Stephen Ward and each year. gains resistance to our chemical and the UK’s Department for The Wellcome–KEMRI Dr Patrick Bray at the Liverpool armoury. In this worrying International Development in Research Programme at Kilifi To date there is no agreement School of Tropical Medicine, climate, the launch of a new, collaboration with Liverpool’s has also been the focus about which is the best drug has found how artemisinins cheap and effective antimalarial University and School of Tropical of a highly successful project kill the malaria parasite. to treat this form of malaria. is a major step forward. Medicine, the London School of aimed at ensuring precious Artemisinins are becoming antimalarial drugs are used Although quinine is still the most Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, increasingly important Lapdap, a so-called short-half-life correctly – misuse is not widely used treatment, many and African researchers. antimalarials, as resistance to antifolate, was approved in July only dangerous for patients, people believe that artesunate, Governments can purchase other drugs spreads. Indeed, 2003 by the Medicines and it encourages the development a drug derived from a Chinese in some parts of South-East Lapdap for just 10 pence for a of drug resistance. Healthcare Products Regulatory herbal remedy, qinghaosu, Asia they are the only effective course of treatment for a child. Agency (MHRA) – the UK’s key Dr Vicki Marsh has been running is more effective. However, treatment for acute malaria. an education programme How they work, however, drug regulatory body – and has Plans are under way to combine there is as yet no proof of this. for local shopkeepers and has been a mystery. already been registered in several Lapdap with another drug Livestock communities around Kilifi – Professor Nick White and team The new research, led by African countries, including known to be effective in delaying shops often being the first are therefore launching the MRC-funded Professor Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria the development of resistance. point of call for parents with for life largest-ever randomized control Sanjeev Krishna of St George’s and Tanzania. A second public–private a feverish child. Shopkeepers trial in severe falciparum malaria Hospital Medical School, partnership is energetically are taught to ask the right London, has found that Lapdap was the brainchild of questions about symptoms The Animal Health in the Developing World – more than twice the size of pursuing a combination known as artemisinins irreversibly inhibit Dr Bill Watkins at Wellcome and offer the right doses of any previous study – comparing CDA (Lapdap with artesunate), initiative will benefit those for whom livestock a key Plasmodium falciparum Trust-supported laboratories in antimalarials for children of artesunate and quinine. Over a metabolic enzyme – the which is currently in phase II means more than a square meal. Nairobi and Professor Peter different ages, and to encourage three-year period, they will enrol malarial calcium-dependent clinical trials. Commercialization parents to go straight to clinics Winstanley at the University of 2000 patients at hospitals in ATPase (PfATP6), which pumps is being funded by the Medicines in serious cases. Liverpool.Their aim was to find In many parts of the developing In recognition of this need, the Bangladesh, Myanmar (Burma), calcium from one part of the for Malaria Venture, a non-profit Following highly successful cell to another. PfATP6 is very an antifolate that was as effective world, farm animals are not just Wellcome Trust has launched Indonesia and India. foundation to which the Trust pilots, Dr Marsh has worked similar to a mammalian known as existing treatments but rapidly a source of food – they are also a new £25 million initiative, has contributed. with the Ministry of Health in The trial will be coordinated as SERCA. Crucially, however, disappeared from the body – bank balances for families and ‘Animal Health in the Developing Kenya to develop a programme by the Wellcome Trust-funded artemisinins inhibit only the to lessen the likelihood that If CDA comes through clinical of training for informal drug communities.Through breeding, World – Livestock for Life’. parasite enzyme. research programme in Thailand resistance might develop. trials successfully, it should be as retailers that integrates with livestock holdings can be built up, The initiative aims to encourage (based in Mahidol University, effective as Lapdap, be cheaper other forms of local healthcare leading to better health, better Source: Eckstein-Ludwig U et al. (2003) After several years’ laboratory delivery.And in 2003, the research into the distribution Bangkok), which has pioneered Artemisinins target the SERCA of than many other combination opportunities and better life. testing, Lapdap went through shopkeepers project went of diseases and how they are the use of artemisinin derivatives, Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 424: 957–61. therapies and, importantly, Yet one of the main enemies extensive clinical trials at sites in national, with education spread. It will also support the artesunate or artemether, have a longer useful lifespan. to such sustainable solutions is programmes being rolled development of vaccines, drugs for the treatment of malaria. Africa, including the Wellcome disease. It takes just one outbreak out to five districts of Kenya, and diagnostics that can tackle Trust Research Programmes in with Dr Marsh providing of a major infection to devastate these diseases.To complement support and contributing the livestock and the community. to evaluations of the trials. such research, the initiative will For many animal diseases, fund activities that help scientists The shopkeepers project is good evidence that, as well there is only a limited work with livestock keepers, as the high-tech approaches understanding of transmission animal health practitioners and Above right In rural areas of drug development, it is and natural reservoirs, and there community policy makers. around Kilifi, Kenya, most absolutely essential to are few vaccines, diagnostics antimalarial drugs are look at how therapeutics or treatments available. See www.wellcome.ac.uk/livestock bought at small shops. are actually being used Above far right Livestock in the community. play many vital roles in African life. Funding for the shopkeepers project is Right Young children also being provided by the Division of Malaria Control, Kenya.The Department outside Kilifi, Kenya, where for International Development provided malaria is endemic. initial funding for the project. TRANSLATION 26 27 Fat Genes chance in healthcare Trials of a hormone treatment offer A partnership with the Department of Health the prospect of a new approach to is helping the National Health Service plan for treat obesity. the advent of genetic-based medicine.

Obesity looks set to be to In the laboratory of Professor Many wild claims have been In light of these findings, the the 21st century what smoking Steve Bloom at Imperial made for the likely impact of Wellcome Trust and the was to the 20th: a cause of College,Wellcome Training genetics on medicine – from Department of Health jointly millions of avoidable deaths. Fellow Rachel Batterham and miracle cures to mass screening. commissioned Dr Hilary Burton Some 30 000 people are colleagues have produced More sober assessments suggest and colleagues at the PHGU thought to die prematurely compelling evidence that a that the full effects will take to undertake a wide-ranging from obesity-related conditions naturally occurring hormone, decades to be felt. But – and it consultation exercise and to every year in the UK, and one in PYY3-36, might be usable to is an important but – genetics is develop a national strategy five men and one in four women treat obesity. Obese people Grow-your-own Drinking slowly but surely creeping into for education of health are now classified as obese. were found to have low levels of the clinic. professionals in genetics. the hunger-regulating hormone, While lifestyle factors – eating Having made substantial Published in September 2003, while a single injection of PYY3- balanced diets and taking investments in the Human the report made three main 36 significantly reduced perceived regular exercise – will obviously bandage thinking Genome Project, and further recommendations – for a appetite and calorie consumption play a major part in the initiatives to extract medical national steering group for in overweight volunteers. management of obesity, medical A newly developed ‘grow-your-own’ Historians can help ensure that benefits from genome data, the genetics education, a national researchers are also looking to Although these are preliminary medical bandage might prevent 4000 the lessons of the past influence Wellcome Trust has a strategic centre for genetics education, find ways to manipulate body results, they raise the exciting foot or toe amputations every year. the thinking of the present. interest in this area. In 2001, and a formal programme of physiology to provide alternative prospect that PYY3-36 could it funded the Public Health genetics education associated approaches, particularly for be used to treat obesity by Genetics Unit in Cambridge with the centre.The report has those with serious obesity- influencing appetite and hence With Technology Transfer funding acid. A supply of cells is kept In July 2003, Professor Virginia During the First World War, for to review current education been very positively received, and related diseases such as diabetes. food consumption. from the Wellcome Trust, frozen in liquid nitrogen to Berridge, principal investigator example, alcohol was strictly programmes in genetics for its main proposal for a national researchers from the University allow further treatment. on a ‘Science Speaks to Policy’ controlled, to counter the health professionals.The picture centre formed a cornerstone of Sheffield have devised a highly Rachel Batterham is now at University Cell-coated bandages, which programme of historical research effects of drinking on munitions was not encouraging: the of the government’s white College London.The PYY3-36 research was promising bandage for healing supported by the Medical Research Council can easily be customized to fit at the London School of Hygiene production.The result was a provision of genetics education paper, Our Inheritance, Our Future, and the Wellcome Trust. persistent ulcers. In the ‘TranCell-S’ damaged areas, are then delivered and Tropical Medicine, discussed huge decrease in arrests from was patchy, piecemeal and ad hoc. published in June 2003. Source: Batterham R L et al. (2003) method, a patient’s own cells the recent histories of alcohol drinking offences and deaths from Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects to NHS diabetic foot clinics. by peptide YY3-36. New England Journal are grown on a polymerized and drug use in England with cirrhosis during the war years. The PHGU report can be found at Diabetic ulcers are very difficult www.wellcome.ac.uk/phgureport of Medicine 349: 941–8. bandage which is then applied senior politicians, civil servants to heal, and may linger for years. In addition, although Prohibition to the ulcerated area. and academics. They start as a small blister then in 1920s America gets a bad press In a trial involving the TranCell-S develop into a sore, which may The seminar was part of a today, in its early years it had bandage six out of nine ulcers, go as deep as the bone. consultation process feeding considerable success in changing which had been defying With the help of a Technology into a National Alcohol Harm patterns of working-class conventional treatment for Transfer Development Award, Reduction Strategy for England, drinking and earned widespread between two and four years, CellTran – a spin-out company which the Department of Health support.The impact of stringent were healed.The bandage has formed by Professor Sheila aims to implement from 2004. regulations on drinking patterns also helped a former prisoner MacNeil and Professor Robert and health is nuanced. of war who had been suffering Professor Berridge’s paper Short in 2000 – will run a second extensive leg ulcers for 60 years. explored why alcohol is legal In England, the mass temperance trial comparing the CellTran and other drugs are not, looking movement of the 19th century In the TranCell-S treatment, a bandage with conventional at the contrasting paths taken had a significant impact. thin slice of a patient’s skin is therapy, with support from by alcohol and the opiates since Interestingly, it was primarily taken, usually from the thigh, consultant diabeticians Dr Simon the 19th century when both a local movement, illustrating Top, far left Patients’ under local anaesthetic, and cells Heller in Sheffield and Dr William cells being grown on a were commonly used semi- how local action could play a TranCell-S bandage. are expanded many hundred- Jeffcoate in Nottingham. medical/semi-recreational pick- role in changing alcohol culture. Top left ‘The Last Drop’, fold in the laboratory. Cells are They also aim to develop new me-ups that could be bought a man drinking himself then placed on the bandage, ways to accelerate the growth over the counter. Some 61 per cent of the Wellcome Trust’s to death. Detail from a History of Medicine Programme is research coloured etching by where they continue proliferating of skin cells in culture. on ‘modern’ topics – and thus of potential on a surface coating of acrylic Regulation of both drugs has relevance to today’s scientific, medical and T Rowlandson, 1811. been influenced by many social, social debates. political and medical aspects. Professor Virginia Berridge is Head of the Centre for History in Public Health at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. TRANSLATION 26 27 Fat Genes chance in healthcare Trials of a hormone treatment offer A partnership with the Department of Health the prospect of a new approach to is helping the National Health Service plan for treat obesity. the advent of genetic-based medicine.

Obesity looks set to be to In the laboratory of Professor Many wild claims have been In light of these findings, the the 21st century what smoking Steve Bloom at Imperial made for the likely impact of Wellcome Trust and the was to the 20th: a cause of College,Wellcome Training genetics on medicine – from Department of Health jointly millions of avoidable deaths. Fellow Rachel Batterham and miracle cures to mass screening. commissioned Dr Hilary Burton Some 30 000 people are colleagues have produced More sober assessments suggest and colleagues at the PHGU thought to die prematurely compelling evidence that a that the full effects will take to undertake a wide-ranging from obesity-related conditions naturally occurring hormone, decades to be felt. But – and it consultation exercise and to every year in the UK, and one in PYY3-36, might be usable to is an important but – genetics is develop a national strategy five men and one in four women treat obesity. Obese people Grow-your-own Drinking slowly but surely creeping into for education of health are now classified as obese. were found to have low levels of the clinic. professionals in genetics. the hunger-regulating hormone, While lifestyle factors – eating Having made substantial Published in September 2003, while a single injection of PYY3- balanced diets and taking investments in the Human the report made three main 36 significantly reduced perceived regular exercise – will obviously bandage thinking Genome Project, and further recommendations – for a appetite and calorie consumption play a major part in the initiatives to extract medical national steering group for in overweight volunteers. management of obesity, medical A newly developed ‘grow-your-own’ Historians can help ensure that benefits from genome data, the genetics education, a national researchers are also looking to Although these are preliminary medical bandage might prevent 4000 the lessons of the past influence Wellcome Trust has a strategic centre for genetics education, find ways to manipulate body results, they raise the exciting foot or toe amputations every year. the thinking of the present. interest in this area. In 2001, and a formal programme of physiology to provide alternative prospect that PYY3-36 could it funded the Public Health genetics education associated approaches, particularly for be used to treat obesity by Genetics Unit in Cambridge with the centre.The report has those with serious obesity- influencing appetite and hence With Technology Transfer funding acid. A supply of cells is kept In July 2003, Professor Virginia During the First World War, for to review current education been very positively received, and related diseases such as diabetes. food consumption. from the Wellcome Trust, frozen in liquid nitrogen to Berridge, principal investigator example, alcohol was strictly programmes in genetics for its main proposal for a national researchers from the University allow further treatment. on a ‘Science Speaks to Policy’ controlled, to counter the health professionals.The picture centre formed a cornerstone of Sheffield have devised a highly Rachel Batterham is now at University Cell-coated bandages, which programme of historical research effects of drinking on munitions was not encouraging: the of the government’s white College London.The PYY3-36 research was promising bandage for healing supported by the Medical Research Council can easily be customized to fit at the London School of Hygiene production.The result was a provision of genetics education paper, Our Inheritance, Our Future, and the Wellcome Trust. persistent ulcers. In the ‘TranCell-S’ damaged areas, are then delivered and Tropical Medicine, discussed huge decrease in arrests from was patchy, piecemeal and ad hoc. published in June 2003. Source: Batterham R L et al. (2003) method, a patient’s own cells the recent histories of alcohol drinking offences and deaths from Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects to NHS diabetic foot clinics. by peptide YY3-36. New England Journal are grown on a polymerized and drug use in England with cirrhosis during the war years. The PHGU report can be found at Diabetic ulcers are very difficult www.wellcome.ac.uk/phgureport of Medicine 349: 941–8. bandage which is then applied senior politicians, civil servants to heal, and may linger for years. In addition, although Prohibition to the ulcerated area. and academics. They start as a small blister then in 1920s America gets a bad press In a trial involving the TranCell-S develop into a sore, which may The seminar was part of a today, in its early years it had bandage six out of nine ulcers, go as deep as the bone. consultation process feeding considerable success in changing which had been defying With the help of a Technology into a National Alcohol Harm patterns of working-class conventional treatment for Transfer Development Award, Reduction Strategy for England, drinking and earned widespread between two and four years, CellTran – a spin-out company which the Department of Health support.The impact of stringent were healed.The bandage has formed by Professor Sheila aims to implement from 2004. regulations on drinking patterns also helped a former prisoner MacNeil and Professor Robert and health is nuanced. of war who had been suffering Professor Berridge’s paper Short in 2000 – will run a second extensive leg ulcers for 60 years. explored why alcohol is legal In England, the mass temperance trial comparing the CellTran and other drugs are not, looking movement of the 19th century In the TranCell-S treatment, a bandage with conventional at the contrasting paths taken had a significant impact. thin slice of a patient’s skin is therapy, with support from by alcohol and the opiates since Interestingly, it was primarily taken, usually from the thigh, consultant diabeticians Dr Simon the 19th century when both a local movement, illustrating Top, far left Patients’ under local anaesthetic, and cells Heller in Sheffield and Dr William cells being grown on a were commonly used semi- how local action could play a TranCell-S bandage. are expanded many hundred- Jeffcoate in Nottingham. medical/semi-recreational pick- role in changing alcohol culture. Top left ‘The Last Drop’, fold in the laboratory. Cells are They also aim to develop new me-ups that could be bought a man drinking himself then placed on the bandage, ways to accelerate the growth over the counter. Some 61 per cent of the Wellcome Trust’s to death. Detail from a History of Medicine Programme is research coloured etching by where they continue proliferating of skin cells in culture. on ‘modern’ topics – and thus of potential on a surface coating of acrylic Regulation of both drugs has relevance to today’s scientific, medical and T Rowlandson, 1811. been influenced by many social, social debates. political and medical aspects. Professor Virginia Berridge is Head of the Centre for History in Public Health at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT 28 29 Reunited relics The ‘Medicine Man’ exhibition reunited a remarkable collection of objects belonging to a remarkable collector.

During his lifetime, Sir Henry Visitors to the exhibition were favourable reviews in everything Wellcome, founder of the confronted with an eclectic from the Wall Street Journal to Wellcome Trust, amassed one mix of intriguing, eccentric and Time Out. It also made it onto of the world’s largest museum sometimes downright grisly radio and television, including, collections, totalling over a exhibits. Mass displays of masks, BBC Radio 4’s Front Row and million artefacts. After his death amputation saws, forceps, drug Channel 4’s Richard and Judy. A YEAR IN EXHIBITIONS in 1936, his vast ‘Museum of Man’ jars and artificial limbs rubbed Henry Wellcome’s dragnet style was dismantled and objects shoulders with Japanese sex of collecting fell from favour ‘Treat Yourself’ at the Science The ‘Truth and Beauty’ were gradually dispersed across aids, Chinese binding shoes, Museum (23 May – 9 November exhibition at the TwoTen during his lifetime, but his vision the globe as far afield as Australia anti-masturbation devices, 2003) examined the growth Gallery (8 November 2002 – of medicine as an aspect of and Zimbabwe – a dispersal an iron chastity belt, complete of the ‘health consumer’ – 21 March 2003) at 210 Euston human culture, intimately entwined who, picking and choosing Road, explored questions of that was completed when all with a key, Napoleon’s with all other human affairs, between conventional and objectivity and aesthetics in but the Library materials were toothbrush, Charles Darwin’s is one that seems increasingly complementary approaches scientific image making. moved to the Science Museum cane, a lock of George III’s hair relevant today. to health, and adding a dash Scientists are increasingly on permanent loan in the 1970s. and an array of nipple shields, of consumer choices, creates producing images of great including a silver one hallmarked a peculiarly 21st-century beauty, supposedly incidentally – In 2003, marking the 150th Medicine Man, the catalogue, edited by Ken with King George’s head. Arnold and Danielle Olsen, is available from ‘lifestyle medicine’. And yet, their main objective being to anniversary of Henry Wellcome’s the British Museum Press, priced £19.99. ‘Treat Yourself’ suggested, this provide a clear view or insight The Phantom Museum, a book of six works birth, more than 600 items were As well as being one of the commissioned from writers Peter Blegvad, is not a modern phenomenon into the natural world. reunited in ‘Medicine Man:The most popular exhibitions ever A S Byatt, Helen Cleary,Tobias Hill,Hari – it simply reinvents an approach But are aesthetics, consciously forgotten museum of Henry to have been held at the British Kunzru and Gaby Wood to accompany the to health and wellbeing dating or subconsciously, becoming a exhibition, is published by Profile Books, back to the great Roman goal in themselves – and what Wellcome’, an exhibition at the Museum (it attracted up to priced £12.99. medic Galen of Pergamon. impact does that have on the British Museum, which ran from 15 000 visitors per week and See www.wellcome.ac.uk/medicineman Also at the Science Museum, primary desire to provide a 26 June to 16 November 2003. well over 200 000 visitors in ‘Metamorphing’ (4 October ‘real’ view of nature? total),‘Medicine Man’ was a 2002 – 16 February 2003) ‘Truth and Beauty’ juxtaposed critical success – garnering explored the vast theme of works by contemporary artists, bodily transformation in designers and filmmakers with mythology, art and science. outstanding contemporary Curators Marina Warner scientific research images in the and Sarah Bakewell brought fifth Biomedical Image Awards together an intoxicating mix – the best images acquired by of historical items, including the Wellcome Trust’s Medical an 18th-century compendium Photographic Library. of demons and the mummified remains of a merman, alongside Treat Yourself: Health consumers in a dramatic transformations from medical age, a catalogue featuring the best works from the ‘Treat Yourself’ the natural world – including exhibition and a series of specially Right Funerary reliquary time-lapse photography of commissioned articles, is published containing the bones of the emergence of butterflies – by the Wellcome Trust, priced £6.50. the deceased, designed and striking works by Online versions of Wellcome Trust to protect ancestors contemporary artists. exhibitions can be viewed at from evil forces. www.wellcome.ac.uk/exhibitions. From Upper Ogowe, Gabon, 1870–1920. Left Examples of the huge variety of medicine jars collected by Henry Wellcome. Above right The 'Truth and Beauty' exhibition inside the TwoTen Gallery. Inset Inside the 'Metamorphing' exhibition at the Science Museum. PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT 28 29 Reunited relics The ‘Medicine Man’ exhibition reunited a remarkable collection of objects belonging to a remarkable collector.

Lessons DNA50 in life

Boosting science education has been a major Fifty years after the discovery of the DNA focus for the Wellcome Trust in 2002/03. double helix, a series of DNA50 activities assessed its impact on science and society.

The growing impact of A National Science Learning SUPPORT FOR SCHOOLS What does the public think Watson had been privy to her biomedical science is being felt Centre based at the University of genetics? If the Imagine results, and Watson and Crick in many parts of society, not of York, funded by the Wellcome The Wellcome Trust’s work in photography competition, were reticent in acknowledging least the education sector. Trust and run by the White education focuses on enhancing organized in conjunction with her contributions.Watson, Crick Considerable new challenges Rose Consortium (comprising teachers’ continuing professional the BBC, is anything to go by, and Wilkins were awarded the development, providing an are emerging. Biomedicine is the universities of Leeds, there are as many perspectives Nobel Prize; by then Franklin evidence base to support impacting on everyday life. Sheffield,York, and Sheffield educational policy development, as people to express them. was dead – ironically, of cancer Children are hearing about Hallam), will work with DfES- possibly caused by exposure and curriculum development. Imagine, launched in April 2003, reproductive technologies, funded Regional Centres in In the latter area, piloting has to X-rays. invited amateur photographers of genetically modified organisms, Leicester and Nottingham, begun of a new science GCSE, all ages to submit work inspired Fifty years has seen endless HIV/AIDS and a host of other Yorkshire, Manchester, London, Twenty-first Century Science, by DNA, genes and heredity, debate about the case – ignited issues every day in the media. Hertfordshire and Southampton. developed with funding from the Wellcome Trust and others. to capture perceptions of what by Jim Watson’s racy account All the Centres will have In addition, science has tended DNA meant to them – their in his book The Double Helix. excellent facilities, including newly It comprises a ‘core’ science to be taught in terms of course in scientific literacy, thoughts, feelings, hopes and ‘Four Plus:Writing DNA’ equipped laboratories and incontrovertible facts, yet in much equivalent to a single GCSE fears about genetics and the explored the drama behind the cutting-edge ICT (information and of modern biology there are award, aiming to provide a future. Images flooded in, some extraordinary achievements – communications technology) relevant and comprehensive degrees of uncertainty. And the bizarre, others of considerable heightened by 50 years of equipment. Links with leading science education for the pace of change is problem enough artistic merit. mythologizing. scientific and industrial entire populace. Students for the biomedical researcher, organizations will provide will learn about key areas of First prize in the schools As part of ‘Four Plus:Writing let alone a hard-pressed teacher. science but also how science teachers with access to the category went to Old Palace DNA’, items from the Francis is carried out. Moreover, the UK education latest scientific thinking, and School of John Whitgift, Croydon. Crick archive – acquired for the Twenty-first Century Science system has been geared more help to refresh, expand and also provides additional The individual first prize was Wellcome Library in 2001 – towards scientific specialists update their subject knowledge. modules for students shared by Ben Roberts and were made available for public than the vast majority who will continuing science studies Andy Milne (see left). viewing for the first time. Complementing the national not study science after school. beyond GCSE. network is a second partnership The special TwoTen Gallery Material on display included A key challenge is to ensure that The Trust is also funding the between the Wellcome Trust exhibition,‘Four Plus:Writing documents relating to Rosalind the stream of well-prepared development of an AS Level and the DfES, the Creative DNA’ (4 April – 29 August Franklin’s role in the DNA budding researchers is matched in the History and Philosophy Science initiative, which is funding 2003), featured commissioned story and a series of illuminating by future citizens equipped of Science, which is also new high-quality continuing being piloted. work from ten contemporary letters from Crick,Wilkins with the scientific literacy they professional development artists. Exhibits focused on the and others to James Watson, will need in a technologically As more direct support for courses for science teachers teachers, the Wellcome Trust four key characters involved in objecting to the publication advanced society. and technicians.The 28 projects produces LabNotes, a free the DNA story – Francis Crick, of The Double Helix. Crick Fundamental to this new funded by the £400 000 resource providing up-to-date James Watson, Rosalind Franklin considered the book nothing vision will be science teachers. initiative will see a range of information about biomedical and Maurice Wilkins. more than unscientific gossip. science and its ethical and To this end, the Department for innovative approaches being social implications. In Cambridge,Watson and All of the above (and much Education and Skills (DfES) and trialled for use in science teaching An issue on stem cells was Crick were single-minded in more) featured on a major new the Wellcome Trust committed – from dance to business published in January 2003, and their quest to understand the website launched in April 2003. £26 million and £25 million studies.The best projects will work began on an ‘ageing’ issue. structure of DNA. In London, The Human Genome: Your respectively to develop a form the basis of new modules Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin genes, your health, your future, nationwide network of Science to be used in the Science The Twenty-first Century Science were using X-ray diffraction is a constantly updated guide to Learning Centres for science Learning Centres. curriculum was developed by a team from the University of York and the techniques to gather insight into the human genome – the science, teachers, which will transform Nuffield Curriculum Projects Centre in London, led jointly by Professors John its three-dimensional shape. its role in health and medicine, the quality of teachers’ Holman and Robin Millar, and Andrew To p Future citizens: and its broader social impact. professional development. Hunt.The AS-level course was developed children from the Grey In the crucial episode,Wilkins by Becky Parker (affiliated to the Coat School, London. University of Kent at Canterbury) and showed Franklin’s X-ray results See www.wellcome.ac.uk/dna50 colleagues. Right ‘Chinese boy’ by to Watson. Franklin never knew www.wellcome.ac.uk/imagine Andy Milne, who raised www.wellcome.ac.uk/genome questions about China’s one-child policy of population control. PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT 30 31

Lessons DNA50 in life

Video and music editing, ENGAGING SCIENCE In October 2002, artist Paddy It was illustrated by many PEOPLE AWARDS multimedia design and web Hartley and Dr Ian Thompson, fascinating items that had never page creation are not normally Five other Society Awards a research fellow at King’s been exhibited before, including People Awards, of up to associated with schools.Yet at in ‘Young People’s Education’ College London, unveiled a new illuminated marriage contracts, £30 000, provide a fast-track Highwire, Hackney’s City Learning were made in 2002/03.Among creation – ‘face corsets’, mask- an amuletic necklace worn by funding mechanism: application the most notable was a project forms are simple, proposals Centre, it is school children like devices that temporarily pregnant women, cradle charms, led by Susan Rodrigues of the can be made at any time, and who are shooting and editing University of Edinburgh, which alter the structure of the face. circumcision tools and wimpls – decisions are made rapidly. videos, designing and producing They are made from bioglass – binders used to wrap a baby will use the storylines and People Awards thus offer interactive games, and publishing characters from popular a silica material containing boy at circumcision, which are considerable scope and their creations on the Internet. television programmes as a calcium, which stimulates the later embroidered and painted flexibility, and gratifying hook to develop teachers’ growth of bone and soft tissue. with the name of the child and numbers of newcomers to Thanks to a Wellcome Trust resources stimulating debate presented to the synagogue as science communication have Society Award, Highwire is about scientific issues. Rice The collaboration has provided a Torah binder.The exhibition applied, including scientists developing its first long-term rich creative territory for an artist, In the ‘Broadening Access’ mountains was accompanied by a lively keen to share their work project,‘Genetics and Citizens’. section,The British Council and a chance for Dr Thompson with the public. programme of talks and events. The self-contained course will of Disabled People received to exploit Paddy Hartley’s funding to develop a group bridge the science and Grains of rice are helping expertise in wax modelling, Advances in biomedical sciences See www.wellcome.ac.uk/engagingscience of specialist trainers, with citizenship curricula, with the carving, mould making, ceramics have generated new vocabulary, expertise in bioethics, disability young people get a grasp first 14–16-year-olds taking the rights and human rights. of epidemics. and foundry work to produce which poses a barrier for deaf course in January 2004. The group will work with more sophisticated casts. people wishing to take part in disabled communities to help science activities. British sign Genetics and Citizens will begin With a Wellcome Trust People them set up their own ethical language interpreters at these by looking at the history and In the ‘Plague Nation’ Pulse The project is being run with Award, Dr Thompson and discussions or contribute events have to ‘spell out’ new roots of genetics – from the 18th project, Stan’s Café theatre Key Stage 3 students (11–13- Mr Hartley aim to refine more effectively to others. vocabulary in full, a cumbersome century to contemporary research company commandeer school year-olds). It is up to them what construction techniques, to Participation is also central halls and cover the floor with rice. statistics to include, and they ritual ill-suited to debate – and how such discoveries to the project led by Perry produce better implants for research the figures, and calculate and discussion. have influenced society and are Walker of the New Economics That may sound like a recipe patients undergoing facial how much rice to use.The used in the public sphere or Foundation. He and his for an unholy mess, but there is reconstruction.They also want With People Award funding, colleagues received funding result: many piles of rice, and commercially.The students will method in the madness: students to develop facial pressure Professor Mary Bownes at the from the Wellcome Trust to students with a much better then split up to examine issues measure out piles of rice, each dressings for the treatment of Scottish Institute for Biotechnology develop ‘democs’ (deliberative sense of the scale of epidemics around bioethics and citizens’ grain denoting one individual. serious burns. At the same time, Education is working with British meetings organized by and the impact of vaccination. rights – issues such as ‘designer citizens), a game that allows So, one pile might represent the the pair will develop a series of sign language users, experts, babies’, cloning and genetically small groups of people to find number of people in the world face corsets exploring historical interpreters, educationists and out about an issue, seek modified food. with polio 100 years ago, and PULSE and contemporary variations scientists to identify key terms common ground and develop another the number with polio of the ‘ideal’ human face, to be needed to engage in biotechnology Highwire’s approach shows how their views. Democs have been To p At Highwire, The ‘Pulse’ or Young People’s Hackney’s students get shown at the Science Museum’s activities, and to find ways to new technologies can provide used by the Human Genetics now, revealing the impact of Performing Arts scheme to grips with new science Commission and in the vaccination (and what remains ‘Future Face’ exhibition in express them in sign language. exciting new opportunities funded 24 projects exploiting and new technology. national GM debate and will to be done). autumn 2004. They will produce a draft for teachers – and the chance the possibilities of dance and now be developed further in Inset Rice nation: database of signs, and run for students to get to grips with drama to engage young people visualizing the population The Jewish Museum in Camden light of this initial feedback. Or one pile could be the workshops to train both both up-to-date new media number of people in the world in biomedical science. of the British Isles with Town, London, used a People grains of rice. interpreters and biology teachers applications and the very latest See www.wellcome.ac.uk/engagingscience with HIV, and the pile next to Projects are using a variety Award to put on an exhibition, Right Detail from in their use, leading eventually scientific developments. it could be the population of of media – dance, drama, ‘A Time to be Born’ (8 May – installation – to address a coloured engraving of to a fully searchable CD-ROM. London – providing a new way 21 September 2003), exploring broad spectrum of scientific hands showing the sign See www.highwire.org.uk language alphabet. old and new ideas and customs of visualizing the appalling toll themes, including the bio- of HIV/AIDS. science of light, neuroscience, about childbirth and fertility. cloning, eugenics, polio epidemics and ageing.

See www.wellcome.ac.uk/pulse PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT 32 33 Interactive For the genetics People School children in Hackney are using creative People Awards – small-scale funding for public technologies to explore issues in genetics. engagement projects – have tapped into a rich vein of creativity in arts, humanities and science communities.

See www.wellcome.ac.uk/pulse 3634 35

A year at the Wellcome Trust

New Director Human genome completed Genome Campus extension Genome Campus open day Scientific information Scientific publishing Funding in UK universities Amended grant conditions In March 2003, Dr Mark Walport The scientific highlight of the Work began in November 2002 In May 2003, the Wellcome The Wellcome Trust is In October 2003, the Wellcome This year saw a number of In September 2003 the was appointed the new Director year was the completion of the on the extension to the Wellcome Trust Genome Campus threw committed to the principle Trust published a comprehensive consultations on the future Wellcome Trust published of the Wellcome Trust human genome in April 2003, Trust Genome Campus at open its doors for a three-day of open access to scientific analysis of the financial impact of of research funding in UK revised grant conditions, for succeeding Dr Mike Dexter. 50 years after Watson and Crick’s Hinxton, the site of the Sanger celebration to mark the Sanger information, as timely sharing the scientific publishing industry, universities. Responding to these grants held in the UK.The new discovery of the DNA double Institute.The first phase of Institute’s tenth birthday and the of information is central to Economic Analysis of Scientific consultations, the Wellcome grant conditions update Trust Dr Walport was previously Head helix.Through the unstinting development will provide 50th anniversary of the discovery scientific progress. In response Research Publishing. Trust maintained its fundamental policy on intellectual property of the Division of Medicine at commitment of researchers at additional research facilities for of the DNA double helix. Some to requests from the large- belief that it funds research in and its exploitation. Imperial College London, where The report concluded that, the Wellcome Trust Sanger Sanger Institute scientists, as well 1000 visitors, school parties, genome sequencing community, partnership with the government See www.wellcome.ac.uk/ his clinical and research interests globally, journal subscriptions Institute at Hinxton, and their as a sophisticated data centre, groups and individuals, enjoyed the Wellcome Trust sponsored in the UK. grantconditions focused on immunology and the are a significant financial burden colleagues around the world, research support facility, offices interactive displays, competitions, an international meeting in genetics of rheumatic diseases. on institutional libraries and It funds the full direct costs of Building progress this priceless resource has been and ancillary accommodation. presentations and guided tours January 2003 to discuss individual researchers, and research – reagents, equipment, Building work continued Dr Walport has been a member kept in the public domain, for of the Genome Campus. pre-publication data release. At the same time, the grounds of present a major obstacle to and the salaries of many technical throughout the year on the and chairman of the Wellcome use by scientists all over the the Genome Campus are being Sanger pioneer Held in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, the timely and comprehensive staff and principal investigators. Wellcome Trust’s new Trust’s Molecular and Cell Panel globe and for the ultimate remodelled, and will eventually Sir John Sulston, founder the meeting brought together sharing and use of scientific However, maintaining the basic headquarters building at 215 and was formerly a Wellcome benefit of humankind. include a wetland area destined Director of the Wellcome Trust representatives of the producers information.The Trust published infrastructure of UK universities Euston Road.This landmark Trust Governor. to become a nature reserve. Sanger Institute, was awarded of large-genome sequence data, the report to encourage further – laboratory heating and lighting, building is due to be occupied in Senior staff the 2002 Nobel Prize for the users of such data, funding dialogue on the best way to libraries and so on – is the May 2004.The Wellcome Library Recruitment took place in 2002/03 Physiology or Medicine, for his agencies and scientific journals. disseminate scientific findings. Government’s responsibility. will be temporarily housed in for a new Director of Science work on the nematode worm The Wellcome Trust supports However, charities have made 210 Euston Road from summer To coincide with the report, Funding. Dr Sohaila Rastan who Caenorhabditis elegans. As well as the recommendation made at the enormous contributions to 2004, before returning to the the Wellcome Trust published has worked in academia the biological merits of worm meeting that high-throughput, infrastructure by funding buildings, original Wellcome Building at a position statement affirming (University of Oxford and the research in its own right, work large-genome projects be refurbishing laboratories, 183 Euston Road in 2006, after it its commitment to open-access MRC Clinical Research Centre), on C. elegans laid the foundations considered community resource supporting key staff, training is converted into a public space. scientific publishing. industry (GlaxoSmithKline) and in for the eventual sequencing of projects, with results released researchers, and providing a biotech start-up (Ceros Ltd), the human genome. as quickly as practicable. specific items of equipment. joined as Director of Science Charities should be able to Funding in November 2003. make their own decisions about these contributions, matching their missions with the needs of universities. 3634 35

A year at the Wellcome Trust

UK Funding

The Wellcome Trust makes an important contribution to research in the UK and Republic of Ireland through its ongoing support of innovative, investigator-led proposals in all areas of biomedical science. During 2002/03 333 new grants, amounting to about £105 million, were awarded through the four subject Panels.

One of the major programme Other awards from the Molecular In the area of psychiatry, project Among the awards made Advisory committee Infection and Immunity Panel Molecular and Cell Panel Neurosciences Panel Physiology and grants awarded this year by the and Cell Panel included programme grants were awarded to Professor through the Functional Genomics Pharmacology Panel Infection and Immunity Panel grants to Professor Mike Geeves Glyn Harrison to study psychosis- Development Initiative was support Remit Supports fundamental and applied Supports research in the general Supports research investigating the Supports physiology and was to Professor Peter Openshaw at the University of Kent at like symptoms in children and for a four-year PhD programme research relating to infectious area of molecular and cell biology, function of the nervous system in pharmacology in its broadest (Imperial College London) for his Canterbury for biophysical studies adolescents, and to Dr Jonna in bioinformatics.The programme, diseases and immunology. including biochemistry, health and disease.This includes context, ranging from basic work on respiratory viruses in of the mechanochemistry of the Kuntsi to examine psychological and led by Professor Michael Sternberg, This ranges from epidemiology developmental biology and both cellular and cognitive cellular and molecular studies children. RSV (respiratory syncytial molecular motor myosin in muscle genetic aspects of hyperactivity in Director of the Imperial College and the pathology of infections genetics; proposals may involve neuroscience as well as clinically in model systems to whole- through to genetic and molecular basic, clinical or veterinary oriented proposals investigating organ and animal studies, including contraction; to Professor Andrew pairs of twins. Centre for Bioinformatics, will virus) causes colds in adults but studies relevant to infectious research. common neurological, studies of integrative physiology. can be a dangerous infection in Copp of the Institute of Child recruit 12 students over two Among the awards made by the disease. ophthalmological and psychiatric Epidemiological and mathematical babies, causing significant numbers Health to study the molecular and years from a variety of scientific conditions. studies are also covered. Physiology and Pharmacology of hospital admissions, and may cellular processes that are involved backgrounds, including mathematics, Panel were grants to Dr Colin Total spend £28.3 million £24.4 million £32.6 million £20.2 million also be associated with asthma in the ‘zipping up’ of the embryonic biology and chemistry, for in-depth Taylor (University of Cambridge) and wheezing in later life. brain and spinal cord (failure of training in bioinformatics. Number of new for his studies of calcium signalling which can lead to conditions such applications (project, Other Infection and Immunity in human cells and to Professor The ‘Value in People’ (VIP) programme and equipment) 346 341 347 299 as spina bifida); and to Professor programme grants awarded during Lucilla Poston (Guy’s, King’s and initiative was launched in 2003. Azim Surani of the Wellcome Number of new awards 85 81 87 80 the year included support to St Thomas’ School of Medicine, The Trust has committed Trust/Cancer Research UK Dr Vassilis Koronakis (University London) for a trial of vitamin £30 million over five years to this Award rate by number 25% 24% 25% 27% Institute in Cambridge to study of Cambridge) for studies of supplements to prevent pre- scheme, which provides flexible Award rate by value 26% 25% 29% 27% the reprogramming of mouse the effects of Salmonella on the eclampsia – potentially dangerous funding to assist universities in the germ cells. host cell cytoskeleton during high blood pressure in pregnant recruitment, career progression invasion and to Professor David Awards made through the women, which can lead to premature and retention of key academic and Gray (University of Edinburgh) Neurosciences Panel spanned birth or harm to the mother. research staff. The 27 universities Another partnership, which was Nucleotide sequence data have The ‘tri-tryp’ 2003 meeting brought Top left Professor Foo for an investigation of the role the full range of neurosciences, which top the list of Trust-funded Another notable award was to aimed at highlighting opportunities become an increasingly popular together researchers working on (‘Eddy’) Liew, University of B cells as antigen-presenting from molecular studies of neuron institutions over the last five years of Glasgow. the Museum of London, to set in chemical biology, involved the means of characterizing and Leishmania, Trypanosoma brucei cells and regulators of migration to cognitive and received these awards. Top middle An archivist up a database of the remains of Royal Society of Chemistry. It was typing bacterial pathogens, and and T. cruzi to share information T-cell-mediated inflammation psychiatric neuroscience. At the records information nearly 5000 people who died The year also saw the launch prompted by a report from this this workshop aimed to promote on the current status and about the Museum of and autoimmune disease. more molecular and cellular end during the Roman and Saxon of a partnership with the Juvenile Society which suggested that, dialogue among individuals progress of the genome projects, London’s bone collection. of the neurosciences research Awards from the Molecular periods, as well as 600 plague Diabetes Research Foundation despite many strengths, UK chemists involved in academic research and and to plan the next steps in Top right Professor spectrum, Professor Russell Foster and Cell Panel included grants victims of the 14th-century Black of the USA to promote research had yet to take full advantage of public health, and to discuss the reaching the completion of the Lucilla Poston, who is received a programme grant to testing the ability of associated with the UK’s two Death who were buried in a mass into human pluripotent stem the new opportunities offered by further development of MLST genomes in 2004. continue his highly successful vitamins to prevent new 900 MHz nuclear magnetic grave on the former Royal Mint cells.The JDRF agreed to match the recent growth in biomedical and related approaches. studies of non-rod, non-cone There was also a Scientific pre-eclampsia. resonance (NMR) spectroscopy site in East Smithfield. Wellcome Trust programme grant research.Workshops were held in photoreceptor cells in the The series of pathogen genome Frontiers Meeting in July 2003 facilities being built at Oxford funding in this area and is prepared Bath, Durham and Edinburgh, and mammalian eye (see page 12). The Wellcome Trust also has a meetings continued with a to review the barriers to and Birmingham, with funding to commit up to £3 million over further ones are planned for special bioarchaeology initiative workshop on Burkholderia species understanding the structural, from the Joint Infrastructure Fund. Programme grants were also five years. Applications involving Cardiff and Dublin. which provides personal support to discuss how the information biomedical and cellular basis of Professor Iain Campbell (Oxford) awarded to Professor Alun Davies collaborations with groups outside for research into studies of ancient Other meetings organized by from the genome sequences of bone fragility. was awarded a programme grant from the Royal (Dick) School the UK or the Republic of Ireland human history that provide insight the Subject Panels included an B. cepacia, B. mallei and to use NMR to study the proteins of Veterinary Studies in Edinburgh are welcome, particularly if they into today’s patterns of health International Workshop on B. pseudomallei could be used and signalling complexes to investigate the molecular bring together expertise in cell and disease. Among the proposals Multi-locus Sequence Typing to understand further the biology associated with the extracellular mechanisms which determine development, cell biology and supported this year was a (MLST) at the Wellcome Trust of these pathogens, responsible matrix and focal adhesions, while the death or survival of individual reproductive biology with expertise University Award to Dr Keith Conference Centre at Hinxton, for infections in cystic fibrosis Professor Michael Overduin nerve cells in the developing in, for example, beta-cell biology Dobney (University of Durham) in collaboration with the UK patients, melioidosis in the tropics, (Birmingham) was supported to nervous system, and to Dr Christine (see page 13). to study the dispersal of humans Public Health Laboratory Service. and glanders, respectively. study the role of FYVE domains Holt to study the navigation of and their accompanying pathogens during protein targeting to nerve axons in the developing brain. in the Holocene period subcellular membranes. (10–12 000 years ago). 36 37

UK Funding

Career Schemes and Clinical Initiatives

The Wellcome Trust’s programme of personal award schemes aims to provide flexible opportunities for support for basic and clinical researchers, from the earliest stages to the pinnacle of a research career. Specific clinical initiatives help ensure that patients continue to reap improved healthcare benefits from Trust-funded research. In 2002/03, the Trust committed £73 million providing primarily UK-based personal support for outstanding scientists at all levels and support for specific clinical initiatives.

With regard to the most senior Dr Luke Chamberlain, one of the Clinical career support Review of activities Advisory committee Basic Science Interest Group Clinical Interest Group Veterinary Medicine Interest Group of the Wellcome Trust’s personal first graduates from the Wellcome Two Senior Research Fellowships The Wellcome Trust’s review of support schemes, one new Trust Four-year PhD Training in Clinical Science were awarded activities during the year afforded Remit Responsible for several schemes including: Responsible for schemes that support the Advises the Trust on any matters relating to Principal Research Fellowship was Programme at the University during the year, to Dr Fiona a timely opportunity to reassess Prize (PhD) Studentships, Four-year PhD clinical and research training needs of veterinary research in a national context and awarded in 2002/03, to Professor of Liverpool. Gribble (University of Cambridge), the value and scope of the Training Programmes, Research Career medical, dental and veterinary graduates. on the training needs of the profession. Mark Williams. Professor Williams for her work on hormonal Wellcome Trust’s personal Development Fellowships and Senior It considers applications for intercalated BSc The Wellcome Trust’s Four-year has moved from Bangor to the regulation of secretory cells in the support schemes. The exercise Research Fellowships in Basic Biomedical awards to veterinary graduates and for other PhD Training Programmes were Science. A separate subcommittee is veterinary research training grants. University of Oxford to develop lining of the gut, and to Dr Patrick has led to a revised portfolio of reviewed during the year by a responsible for Research Training Fellowships his research on the cognitive Chinnery (University of Newcastle), schemes of central importance specially convened external in Mathematical Biology. precursors to suicidal thinking who works on mitochondrial to the academic career pathway. committee.The 12 programmes (see page 16).The Principal Research disorders affecting the nervous Total spend £42.5 million £18.3 million £0.2 million have been running for between A relatively small number of Fellowship of Professor Anke system. Dr Chinnery is a former three and nine years, and the schemes have been suspended, Awards include: Ehlers (Institute of Psychiatry) Wellcome Training Fellow and review board assessed their such as Prize Studentships; Senior-level fellowships £16.7 million £8.4 million was renewed for a further ten Advanced Training Fellow, Dr Gribble success in terms of attracting high- instead the Wellcome Trust’s Intermediate-level years to continue her work a current Clinician Scientist. quality students, creating modules contribution to the training of fellowships £8.4 million £4.7 million with Professor David Clark on Three Senior Clinical Fellows had for taught parts of the programme, graduate students will now be the cognitive processes in the their fellowships renewed – Training fellowships and providing a supportive concentrated on the highly and studentships £16.8 million £5.0 million £0.1 million maintenance and treatment of Dr Shoumu Bhattacharya environment for research training. successful Four-year PhD Training social phobia and post-traumatic (University of Oxford; cellular Subcommittees Mathematical Biology Committee Programmes (see above). stress disorder (see page 16). The review board concluded that responses to oxygen starvation), £0.6 million Vacation scholarships have been all the programmes were performing Dr Fiona Karet (University of The research grants of a further retained – providing an invaluable Other major awards: Principal Research Fellowships well.The additional year – during Cambridge; genetics of kidney six Principal Research Fellows first taste of research for the £12.4 million which students benefit from function and disease) and Dr Paul were also renewed in 2002/03, potential researchers of tomorrow. taught modules as well as having Lehner (University of Cambridge; including those of Professor Clinical career schemes have been the opportunity to spend time in viral antigen processing). Geoffrey Smith (Imperial), for his rationalized, with the merger of different labs and with different studies of poxviruses and their At earlier stages of the clinical Advanced Fellowships and Clinician potential supervisors – was manipulation of the host’s career ladder, two Clinician Scientist Fellowships, while considered to be a particularly Top left Professor Top right Patient- immune response, Professor Scientist Fellowships were Entry-level Fellowships have been valuable experience. Following the Dorothy Bishop, a oriented research at the Daniel St Johnston (University awarded, as were ten Advanced discontinued; potential applicants Principal Research Wellcome Trust Clinical review, the Wellcome Trust has of Cambridge), for further studies Fellowships and 19 Research for this scheme can apply for Fellow at the University Research Facility in agreed to continue the funding of of Oxford investigating Birmingham. of axis formation in the fruit fly, Training Fellowships. Research Training Fellowships. each of the programmes for five language development. and to Professor Dorothy Bishop The fellowship scheme specific students per annum for a further The Wellcome Trust Clinical (University of Oxford) for her to clinical epidemiology has five years from October 2004. Research Facilities at Birmingham, work on the development of been closed, but again potential Cambridge, Edinburgh, Manchester language and language A total of 271 vacation applicants can continue to apply and Southampton are now all impairments in children. scholarships were awarded, for support through generic fully operational and providing enabling students about to enter fellowship schemes. Seven new Senior Fellowships valuable sites at which clinically their final year of study to spend in Basic Biomedical Science applied work can be carried out, The new portfolio continues to part of the summer carrying out were awarded, and five of these funded by the Wellcome Trust offer opportunities for personal laboratory-based research. Students fellowships were renewed. or other bodies. A steady stream support at key stages of a are encouraged to work away A total of 19 Research Career of studies is now emerging from research career, for basic scientists from their home university; this Development Fellowship awards each of the sites. and clinically qualified researchers. year students from over 60 different were made, including one to universities benefited from this valuable ‘taster’ of life in the lab. 38 39

Career Schemes and Clinical Initiatives

International Health Programmes

An important part of the Wellcome Trust’s portfolio is its support for research outside the UK, which accounted for £51 million of the Trust’s expenditure in 2002/03. The Trust’s three International Health Programmes aim to support research and associated activities to improve human and animal health in developing countries – fostering a research environment in which such countries are able to address their own health needs through research, and facilitating the application of research results into policy, practice and product development.

Special Initiatives International Biomedical infectious diseases at the Human microbial infections – and its short- Advisory committee International Biomedical Interest Group Health Consequences of Population Tropical Medicine Interest Group In 2002/03 the Wellcome Trust In an innovative partnership with Genome and Africa Conference, and long-term consequences. Change Panel held in South Africa, in March The programme has played a launched a £25 million initiative the governments of Australia and Remit Develops international research strengths Supports research into the health impact of Promotes research in tropical medicine focusing on the health and New Zealand, the Wellcome Trust 2003; and ‘Practical Bioinformatics major part in the design and through fellowship exchange and shifts in population structure and behaviour in developing countries through major wellbeing of livestock animals in made 11 awards during the year for African Scientists’ at the development of Lapdap, a cheap collaboration. Senior fellowship schemes patterns in the developing world. programmes, training and career opportunities. the developing world (see page 25). to international collaborations University of the Western Cape, and effective antimalarial licensed are run in several overseas countries. tackling some of the most also held in March, which involved in 2003 (see page 24). A further new project was the Total spend £21.1 million £10.2 million £19.9 million pressing health problems of the scientists from the Wellcome † Anglo-French Tropical Medicine Dr Charles Newton’s Career On longer-term support £8.7 million* £4.9 million £15.2 million Asia-Pacific region (see page 9). Trust Sanger Institute. Information Service, a partnership Post was renewed to allow him Applications with nine other funding agencies In 2002/03, two International Tropical Medicine to continue his important work Number considered 458‡ 94§ 78 ¶ involved in international health Senior Research Fellowships The Tropical Medicine Programme in Kenya on tropical neurology. research, to encourage (ISRFs) for Central Europe were has a particular focus on supporting Training fellowships were awarded Number awarded 203 40 36 collaboration between English- awarded to Dr Maris Laan and major multidisciplinary research to Dr Julie Makani of Muhimbili Success rate and French-speaking researchers Dr Tanel Tenson, both at the programmes in developing University,Tanzania, to study the All new grants 47% 43% 46% and institutes.The service is Institute of Molecular and Cell countries, and on research epidemiology of sickle cell diseases developing a website to raise Biology,Tartu University, Estonia. training and career development in East Africa, strengthening the * Support for 21 International Senior Fellows. ‡ Includes small travel and collaborative grants, and symposia. † Includes one programme grant, three Senior Fellowships, § Includes Master’s training programme and symposia. awareness of the range of activities There are now six ISRFs in opportunities in the tropical role of the Kilifi programme in three Career Development Fellows and one building award. ¶ Includes small symposia grants, visitors’ awards and ‘conditional’ awards. and funding opportunities offered Estonia – a notably high density medicine field. training scientists from the region, by the major medical research of these prestigious awards for a and to Dr Frederica Verra Professor Nicholas White, agencies in France and the UK country of only 1.5 million residents. (London School of Hygiene and As well as infectious diseases demographic and societal In South Asia two awards were to monitor health transitions in Director of the Wellcome Trust’s (see www.wellcome.ac.uk/aftmis). Tropical Medicine) to investigate of the tropics, the Wellcome Trust changes taking place in the region, made to address major diseases South Africa’s rural north-east. ISRFs support outstanding Major Research Programme in immunity to malaria and molecular also supports research into to enhance collaboration between related to urbanization and The Programme also supported The Wellcome Trust awarded researchers who wish to establish South-East Asia, was funded this evolution of the parasite in Kenya. noncommunicable disorders. institutions and between social lifestyle changes: strategies for a workshop, held in Johannesburg £4.8 million to an international a research career in Czech, year to carry out the largest-ever Dr Charlotte Hanlon (Institute and biomedical sciences, and to control of hypertension in in September 2003, to disseminate collaboration led by Professor Estonian, Hungarian or Polish clinical trial in severe falciparum Robert Wilkinson, an affiliate of Psychiatry), for example, was strengthen research capacity. Pakistan (Dr Tazeen Jafar, Aga the findings from a long-term Jonathan Weber of Imperial academic institutions. In addition to malaria (see page 25). Another trial of the Wellcome Trust’s Centre awarded a Clinical Epidemiology Khan University, in collaboration study tracking the incidence of The Africa Centre for Health College London and Professor the two ISRFs funded in Estonia, funded in Thailand will explore for Research in Clinical Tropical Fellowship to look at the impact with Professor Nishi Chaturvedi stroke in the Agincourt region, and Population Studies, led by Rodney Phillips at the University four were awarded to researchers the use of combination therapies Medicine at Imperial College, of postnatal depression in Ethiopia. et al. at Imperial College London) a growing problem in this area Dr Michael Bennish, is leading of Oxford, which will assess the in Hungary, two in Poland and against cryptococcal meningitis, was awarded a Career Post in In a similar vein, Dr Atif Rahman and the impact of rural–urban and other parts of sub-Saharan the South African arm of the effects of early administration of one in the Czech Republic. Further a serious disease associated with Clinical Tropical Medicine (University of Manchester) was migration on obesity and diabetes Africa as Western diets become Spartac trial – a study to test the antiretroviral drugs on HIV/AIDS. ISRFs were awarded in India HIV infection.Training Fellow (the most senior of the Trust’s awarded a Career Development in India (Professor Shah Ebrahim more widespread. effectiveness of early antiretroviral The multinational ‘Spartac’ (short (nine) and South Africa (two). Dr Annemarie Brouwer will lead fellowships in this area), to study Fellowship in Clinical Tropical et al., University of Bristol, and pulse anti-retroviral therapy at this study. tuberculosis in Cape Town, South treatment in HIV infection. Although the restructuring Medicine to develop and evaluate Professor Srinath Reddy et al., sero-conversion) trial will test the Africa. Dr Wilkinson aims to study The Africa Centre is based in the countries of Central and Eastern Funding was finalized in 2002/03 an intervention to prevent the All India Institute of Medical theory that a strong, early attack the development of active TB from Hlabisa District of KwaZulu-Natal Top left The human Europe and the former Soviet for a new building to house adverse effects of maternal Sciences, New Delhi). on HIV will have major long-term latent TB infection and adverse and is carrying out community- immunodeficiency virus Union continue to dominate researchers of the Wellcome Trust depression on infant growth (HIV) budding from benefits for those infected with the reactions to anti-TB drugs. Dr Mark based research on HIV/AIDS – The HCPC Programme also applications for, and awards of, –KEMRI Research Programme in in Pakistan. a cell. virus, by protecting HIV-specific Nichol (University of Cape Town) a heavy burden of disease in funded the continuation of the collaborative grants, increasing Kenya, led by Professor Kevin Top middle Cattle are immune cells at a stage when HIV was awarded a training fellowship Health Consequences this province. Agincourt Health and a precious resource for numbers of high-quality proposals Marsh.The new building, based at is having a particularly detrimental to characterize strains of of Population Change Demographic Surveillance System farmers in Africa. from Latin America have been Kilifi District Hospital, will provide Dr Simon Gregson and colleagues effect on immune defences. Mycobacterium tuberculosis causing A £5 million initiative to support (Professor Stephen Tollman, Top right Professor received and funded. much-improved laboratory facilities at Imperial College of Science, diseases in South African children. major awards in Latin America led University of Witwatersrand, Kevin Marsh, Director for the team of researchers Technology and Medicine were of the Wellcome–KEMRI The Programme funded a These two fellowships will to the shortlisting of five applications South Africa).This platform carrying out a variety of projects awarded a £1.9 million Wellcome Research Programme number of workshops and strengthen further the tuberculosis during the year. The initiative will supports a programme of focused on paediatric infectious Trust programme grant to study in Kenya, at Kilifi District symposia, including: a workshop research base in Cape Town. support multidisciplinary research research, interventions and Hospital. New research disease – particularly malaria and the dynamics of HIV transmission on pathogen genomics and on the impact on health of research capacity strengthening laboratories are in Zimbabwe, a country badly currently being built affected by HIV/AIDS. on the hospital site. 40 41

International Health Programmes

Wellcome Trust Genome Campus

The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus at Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, is Europe’s leading site for genome sequencing and analysis. It is home to the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, the European Molecular Biology Laboratory’s European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) and the MRC Human Genome Mapping Project Resource Centre (HGMP-RC), as well as the Wellcome Trust Conference Centre and Advanced Courses Programme.

Wellcome Trust The similarity between the two that underlies the restricted host The Sanger Institute, EMBL-EBI GENOME CAMPUS Eventually, structural landscaping – To celebrate the award of the ADVANCED COURSES Sanger Institute species is of enormous benefit to range of the human pathogens. and the MRC HGMP-RC jointly DEVELOPMENT including trees, shrubs and 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology The year saw four Advanced The year at the Wellcome Trust researchers investigating human Moreover, the particularly organized open days in July 2003 In 2002, South Cambridgeshire mounding – around the boundary or Medicine to Sydney Brenner, Courses held: From Genotype to Sanger Institute was notable for biology. Careful aligning of the detrimental effects of B. pertussis at the Wellcome Trust Genome District Council’s Planning of the site will shield views of the Robert Horvitz and John Sulston, Protein (35th Advanced Course; significant progress on both old two sequences highlights regions also appear to be due to gene Campus.The days were a triple Committee granted planning development and car parks the Conference Centre hosted 7–16 October 2002); DNA projects and in new directions. of similarity, which are likely to be loss rather than gain – the celebration to mark the 50th permission for a 27 000 square from the surrounding roads and a symposium, ‘C. elegans Past, Microarrays: Production to In April 2003, the finished conserved genes – an approach bacterium has not gained genes anniversary of the description of meter extension to the Wellcome villages.The remodelled grounds Present and Future: The not- analysis (36th Advanced Course; human genome sequence was that has helped identify 1200 new making it more virulent, but the structure of DNA, the Sanger Trust Genome Campus, and of the Genome Campus will so-humble worm’, on 9–10 4–14 March 2003); Functional announced, more than two human genes.The close genetic appears to have lost factors that Institute’s tenth anniversary and construction work began in include a wetland area due to September 2003, part-sponsored Genomics (37th Advanced years ahead of schedule. Of the relationship between the two used to control its virulence. the completion of the human November 2002. The development become a nature reserve. by the Wellcome Trust and the Course; 18–27 June 2003) and 2.9 billion letters of DNA code animals also reinforces the genome sequencing. More than will accommodate a greater Medical Research Council Human Genome Analysis: Two Sanger Institute papers WELLCOME TRUST that have been read, the Sanger importance of the mouse as a key a thousand people attended, number of academics and Laboratory of Molecular Biology. Genetic analysis of multifactorial topped their categories in the CONFERENCE CENTRE Institute has contributed more model for understanding human including visitors from the general provide additional cutting-edge In addition to the three Nobel diseases (38th Advanced Course; ‘fast-breaking papers’ listing During the year, the decision than 0.8 billion – 30 per cent, biology and for exploring disease public and schools. facilities.The first stage of the Laureates, a group of distinguished 23–29 July 2003). from the Institute for Scientific was made to rename the Hinxton including all of chromosomes processes and possible treatments. development will provide C. elegans scientists spoke at the Information.‘The genome The whole of the Sanger Institute Hall Conference Centre as the As usual, the courses were 1, 6, 9, 10, 13, 20, 22 and X. All data can be obtained through housing for a sophisticated symposium. sequence of Schizosaccharomyces was delighted to hear of the Wellcome Trust Conference extremely popular and free-access genome browsers data centre, laboratory space, The Sanger Institute has been pombe’ (Wood et al.) headed the award of the Nobel Prize in Centre at Hinxton. The Conference The first Joint Cold Spring Harbor– oversubscribed many times over. such as Ensembl. a research support facility, offices Molecular Biology and Genetics Physiology or Medicine to Centre continued to host Wellcome Trust Conference In light of their popularity, the committed to producing a ‘gold and ancillary accommodation. standard’ sequence as complete www.ensembl.org list while ‘The Pfam Protein Families Sir John Sulston, for his ground- meetings related to the mission on Pharmacogenomics was held Wellcome Trust is aiming to A four-month investigation of the institutions on the Genome and accurate as possible. Sequence Among the pathogen genomes Database’ (Bateman et al.) topped breaking work on the nematode on 24–28 September 2003. increase the number of Advanced was also carried out by the Campus, and others building on produced by the Sanger Institute sequenced during the year was in the Biology and Biochemistry worm Caenorhabditis elegans. The meeting focused on the Courses held at Hinxton over the Cambridge Archaeological Field the Trust’s wider work in is now 99.999 per cent accurate that of the potentially deadly category.The citations of these Sir John was the founding Director opportunities presented by the coming years. – less than one error in every and other papers from the of the Sanger Institute and his Unit on behalf of Cambridgeshire biomedical science. growing contribution of genomic bacterium Tropheryma whipplei The Wellcome Trust Genome 100 000 bases. Sequence is Sanger Institute provide strong leadership was instrumental in County Council.The first results information and technologies to (see page 10). Researchers at the On 17–20 November 2002, Campus also hosted three rechecked not only internally evidence that its work is of establishing it as one of the went on show at Hinxton in studies exploring the variable Sanger Institute also sequenced it hosted a conference jointly ‘Open Door’ workshops, where but also through reanalysis of widespread benefit throughout world’s leading centres for December 2002.These included responses of humans to drugs and compared the genome organized by EMBL-EBI and the participants could gain hands-on data by external organizations. the research community. genome sequencing and analysis. evidence of an ancient road and toxic agents. sequences of Bordetella pertussis Wellcome Trust,‘Towards unified experience of working with which formerly connected (the bacterium responsible for As well as raw sequence data, Under new Director, Dr Allan ontologies for describing biology The Conference Centre also human genome sequence as well The human genome sequence Wessex with East Anglia and is whooping cough) with those of information about genetic Bradley, the Sanger Institute has and biomedicine’.The conference hosted meetings organized in as an Open Door workshop on was augmented this year by that today known for its archaeological B. bronchiseptica, which causes variation between individuals is of been building on this foundation brought together scientists who conjunction with the Wellcome pathogen genomes. of the laboratory mouse (see page richness, the skeletons of three minor respiratory tract ailments critical importance – particularly to ask how genes and their are developing microarray and Trust’s funding panels, on topics 10).The draft sequence of the humans (one Neolithic, the in a wide range of animals and as we seek to understand the products are involved in health other high-throughput functional such as multi-locus sequence mouse genome, produced by an others Roman) and a dog, various is the presumed ancestor of genetic origins of common and disease. Central to this new genomics experiments, as well as typing, Burkholderia genomes, international consortium including fragments of pottery, and post B. pertussis, and B. parapertussis, diseases, which are likely to be focus has been a recruitment those who are using these new and bone (see page 37). the Sanger Institute, was published holes and drainage ditches a close relative that infects only linked to specific DNA variants. drive to attract top researchers tools, to help create standardized Top left Tim Hubbard, in Nature.The mouse is the demarcating the layout of an humans and sheep. Building on the success of the who can use genomic approaches ways of capturing and describing team leader for the first non-human mammal to ancient farmstead. Ensembl project at the such information. be fully sequenced. The comparisons suggest that it SNP Consortium, the Sanger to examine key biological Sanger Institute. (see page 10) is loss of genes by B. pertussis and Institute will be making a major questions . Top middle The B. parapertussis, rather than gain contribution to the International European Molecular HapMap Project (see page 18). Biology Laboratory’s of genes by B. bronchiseptica, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), which is next to the Sanger Institute on the Wellcome Trust Genome Campus. Top right A two-day-old mouse embryo. 42 43

Wellcome Trust Genome Campus

Major ventures and partnerships Technology Transfer

The Wellcome Trust supports a number of strategically important ‘one-off’ Technology Transfer at the Wellcome Trust seeks to projects or large-scale initiatives of major national and international importance. maximize the impact of research innovations on Generally, these are organized in partnership with other funding agencies, healthcare by facilitating the development of early-stage UK government departments, international agencies and governments, projects to a point at which they can be further developed and multinational companies, to maximize impact in key areas of science by the market. and medicine.

UK Biobank Structural Genomics Infrastructure The ultimate aim of the Wellcome of the organization. Previously, As with University Translation development to technologies for Major progress was made on Consortium During the year, several Joint Trust is to improve human technology transfer had been Awards, projects may be designed point-of-care diagnosis, wound the UK Biobank project during The Structural Genomics Infrastructure Fund and Science and animal health. Its biomedical handled by a subsidiary of the to establish proof-of-principle healing and the development of 2002/03, with Chief Executive Consortium, a £40 million Research Investment Fund research funding activities Wellcome Trust, Catalyst or reduction-to-practice of a a new generation of microbicides. Dr John Newton appointed, partnership between the projects were completed. Among generate considerable amounts BioMedica Ltd. technology. Unlike University While the majority of Development the coordinating centre and Wellcome Trust, GlaxoSmithKline them was the Centre for Clinical of knowledge about human and Translation Awards, staff at the Technology transfer depends Fund projects have only been regional branches announced, and four of Canada’s leading Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine animal biology in health and Wellcome Trust will be directly on productive partnerships that awarded within the past 12–18 and an ethics and governance research-funding agencies, was at the University of Oxford, which disease, much of it of potential involved in managing the project. capture the strengths of academia, months, there is already evidence framework published (see page 21). launched in April 2003. Over the opened in September 2003.The value in the development of Awards will normally be up to business developers, industry of some early successes from next three years the Consortium houses a number of key groups new therapies or diagnostics. £500 000. Diamond and investors. At the heart of earlier rounds. For example, aims to determine the three- and is associated with the Trust’s However, there are many obstacles Construction work began on the the Wellcome Trust’s approach is During the year a number of Paradigm Therapeutics Ltd, which dimensional structure of more research programmes in Thailand, between a promising finding in site of the UK’s new synchrotron, the desire to work in partnership leading figures from academic is a University of Cambridge spin- than 350 human proteins of Vietnam and Kenya. the laboratory and the delivery Diamond, on 12 March 2003. with others, playing a research and the technology out working in the area of orphan potential medical importance of a new product or method Dr John Taylor, Director-General A number of functional genomics complementary role to scientists, transfer sector were recruited G-protein coupled receptors, (see page 17). to patients – from confirming of the Research Councils, had facilities also opened, including ones university technology transfer to sit on the Technology Transfer raised £12 million in venture capital the initial encouraging results to the honour of ‘turning the first Established as a charity, the at St George’s Hospital, London, offices, life-science industries and Challenge Committee, which (see page 23). Oxxon Pharmaccines testing for side-effects, through to sod’ at the Rutherford Appleton Structural Genomics Consortium is and the University of Glasgow. the investment community. assesses University Translation Ltd, from the University of Oxford, scale-up and commercialization. Laboratory campus near Didcot, the only public–private partnership Integrated chemistry and biology Award applications, and the raised a further £15 million of To this end, the Trust has Oxfordshire. worldwide to undertake such a facilities were opened at Imperial Many promising ideas have not Technology Transfer Strategy venture capital in support of its reconfigured its R&D funding, targeted programme of research. College, London, and the been pursued, perhaps because Panel, which decides upon Strategic work on vaccine development. The ceremony marked the providing two additional forms Universities of Sheffield and Leeds. researchers or universities lacked Translation Award applications In total, £30 million of third-party opening of the construction phase The Consortium is led by Aled of support. University Translation the incentive or expertise to along with wider matters of funding was raised by Development of the Diamond project, which is Edwards, an Associate Professor The Joint Infrastructure Fund (JIF) Awards support any aspect of take research to the next step, strategy.The recruitment of new Fund projects during the year. due to end in late 2005. First use in the Banting and Best was a £750 million partnership technology development that can or because the idea was too staff ensured that Technology Given the state of financial of the facility is scheduled for Department of Medical Research between the Wellcome Trust, the be applied to the biomedical preliminary or high risk to attract Transfer could draw upon a range markets over this period, this is 2007. Diamond, a collaboration at the University of Toronto, and Office of Science and Technology sciences, providing the project interest from commercial sources. of expertise in biomedical science, a significant achievement. between the Wellcome Trust and a Senior Scientist at the Ontario and the Higher Education Funding addresses a defined need in It is at these initial stages of commercial translation of research, the UK Government, will create an Cancer Institute. Since 1997 Council for England, and was healthcare, is at an early stage, As well as funding,Technology translation that the Wellcome law and business practice. internationally competitive national Dr Edwards has been jointly established to upgrade the and has the potential to achieve Transfer continues to offer practical Trust’s Technology Transfer resource for scientists across many leading a structural proteomics UK’s research infrastructure to a commercial follow-on at the The Development Fund, which advice on intellectual property activities are directed. disciplines, including biomedical progamme at the University of internationally competitive conclusion of the project.Typically, was formerly administered by and its exploitation to other areas researchers exploring the structure Toronto.This programme is linked standards. It ran from 1998–2001. Technology Transfer at the they may be designed to establish Catalyst BioMedica Ltd, had its of the Trust and, on request, of large biological molecules. with two of the NIH-funded Its successor, the Science Research Wellcome Trust was formally proof-of-principle or reduction- final round of funding during the to Trust-funded researchers. structural genomics centres. Investment Fund (SRIF), was a launched on 21 March 2003, to-practice of a technology. year. As with the new translation £1 billion initiative with similar aims, with a presentation at the University Translation Awards are awards, its purpose has been launched by the UK Government University of Manchester incubator normally up to £300 000 and are to facilitate the early-stage in 2001.The Wellcome Trust facility.The launch was the managed by the host institution. development of new technologies committed £150 million to SRIF, culmination of a reassessment for healthcare. Overall, more than Strategic Translation Awards to support high-quality JIF proposals of the Wellcome Trust’s role in 40 projects from 20 institutions are similar in principle, but are that were not originally funded. technology transfer, leading to received financial support from targeted at areas of strategic the integration of translation the £20 million fund. Projects importance to the Wellcome For information about major projects activities into the main body that received backing ranged from Trust, such as the various fixed- at Hinxton, see pages 10 and 42. computational drug design and drug Top left Helen Lee, term initiatives and ventures that University of Cambridge, Top left The new are supported through the Trust’s who has developed a Centre for Clinical low-cost diagnostic Vaccinology and Tropical general funding mechanisms. ‘dipstick’ for Chlamydia, Medicine at the a common sexually University of Oxford. transmitted infection. 44 45

Major ventures and partnerships Technology Transfer

Medicine, Society and History

Through its Medicine, Society and History division, the Wellcome Trust aims to deepen understanding of the impact of science on society in the past, present and future, to foster public trust and conﬁdence in science, and ultimately to create an environment conducive to scientiﬁc exploration informed and guided by sound ethical principles.

Biomedical ethics History of Medicine use the Wellcome Library’s Pearls of the Orient, a beautifully Capital Awards Engaging Science Grants Biomedical Ethics Panel History of Medicine Panel In 2002/03, the Wellcome Trust During the year, the Wellcome historical collections to interest illustrated book featuring articles Programme the public in the history of on works in the Asian Collections launched a £4 million funding Trust’s History of Medicine Remit These are awards that are agreed Supports projects which inform, Supports interdisciplinary research Considers and approves grants in scheme for the ethics of biomedical Programme made its first Strategic medicine and stimulate informed of the Wellcome Library – one by the Board of Governors from debate, stimulate and question in the social, ethical, legal and public the history of medicine.The Trust research in developing countries, and Enhancement Awards to debate on topical issues in of the most important collections time to time, for capital projects the issues raised by advances in policy implications of developments has a broad definition of the history to support research into the groups at Exeter and Warwick science and medicine. in Europe of manuscripts, books that meet the Trust’s mission and biomedical science.There are four in biomedical science especially in of medicine, encompassing the add to the complement of funding themes for the Society Awards: the areas of neuroscience, mental historical study of all factors complex social, ethical, legal and (Strategic Awards) and Oxford and images relating to Asia – A number of Public Engagement in the area of public engagement • Education (Ed) health and human genetics. It also affecting the medical and health public policy issues surrounding Brookes University and the was published in 2003 by Serindia grants in the history of medicine and/or medical history. • Broadening access (BA) funds projects on research ethics experience of people and animals clinical or community-oriented Universities of Durham and Publications. were made in 2002/03, including • Pulse in developing countries. in all countries at all periods. research in the developing world. Newcastle upon Tyne • sciart one to Justin Hardy from Asylum Tony Bish, Head of the Wellcome (Enhancement Awards) (see page 11). In June 2003, the first project grant Films, who aims to produce a film Library’s Preservation and Total spend £2.54 million – Roundhouse Trust £0.6 million – People Awards £2.0 million £7.2 million £10.0 million – National Science £2.5 million – Society Awards under this scheme was awarded The Research Resources in of the Battle of Trafalgar highlighting Conservation section, received Learning Centre. (Ed + BA) (inc. sciart £0.5 million) to the University of Malawi, Medical History grants scheme the role of ships’ surgeons in this a prestigious Fellowship of the £0.3 million – Pulse in collaboration with the Wellcome was extended to run through naval triumph. International Institute for £0.3 million – ReDiscover Trust Research Laboratories 2003 and 2004. An additional Conservation of Historic and Wellcome Library Number considered N/A 68 – People Awards 79 267 at Blantyre.The project aims to £1 million was allocated to support Artistic Works. Sir John Sulston, a Nobel Prize 32 – Society Awards (Ed + BA) understand the cultural beliefs, the conservation, preservation winner in 2002 and founding Public Engagement 198 – Pulse Awards perceptions and concepts and cataloguing of documentary 168 – sciart Awards Director of the Wellcome Trust During its first year of operation, surrounding clinical research in collections, and projects improving Sanger Institute, has agreed to Engaging Science, the Wellcome Award rate N/A 54% – People Awards 24% 33% Malawi, by focusing on community access to these and other donate his archive to the Trust’s £3 million public 28% – Society Awards (Ed + BA) (Does not include the Research Resources and informed consent processes. medically important collections. 12% – Pulse Awards in Medical History scheme) Wellcome Library (see page 20). engagement with science grants Several small awards were also A total of 16 awards were made 8% – sciart Awards programme, attracted a pleasingly made to develop ethical review during the year. New acquisitions included an high number of applications for capacity in Zimbabwe, South important collection of letters One Collaborative Research ‘People Awards’.These awards, Africa, Nigeria and Pakistan. from the psychoanalyst Carl Jung Initiative Grant in the History of up to £30 000, provide a fast, (see page 20). creative professionals to explore Through Pulse, a scheme To celebrate the 50th anniversary Several awards were made of Medicine was awarded in responsive mechanism for funding biomedical subjects and themes launched to fund performing arts of the discovery of the DNA through the UK Biomedical Ethics 2002/03. Dr Vivienne Lo The Physician’s Handbook, public engagement activities in their work within the public projects that engage young double helix, the Wellcome Programme, including one to the (Wellcome Trust Centre for the a 15th-century English medical (see page 33). arena. Projects were typically people in biomedical science, Trust launched a photography University of Newcastle exploring History of Medicine at UCL) and and astrological compendium, The larger ‘Society Awards’, eclectic – covering everything from 24 awards were made to youth competition jointly with the the views of embryo donors Dr Wang Shumin (Academy of purchased by the Wellcome of £50 000 or more, aim to fairground thrills to euthanasia, theatre and dance companies, BBC. Imagine invited amateur and non-donors on embryo Chinese Medicine, Beijing) are Library in 2002, was digitized and support significant activities of psychoanalysis to the movement and other organizations working photographers of all ages to experimentation for preimplantation producing a unique database of can be viewed on the Wellcome nationwide importance. During of the heart.Ten Research and with young people. Projects submit a photograph capturing genetic diagnosis and stem cell the history of Chinese medicine Library website. the year, the Trust received 32 Development Awards (of up to funded will use a variety of media their thoughts or feelings about therapies. through medical imagery. http://library.wellcome.ac.uk/physicians applications and funded nine, £15 000) were awarded, – dance, drama, installation – to DNA, genetics or inheritance The collection will be housed handbook On 17–18 September 2003, in three designated areas: young supporting the development of engage young people in scientific (see page 31). in the Wellcome Library. the Biomedical Ethics Programme The Wellcome Library also people’s education, broadening an idea in its formative stages. themes ranging from eugenics, Top left Admiral Nelson: In a partnership with Mental A Wellcome Trust-funded held a meeting, ‘Translating During the year, the Wellcome access to hard-to-reach audiences, the polio epidemics of the 1940s launched MedHist, a searchable The sciart initiative also spawned Health Media, Rethink and the film will highlight the role pharmacogenetics research into Trust launched a new scheme to science and art (sciart awards) and 1950s, ageing and vaccination. of ships’ doctors in his catalogue of over 500 Internet a publication exploring the Documentary Filmmakers Group, practice: ethical and policy issues’, encourage wider use of the rich (see page 32). famous naval victories. resources to help students, collaborative processes of seven ReDiscover, a £33 million partner- a series of discussion events at the Wellcome Trust Conference treasures of the Wellcome Library Top middle Young people teachers and researchers locate The sciart awards combine sciart projects: Experiment: ship between the Wellcome Trust, was held to complement the Centre at Hinxton. A summary for the History and Understanding high-quality websites. enjoying the ‘vortex’ at Life, elements of two previous funding Conversations in art and science, the Millennium Commission and screenings at the Reel Madness the Newcastle upon Tyne from the meeting was produced of Medicine. Alchemy Awards http://medhist.ac.uk schemes – Science on Stage and edited by Bergit Arends and the Wolfson Foundation, awarded film festival, a mental health film science centre. and submitted as a response support UK-based projects that Screen and the consortium- Davina Thackara. grants worth £3.8 million to festival held at the Institute for Top right ‘What became to the genetics White Paper funded sciart scheme – and enable nine science centres and Contemporary Arts, London. of the witch?’, a Pulse project published by the UK government that explores society’s encourage artists and other museums to renew, replace, refresh in June 2003. obsession with youth. or redevelop exhibition space. 46 47

Medicine, Society and History

Advisory committees

The Wellcome Trust is committed to the principles of peer review. It is indebted to the many researchers who give up their time to sit on the Trust’s advisory committees, and to the many thousands of scientiﬁc referees, in the UK and overseas, who provide comments on grant applications.The following pages list the membership of the Trust’s advisory committees during 2002/03.

The winner of the 2003 ‘Treat Yourself’ (23 May – Three of the artists – Jessica A second edition of Sexually UK FUNDING PANELS Infection and Immunity Panel Dr C M R Turner Professor D G Hardie Wellcome Trust–New Scientist 9 November 2003) explored the Curry, Dan Pinchbeck and Transmitted Infections was published Professor N A R Gow University of Glasgow University of Dundee Bioarchaeology Panel (Chair) University of Aberdeen Science Essay Competition was many and varied means by which Richard Dedomenici – returned in the Topics in International Professor M Jones Dr A P Waters Professor L Pearl Tom P Moorhouse of the Wildlife people have endeavoured to keep to the Trust to speak to public Health series. A two-year (Chair) University of Cambridge Professor A C Hayday Leiden University Medical Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London Conservation Research Unit, themselves healthy in the past audiences about their work. collaboration with the Lymphatic (Vice-Chair) Guy’s, King’s and The Netherlands Professor D Ortner Professor M S Povey Department of Zoology, and how they do so today. Dan and Jess had open discussions Filariasis Support Centre at St Thomas’ School of Medicine (Vice-Chair) Smithsonian National Dr J M Woof University College London University of Oxford for his essay, The exhibition, held at the in the gallery about the relationship Liverpool and the World Health and Dentistry, London Museum of Natural History, USA University of Dundee Professor A J Rees ‘Reintroducing Ratty’, about Science Museum, was curated between science and art. Richard Organization came to fruition Professor A P Bird Professor J O Thomas Medical Microbiology University of Aberdeen conserving water voles. by Tim Boon and Ken Arnold. – whose work has been described with the release of The Governor,The Wellcome Trust Governor,The Wellcome Trust Interviewing Committee as “hovering on the fine line Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis Dr M S Robinson Education The Wellcome Trust’s TwoTen Dr Berndt Arnold Professor K A V Cartwright between art and lunacy” – gave – An Interactive Guide for Professor L C Aiello University of Cambridge The White Rose Consortium, Gallery at 210 Euston Road (from May 2003) (Chair) Public Health Laboratory an unconventional but hilarious Programme Managers. University College London comprising the Universities of hosted a series of exhibitions German Cancer Research Centre, Service, Gloucester Professor A Sharrocks presentation on failure. Dr D G Bradley Heidelberg University of Manchester Leeds, Sheffield,York and Sheffield related to the interplay between The Medicine in Literature Professor D Crawford University of Dublin, Hallam, successfully applied to science and art. ‘Outside Looking Previous exhibitions have also CD-ROM – developed by Janet Professor P C L Beverley University of Edinburgh Professor A Smith Republic of Ireland host the National Science In’ (1–31 October 2002), been sent on national and Browne and colleagues at the (to December 2002) University of Edinburgh Dr N J Klein Learning Centre, part of a Stefanie Hafner’s photographic international tour:‘Leopold and Wellcome Trust Centre for the Professor J E Buikstra Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Institute of Child Health, London Professor M F Tuite University of New Mexico, USA Research, Compton nationwide network of Science exhibition, showed the daily Rudolf Blaschka:The Glass History of Medicine at UCL, University of Kent, Canterbury Professor J S Kroll Learning Centres funded by the school life of young children with Aquarium’ was shown in a variety in collaboration with the Publishing Dr P Halstead Professor I N Clarke Imperial College of Science, Dr J-P Vincent Wellcome Trust and the autism at the TreeHouse School of European venues, while ‘Truth Group – was delivered to students University of Sheffield University of Southampton Technology and Medicine, London National Institute for Medical Department for Education and in London. ‘Truth and Beauty’ and Beauty’ toured to Nottingham, in February 2003.This CD-ROM, Professor M Stoneking Dr J P Derrick Research, London Skills (DfES) (see page 30). (8 November 2002 – 21 March Taiwan and two Portuguese venues. aimed at introducing second-year Professor T Mitchell Max Planck Institute for University of Manchester Institute University of Glasgow Professor J P Waltho 2003) juxtaposed work by medical students to the history Evolutionary Biology, Germany of Science and Technology The Wellcome Trust and the Publishing University of Sheffield contemporary artists with images of medicine, looks at the Professor I S Roberts DfES funded 28 Creative Science In April 2003, the Wellcome Trust Health Services Research Panel Professor A Dessein from the fifth Biomedical Image representation of medicine and University of Manchester Neurosciences Panel projects, to support the launched The Human Genome: Professor Sir Michael Marmot Université de la Méditerranée, France Awards – the best images disease in fiction, drama and Professor D A S Compston development and piloting of Your genes, your health, your (Chair) University College London Molecular and Cell Panel acquired by the Wellcome Trust’s poetry ranging from Homer to Dr N J Klein (Chair) Addenbrooke’s Hospital, innovative continuing professional future, a website providing up- Professor D Critchley Professor A-L Kinmonth Institute of Child Health, London Cambridge Medical Photographic Library contemporary science fiction. (Chair) University of Leicester development courses (see page 30). to-date information about the (Vice-Chair) University of Cambridge over the past year – to explore General release of the CD-ROM Dr J P Latge Professor Noel J Buckley human genome and its medical Professor A F Markham Exhibitions questions of objectivity and is planned for 2004. Professor A Grant Institut Pasteur, France (Vice-Chair) University of Leeds and social implications. (Vice-Chair) University of Leeds ‘Medicine Man’ (26 June – aesthetics in scientific image making. University of Aberdeen www.wellcome.ac.uk/genome Dr A McLean Professor M Bobrow 16 November 2003) at the British Professor J J B Jack Professor P Jones University of Oxford Governor,The Wellcome Trust ‘Four Plus:Writing DNA’ Governor,The Wellcome Trust Museum reunited more than 600 The Wellcome News University of Cambridge (4 April – 29 August 2003) Professor H R P Miller Professor M L J Ashford items from Sir Henry Wellcome’s Supplement, From Victoria to Professor P R Avner celebrated the 50th anniversary Professor D Mant University of Edinburgh University of Dundee vast collection of over a million Viagra: 150 years of medical Institut Pasteur, France of the discovery of the DNA University of Oxford museum pieces, documents and progress, published in July 2003, Professor P Openshaw Professor G Bates double helix, with commissioned Professor B Caterson pictures from their diaspora featured articles from leading Professor T J Peters Imperial College School of Medicine, Guy’s, King’s and St Thomas’ School work from ten international Cardiff University across the globe (see page 28). historians commenting on Top left A detail of ‘Plaster University of Bristol London of Medicine and Dentistry, London contemporary artists focusing on changes in science and medicine Torsos’, an installation by Professor P Cullen ‘Metamorphing’ (4 October 2002 the four principals involved in the Shelley Wilson shown in Dr K Rowan Professor J R Saunders Professor D J Brooks since 1853, the year of Henry University of Bristol – 16 February 2003) examined discovery – Francis Crick, James the ‘Treat Yourself’ Intensive Care National Audit University of Liverpool Imperial College School of Medicine, Wellcome’s birth. exhibition at the Science and Research Centre, London Professor R A Dixon London the science, art and mythology of Watson, Rosalind Franklin and Professor S Siddell Museum. John Innes Centre change in nature and culture.The Maurice Wilkins.The exhibition The Wellcome Trust’s educational Professor A Silman University of Bristol Professor N Craddock Top right Students from University of Manchester Professor P S Freemont University of Wales College exhibition, held at the Science was complemented by a display CD-ROMs on malaria and Grey Coats School, Dr B Stockinger Imperial College of Science, of Medicine, Cardiff Museum, was curated by Marina from the Crick archive in the leishmaniasis are being used to London, at the press National Institute for Medical Technology and Medicine, London Warner and Sarah Bakewell. Wellcome Library. train staff working in refugee launch of the National Research, London Professor S Dunnett Science Learning Centre Cardiff University camps in war-torn Afghanistan network. (see page 23). 48 49

Advisory committees

Professor I Forsythe Professor G Milligan Professor D Porteous CAREERS SCHEMES AND Professor P Liddle INTERNATIONAL HEALTH Professor V Horejsi MEDICINE, SOCIETY University of Leicester University of Glasgow University of Edinburgh CLINICAL INITIATIVES Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham PROGRAMMES Academy of Sciences of the AND HISTORY Czech Republic Dr G G R Green Professor C P Page Dr L Rechaussat Basic Science Interest Group Professor M J Owen Health Consequences of Biomedical Ethics Panel University of Newcastle upon Tyne Guy’s, King’s and St Thomas’ School INSERM, France Professor J N P Rawlins University of Wales College Population Change Panel Professor J Jefferys Dr A Tomei of Medicine and Dentistry, London (Chair) University of Oxford of Medicine, Cardiff Professor W Graham University of Birmingham (Chair) Nuffield Foundation, London Professor I Grierson Dr D Shepherd (Chair) University of Aberdeen University of Liverpool Professor S H Ralston University of Southampton Professor A P Bird Professor L Regan Professor O A Krishtal Mr E Walker-Arnott University of Aberdeen Governor,The Wellcome Trust Imperial College School of Medicine, Professor C Edwards Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Governor,The Wellcome Trust Professor J Henley Professor B G Spratt London Governor,The Wellcome Trust Ukraine University of Bristol Professor D P Strachan Imperial College School of Medicine, Professor J O Thomas Dr C Barton St George’s Hospital Medical School, London Governor,The Wellcome Trust Professor P Stewart Professor N Chaturvedi Professor R Maizels South East Oxfordshire Primary Professor E Kuipers London University of Birmingham Imperial College School of Medicine, University of Edinburgh Care Trust Institute of Psychiatry, London Functional Genomics Professor P Brophy* London Professor G Walz Development Panel University of Edinburgh Professor R Trembath Professor M McCarthy Professor A Campbell Professor S Lewis University Hospital Freiburg, Germany Professor Graham Warren University of Leicester Professor J H Darbyshire Oxford Centre for Diabetes, University of Bristol University of Manchester Professor G Banting (Chair) Yale University, USA MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London Endocrinology and Metabolism Professor M K B Whyte (Chair of RCDF committee) Professor H Watkins Mr D Coles Professor A Monaco University of Sheffield Professor M Bobrow University of Bristol University of Oxford Professor S B J Ebrahim Professor W D Richardson European Commission, Brussels University of Oxford Governor,The Wellcome Trust University of Bristol University College London Professor J S Yudkin Professor T J Elliott Professor A Weetman Professor N Eastman Professor V H Perry University College London Medical Professor Sir Michael Rutter University of Southampton University of Sheffield Dr A Ezeh Professor H le Breton Skaer St George’s Hospital Medical School, University of Southampton School Governor,The Wellcome Trust African Population and Health University of Cambridge London Dr J Langhorne Professor C Black† Dr D Price Research Center, Kenya FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS Professor J O Thomas National Institute for Medical Royal Free Hospital School Professor A Spisni Professor P Kaufert University of Edinburgh DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE Governor,The Wellcome Trust Research, London of Medicine, London Professor J Falkingham Centro de Biologia Molecular University of Manitoba, Canada Dr G Richardson University of Southampton Estrutural, Brazil Biomedical Resources Panel Dr L Beeley Professor A P Read Professor P Openshaw† Professor S McLean University of Sussex, Brighton Professor K E Davies Pfizer Central Research, Sandwich University of Manchester Imperial College School of Medicine, Dr M Garenne Professor M Yaniv University of Glasgow Professor J Rothwell (Chair until January 2003) London Institut Pasteur, France Institut Pasteur, France Professor M J Bevan Professor J C Smith Professor S Mendus Institute of Neurology, London University of Oxford University of Washington, USA University of Cambridge Professor M Whyte† Professor A Gilbert Tropical Medicine Interest Group University of York Professor P Shaw Professor P J Donnelly Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield University College London Professor D G Colley Dr R Brent Professor J M Thornton Professor N Nevin University of Sheffield (Chair from January 2003) (Chair) University of Georgia, USA University of California, USA European Bioinformatics Institute, * Professor Walport stepped down as a Governor Dr A Glasier Queen’s University Belfast University of Oxford member of this advisory committee following his Professor A Stein Hinxton appointment as Director of the Wellcome Trust. Edinburgh Healthcare NHS Trust Professor C Edwards Dr L R Cardon Professor M Reiss Warneford Hospital Professor J O Thomas † Entry-level Training Fellowships only Governor,The Wellcome Trust University of Oxford Professor R Trembath Dr S Jejeebhoy Institute of Education Governor,The Wellcome Trust Professor A W Young University of Leicester Veterinary Medicine The Population Council, India Professor Z A Bhutta Professor B Charlesworth Professor M Richards University of York Dr R Apweiler Interest Group Aga Khan University, Pakistan University of Edinburgh Professor B M Turner Professor G Lewis University of Cambridge European Bioinformatics Institute, Professor H Miller Professor M P Young University of Birmingham University of Bristol Professor J Blackwell Hinxton Professor J Darlington (Chair) University of Edinburgh Dr S Yearley University of Newcastle upon Tyne University of Cambridge Imperial College of Science,Technology Professor M A Whitaker Professor R Martorell University of York Professor M Bailey Professor A Waterman-Pearson Physiology and and Medicine, London University of Newcastle upon Tyne Emory University, USA Dr J S Friedland University of Oxford (Vice-Chair) University of Bristol History of Medicine Panel Pharmacology Panel Imperial College School of Medicine, Dr P Grindod Professor J G Williams Professor H Moore Professor A Digby Professor P Vallance Professor N Craddock Professor M Walport* London Numbercraft Ltd, Oxford University of Dundee University of Sheffield (Chair) Oxford Brookes University (Chair) University College London University of Birmingham Governor,The Wellcome Trust Professor G T Keusch Dr R Hill *Member for the PhD advisory board only Professor J Weber Professor C Jones Professor G J Dockray Professor N Dimmock Professor R Batt Fogarty International Center, USA Merck Sharp & Dohme UK, Harlow Imperial College School of Medicine, (Vice-Chair) University of Warwick (Vice-Chair) University of Liverpool University of Warwick, Coventry Clinical Interest Group Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition London Professor K P Klugman Dr P Jeffreys Professor R Phillips Professor M Walport* Professor J O Thomas Professor M A J Ferguson Mr E Chandler Emory University, USA University of Oxford (Chair) University of Oxford International Interest Group Governor,The Wellcome Trust Governor,The Wellcome Trust University of Dundee Animal Health Trust Professor A Tait Professor D P Kwiatkowski Professor K Lindpainter Professor M Bobrow Professor V Berridge Professor D J Beech Professor D B Goldstein Dr J Dobson (Chair) University of Glasgow University of Oxford Basel Institute of Immunology, Governor,The Wellcome Trust London School of Hygiene and University of Leeds University College London University of Cambridge Switzerland Professor C Edwards Professor M Tanner Tropical Medicine Professor J J B Jack Professor J R E Davis Professor K Gull Professor N Gorman Governor,The Wellcome Trust Swiss Tropical Institute, Switzerland Professor H P H Makela Governor,The Wellcome Trust Professor M A Crowther University of Manchester University of Manchester Pedigree Master Foods National Public Health Institute, Professor A Ehlers Professor H Townson University of Glasgow Professor M Walport* Professor S Dimmeler Dr M C Holley Finland Professor I McConnell Institute of Psychiatry, London Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Governor,The Wellcome Trust Dr A Hardy University of Frankfurt, Germany University of Sheffield University of Cambridge Professor J McKerrow Professor G Griffin Professor J Whitworth The Wellcome Trust Centre for the Professor I Griffiths Dr A Galione Professor C G P Mathew University of California, USA Professor W I Morrison St George’s Hospital Medical School, London School of Hygiene and History of Medicine at UCL University of Glasgow University of Oxford King’s College London University of Edinburgh London Tropical Medicine Professor E Shooter Dr M Harrison Professor C Haslett Professor I Huhtaniemi Professor C S Peckham Stanford University, USA Professor Alexander Trees Professor B H Hirst Professor M E J Woolhouse University of Oxford The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Imperial College School of Medicine, Institute of Child Health, London University of Liverpool University of Newcastle University of Edinburgh * Professor Walport stepped down as a Governor London Professor D Kelleher * Professor Walport stepped down as a Governor member of this advisory committee following his member of this advisory committee following his appointment as Director of the Wellcome Trust. St James’s Hospital, Dublin appointment as Director of the Wellcome Trust. 50 51

Dr M A Jackson Dr R Persaud Professor G Durant Mr D Pearson Acknowledgements The Wellcome Trust Annual Review is All images are courtesy of the University of Exeter Maudsley Hospital, London Australian National Science and Wellcome Library, London We are grateful to everyone who distributed via a mailing list held by Wellcome Trust Medical Photographic Technology Centre, Questacon, agreed to be reviewed in this issue, the Wellcome Trust. If you would like Library, except as follows: page 1, Professor T Treasure Professor K Sykes Dr J Sheppard Australia everyone who supplied pictures or to be added to this list, or if you have Refugee camp (Médecins Sans Guy’s Hospital, London University of Bristol Wellcome Library, London gave us permission for their pictures a colleague who would like to receive Frontières/International Health Image Professor R Duschl Professor P van der Eijk Mr A Tomei Dr A Summers to be used, and the many members The Wellcome Trust Annual Review, Collection; also on p. 22), Chinese King’s College London University of Newcastle Nuffield Foundation, London British Library, London of Wellcome Trust staff who helped please contact: child (Andy Milne; also on p. 31); Ms R Edwards produce this volume. page 3, melanocyte (Alistair Hume); Library Advisory Committee Dr J Turney Society Awards Panel The Wellcome Trust Qualifications and Curriculum page 4, Simon Ndirangu (Caroline Mr P K Fox University College London (Broadening Access and Editor PO Box 57 Authority, London Penn); page 6, two children (Caroline (Chair) Cambridge University Library Young People’s Education) Ian Jones Ely CB7 4WZ, UK Dr Geoff Watts Penn); page 10, T. whipplei (Dr Axel Dr A Friedman Dr D Bell Mr E Walker-Arnott BBC Radio 4 Project Manager Tel: +44 (0)20 7611 8651 von Herbay); page 12, brain activity New York Hall of Science, USA (Chair) Association of Science Governor,The Wellcome Trust Lucy Moore Fax: +44 (0)20 7611 8416 (Dr Sophie Scott), light-sensitive nerve Dr S Webster Education Mr D Schatz E-mail: [email protected] cell (Prof. Russell Foster and Mark Mr D Pearson Imperial College London Writers Pacific Science Center, Seattle, USA Mr E Walker-Arnott Hankins); page 14, ovarian cyst (Profs (Secretary) The Wellcome Trust Penny Bailey ISBN 1 841290 49 1 Professor Lord Robert Winston Governor,The Wellcome Trust P M Motta and S Makabe/Science Ms G Thomas Barry Gardner Dr P Ayris Imperial College London The Wellcome Trust is a registered Photo Library); page 15, ACE structure International Science Museum/ Ms S Addinell Dr Jane Itzhaki University College London Library charity, no. 210183. Its sole Trustee is (Prof. K Ravi Acharya); page 16, young Dr K Arnold Centre Consultant City and Islington College Sixth Dr Giles Newton The Wellcome Trust Limited, a female (Martin Riedl/Science Photo Professor H Cook The Wellcome Trust Form Centre, London ReDiscover Joint Funders’ Design Manager company registered in England, no. Library); page 17, Omagh (Rex Wellcome Centre for the History Dr L Elliot-Major Committee Professor P Aggleton Alan Stevens 2711000, whose registered office is Features), protein structure (Structural of Medicine at UCL The Wellcome Trust Professor M Bobrow Institute of Education, London 183 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE. Genomics Consortium); page 19, Design Dr T M Dexter Governor,The Wellcome Trust motorcycle riders (Panos Pictures); Ms P Gibbons Ms K Hampton Sally Watts First published by the Wellcome (Former) Director,Wellcome Trust page 22, zebrafish embryo (Will The Wellcome Trust Mr E Walker-Arnott Glasgow Caledonian University Trust, 2004. Picture research Norton, EMBL Heidelberg); R. opimus Dr Clive Field Governor,The Wellcome Trust Ms C Hurren Dr R Jarman Anne-Marie Margetson © The Trustee of the Wellcome (D Evans/International Health Image British Library, London The Wellcome Trust Dr H Couper University of Bristol Trust, London. Collection); page 24, Kenyan shop, Printed by Dr J Hall The Millennium Commission two children (Caroline Penn); page 25, Dr A Woods Dr J Lewis Empress Litho All rights reserved. No part of this Durham University Library livestock (Caroline Penn); page 26, The Wellcome Trust Mr M D’Ancona Joseph Rowntree Foundation publication may be reproduced, stored Comments on The Wellcome Trust obese couple (Sally Watts),TranCell Dr R Lester The Millennium Commission in a retrieval system, or transmitted by * Ms Matterson was on maternity leave from Professor A McFarlane Annual Review are welcomed and bandage (CellTran); page 32, Rice map Natural History Museum, London December 2002 any means electronic, mechanical, Ms J Donovan University of Bristol should be sent to: (Stan’s Cafe); page 41, cattle (Caroline † photocopying, recording or otherwise Ms C Matterson Professor Walport stepped down as a Governor The Millennium Commission Penn), Kevin Marsh (Caroline Penn). member of this advisory group following his Dr A Moore Ian Jones without the prior permission of the The Wellcome Trust appointment as Director of the Wellcome Trust, and acted as Chair for the May meeting, Mr M O’Connor European Molecular Biology Publisher Wellcome Trust. Dr A Woods in Ms Matterson’s absence. The Millennium Commission Organisation Publishing Group The Wellcome Trust The Wellcome Trust The Wellcome Trust ReDiscover Advisory Board Sir Eric Ash Society Awards Panel 183 Euston Road 183 Euston Road Public Engagement Strategic Dr P-E Persson Trustee,The Wolfson Foundation (sciart production awards) London NW1 2BE, UK London NW1 2BE Advisory Group (Chairman) Heureka Science Dr N Lane Lord Randolph Quirk Tel: +44 (0)20 7611 8888 Ms C Matterson* Centre, Finland (Chair) University of Cambridge Fax: +44 (0)20 7611 8242 Trustee,The Wolfson Foundation Fax: +44 (0)20 7611 8545 (Chair) The Wellcome Trust E-mail: [email protected] Dr B Aprison M Ellis Sir Derek Roberts E-mail (general information): Professor M Walport† Museum of Science and Industry, Film London Trustee,The Wolfson Foundation [email protected] (Acting Chair) Governor, Chicago, USA L Keidan The Wellcome Trust Research Resources Web: www.wellcome.ac.uk Dr A Bandelli Live Arts Development Agency in Medical History Panel Mr E Walker-Arnott International Consultant DC-2981.p/17k/02-2004/SW Mr P Fox Dr F McKee Governor,The Wellcome Trust Mr D Bromfield (Chair) Cambridge University Library Glasgow School of Art/Freelance Dr D Bell BBC, London curator Mr E Walker-Arnott (from May 2003) Mr C Cable Governor,The Wellcome Trust Stephen Webster Association of Science Education The Imaginarium, USA Imperial College of Science, Professor A Digby Mr P Dodd Technology and Medicine, London Institute of Contemporary Art, London Dr G Delacote Oxford Brookes University Exploratorium, USA Ms C Fox Ms H Forde Institute of Ideas, London Mr T R Devitt Lovells, London University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA Professor A Irwin Dr H King Brunel University, Uxbridge Dr S Duensing University of Reading University of California, USA Dr M A Jackson Mr N Kingsley University of Exeter Gloucestershire County Record Office 52