Harpia Harpyja, Harpy Eagle Amended Version Assessment By: Birdlife International

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T22695998A117357127 Scope: Global Language: English

Harpia harpyja, Harpy Eagle Amended version Assessment by: BirdLife International

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Citation: BirdLife International. 2017. Harpia harpyja. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22695998A117357127. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017- 3.RLTS.T22695998A117357127.en

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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London.

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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family

Animalia Chordata Aves Accipitriformes Accipitridae

Taxon Name: Harpia harpyja (Linnaeus, 1758)

Common Name(s): • English: Harpy Eagle, American Harpy Eagle • Spanish: Aguila Arpía, Aguila Harpía, Arpía, Arpía Mayor, Harpía Taxonomic Source(s): SACC. 2005 and updates. A classification of the bird species of South America. Available at: #http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm#. Assessment Information

Red List Category & Criteria: Near Threatened ver 3.1

Year Published: 2017

Date Assessed: October 1, 2016

Justification: This species is classified as Near Threatened because it is suspected to be declining moderately rapidly owing to hunting and habitat loss.

Previously Published Red List Assessments 2017 – Near Threatened (NT) http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22695998A110872388.en

2016 – Near Threatened (NT) http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695998A93537912.en

2013 – Near Threatened (NT) http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22695998A48128299.en

2012 – Near Threatened (NT)

2008 – Near Threatened (NT)

2004 – Near Threatened (NT)

2000 – Lower Risk/near threatened (LR/nt)

1994 – Lower Risk/near threatened (LR/nt)

1988 – Threatened (T)

Geographic Range

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Harpia harpyja – published in 2017. 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22695998A117357127.en Range Description: Harpia harpyja is sparsely distributed and generally rare throughout its extensive range in south Mexico, Guatemala, Belize (recently confirmed [B. W. Miller in litt. 2000]), Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama (including four birds introduced in 1998 [Bell 1998]), Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana (perhaps 200-400 pairs [Thiollay 1985b]), Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and north-east Argentina (Misiones, but formerly Formosa, Salta and Jujuy [Chebez 1994, Chebez et al. 1995, Vargas et al. 2006]). It is thought to be locally or regionally extinct in large parts of its former range, notably most of central and north Central America and possibly Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Bierregaard 1994a, Bierregaard et al. 1995), but recent records suggest that the population in the southern Atlantic forests may be migratory (Galetti et al. 1997b).

Country Occurrence: Native: Argentina; Belize; Bolivia, Plurinational States of; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; French Guiana; Guatemala; Guyana; Honduras; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Suriname; Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Harpia harpyja – published in 2017. 3 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22695998A117357127.en Population Partners in Flight estimated the population to number fewer than 50,000 individuals (A. Panjabi in litt. 2008), thus it is placed in the band 20,000-49,999 individuals here.

Trend Justification This species is suspected to lose 27.6-45.5% of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations (56 years) based on a model of Amazonian deforestation (Soares-Filho et al. 2006, Bird et al. 2011). However, losses outside Amazonia are judged to be likely to be lower (A. Lees in litt. 2011), so the species is therefore suspected to decline by 25-29% over three generations. Current Population Trend: Decreasing

Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information) It occurs in uninterrupted expanses of lowland tropical forest (typically below 900 m but locally to 2,000 m), but will nest where high-grade forestry has been practised, and use forest patches within a pasture/forest mosaic for hunting (Bierregaard 1994a, Parker et al. 1996; Álvarez-Cordero 1996, Muñiz- López 2016). Nests have been reported only 3 km apart in Panama and Guyana (Bierregaard 1994a).

Systems: Terrestrial

Threats (see Appendix for additional information) Although still reasonably common in the Amazonian forests of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil (Álvarez-Cordero 1996, Vargas et al. 2006, Muñiz-Lopez 2008), it will only survive in the long term if the escalating rates of forest loss, fragmentation and degradation in the region is brought under control and a network of inviolate reserves established (Malingreau and Tucker 1988, Bierregaard 1994a, A. Lees in litt. 2016). Low overall population densities and slow reproductive rates make shooting the most significant threat over its entire range (Bierregaard 1994a, Bierregaard et al. 1995, Vargas et al. 2006, Muñiz López 2016). It could perhaps survive in disturbed forests or even forest mosaics if its large size and boldness in the face of humans did not make it an irresistible target for hunters (Bierregaard 1994a, Bierregaard et al. 1995, Álvarez Cordero 1996, Muñiz-López 2016). It presumably also suffers from competition with humans for prey (Galetti et al. 1997b, Muñiz-López 2016). Predation of small livestock leading to human-wildlife competition may be a very significant source of mortality (Trinca et al. 1998). Hunting and loss of large emergent trees through selective logging have contributed to its local extinction along deforestation frontiers (Moura et al. 2014).

Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information) Conservation Actions Underway CITES Appendix I and II. Reintroductions have taken place in Belize and Panama (Matola 2004, Muela and Curti 2005). In Ecuador a programme is underway to research the species's status, ecology, movements and threats.Conservation Actions Proposed Work with local communities to reduce hunting. Stengthen network of protected areas to include core remaining areas of habitat, and establish a captive breeding population to support future reintroduction and supplementation efforts. Clarify its precise ecological requirements and its ability to persist in fragmented and altered habitats.

Assessor(s): BirdLife International

Reviewer(s): Butchart, S. & Symes, A.

Contributor(s): Lloyd, H., Miller, B., Lees, A., Muñiz-López, R. & Phillips, R.

Facilitators(s) and Benstead, P., Capper, D., Sharpe, C.J., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. Compiler(s):

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Harpia harpyja – published in 2017. 5 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22695998A117357127.en Bibliography Álvarez-Cordero, E. 1996. Biology and Conservation of the Harpy Eagle in Venezuela and Panama. PhD. thesis. University of Florida.

Bell, C. 1998. Returning the Harpy Eagle. ZooNooz 71: 8-13.

Bierregaard, R. O. 1994. Neotropical Accipitridae (Hawks and Eagles). In: del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (ed.), Handbook of the birds of the world, pp. 52-205. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.

Chebez, J.C. 1994. Los que se van: especies argentinas en peligro. Albatros, Buenos Aires.

Chebez, J. C. 1995. Acerca de la distribución de la Harpia en Argentina. Nuestras Aves 31: 21-23.

Collar, N.J. and Butchart, S.H.M. 2013. Conservation breeding and avian diversity: chances and challenges. International Zoo Yearbook 48(1): 7-28.

Galetti, M.; Martuscelli, P.; Pizo, M. A.; Simão, I. 1997. Records of Harpy and Crested Eagles in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 117: 27-31.

IUCN. 2017. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 27 April 2017).

IUCN. 2017. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-3. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 7 December 2017).

Malingreau, J. -P.; Tucker, C. J. 1988. Large-scale deforestation in the southeastern Amazon basin of Brazil. Ambio 17: 49-55.

Matola, S. 2004. Harpy eagle restoration project. Belize Audubon Society Newsletter 36: 4-5.

Moura, N. G., Lees, A. C., Aleixo, A., Barlow, J., Dantas, S. D., Ferreira, J., Lima, M. D. F. C., Gardner, T. A. 2014. Two Hundred Years of Local Avian Extinctions in Eastern Amazonia. Conservation Biology 28(5): 1523–1739.

Muela, A.; Curti, M. 2005. Harpy Eagle releases in Belize. Peregrine Fund Newsletter 36: 8-9.

Muñiz-López, R. 2008. Revisión de la situación del águila Harpía Harpia harpyja en Ecuador. Cotinga 29: 42-47.

Muñiz-López R. 2016. Biología y conservación del águila harpía (Harpia harpyja) en Ecuador. Tesis doctoral. Universidad de Alicante.

Parker, T.A., Stotz, D.F. and Fitzpatrick, J.W. 1996. Ecological and distributional databases. In: Stotz, D.F., Fitzpatrick, J.W., Parker, T.A. and Moskovits, D.K. (eds), Neotropical bird ecology and conservation, pp. 113-436. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Thiollay, J. -M. 1985. Birds of prey in French Guiana - a preliminary survey. Bulletin of the World Working Group on Birds of Prey 2: 11-5.

Trinca, C. T.; Ferrari, S. F.; Lees, A. C. 2008. Curiosity killed the bird: arbitrary hunting of Harpy Eagles Harpia harpyja on an agricultural frontier in southern Brazilian Amazonia. Cotinga: 12-15.

Vargas González, J.J. & Vargas, H. 2011. Nesting density of Harpy eagles in Darien with population size estimates for Panama. J. Raptor Res. 45(3): 199-210.

Vargas, J. deJ.; Whitacre, D.; Mosquera, R.; Albuquerque, J.; Piana, R.; Thiollay, J.-M.; Márquez, C.;

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Harpia harpyja – published in 2017. 6 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22695998A117357127.en Sánchez, J.E.; Lezama-López, M.; Midence, S.; Matola, S.; Aguilar, S.; Rettig, N.; Sanaiotti, T. 2006. Status and current distribution of the Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja) in Central and South America. Ornitologia Neotropical 17: 39-55.

Citation BirdLife International. 2017. Harpia harpyja. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22695998A117357127. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22695998A117357127.en

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External Resources For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.

Habitats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Major Season Suitability Habitat Importance? 1. Forest -> 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Resident Suitable Yes

Threats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score 5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping Ongoing Majority (50- Slow, significant Medium terrestrial animals -> 5.1.1. Intentional use (species is 90%) declines impact: 6 the target) Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping Ongoing Minority (50%) Slow, significant Low impact: 5 terrestrial animals -> 5.1.3. Persecution/control declines Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 5. Biological resource use -> 5.3. Logging & wood Ongoing Majority (50- Slow, significant Medium harvesting -> 5.3.3. Unintentional effects: 90%) declines impact: 6 (subsistence/small scale) [harvest] Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

Conservation Actions in Place (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Conservation Actions in Place In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning

Action Recovery plan: No

Systematic monitoring scheme: Yes

In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management

Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range

Occur in at least one PA: Yes

Invasive species control or prevention: No

In-Place Species Management

Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: No

Subject to ex-situ conservation: Yes

Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: Yes

Included in international legislation: No

Subject to any international management/trade controls: Yes

Conservation Actions Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Conservation Actions Needed 1. Land/water protection -> 1.2. Resource & habitat protection

3. Species management -> 3.4. Ex-situ conservation -> 3.4.1. Captive breeding/artificial propagation

4. Education & awareness -> 4.3. Awareness & communications

Research Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Research Needed 1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology

Additional Data Fields

Distribution Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Unknown

Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No

Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 17600000

Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Unknown

Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No

Continuing decline in number of locations: Unknown

Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No

Lower elevation limit (m): 0

Upper elevation limit (m): 900

Population Continuing decline of mature individuals: Unknown

Extreme fluctuations: No

Continuing decline in subpopulations: Unknown

Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No

All individuals in one subpopulation: No

Habitats and Ecology Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Yes

Generation Length (years): 18.5

Movement patterns: Not a Migrant

Amended Edits to trend estimates and associated fields. reason:

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Harpia harpyja – published in 2017. 11 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22695998A117357127.en The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T22695998A117357127 Scope: Global Language: English

The IUCN Red List Partnership

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership.

The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™