Central Water and Power Research Station Khadakwasla, Pune – 411 024

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA CENTRAL WATER AND POWER RESEARCH STATION KHADAKWASLA, PUNE – 411 024

REMOTE SENSING APPLICATION DIVISION

TECHNICAL REPORT No. 5649 November 2018

SHORELINE CHANGES ALONG THE COAST LINE OF MUMBAI AND SEDIMENT MOVEMENT PATTERN DUE TO DUMPING OF DREDGE MATERIAL AT SITE DS3 MUMBAI USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR M/s JNPT

Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

REPORT DOCUMENTATION SHEET

Technical Report No.5649 Date : November 2018 Title : SHORELINE CHANGES ALONG THE COAST LINE OF MUMBAI AND SEDIMENT MOVEMENT PATTERN DUE TO DUMPING OF DREDGE MATERIAL AT SITE DS3 MUMBAI USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR M/s JNPT Officers Responsible for Conducting the Studies:

Mrs. Anuja Rajagopalan, ‘Scientist ‘B’, Shri Awais Haneganokar, Research Assistant and Shri B.V.Bhalke,Junior Engineer under the overall supervision of Shri S.D.Ranade, Scientist ‘É’

Name and Address of Organization Conducting the Studies : Remote Sensing Application Centre Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune, India

Name and Address of Authority Sponsoring the Studies: Shri S.V.Madabhavi, Chief Manager (PP&D), Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust,

Administration Building, Sheva, Navi Mumbai – 400 707

Synopsis Jawaharlal Nehru Port, formerly known as Nhava Sheva, situated at 18056’43”N Lattitude and 72056’24”E Longitude, is the largest container port in India. It is located East of Mumbai in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra well connected by rail and road. It has four container terminals and one liquid terminal. Being a premier container port of India, it has been decided to increase the facility by constructing mega container terminal of about 2km length on south side of its existing waterfront facility. In order to cater large container carriers by JNPT, under master plan development, a proposal was framed by the port to deepen and widen existing common user navigational channel of MbPT and JNPT maintained at about 11m depth below Chart Datum (CD) to accommodate 15m draft vessels, in two phases namely Phase-I for 14m and Phase-II for 15m draft vessels. Accordingly, based on studies conducted by CWPRS in 2003-2004, the channel is deepened for 14m draft vessels in 2014 as per the Phase-I proposal. The dredged material has been dumped at designated dumping location of DS-3 recommended by CWPRS. In order to handle bigger vessels, JNP proposes to further deepen the channel to accommodate 15m draft vessels as Phase-II dredging and this dredged material needs to be disposed offshore.

In this regard, JNPT approached CWPRS vide letter No.PPD/M/C-Drg-II/Plan-05/2017 dated 1st April, 2017 to carry out the study for shoreline changes along the coast line of Mumbai and sediment movement pattern due to dumping of dredge material at site DS-3 Mumbai using remote sensing techniques. This report provides the information about the studies conducted for the same using satellite imageries for the period from 2010 to 2017 procured from National Remote Sensing Centre, Hyderabad.

Key words: Shoreline stability, remote sensing, tidal level, erosion, accretion, Land-water boundary demarcation.

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CWPRS Technical Report No Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 2.0 REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUE FOR SHORELINE STABILITY STUDIES 3

3.0 STUDY AREA 4

4.0 SCOPE OF WORK AND ACTIVITIES 4.1 Scope of Work 5 4.2 Activities 6

5.0 DATA FOR THE STUDIES 5.1 Tidal Data Analysis 6 5.2 Selection of Satellite Imageries 7

6.0 DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 6.1 Geometric correction 9 6.2 Image Subsetting 10 6.3 Demarcation of Land-Water Boundary 10

7.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 11 8.0 CONCLUDING REMARKS 14

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Fig Description No. 1 - Four different Container Terminals of JNPT 2 - Layout of Dumping Area DS3, JNPT 3 - Images of Mumbai city and its surroundings 4 - Location of Jawaharlal Nehru Port from Google Earth 5 - Satellite image of Mumbai and surroundings taken on 11.01.2017 by IRS- R2 LISS3 sensor 6 - IRS P6- L3 image on 31.01.2011 - Water Level 3.31 m 7 - IRS P6- L3 image on 19.02.2012 - Water Level 3.53 m 8 - IRS P6- L3 image on 09.03.2013 - Water Level 3.75 m 9 - IRS R2- L3 image on 16.03.2014 - Water Level 3.63 m 10 - IRS P6- L3 image on 03.02.2015 - Water Level 3.46 m 11 - IRS P6- L3 image on 05.01.2016 - Water Level 2.54 m 12 - IRS R2 - L3 image on 11.01.2017 - Water Level 3.93 m 13 - Superimposed land-water boundaries of 2017 and 2011 images on 2017 image – Tidal levels 3.93 m and 3.31 m 14 - Superimposed land-water boundaries of 2017 and 2012 images on 2017 image – Tidal levels 3.93 m and 3.53 m 15 - Superimposed land-water boundaries of 2017 and 2013 images on 2017 image – Tidal levels 3.93 m and 3.75 m 16 - Superimposed land-water boundaries of 2017 and 2014 images on 2017 image – Tidal levels 3.93 m and 3.63 m 17 - Superimposed land-water boundaries of 2016, 2014 and 2012 images on 2016 image – Tidal levels 2.54 m, 3.63 m and 3.53 m 18 - Superimposed land-water boundaries of 2016, 2014 and 2012 images – Tidal levels 2.54 m, 3.63 m and 3.53 m 19 - IRS P6 - L3 image on 14.12.2010 - Water Level 1.85 m 20 - IRS P6 - L3 image on 02.01.2012 - Water Level 1.77 m 21 - IRS R2 - L3 image on 01.02.2013 - Water Level 1.30 m 22 - IRS R2 - L3 image on 20.02.2014 - Water Level 1.39 m 23 - IRS R2 - L3 image on 11.03.2015 - Water Level 1.45 m 24 - IRS R2 - L3 image on 29.03.2016 - Water Level 1.49 m

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25 - IRS R2 - L3 image on 04.02.2017 - Water Level 1.11 m 26 - Superimposed land-water boundaries of 2016 and 2010 images on 2016 image – Tidal levels 1.49 m and 1.85 m 27 - Superimposed land-water boundaries of 2016 and 2013 images on 2016 image – Tidal levels 1.49 m and 1.30 m 28 - Superimposed land-water boundaries of 2016 and 2014 images on 2016 image – Tidal levels 1.49 m and 1.39 m 29 - Superimposed land-water boundaries of 2016 and 2015 images on 2016 image – Tidal levels 1.49 m and 1.45 m 30 - Superimposed land-water boundaries of 2016, 2014 and 2012 images on 2016 image – Tidal levels 1.49 m, 1.39 m and 1.77 m 31 - Superimposed land-water boundaries of 2016, 2014 and 2012 images – Tidal levels 1.49 m, 1.39 m and 1.77 m

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GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES, RIVER DEVELOPMENT & GANGA REJUVENATION CENTRAL WATER AND POWER RESEARCH STATION KHADAKWASLA, PUNE – 411024

TECHNICAL REPORT NO. November 2018

Title: SHORELINE CHANGES ALONG THE COAST LINE OF MUMBAI AND SEDIMENT MOVEMENT PATTERN DUE TO DUMPING OF DREDGE MATERIAL AT SITE DS3 MUMBAI USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR M/s JNPT

1.0 INTRODUCTION Jawaharlal Nehru Port (JNP) was commissioned for commercial operations in the year 1989 and is run by the Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT), an autonomous corporation wholly owned by the Government of India under the Ministry of Shipping. JNP is the biggest container handling port in India. JNPT accounts for more than half of total container volumes handled at India's 12 public ports and around 40% of the nation's overall containerized ocean trade. Also known as Nhava Sheva, situated at 18056’43”N Lattitude and 72056’24”E Longitude, JNP is located east of Mumbai in Navi Mumbai, Maharshtra well connected by rail and road.

It has four container terminals and shallow draught berths and one liquid terminal. 1. Jawaharlal Nehru Port Container Terminal (JNPCT) operated by the JNPT port with a quay length of 680 m; 2. Nhava-Sheva Iinternational Container Terminal (NSICT) operated on BOT basis by DP World with a quay length of 600 m 3. Gateway Terminals India Pvt. Ltd (GTIPL) operated on BOT basis by a consortium of Maersk and CONCOR with a quay length of 712 m. 4. Nhava-Sheva India Gateway Terminal (NSIGT) operated on BOT basis by DP World with a quay length of 330 m and 5. Liquid bulk jetty built and operated on BOT basis by Fig 1. Four different Container Terminals of JNPT BPCL on the southern side of GTICT

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CWPRS Technical Report No 1 Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

JNPT

Layout of Dumping Area DS3, Dumping of Area Layout

- Fig. 2 2 Fig.

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CWPRS Technical Report No 2 Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

The JNPT approach channel is a Common Harbour channel for JNP and Mumbai Port. The characteristic of the approach channel is as below:

 Channel Length of 33.54 km  Designed Channel depth (below CD) o 13.1 m in JNP channel & o 14.2 m in outer harbour channel.  Channel Width o 370 m at straight reach; o 460 m at the berths.  Turning Circle/ Anchorage of 600 m diameter

Being a premier container port of India, it has been decided to increase the facility by constructing mega container terminal of about 2km length on south side of its existing waterfront facility in order to cater large container carriers. In this regard, under master plan development, the port has given a proposal to deepen and widen existing navigational channel maintained at about 11m depth below Chart Datum (CD) to 16 m in two phases namely Phase-I up to 14m and Phase-II up to 16m depth below CD. Accordingly, based on mathematical model studies conducted by CWPRS in 2003-2004, the channel has been deepened up to 14m depth w.r.t. CD as Phase-I proposal in 2014 and the dredged material has been dumped at the designated dumping location of DS-3 recommended by CWPRS. In view of construction of 2km long terminal, JNP proposes to further deepen the channel up to 16m below CD as Phase-II dredging and this dredged material needs to be disposed offshore.

In this regard, JNPT requested CWPRS vide letter No.PPD/M/C-Drg-II/Plan-05/2017 dated 1st April, 2017 to carry out the study for shoreline changes along the coast line of Mumbai and sediment movement pattern due to dumping of dredge material at site DS-3 Mumbai using remote sensing techniques.

This report provides the information about the studies conducted for shoreline changes along Mumbai coast using satellite imageries for the period from 2010 to 2017 procured from National Remote Sensing Centre, Hyderabad.

A thorough understanding of the coastal processes like erosion, accretion sediment transport, flooding and sea level changes which continuously modify the shoreline is one of the

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CWPRS Technical Report No 3 Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

major requirements of planning coastal protection works. Satellite remote sensing is an effective tool in this understanding, as aerospace images contain integrated information of all that is on the ground, the landform, the ecology, the resources contained in the area and the impact of human actions on the natural landscape. The dynamism with which changes occur in the landscape is brought out effectively by repeated coverage of images of the same area at different intervals.

Digital data (imageries) from earth-orbiting satellites can effectively be used to study shoreline changes and coastal land forms to understand coastal processes. The temporal variations of coastal/shoreline features due to the dynamic nature of the sea and manmade activities, if any, can easily be identified from these data. With the recent developments in remote sensing technology, high resolution multi-temporal data sets are available for the studies related to shoreline changes. The digital nature of the satellite data makes it easily amenable for computer aided analysis. Based on the analysis of such data it would be possible to predict the trends of erosion or accretion along the coast and ascertain stability of the coastline.

Tidal data analysis has to be performed prior to the selection of satellite imageries as the imageries normally contain information of changes due to tidal variations. Hence tidal data available at the nearest tidal station of the desired site was analyzed before the selection of satellite imageries in order to choose imageries belonging to same or similar tidal conditions. Seven imageries each for high tidal and low tidal conditions covering the period from 2010 to 2017 were selected for the study. These imageries were processed using Rolta Geomatica Digital Image Processing Software. Land-water boundary contour lines were drawn on the imageries, which represent the low water lines and high water lines of the respective imageries. Comparison of these contour lines of different data sets of different years was carried out to detect the changes in the shoreline.

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CWPRS Technical Report No 4 Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

2.0 REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUE FOR SHORELINE STABILITY STUDIES

Shoreline is one of the dynamic and rapidly changing landform of the earth. The geomorphic process of erosion and accretion, storms, flooding and sea level changes continuously modify the shorelines. The shoreline changes also get aggravated due to human alterations such as construction of breakwaters, jetties etc. Continuous monitoring of these changes is necessary in order to maintain the stability of coastal structures and to plan for new developments and implementation of coastal protection works. Remote sensing satellite data can be used to study the behavior of changes that has been occurred along the shoreline.

Remote sensing satellites record the features. of earth’s environment in the form of spectral response without physically coming in contact with the earth’s surface. The electro- magnetic energy in the discrete bands of different wavelengths of electro-magnetic spectrum reflected or radiated by different objects enables identification of different objects, their locations, spatial distribution and helps in obtaining their properties. The advantage of remote sensing satellites is their capability to map regions like wetlands, inter-tidal zones etc., which is otherwise inaccessible or poorly accessible. Being a faithful observer of earth’s environment in regular interval of time, the remote sensing satellites provide valuable information of the earth’s surface including coastal, oceanic and land features.

The temporal data obtained from remote sensing satellite can effectively be used to assess the dynamic changes in the shorelines by delineation of water and land boundary. The data contain different bands corresponding to different spectral ranges. Depending upon the nature of application, one has to choose the required band/s for processing and analysis. The infrared band in the spectral range of 0.77 to 0.86 microns is found to be suitable for demarcation of shorelines as the contrast between land and water is very sharp. Multi-date digital satellite images can be compared to detect any changes in the shorelines using digital image processing software. While comparing two imageries of different dates, it is important to ensure that both the imageries are at similar tidal condition. Table: 1 shows the spectral range and applications of Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) bands.

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CWPRS Technical Report No 5 Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

Table - 1: Spectral range and applications of IRS bands

Band Spectral Range Applications No. (microns) 1 0.45 to 0.52 Chlorophyll absorption and Coastal environment studies, Soil/ Vegetation differentiation, coniferous/ deciduous flora vegetation discrimination etc. 2 0.52 to 0.59 Green Vegetation vigor assessment, Rock/Soil Discrimination, turbidity and bathymetry in shallow water, Rock/ Soil discrimination etc. 3 0.62 to 0.68 Strong Chlorophyll absorption leading to discrimination of plant species 4 0.77 to 0.86 Delineation of water-land boundary, landform / geomorphic studies 5 1.55 to 1.75 Agriculture - 0.52 to 0.75 Large scale urban land use mapping, coastal land use and (PAN) sitting of coastal structures, Forestry, Watershed, Agriculture etc.

3.0 STUDY AREA

The area surrounded by latitudes 180 45’N and 190 03’N and longitudes 720 37’E and 730 05’E has been taken for carrying out the study for the shoreline changes. This area comprises JNPT, Mumbai Port, Pirpau Chemical Terminal and south-west coast of Mumbai as well as the existing spoil ground which is being used by Mumbai Port, JN Port and other organizations in Thane Creek area for the disposal of dredged material and the location DS3 which was proposed by CWPRS for dumping the dredged material while deepening and widening of existing main navigational channel in Phase-I dredging process.

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CWPRS Technical Report No 6 Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

4.0 SCOPE OF WORK AND ACTIVITIES

4.1 Scope of Work

The main objective of the study is to study the shoreline changes along the coast line of Mumbai and sediment movement pattern due to dumping of dredge material at site DS3 Mumbai using using Remote Sensing techniques. The scope of work mainly consists of the following:

 To study the shoreline behavior using satellite data covering a period from 2010 to 2017.  Extraction of low tide lines and high tide lines from satellite imageries of different years and superimposition of the tide lines from different sets of imageries having similar tidal conditions for comparison.  To analyze tide lines of different years to asses and predict the changes in low tide line.

Keeping in view of the above mentioned scope of the work, the studies were aimed at the following:

 Collection of available information such as tide tables and tidal information in the region of interest or nearby location  Tidal data analysis at the site of interest and at the time of satellite pass  Selection of satellite imageries for different years and for similar tidal conditions  To obtain digital satellite imageries covering the area of interest and to cover wide span of time (in years).  To geo-correct the imageries to represent them in their latitudinal and longitudinal coverage and produce them in the form of a map.  To analyze the satellite imageries covering the area of interest to study the shoreline behavior and changes seen over the years for similar tidal conditions.  To compare the shorelines over the years to asses trends of erosion or accretion if any.  To provide independent assessment on shoreline behavior based on the observations obtained from the satellite imageries.

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CWPRS Technical Report No 7 Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

4.2 Activities

The following are the main activities associated with the study:

. Collection of tidal information from the tide tables available in the region of interest or nearby port. . Analyze the tidal data available at the nearest tidal station Trombay . Selection of cloud free digital satellite data of proper dates for satellite passes covering the area of interest, satisfying spatial and temporal conditions of study area and the status of tide levels at the time of satellite pass. . Digital processing of satellite imageries of different years to compare / ascertain submergence and recedence which includes geo-referencing and delineation of land- water boundary . Superimposition of low tide lines and high tide lines of imageries for different years for the comparison . Interpretation of analyzed imageries to arrive at conclusion

5.0 DATA FOR THE STUDIES

5.1 Tidal Data

In order to facilitate the selection of satellite imageries for typical tidal conditions (low water/high water), it was essential to study the tidal data available at the nearest tidal station of the project site. The tidal station at Trombay was chosen for this purpose. Digital satellite data for the period from 2010 to 2017 from series of Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite are used for the study. As such, the tidal data from 2010 - 2017 were studied for the selection of satellite imageries. The satellites pass around 10.30 am over the Indian subcontinent. So the computations for tidal levels at this time were essential. The tidal levels at the time of satellite pass were obtained by interpolating the tidal levels between the maximum (i.e. during flooding) and minimum (i.e. during ebbing) using sinusoidal interpolation technique with the help of Tidal Data Analysis Software developed at CWPRS.

5.2 Selection of Satellite Imageries

In order to adequately detect shoreline changes, satellite data sets of different dates covering a period of about 07 years were selected. The selection of imageries was based on the

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CWPRS Technical Report No 8 Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

tidal level at the time of satellite pass. The tidal level of each imagery was found to be an important factor in order to facilitate the accuracy of analysis on shoreline changes. Comparing two imageries with different tidal conditions will not bring out changes along the coast, especially the shorelines, erosion and deposition patterns etc. It is also practically very difficult to obtain two imageries of same tidal level. Considering the above facts, imageries corresponding to similar tidal conditions were chosen for this study. There are few other factors that restrict the choice of imageries. They are

 Revisit capacity of satellite.  Cloud coverage  Picture quality of imageries collected in monsoon  Data generation problem faced by National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC).  Shoreline change is a slow phenomenon

Taking all the above into consideration, few imageries covering the period between years 2010 and 2017 were selected for this study. Two sets compromising seven imageries each for high water level and low water level respectively were procured from National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad.

After carefully studying the tidal conditions at the site, the imageries for every year from 2010 to 2017 were selected since the shoreline change due to the dumping of dredged material is to be carried out. The deepening and widening of the channel in the first phase and subsequently the dumping of the dredged material was done during September 2012 to April 2014. Because of this reason, the imageries were selected before and after the dumping of the material at the decided location DS3 mentioned in the Fig 5. The tidal levels for these periods were found to be varied from 1.10m to 3.93m. Due to this tidal level difference, we have selected imageries for both low tide level and high tide level and the entire process of studying the imageries were carried out for both the set of imageries. The Table 2 shows the details of satellite imageries selected for this study with the respective tidal levels. All the imageries are in digital form having visible and infrared spectral bands and with a spatial resolution 23.8 m. The study area is accommodated in the 94th Path and 59th Row of the satellite orbit.

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CWPRS Technical Report No 9 Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

Table 2: Details of satellite imageries used

High Water Level Data

Sl. Satellite Sensor Date Path Row Spatial Tidal No. level (m) 1 IRS-P6 LISS-III 31.01.2011 94 59 Resolution23.8 (m) 3.31 2 IRS-P6 LISS-III 19.02.2012 94 59 23.8 3.53 3 IRS-P6 LISS-III 09.03.2013 94 59 23.8 3.75 4 IRS-R2 LISS-III 16.03.2014 94 59 23.8 3.63 5 IRS-P6 LISS-III 03.02.2015 94 59 23.8 3.46 6 IRS-P6 LISS-III 05.01.2016 94 59 23.8 2.54 7 IRS-R2 LISS-III 11.01.2017 94 59 23.8 3.93 Low Water Level Data

Sl. Satellite Sensor Date Path Row Spatial Tidal No. Resolution (m) level (m) 1 IRS-P6 LISS-III 14.12.2010 94 59 1.85 23.8

2 IRS-P6 LISS-III 02.01.2012 94 59 1.77 23.8

3 IRS-R2 LISS-III 01.02.2013 94 59 1.30 23.8

4 IRS-R2 LISS-III 20.02.2014 94 59 1.39 23.8

5 IRS-R2 LISS-III 11.03.2015 94 59 1.45 23.8

6 IRS-R2 LISS-III 29.03.2016 94 59 1.49 23.8

7 IRS-R2 LISS-III 04.02.2017 94 59 1.11 23.8

These imageries from Indian Remote Sensing Satellites IRS-P6 and IRS-R2 were selected for the study and brief descriptions about these satellites are given in the next few paragraphs.

The launch of IRS-P6 (RESOURCESAT 1) on October 17, 2003 with enhanced capabilities compared to the previous satellites IRS-1C and IRS-1D, further increased the scope

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CWPRS Technical Report No 10 Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

of remote sensing to meet the wide demands of the user community. IRS-P6 consists of three solid state cameras: a high resolution multispectral sensor LISS-IV with a swath of 23 km, a medium resolution multispectral sensor LISS-III with 141 km swath and an Advanced Wide Field Sensor – AwiFS.

RESOURCESAT-2 is a follow on mission to RESOURCESAT-1 launched on 20th April 2011 and is intended to continue the remote sensing data services to global users provided by RESOURCESAT-1 and to provide data with enhanced multispectral and spatial coverage as well. Important changes in RESOURCESAT-2 compared to RESOURCESAT-1 are enhancement of swath from 23 km to 70 km for LISS-4 multispectral sensor and improved radiometric accuracy from 7 bits to 10 bits for LISS-3 and LISS-4 sensors.

6. DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

The digital nature of satellite imageries made it easily amenable for computer aided analysis. The imageries were processed using Rolta Geomatica digital image processing software installed on HP workstations with latest high-end hardware and graphics facility.

6.1 Geometric Correction Prior to data analysis, initial processing on the raw data is usually carried out to correct for any distortion due to the characteristics of the imaging system and imaging conditions. Depending on the user's requirement, some standard correction procedures may be carried out by the ground station operators before the data is delivered to the end-user. These procedures include radiometric correction to remove the uneven sensor response over the whole image and geometric correction to rectify the geometric distortion due to Earth's rotation and other imaging conditions (such as oblique viewing). So before analyzing the imageries for detection of shoreline changes it is necessary that all the imageries be geometrically corrected so that the image can be used as map. A map can be defined as a flat representation of a part of the earth’s spheroidal surface. To be useful, a map should conform to an internationally accepted type of cartographic projection, so that any measurements made on the map will be accurate with those made on the ground. The process of making the raw images as useful maps after removing the geometric distortions is known as geometric correction. Accordingly all images must be geometrically corrected and transformed into the standard cartographic projection and scale. The geometrically corrected image contains pixels which are rearranged into positions and compensate for the geometric distortions. The geometric correction enables the images to

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CWPRS Technical Report No 11 Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

be represented in their latitudinal and longitudinal coverage. While registering a geometrically corrected image, it is prerequisite that the root mean square error should not exceed 1 pixel..

The selected imageries were geometrically corrected with reference to Survey of India toposheet and registered with a root mean square error of less than 1 pixel. The imageries were displayed in standard false color composite (SFCC) with linear enhancement.

6.2 Image Subsetting

Image Subsetting is primarily done to create imageries covering area of interest from much larger image file to comparatively smaller files which reduces the processing time and increases the accuracy of analysis. For the study of shoreline changes along the coast line of Mumbai due to the dumping of dredge material at site DS3 Mumbai, the subset imageries bounded by latitude 18 45’ N to 19 03’ N and longitude 72 37’ E to 73 05’ E covering the area of interest were created from the geometrically corrected imageries and these subset imageries were used for further analysis.

6.3 Demarcation of Land-Water Boundary

As described in section 2.0, the contrast between land and water is very distinctive in the infrared band of electro-magnetic spectrum and for this reason the land - water boundary lines were drawn on the infrared band of the subset imageries. The CONTOUR module in Geomatica digital image processing software was utilized for extracting the land-water boundary lines from the imageries. The contour lines in vector form represent the shoreline of respective imageries. Any change in the shoreline can easily be brought out by comparing the shorelines by superimposing the same in different data sets of different years.

7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The satellite imageries for every year from 2011 to 2017 for high tide level were processed separately and were analyzed for the assessment of shoreline behavior and similarly the satellite imageries for every year from 2010 to 2017 for low tide level were processed and analyzed. The demarcation of land-water boundary from the imageries is not much difficult since the water and land are having distinct spectral features. The main problem is the tidal level at the time of satellite pass. The tidal level cannot be the same for all the dates for which the satellite imageries have been chosen for the study. So the shorelines of different imagery data

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CWPRS Technical Report No 12 Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

sets with similar tidal conditions were superimposed and compared for analyzing the changes, if any, occurred during different period of time at the project site. Fig. 6 onwards shows the Standard False Color Composite (SFCC) Images of Mumbai Port, JNPT and its surrounding coastline during different years.

Fig. 1 displays the four different Container Terminals of JNPT

Fig. 2 shows Layout of Dumping Area DS3, JNPT

Fig. 3 shows Mumbai area and its surroundings as viewed by IRS-R2 LISS 3 imagery and Google earth.

Fig. 4 shows location of Jawaharlal Nehru Port from Google Earth

Fig. 5 elaborates the area that compromises the dumping site DS3 (Longitude 720 42’ E, Latitude 180 55’ N) where the dredged material has been dumped during the Phase-1 deepening and widening of the main navigational channel and the existing spoil ground which is being used by Mumbai Port, JN Port and other organizations in Thane Creek area for the disposal of dredged material.

Fig.6 to Fig.18 give the picture of study of shoreline changes carried out for high water level conditions. From these, Fig.6 to Fig.12 depict the satellite images viewed by different Indian Remote sensing satellites taken on different dates along with demarcation line of land and water along the coast of Mumbai and Fig. 13 to Fig.18 portray the shoreline changes, if any, by superimposing the land-water boundaries of different imageries with similar high tide conditions.

Here the comparison between the satellites imageries for the period from 2011 to 2017 have been carried out by superimposing the high water lines extracted from the imageries. Different sets of satellite data were used for the comparison study.

 In fig.13, water lines from 2017 and 2011 were superimposed. The respective tidal levels were +3.93 m and +3.31 m.

 Fig. 14 shows the comparison between the data sets of imageries of 2017 having tidal level +3.93 m and 2012 having +3.53 m.

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CWPRS Technical Report No 13 Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

 In fig. 15, it can be seen that the 2017 (+3.93 m) and 2013 (+3.75 m) have been superimposed.

 In fig. 16, superimposition of 2017 (+3.93 m) and 2014 (+3.63 m) have been carried out.

 And in fig. 17, superimposition of water lines from the data sets of 2016 (+3.78 m), 2014 (+3.63 m) and 2012 (+3.53 m) have been compared. It has been displayed over satellite image of 2016.

 In fig. 18, it has been shown only the water lines from the data sets of 2016 (+3.78 m), 2014 (+3.63 m) and 2012 (+3.53 m) that have been superimposed for comparison.

By comparing different sets of satellite imageries as explained above, it has been observed that no significant change has been occurred during the period from 2011 to 2017 in high tidal level conditions.

Similarly, Fig. 19 to Fig. 31 gives the picture of the study of shoreline changes carried out for low water level conditions. The satellite imageries viewed by different Indian Remote sensing satellites taken on different dates superimposed with demarcation line of land and water along the coast of Mumbai are shown in Fig.19 to Fig.25 and Fig. 26 to Fig.31 portray the shoreline changes, if any, by superimposing the land-water boundaries of different imageries with similar low tide level conditions.

Different sets of satellite imageries taken during the period from 2010 to 2017 were used for the comparative study by superimposing the low water lines extracted.

 In fig.26, water lines extracted from 2016 and 2010 with tidal levels were +1.49 m and +1.85 m respectively were superimposed.

 Fig. 27 shows the comparison between the data sets of imageries of 2016 and 2013 having tidal level +1.49 m and +1.30 m respectively.

 In fig. 28, it can be seen that the 2016 (+1.49 m) and 2014 (+1.39 m) have been superimposed.

 In fig. 29, superimposition of 2016 (+1.49 m) and 2015 (+1.45 m) have been carried out.

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CWPRS Technical Report No 14 Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

 And in fig. 30, superimposition of water lines from the data sets of 2016 (+1.49 m), 2014 (+1.39 m) and 2012 (+1.77 m) have been compared. It has been displayed over satellite image of 2016.

 In fig. 31, it has been shown only the water lines from the data sets of 2016 (+1.49 m), 2014 (+1.39 m) and 2012 (+1.77 m) that have been superimposed for comparison.

In the low tide level condition also it has been noticed that no significant change in shoreline has been occurred during the period from 2010 to 2017.

8. CONCLUDING REMARKS

Different sets of satellite imageries for both high and low tidal level conditions have been analyzed in this study for the shoreline changes along the coast line of Mumbai due to dumping of dredge material at site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques. The selection of site DS3 for disposing the dredged material resulted from deepening and widening of the main navigational channel was recommended by CWPRS after conducting scientific studies (CWPRS TR No.4711 of March 2010). The particular site DS3 was chosen in such a way that the material dumped should not enter again into the navigational channel nor should reach near the water front facilities. The dumped material get dispersed during monsoon season. From the following figures of analysis of the satellite imageries for both high and low tide levels, it may be concluded that no significant change in the shoreline around Mumbai coast has been occurred.

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CWPRS Technical Report No 15 Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

Mumbai Thane Thane Creek Creek Worli Bridge Worli Bridge

Elephanta Elephant caves a caves JN Port Mumbai Port JN Port

Mumbai Port 0 1 2 km

Google Earth Image IRS-R2 image captured by LISS3 sensor

Fig. 3: Images of Mumbai city and its surroundings

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CWPRS Technical Report No 16

Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

Fig. 4: Location of Jawaharlal Nehru Port from Google Earth

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CWPRS Technical Report No 17

Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

Fig. 5 – Satellite image of Mumbai and surroundings taken on 11.01.2017 by IRS- R2 LISS3 sensor

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CWPRS Technical Report No 18

Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

Fig. 6: IRS P6- L3 image on 31.01.2011 - Water Level 3.31 m

Fig. 7: IRS P6- L3 image on 19.02.2012 - Water Level 3.53 m

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CWPRS Technical Report No 19

Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

Fig. 8: IRS P6- L3 image on 09.03.2013 - Water Level 3.75 m

Fig. 9: IRS R2- L3 image on 16.03.2014 - Water Level 3.63 m

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CWPRS Technical Report No 20

Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

Fig. 10: IRS P6- L3 image on 03.02.2015 - Water Level 3.46 m

Fig. 11: IRS P6- L3 image on 05.01.2016 - Water Level 2.54 m

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CWPRS Technical Report No 21

Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

Fig. 12: IRS R2 - L3 image on 11.01.2017 - Water Level 3.93 m

Fig. 13: Superimposed land-water boundaries of 2017 and 2011 images superimposed on 2017 image – Tidal levels 3.93 m and 3.31 m

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CWPRS Technical Report No 22

Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

Fig. 14: Superimposed land-water boundaries of 2017 and 2012 images superimposed on 2017 image – Tidal levels 3.93 m and 3.53 m

Fig. 15: Superimposed land-water boundaries of 2017 and 2013 images superimposed on 2017 image – Tidal levels 3.93 m and 3.75 m

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CWPRS Technical Report No 23

Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

Fig. 16: Superimposed land-water boundaries of 2017 and 2014 images superimposed on 2017 image – Tidal levels 3.93 m and 3.63 m

Fig. 17: Superimposed land-water boundaries of 2016, 2014 and 2012 images superimposed on 2016 image – Tidal levels 2.54 m, 3.63 m and 3.53 m

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CWPRS Technical Report No 24

Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

Fig. 18: Superimposed land-water boundaries of 2016, 2014 and 2012 images – Tidal levels 2.54 m, 3.63 m and 3.53 m

Fig. 19: IRS P6 - L3 image on 14.12.2010 - Water Level 1.85 m

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CWPRS Technical Report No 25

Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

Fig. 20: IRS P6 - L3 image on 02.01.2012 - Water Level 1.77 m

Fig. 21: IRS R2 - L3 image on 01.02.2013 - Water Level 1.30 m

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CWPRS Technical Report No 26

Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

Fig. 22: IRS R2 - L3 image on 20.02.2014 - Water Level 1.39 m

Fig. 23: IRS R2 - L3 image on 11.03.2015 - Water Level 1.45 m

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CWPRS Technical Report No 27

Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

Fig. 24: IRS R2 - L3 image on 29.03.2016 - Water Level 1.49 m

Fig. 25: IRS R2 - L3 image on 04.02.2017 - Water Level 1.11 m

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CWPRS Technical Report No 28

Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

Fig. 26: Superimposed land-water boundaries of 2016 and 2010 images

superimposed on 2016 image – Tidal levels 1.49 m and 1.85 m

Fig. 27: Superimposed land-water boundaries of 2016 and 2013 images superimposed on 2016 image – Tidal levels 1.49 m and 1.30 m

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CWPRS Technical Report No 29

Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

Fig. 28: Superimposed land-water boundaries of 2016 and 2014 images superimposed on 2016 image – Tidal levels 1.49 m and 1.39 m

Fig. 29: Superimposed land-water boundaries of 2016 and 2015 images superimposed on 2016 image – Tidal levels 1.49 m and 1.45 m

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CWPRS Technical Report No 30

Shoreline Changes Along the Coast Line of Mumbai and Sediment Movement Pattern Due to Dumping of Dredge Material at Site DS3 Mumbai using Remote Sensing Techniques for M/s JNPT

Fig. 30: Superimposed land-water boundaries of 2016, 2014 and 2012 images superimposed on 2016 image – Tidal levels 1.49 m, 1.39 m and 1.77 m

Fig. 31: Superimposed land-water boundaries of 2016, 2014 and 2012 images – Tidal levels 1.49 m, 1.39 m and 1.77 m

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CWPRS Technical Report No 31