DOCSLIB.ORG

Laser Spectroscopy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

DOE/ER-0461P UC-414 LASERSPECTROSCOPY Assessment of Research Needs for Laser Technologies Applied to Advanced Spectroscopic Methods May 1990 Prepared for: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Research Office of Program Analysis Washington, DC 20545 Under Contract No. DE-ACOI-88ER30131 DISCLAIMER This repo~ was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof,nor any of theiremployees, make any warranty, express or implied,or assumes any legalliabilityor responsibilityfor the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information,apparatus, product, or process disclosed,or representsthat itsuse would not infringeprivatelyowned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer,or otherwise does not necessarilyconstitute or imply itsendorsement, recommendation, or favoringby the United States Government or any agency thereof.The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarilystate or reflectthose of the United States Government or any agency thereof. DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. EXPERT TECHNICAL PANEL The following panel of scientists evaluated the research needs for laser technologies applicable to programs of the Office of Health and Environmental Research of the Office of Energy Research, Department of Energy. This project was conducted under contract with the Office of Program Analysis, Department of Energy, and was carried out under the leadership of G. Samuel Hurst (Principal Investigator) of Consultec Scientific, Inc. Main Panel Prof. Keith Boyer Dr. N. Omenetto Department of Physics Commission EC/JRC University of Illinois Environment Institute Chicago, IL 60680 Chemistry Division 1-21020 Ispra, ITALY Dr. Robert L. Byer Ginzton Laboratory of Physics Or. Gary Salzman Stanford University MS M880 Stanford, CA 94305 Los Alamos National Lab. P. O. BOX 1663 Or. Ira W. Levin Los Alamos, NM 87545 Bldg. 2, Room BI-27 National Institutes of Health Or.John Travis Bethesda, MD 20892 Bldg. 222, Room A223 National Institute of Dr. David M. Lubman Standards & Technology Chemistry Department Gaithersburg, MD 20899 University of Michigan 930 North University Or. Nicholas Winograd Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Department of Chemistry Pennsylvania State Univ. Or. Stephen R. Lundeen University Park, PA 16802 Department of Physics Univ. of Notre Dame Notre Dame, IN 46556 Soecial Consultants Prof. N. Bloembergen Prof. A. L. Schawlow 231 Pierce Hall DAS Department of Physics Harvard University Stanford University 29 Oxford Street Stanford, CA 94305 Cambridge, MA 02138 Prof. Yuan T. Lee Chemistry Department University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In carrying out the work described in this report, the Consultec Scientific, Inc. staff and its expert panel interacted with a large number of researchers and research managers throughout the government, industry, and private sectors of the laser community. The assistance of these individuals in providing us with information and in cooperating with us in other ways is gratefully acknowledged. Consultec Scientific, Inc. is pleased to acknowledge the expert panel and to thank those outstanding scientists for the considerable time which had to be taken from their busy schedules. The conclusions and overall research priorities described in the executive summary reflect the consensus reached at the final meeting of the Expert Scientific Panel. Special thanks are also dueto Profs. Nicolaas Bloembergen, Yuan T. Lee, and Arthur L. Schawlow who served as special consultants to this project. Also, the many valuable comments and suggestions from a group of peers (see Appendix III) are gratefully acknowledged. Finally, we thank Dr. Gerald Goldstein for briefing the panel on the OHER programs and Dr. Robert Rosenthal, DOE Project Manager, for his insightful coordination of the work. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . viii RECOMMENDATIONS . ● . ,.. ix 1. INTRODUCTION . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ● . ,.. 1 2. SUMMARY OF THE OFFICE OF HEALTH AND RESEARCH (OHER) PROGRAMS: A PERSPECTIVE ON THE USE OF LASER SPECTROSCOPY . 3 2.1. Introduction . 3 2.2. Source and Dose Determination . 3 2.3. Environmental Processes and Effects . 3 2.4. Health Effects . 6 2.5. Nuclear Medicine Applications . 7 3. STATUS OF RELEVANT LASER TECHNOLOGIES . 8 3.1. Introduction . ● . 8 3.2. Sources . ..*. ..** ● . ✎ ● . 8 3.2.1. Gas and Liquid Lasers . ✎ . ✎ ✎ . 8 3.2.2. Solid-State Lasers . ✎ ✎ . 11 3.2.3. Free-Electron Lasers . ✎ ● . 13 3.2.4. X-Ray Lasers . ✎ ✎ . 13 3.2.5. Nonlinear Frequency Extension . 14 3.3. Detectors for Laser Spectroscopy . 16 3.3.1. Photon Detectors . 16 3.3.2. Ionization Detectors . 17 3.4. Imaging . 18 3.5. Reservoirs . 18 3.5.1. Introduction . 18 v 3.5.2. Classical Atomic Spectroscopic Methods . 19 3.5.3. Glow Discharges . 19 3.5.4. Laser-Induced Evaporation . 20 3.5.5. Particle-InducedVaporization . ● ● . 20 3.5.6. Supercritical and Liquid Injection in Jets . ● ☛✎✎ . ✎ ✎ . 21 3.5.7. Other Methods ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ . ✎ ✎ . 21 3.6. Systems . ✎ ✎ . 21 3.6.1. Laser Mass Spectroscopy Systems . ✎ ✎ . 21 3.6.2. Laser ChromatographicSystems . ● ✎ . ● 23 4. STATUS OF LASER SPECTROSCOPY . ✎ ✎ . ✎ 27 4.1. Introduction . ✎ ✎ . ✎ 27 4.2. Fluorescence . ● . ● ● ● . ● 28 4.2.1. Introduction . ● . ● . ✎ ✎ ✎ . ✎ 28 4.2.2. Atomic Fluorescence . ● . ✎ . ✎ ✎ ● ● ✎ 28 4.2.3. Gas Phase Molecular Fluorescence ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ 29 4.2.4. Condensed Phase Fluorescence . ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ 30 4.3. Absorption Spectroscopy . ● . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ 31 4.4. Raman Spectroscopy . ● . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ 31 4.5. Resonant and Multiphoton Ionization of Atoms . , ✎ . ✎ ● ✎ ● . 34 4.6. Multiphoton Ionization of Molecules . ✎ . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ . 37 4.7. Photoacoustic and Photothermal Spectroscopy . ✎ . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ . 39 4.7.1. Introduction . 0 ✎ . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ . 39 4.7.2. PhotoacousticSpectroscopy ✎ . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ . 39 4.7.3. Photothermal Spectroscopy ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ . 40 vi 5. POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON THE OHER PROGRAMS . 43 5.1. Introduction . 43 5.2. Laser-Based Methods for Elemental Analyses . 43 5.3. Environmental Research . 45 5.3*1. Global Effects and Active Remote Sensing . 45 5.3.2. Transport Studies Involving Actinides and Heavy Elements . 48 5.3.3. Fossil Fuel Pollutants . 49 5.3.4. Chemical Sensors (Optrodes) . 50 5.4. Biological Research . 51 5.4.1. Imag-ng . 51 5.4.2. Fast Chemical Kinetics . 52 5.4.3. F1OW Cytometry . 54 5.4.4. Biosensors . 56 5.4.5. UltrasensitiveDetection and Analysis for Biological Research . 57 5.4.6. Structural Analysis and Sequencing I ofBiomolecules . 58 5.4.7. Genome Sequencing . 59 I 5.5. Nuclear Medicine Using Stable Isotopes . 60 5.6. Radiation llosimetry . 61 APPENDIX I LASER ASSESSMENT STUDY ACRONYMS . 66 APPENDIX II INTRODUCTIONTO TERMINOLOGY . 68 APPENDIX 11I PEER REVIEW GROUP . 73 vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Department of Energy (DOE)* development and use of laser technology recognizes that new developments in laser for spectroscopic purposes. During the technology and laser spectroscopy can course of its study, this expert panel, substantially improve the ability to took a global view of laser science to carry out the mission of its Office of identify recent developments which could Health and EnvironmentalResearch (OHER). substantially improve the ability ofOHER In brief, the mission of OHER is to to perform its increasingly important support programs of research which allow mission. DOE to understand and anticipate long The panel made six specific term effects upon human health and the recommendations which dealt with three environment from the production and important areas. First the panel utilizationof alternate forms of energy, recommends that OHER closely monitor and and to apply the department’s unique be prepared to use the advances now being capabilities to solve numerous problems made in solid-state laser technology. in biology and medicine. These advances, comparable in nature to For some years, the OHER program has the revolution which began during the included some support for the development 1950’s in solid-state electronics, will of laser technology, and especially laser radically improve present-day laser spectroscopy. This support has provided technology. Secondly, the panel the basis for the demonstration of laser addressed the use of this advanced systems of remarkable sensitivityfor the technology to maintain the preeminent detection of chemical substances at the position which OHER has already created atomic and the molecular levels. At the for itself in the development of present time, both laser technology in selective and sensitive instruments for general and laser spectroscopy in the ani~lysis of atomic and molecular particular are surging ahead at an substances and to extend the use of these unprecedented rate. Thus, DOE requested to measure chemical pollutants in air, that its Office of Program Analysis study soil, and water. Finally, another area the opportunities in this 1aser of the recommendationsdealt with the use revolution that would further enhance the of lasers to determine structural and role of laser spectroscopy in the OHER dynamical features of macromolecules and mission. The purpose for this study is especially to develop X-ray lasers and to provide an independent assessment of other imaging techniques, including the long-term research needs for laser holographic ones, for sequencing DNA and technologies applied
Recommended publications
  • An Application of the Theory of Laser to Nitrogen Laser Pumped Dye Laser

    An Application of the Theory of Laser to Nitrogen Laser Pumped Dye Laser

    SD9900039 AN APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF LASER TO NITROGEN LASER PUMPED DYE LASER FATIMA AHMED OSMAN A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Physics. UNIVERSITY OF KHARTOUM FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS MARCH 1998 \ 3 0-44 In this thesis we gave a general discussion on lasers, reviewing some of are properties, types and applications. We also conducted an experiment where we obtained a dye laser pumped by nitrogen laser with a wave length of 337.1 nm and a power of 5 Mw. It was noticed that the produced radiation possesses ^ characteristic^ different from those of other types of laser. This' characteristics determine^ the tunability i.e. the possibility of choosing the appropriately required wave-length of radiation for various applications. DEDICATION TO MY BELOVED PARENTS AND MY SISTER NADI A ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor Dr. AH El Tahir Sharaf El-Din, for his continuous support and guidance. I am also grateful to Dr. Maui Hammed Shaded, for encouragement, and advice in using the computer. Thanks also go to Ustaz Akram Yousif Ibrahim for helping me while conducting the experimental part of the thesis, and to Ustaz Abaker Ali Abdalla, for advising me in several respects. I also thank my teachers in the Physics Department, of the Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum and my colleagues and co- workers at laser laboratory whose support and encouragement me created the right atmosphere of research for me. Finally I would like to thank my brother Salah Ahmed Osman, Mr.
  • HD DVD: Manufacturing Was Developed.This Recorder Is Equipped with a 257Nm Gas Laser (Frequency Doubled Ar+ Laser)

    HD DVD: Manufacturing Was Developed.This Recorder Is Equipped with a 257Nm Gas Laser (Frequency Doubled Ar+ Laser)

    paper r& white d Six years ago, the LDM 3692 DUV recorder HD DVD: Manufacturing was developed.This recorder is equipped with a 257nm gas laser (frequency doubled Ar+ laser). All options with regards to future for- mats were still open at that time.The recorder features two recording spots, with a wobble The New Format option on both. This recorder is an adequate R&D tool to record HD DVD. BY DR. DICK VERHAART, from 740nm to 400nm. To read these smaller For HD DVD stamper manufacturing, a Singulus Mastering information structures, it is necessary to use recorder with a 266nm solid state laser was PETER KNIPS, blue diode lasers with a wavelength of 405nm developed. This system contains a stable and Singulus EMould instead of the 650nm red lasers used for CD easy to operate solid state laser, with a much DIETER WAGNER, and DVD. longer lifetime than the gas laser. As all pro- Singulus Technologies AG An advanced copy protection system will posed next-generation formats require only The third generation of optical disc formats is give better protection than what was avail- one spot, the system has a single recording set to arrive on the market by the end of this able for CD and DVD with mandatory serializ- spot. Spot deflection, required to create the year.As with Blu-ray Disc, the HD DVD format ing of each single HD DVD. The serialization groove wobble in the recordable and was developed to tremendously increase the will take place on the aluminum covered layer rewritable formats, is available as an option.
  • Ultrafast Fiber Lasers Enabled by Highly Nonlinear Pulse Evolutions

    Ultrafast Fiber Lasers Enabled by Highly Nonlinear Pulse Evolutions

    ULTRAFAST FIBER LASERS ENABLED BY HIGHLY NONLINEAR PULSE EVOLUTIONS A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Walter Pupin Fu August 2019 c 2019 Walter Pupin Fu ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ULTRAFAST FIBER LASERS ENABLED BY HIGHLY NONLINEAR PULSE EVOLUTIONS Walter Pupin Fu, Ph.D. Cornell University 2019 Ultrafast lasers have had tremendous impact on both science and applications, far beyond what their inventors could have imagined. Commercially-available solid-state lasers can readily generate coherent pulses lasting only a few tens of femtoseconds. The availability of such short pulses, and the huge peak in- tensities they enable, has allowed scientists and engineers to probe and manip- ulate materials to an unprecedented degree. Nevertheless, the scope of these advances has been curtailed by the complexity, size, and unreliability of such devices. For all the progress that laser science has made, most ultrafast lasers remain bulky, solid-state systems prone to misalignments during heavy use. The advent of fiber lasers with capabilities approaching that of traditional, solid-state lasers offers one means of solving these problems. Fiber systems can be fully integrated to be alignment-free, while their waveguide structure en- sures nearly perfect beam quality. However, these advantages come at a cost: the tight confinement and long interaction lengths make both linear and non- linear effects significant in shaping pulses. Much research over the past few decades has been devoted to harnessing and managing these effects in the pur- suit of fiber lasers with higher powers, stronger intensities, and shorter pulse durations.
  • Argon-Ion and Helium-Neon Lasers

    Argon-Ion and Helium-Neon Lasers

    Argon-Ion and Helium- Neon Lasers The one source for gas lasers What makes Lumentum the choice for argon-ion and helium-neon (HeNe) lasers? Whether you are involved in medical research, semiconductor manufacturing, high-speed printing, or Your Source for another demanding application, we have the expertise, commitment, and technology to ensure you get the best solution for your need. With more than 35 years of experience, we have an unmatched Successful gas laser production requires extraordinary care understanding of the gas laser market. That understanding has during the manufacturing process. Every individual throughout led us to devote extensive resources to help establish a premier, each production stage, from engineering and procurement to Gas Lasers high-volume manufacturing facility. Located in Thailand, the manufacturing and quality control, is attuned to the highly facility produces lasers of the highest standard. And we maintain sensitive nature of the applications for which these products are that standard through regional quality management, on-site used. Consequently, we can assure the steady supply of quality supplier quality engineering, and regular quality audits. products to our customers around the globe. Our products are being used in customers’ new systems and as replacement components in the large installed base of existing systems. 2 3 Key Gas Laser Applications Known for their longevity and predictable electrical and optical performance characteristics, our lasers are being used in a wide variety of applications. Medical Research University, medical, and government laboratories on the cusp of new discoveries rely on instruments designed with Lumentum argon-ion and HeNe lasers for cell mapping, genome analysis, and DNA sequencing.
  • Population Inversion X-Ray Laser Oscillator

    Population Inversion X-Ray Laser Oscillator

    Population inversion X-ray laser oscillator Aliaksei Halavanaua, Andrei Benediktovitchb, Alberto A. Lutmanc , Daniel DePonted, Daniele Coccoe , Nina Rohringerb,f, Uwe Bergmanng , and Claudio Pellegrinia,1 aAccelerator Research Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025; bCenter for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg 22607, Germany; cLinac & FEL division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025; dLinac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025; eLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720; fDepartment of Physics, Universitat¨ Hamburg, Hamburg 20355, Germany; and gStanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 Contributed by Claudio Pellegrini, May 13, 2020 (sent for review March 23, 2020; reviewed by Roger Falcone and Szymon Suckewer) Oscillators are at the heart of optical lasers, providing stable, X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), first proposed in 1992 transform-limited pulses. Until now, laser oscillators have been (8, 9) and developed from the late 1990s to today (10), are a rev- available only in the infrared to visible and near-ultraviolet (UV) olutionary tool to explore matter at the atomic length and time spectral region. In this paper, we present a study of an oscilla- scale, with high peak power, transverse coherence, femtosecond tor operating in the 5- to 12-keV photon-energy range. We show pulse duration, and nanometer to angstrom wavelength range, that, using the Kα1 line of transition metal compounds as the but with limited longitudinal coherence and a photon energy gain medium, an X-ray free-electron laser as a periodic pump, and spread of the order of 0.1% (11).
  • Experimental Results on Advanced Inertial Fusion Schemes Obtained

    Experimental Results on Advanced Inertial Fusion Schemes Obtained

    NUKLEONIKA 2012;57(1):3−10 ORIGINAL PAPER Experimental results Dimitri Batani, Leonida A. Gizzi, Petra Koester, Luca Labate, on advanced inertial fusion Javier Honrubia, Luca Antonelli, Alessio Morace, Luca Volpe, Jorge J. Santos, Guy Schurtz, schemes obtained Sebastien Hulin, Xavier Ribeyre, Philippe Nicolai, Benjamin Vauzour, within the HiPER project Fabien Dorchies, Wiger Nazarov, John Pasley, Maria Richetta, Kate Lancaster, Christopher Spindloe, Martin Tolley, David Neely, Michaela Kozlová, Jaroslav Nejdl, Bedrich Rus, Jerzy Wołowski, Jan Badziak Abstract. This paper presents the results of experiments conducted within the Work Package 10 (fusion experimental programme) of the HiPER project. The aim of these experiments was to study the physics relevant for advanced ignition schemes for inertial confinement fusion, i.e. the fast ignition and the shock ignition. Such schemes allow to achieve a higher fusion gain compared to the indirect drive approach adopted in the National Ignition Facility in United States, which is important for the future inertial fusion energy reactors and for realising the inertial fusion with smaller facilities. Key words: advanced ignition schemes • fast ignition • shock ignition • inertial fusion • propagation of fast electrons • short-pulse ultra-high-intensity laser • shock compressed matter • cylindrical implosions Introduction D. Batani , J. J. Santos, G. Schurtz, S. Hulin, In 2006 the European Strategy Forum on Research X. Ribeyre, P. Nicolai, B. Vauzour, F. Dorchies Infrastructures (ESFRI) included the HiPER Project CELIA, Université de Bordeaux/CNRS/CEA, (European High Power Laser Energy Research Facility) Talence, 33405, France, in the European roadmap for Research Infrastructures. Tel.: +33 0 5 4000 3753, Fax: + 33 0 5 4000 2580, The goals of the HiPER project are to perform a feasi- E-mail: [email protected] bility study, choose a design and then construct a high- -energy laser facility for research on the production of L.
  • A Laser (From the Acronym Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) Is an Optical Source That Emits Photons in a Coherent Beam

    A Laser (From the Acronym Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) Is an Optical Source That Emits Photons in a Coherent Beam

    LASER A laser (from the acronym Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) is an optical source that emits photons in a coherent beam. The verb to lase means "to produce coherent light" or possibly "to cut or otherwise treat with coherent light", and is a back- formation of the term laser. Laser light is typically near-monochromatic, i.e. consisting of a single wavelength or color, and emitted in a narrow beam. This is in contrast to common light sources, such as the incandescent light bulb, which emit incoherent photons in almost all directions, usually over a wide spectrum of wavelengths. Laser action is explained by the theories of quantum mechanics and thermodynamics. Many materials have been found to have the required characteristics to form the laser gain medium needed to power a laser, and these have led to the invention of many types of lasers with different characteristics suitable for different applications. The laser was proposed as a variation of the maser principle in the late 1950's, and the first laser was demonstrated in 1960. Since that time, laser manufacturing has become a multi- billion dollar industry, and the laser has found applications in fields including science, industry, medicine, and consumer electronics. Contents [hide] 1 Physics 2 History 2.1 Recent innovations 3 Uses 3.1 Popular misconceptions 3.2 "LASER" 3.3 Scientific misconceptions 4 Laser safety 5 Categories 5.1 By type 5.2 By output power 6 See also 7 Further reading 7.1 Books 7.2 Periodicals 8 References 9 External links [edit] Physics See also: Laser science Principal components: 1.
  • The Science and Applications of Ultrafast, Ultraintense Lasers

    The Science and Applications of Ultrafast, Ultraintense Lasers

    THE SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS OF ULTRAFAST, ULTRAINTENSE LASERS: Opportunities in science and technology using the brightest light known to man A report on the SAUUL workshop held, June 17-19, 2002 THE SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS OF ULTRAFAST, ULTRAINTENSE LASERS (SAUUL) A report on the SAUUL workshop, held in Washington DC, June 17-19, 2002 Workshop steering committee: Philip Bucksbaum (University of Michigan) Todd Ditmire (University of Texas) Louis DiMauro (Brookhaven National Laboratory) Joseph Eberly (University of Rochester) Richard Freeman (University of California, Davis) Michael Key (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) Wim Leemans (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) David Meyerhofer (LLE, University of Rochester) Gerard Mourou (CUOS, University of Michigan) Martin Richardson (CREOL, University of Central Florida) 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents . 3 Executive Summary . 5 1. Introduction . 7 1.1 Overview . 7 1.2 Summary . 8 1.3 Scientific Impact Areas . 9 1.4 The Technology of UULs and its impact. .13 1.5 Grand Challenges. .15 2. Scientific Opportunities Presented by Research with Ultrafast, Ultraintense Lasers . .17 2.1 Basic High-Field Science . .18 2.2 Ultrafast X-ray Generation and Applications . .23 2.3 High Energy Density Science and Lab Astrophysics . .29 2.4 Fusion Energy and Fast Ignition. .34 2.5 Advanced Particle Acceleration and Ultrafast Nuclear Science . .40 3. Advanced UUL Technology . .47 3.1 Overview . .47 3.2 Important Research Areas in UUL Development. .48 3.3 New Architectures for Short Pulse Laser Amplification . .51 4. Present State of UUL Research Worldwide . .53 5. Conclusions and Findings . .61 Appendix A: A Plan for Organizing the UUL Community in the United States .
  • Chirped-Pulse Amplification Ultrahigh Peak Power Production from Compact Short-Pulse Laser Systems

    Chirped-Pulse Amplification Ultrahigh Peak Power Production from Compact Short-Pulse Laser Systems

    TUTORIAL Chirped-Pulse Amplification Ultrahigh peak power production from compact short-pulse laser systems Introduction of chirped-pulse ampli- It turns out that the hint to a solution THE AUTHOR fication (CPA) enabled the latest revolu- of this problem can be found as early as tion in production of high peak powers the time of the demonstration of the first from lasers through amplification of very laser, but the idea has been initially pro- IGOR JOVANOVIC posed to overcome a different issue – the short (femtosecond) laser pulses to pulse Igor Jovanovic is an power limitations of radars [1]. In 1985 it energies previously available only from Associate Professor of was realized by the group at the University long-pulse lasers. CPA has rapidly bridged Nuclear Engineering at of Rochester led by Gérard Mourou that the gap from its initial modest demon- Penn State University. this technique, termed chirped-pulse am- strations to multi-terawatt and petawatt- He received his undergraduate degree plification (CPA) [2], can also be applied in scale systems in research facilities and from the University of Zagreb in 1997 the optical domain, with revolutionary con- universities, as well as numerous lower- and his Ph.D. from the University of sequences for laser science and technology California, Berkeley in 2001. He is one of power scientific and industrial applica- and its applications. The idea of CPA is in- the pioneers of the technique of optical tions. deed simple and beautiful: given the limita- parametric chirped-pulse amplification. tions encountered by ultrashort laser pulses After receiving his Ph.D.
  • Laser Applications to Medicine and Biology

    Laser Applications to Medicine and Biology

    BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LASERS leactur 7 Dr.khitam Y. Elwasife special Topics 2019-2020 Layout Fundamentals of Laser • Introduction– Properties of Laser Light– Basic Components of Laser– Basic laser operation– Types of Lasers– Laser Applications Principles – of Medical Lasers Types of Medical Lasers– Laser: Medical Applications– Laser: Surgery and Diagnostics– Laser Hazards– Laser Safety– LASER STAND FOR LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION Introduction LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. •An optical source that emits photons in a coherent beam. •optical lasers, a device which produces any particles or electromagnetic radiations in a coherent state is called “Laser”, e.g., Atom Laser. •In most cases “laser” refers to a source of coherent photons i.e., light or other electromagnetic radiations. It is not limited to photons in the visible spectrum. There are 3 x-ray lasers, infrared lasers, UV lasers etc. Properties of Laser Light • The light emitted from a laser is monochromatic, that is, it is of one color/wavelength. In contrast, ordinary white light is a combination of many colors • Lasers emit light that is highly directional, that is, laser light is emitted as a relatively narrow beam in a specific direction. Ordinary light, such as from a light bulb, is emitted in many directions away from the source. • The light from a laser is said to be coherent, which means that the wavelengths of the laser light are in phase in space and time. Ordinary light can be a mixture of many wavelengths. Ordinary Light vs. Laser Light Ordinar Laser y Light Light Basic Concepts: Laser is a narrow beam of light of a single wavelength (monochromatic) in which each wave is in phase (coherent) with other near it.
  • EXPERIMENT on SUPPRESSION of SPONTANEOUS UNDULATOR RADIATION at ATF* Vladimir N

    EXPERIMENT on SUPPRESSION of SPONTANEOUS UNDULATOR RADIATION at ATF* Vladimir N

    MOPC82 Proceedings of FEL2009, Liverpool, UK EXPERIMENT ON SUPPRESSION OF SPONTANEOUS UNDULATOR * RADIATION AT ATF Vladimir N. Litvinenko† and Vitaly Yakimenko, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, USA Center for Accelerator Science and Education, Stony Brook University, and BNL Abstract We propose undertaking a demonstration experiment on SHOT-NOISE SUPPRESSOR suppressing spontaneous undulator radiation from an Fig. 1 is a schematic of the proof-of-principle for a electron beam at BNL’s Accelerator Test Facility (ATF). laser-based suppressor of shot-noise and spontaneous We describe the method, the proposed layout, and a radiation for a relativistic electron beam. The shot-noise possible schedule. (spontaneous radiation) suppressor system comprises of two short wigglers tuned at the wavelength of a INTRODUCTION broadband laser-amplifier, a transport system for the There are several advantages in strongly suppressing electron beam around the laser, and the buncher. shot noise in the electron beam, and the corresponding The suppressor works as follows: The electron beam spontaneous radiation. passes through the first wiggler where it spontaneously The self-amplified spontaneous (SASE) emission emits radiation proportional to the local values of shot originating from shot noise in the electron beam is the noise. Then, this radiation traverses a high-gain, main source of noise in high-gain FEL amplifiers. It may broadband laser amplifier. In the second wiggler, an negatively affect several HG FEL applications ranging electron interacts with the amplified radiation induced by from single- to multi-stage HGHG FELs [1]. SASE the neighboring electrons, and accordingly, its energy is saturation also imposes a fundamental hard limit on the changed.
  • Basic Laser Physics

    Basic Laser Physics

    n Laser Science and Safety tio d a e on ic at on ti t lif l si a h p u is di ig m tim m a L A by S E of R Visible or Intense The physical principle of a laser Invisible Lee Collins, Westmead Hospital, Sydney The word “LASER” is an acronym, divided into three parts, NZ GP CME meeting, Rotorua, June 2010 describing : the nature of the beam, its extreme brightness, and the reason why a laser works. June 2010 With thanks to Penny Smalley for the use of some material 1 2 Understanding of the operation of a laser and tissue effects is CRUCIAL to safe and effective laser use. Basic Laser Physics 3 4 Theodore Maiman Invents the First Laser - 1960 • Ruby Crystal – 694nm Albert Einstein proposed • First Used in Ophthalmology and the theory behind lasers in Dermatology 1916, but it wasn’t made reality until 1960! 5 6 Laser safety course - Lee Collins July 2009 1 Ruby Laser in Use, 1971 (IEEE Virtual Museum) Spontaneous Emission An external energy source raises the atoms to a higher energy state. When the atom drops to the ground state, energy is emitted as a PHOTON 7 8 Stimulated Emission Of Radiation Spontaneous Emission Photons of all wavelengths, emit randomly from all energy levels of atoms, A photon bombards a single energy level in an excited atom, resulting in white light. resulting in release of two identical photons, having identical 9 properties. 10 What is Wavelength? Electromagnetic Spectrum • The wavelength (λ) of light is measured in nanometres or Medical lasers operate between far infrared microns (10,600nm) and far ultraviolet (193nm).