DOE/ER-0461P UC-414 LASERSPECTROSCOPY Assessment of Research Needs for Laser Technologies Applied to Advanced Spectroscopic Methods May 1990 Prepared for: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Research Office of Program Analysis Washington, DC 20545 Under Contract No. DE-ACOI-88ER30131 DISCLAIMER This repo~ was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof,nor any of theiremployees, make any warranty, express or implied,or assumes any legalliabilityor responsibilityfor the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information,apparatus, product, or process disclosed,or representsthat itsuse would not infringeprivatelyowned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer,or otherwise does not necessarilyconstitute or imply itsendorsement, recommendation, or favoringby the United States Government or any agency thereof.The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarilystate or reflectthose of the United States Government or any agency thereof. DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. EXPERT TECHNICAL PANEL The following panel of scientists evaluated the research needs for laser technologies applicable to programs of the Office of Health and Environmental Research of the Office of Energy Research, Department of Energy. This project was conducted under contract with the Office of Program Analysis, Department of Energy, and was carried out under the leadership of G. Samuel Hurst (Principal Investigator) of Consultec Scientific, Inc. Main Panel Prof. Keith Boyer Dr. N. Omenetto Department of Physics Commission EC/JRC University of Illinois Environment Institute Chicago, IL 60680 Chemistry Division 1-21020 Ispra, ITALY Dr. Robert L. Byer Ginzton Laboratory of Physics Or. Gary Salzman Stanford University MS M880 Stanford, CA 94305 Los Alamos National Lab. P. O. BOX 1663 Or. Ira W. Levin Los Alamos, NM 87545 Bldg. 2, Room BI-27 National Institutes of Health Or.John Travis Bethesda, MD 20892 Bldg. 222, Room A223 National Institute of Dr. David M. Lubman Standards & Technology Chemistry Department Gaithersburg, MD 20899 University of Michigan 930 North University Or. Nicholas Winograd Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Department of Chemistry Pennsylvania State Univ. Or. Stephen R. Lundeen University Park, PA 16802 Department of Physics Univ. of Notre Dame Notre Dame, IN 46556 Soecial Consultants Prof. N. Bloembergen Prof. A. L. Schawlow 231 Pierce Hall DAS Department of Physics Harvard University Stanford University 29 Oxford Street Stanford, CA 94305 Cambridge, MA 02138 Prof. Yuan T. Lee Chemistry Department University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In carrying out the work described in this report, the Consultec Scientific, Inc. staff and its expert panel interacted with a large number of researchers and research managers throughout the government, industry, and private sectors of the laser community. The assistance of these individuals in providing us with information and in cooperating with us in other ways is gratefully acknowledged. Consultec Scientific, Inc. is pleased to acknowledge the expert panel and to thank those outstanding scientists for the considerable time which had to be taken from their busy schedules. The conclusions and overall research priorities described in the executive summary reflect the consensus reached at the final meeting of the Expert Scientific Panel. Special thanks are also dueto Profs. Nicolaas Bloembergen, Yuan T. Lee, and Arthur L. Schawlow who served as special consultants to this project. Also, the many valuable comments and suggestions from a group of peers (see Appendix III) are gratefully acknowledged. Finally, we thank Dr. Gerald Goldstein for briefing the panel on the OHER programs and Dr. Robert Rosenthal, DOE Project Manager, for his insightful coordination of the work. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . viii RECOMMENDATIONS . ● . ,.. ix 1. INTRODUCTION . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ● . ,.. 1 2. SUMMARY OF THE OFFICE OF HEALTH AND RESEARCH (OHER) PROGRAMS: A PERSPECTIVE ON THE USE OF LASER SPECTROSCOPY . 3 2.1. Introduction . 3 2.2. Source and Dose Determination . 3 2.3. Environmental Processes and Effects . 3 2.4. Health Effects . 6 2.5. Nuclear Medicine Applications . 7 3. STATUS OF RELEVANT LASER TECHNOLOGIES . 8 3.1. Introduction . ● . 8 3.2. Sources . ..*. ..** ● . ✎ ● . 8 3.2.1. Gas and Liquid Lasers . ✎ . ✎ ✎ . 8 3.2.2. Solid-State Lasers . ✎ ✎ . 11 3.2.3. Free-Electron Lasers . ✎ ● . 13 3.2.4. X-Ray Lasers . ✎ ✎ . 13 3.2.5. Nonlinear Frequency Extension . 14 3.3. Detectors for Laser Spectroscopy . 16 3.3.1. Photon Detectors . 16 3.3.2. Ionization Detectors . 17 3.4. Imaging . 18 3.5. Reservoirs . 18 3.5.1. Introduction . 18 v 3.5.2. Classical Atomic Spectroscopic Methods . 19 3.5.3. Glow Discharges . 19 3.5.4. Laser-Induced Evaporation . 20 3.5.5. Particle-InducedVaporization . ● ● . 20 3.5.6. Supercritical and Liquid Injection in Jets . ● ☛✎✎ . ✎ ✎ . 21 3.5.7. Other Methods ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ . ✎ ✎ . 21 3.6. Systems . ✎ ✎ . 21 3.6.1. Laser Mass Spectroscopy Systems . ✎ ✎ . 21 3.6.2. Laser ChromatographicSystems . ● ✎ . ● 23 4. STATUS OF LASER SPECTROSCOPY . ✎ ✎ . ✎ 27 4.1. Introduction . ✎ ✎ . ✎ 27 4.2. Fluorescence . ● . ● ● ● . ● 28 4.2.1. Introduction . ● . ● . ✎ ✎ ✎ . ✎ 28 4.2.2. Atomic Fluorescence . ● . ✎ . ✎ ✎ ● ● ✎ 28 4.2.3. Gas Phase Molecular Fluorescence ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ 29 4.2.4. Condensed Phase Fluorescence . ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ 30 4.3. Absorption Spectroscopy . ● . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ 31 4.4. Raman Spectroscopy . ● . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ 31 4.5. Resonant and Multiphoton Ionization of Atoms . , ✎ . ✎ ● ✎ ● . 34 4.6. Multiphoton Ionization of Molecules . ✎ . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ . 37 4.7. Photoacoustic and Photothermal Spectroscopy . ✎ . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ . 39 4.7.1. Introduction . 0 ✎ . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ . 39 4.7.2. PhotoacousticSpectroscopy ✎ . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ . 39 4.7.3. Photothermal Spectroscopy ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ . 40 vi 5. POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON THE OHER PROGRAMS . 43 5.1. Introduction . 43 5.2. Laser-Based Methods for Elemental Analyses . 43 5.3. Environmental Research . 45 5.3*1. Global Effects and Active Remote Sensing . 45 5.3.2. Transport Studies Involving Actinides and Heavy Elements . 48 5.3.3. Fossil Fuel Pollutants . 49 5.3.4. Chemical Sensors (Optrodes) . 50 5.4. Biological Research . 51 5.4.1. Imag-ng . 51 5.4.2. Fast Chemical Kinetics . 52 5.4.3. F1OW Cytometry . 54 5.4.4. Biosensors . 56 5.4.5. UltrasensitiveDetection and Analysis for Biological Research . 57 5.4.6. Structural Analysis and Sequencing I ofBiomolecules . 58 5.4.7. Genome Sequencing . 59 I 5.5. Nuclear Medicine Using Stable Isotopes . 60 5.6. Radiation llosimetry . 61 APPENDIX I LASER ASSESSMENT STUDY ACRONYMS . 66 APPENDIX II INTRODUCTIONTO TERMINOLOGY . 68 APPENDIX 11I PEER REVIEW GROUP . 73 vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Department of Energy (DOE)* development and use of laser technology recognizes that new developments in laser for spectroscopic purposes. During the technology and laser spectroscopy can course of its study, this expert panel, substantially improve the ability to took a global view of laser science to carry out the mission of its Office of identify recent developments which could Health and EnvironmentalResearch (OHER). substantially improve the ability ofOHER In brief, the mission of OHER is to to perform its increasingly important support programs of research which allow mission. DOE to understand and anticipate long The panel made six specific term effects upon human health and the recommendations which dealt with three environment from the production and important areas. First the panel utilizationof alternate forms of energy, recommends that OHER closely monitor and and to apply the department’s unique be prepared to use the advances now being capabilities to solve numerous problems made in solid-state laser technology. in biology and medicine. These advances, comparable in nature to For some years, the OHER program has the revolution which began during the included some support for the development 1950’s in solid-state electronics, will of laser technology, and especially laser radically improve present-day laser spectroscopy. This support has provided technology. Secondly, the panel the basis for the demonstration of laser addressed the use of this advanced systems of remarkable sensitivityfor the technology to maintain the preeminent detection of chemical substances at the position which OHER has already created atomic and the molecular levels. At the for itself in the development of present time, both laser technology in selective and sensitive instruments for general and laser spectroscopy in the ani~lysis of atomic and molecular particular are surging ahead at an substances and to extend the use of these unprecedented rate. Thus, DOE requested to measure chemical pollutants in air, that its Office of Program Analysis study soil, and water. Finally, another area the opportunities in this 1aser of the recommendationsdealt with the use revolution that would further enhance the of lasers to determine structural and role of laser spectroscopy in the OHER dynamical features of macromolecules and mission. The purpose for this study is especially to develop X-ray lasers and to provide an independent assessment of other imaging techniques, including the long-term research needs for laser holographic ones, for sequencing DNA and technologies applied