DOCSLIB.ORG

Exploring the Dynamics of the Yugoslav Crisis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Exploring the Dynamics of the Yugoslav Crisis Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 1995-03 Exploring the dynamics of the Yugoslav crisis Moller, Gerald Axel Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/35038 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS EXPLORING THE DYNAMICS OF THE YUGOSLAV CRISIS by Gerald Axel Möller March 1995 Thesis Co-Advisors: Donald Abenheim David Yost Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. DnS «flJAlJT* INSPECTED B 19950615 033 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) WashingtonDC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED March 23, 1995. Master's Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS EXPLORING THE DYNAMICS OF THE YUGOSLAV CRISIS (Security classification: unclassified) 6. AUTHOR Gerald Axel Möller 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATIONNAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING Naval Postgraduate School ORGANIZATION Monterey CA 93943-5000 REPORT NUMBER 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. 12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 13. ABSTRACT (173 words) This thesis explores the dynamics of the Yugoslav conflict. Three factors stand out as especially important: ethnic nationalism, economic dislocation, and changes in the international security environment. Ethnic nationalism has been manifest in the competition for territory and political dominance among the Serbs, Croats, Bosnian Muslims, and others. This ethnic nationalism has centuries-old roots, but came to the fore in the 1980s, owing to the death of Tito in 1980 and the economic setbacks of the 1980s, which led to a search for scapegoats and intensified inter-ethnic mistrust and rivalry. The most important change in the security environment was the collapse of the Soviet Union, which helped to precipitate the conflict in the former Yugoslavia. The Soviet threat was no longer present to unify the component nationalities of the Yugoslav federation and to oblige them to cooperate. The Yugoslav conflict may spread unless international security institutions such as NATO and the United Nations can devise solutions. Their failure in this effort to contain and resolve the conflict could set a dangerous example. 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF Yugoslavia, Bosnia, ethnic nationalism, international security organizations, PAGES 219 collective security organizations, United Nations, Western European Union, Soviet 16. PRICE CODE Union, Russia, Balkans. 17. SECURITY CLASSIFI- 18. SECURITY CLASSIFI- 19. SECURITY CLASSIFI- 20. UMTTATTONOF CATION OF REPORT CATION OF THIS PAGE CATION OF ABSTRACT ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UL NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 298-102 11 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. EXPLORING THE DYNAMICS OF THE YUGOSLAV CRISIS Gerald A. Möller Commander SG, German Navy B.S., German Armed Forces University Munich, 1980 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN NATIONAL SECURITY \FFAIRS from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL March 1995 Author: Approved by: Donald Abenheim/Thesis Co-Ad visor &ß9 David Yost, Thesis Co-Advisor \I «HSU'f£Ü^-l2! , oRÄ&x" Gf TAB a Jincuuoaa a tine at ion- Thomas C. Bruneau, Chairrr.vn Department of National Security Affairs'; ov \ niP'ributlca/ 111 iir.'; ,?..*, t^w»**.! IV ABSTRACT This thesis explores the dynamics of the Yugoslav conflict. Three factors stand out as especially important: ethnic nationalism, economic dislocation, and changes in the international security environment. Ethnic nationalism has been manifest in the competition for territory and political dominance among the Serbs, Croats, Bosnian Muslims, and others. This ethnic nationalism has centuries-old roots, but came to the fore in the 1980s, owing to the death of Tito in 1980 and the economic setbacks of the 1980s, which led to a search for scapegoats and intensified inter-ethnic mistrust and rivalry. The most important change in the security environment was the collapse of the Soviet Union, which helped to precipitate the conflict in the former Yugoslavia. The Soviet threat was no longer present to unify the component nationalities of the Yugoslav federation and to oblige them to cooperate. The Yugoslav conflict may spread unless international security institutions such as NATO and the United Nations can devise solutions. Their failure in this effort to contain and resolve the conflict could set a dangerous example. VI ZUSAMMENFASSUNG (ABSTRACT) Diese Diplomarbeit erkundet die Dynamik der Krise in Jugoslawien. Drei herausragende Ereignisse stehen hervor und sind besonders bedeutend: ethnisch verankerter Nationalismus, ökomischer Niedergang und die Veränderungen im Feld der international Sicherheitspolitik. Ethnisch verankerter Nationalismus wurde manifest beim Wettstreit um Landbesitz und politische Vorherrschaft unter den Serben, Kroaten, Bosniens Moslems und anderen. Ethnisch verankerter Nationalismus hat jahrhundertalte Wurzeln und kam erneut zum Vorschein in den Jahren nach 1980, zum einen Teil, weil Tito im Jahre 1980 starb, zum anderen Teil auf Grund der ökonomischen Mißwirtschaft der achtziger Jahre. Dies führte zur Suche nach Sündenböcken und verstärkte Mißgunst und Rivalität zwischen den Bevölkerungsgruppen. Die bedeutendste Veränderungen im Feld der international Sicherheitspolitik war der Zusammenbruch der Sowjet Union, welcher half, den Konflikt in ehemaligen Jugoslawien zu beschleunigen. Die Bedrohung durch die Sowiets stand nicht länger zur Verfügung, um die zusammengesetzten Nationalitäten der Jugoslawischen Föderation zu vereinen, und sie zur Zusammenarbeit zu verpflichten. Der Konflikt in Jugoslawien kann sich ausbreiten, wenn nicht internationale Sicherheits-Organisationen wie NATO und die Vereinten Nationen Lösungen formulieren können. Ihr Versagen beim Bemühen den Konflikt einzugrenzen und zu lösen könnte ein gefährliches Beispiel setzen. Vll vm TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION: WHY AND HOW TO EXPLORE THE DYNAMICS OF THE YUGOSLAV CRISIS 1 A. IMPORTANCE AND RELEVANCE 1 B. METHODOLOGY AND THEORDES 2 1. Ethnic Nationalism 2 2. Economic Decline and Dislocation 4 3. Changes in the External Security Environment 6 C. THE BALKAN REGION 7 D. HISTORIC OVERVIEW ON YUGOSLAVIA 9 E. PURPOSE AND PLAN 13 H. HISTORY OF THE BALKANS 15 A. BALKAN POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 15 1. Unbroken Continuity: Geography 15 2. Discontinuity in Political Geography 16 B. HISTORY OF THE BALKANS 400 - 1826 17 1. History of the Balkans 400 - 1453: From the Barbaric Migration to the Early Middle-Ages 18 2. History of the Balkans: Rise of Islam 1389 - 1453 21 3. The Rise of the Ottomans: Defeat of Christianity at the Two Kosovos, 1389 and 1448 22 4. Consolidation and Decline of the Ottomans 23 5. Russia Reviving the Muslim-Christen Antagonism 24 6. Bosnia-Herzegovina: Defending Christian Europe 25 C. IDEAS ABOUT EUROPE IN COMPETITION 25 1. The Habsburg Idea: Europe United by Catholicism 25 IX 2. The French Idea: Liberate Europe Along National Self- Determination 26 3. Vienna 1815: Preserving Privileged Positions 27 4. Post-March 1848: Restoring the Eroding Power-System ... 28 D. HISTORY OF THE BALKANS 1826 - 1914 28 1. Prelude: Post-Vienna Serbia Enters the Scene 29 2. The Decline of Habsburg-Austria: Crimean War 1856 .... 30 3. Pursuing the Great-Serbian Dream: the Ottoman Retreat . 31 4. The Russian Fear of Pan-Slavism and the Austro- Hungarian Design 32 5. Correcting Serbia's Dynastic Successions for The Great Serbia 33 6. The Bosnian Annexion Crisis 1908 to 1909 34 7. The Balkan Confederation and the End of the First Balkan War 1913 36 8. Albania and Austria-Hungary Limit the Great Serbian Dream 37 9. Conclusions on Serbia, the Balkans and the Great Powers . 38 E. HISTORY OF THE SOUTHERN SLAV STATE, EUROPE AND THE BALKANS, 1914 - 1945 41 1. The First World War 41 2. The Decline of the Versailles Treaty 1919 - 1939 42 3. The Second World War 44 4. Conclusions on Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union and Germany 46 HI. FROM YUGOSLAV CIVIL WAR TO TITO'S HERITAGE 49 A. PRELUDE 49 x B. INTER-WAR YUGOSLAVIA: THE AFTERMATH OF VERSAILLES 51 1. Tito's Biography Before 1927 55 2. Tito's Ascent to Power 58 C. THE SECOND WORLD WAR: CIVIL-WAR YUGOSLAVIA ... 61 1. Disinformation by Communist Spies 65 D. CONSOLIDATING TITO'S POWER , . 67 1. Solving the National Question by Creating the Myth of the Heroic Partisans 68 2. Purpose and Reality of 33 Fabricated Axis Divisions 69 E. CREATING TTTOISM 70 1. Pushing Communism Too Fast: Dropped by the U.S.S.R. 71 2. Western
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Processes of Byzantinisation and Serbian Archaeology Byzantine Heritage and Serbian Art I Byzantine Heritage and Serbian Art I–Iii
    I BYZANTINE HERITAGE AND SERBIAN ART I BYZANTINE HERITAGE AND SERBIAN ART AND SERBIAN BYZANTINE HERITAGE PROCESSES OF BYZANTINISATION AND SERBIAN ARCHAEOLOGY BYZANTINE HERITAGE AND SERBIAN ART I BYZANTINE HERITAGE AND SERBIAN ART I–III Editors-in-Chief LJUBOMIR MAKSIMOVIć JELENA TRIVAN Edited by DANICA POPOVić DraGAN VOJVODić Editorial Board VESNA BIKIć LIDIJA MERENIK DANICA POPOVić ZoraN raKIć MIODraG MARKOVić VlADIMIR SIMić IGOR BOROZAN DraGAN VOJVODić Editorial Secretaries MARka TOMić ĐURić MILOš ŽIVKOVIć Reviewed by VALENTINO PACE ElIZABETA DIMITROVA MARKO POPOVić MIROSLAV TIMOTIJEVIć VUJADIN IVANIšEVić The Serbian National Committee of Byzantine Studies P.E. Službeni glasnik Institute for Byzantine Studies, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts PROCESSES OF BYZANTINISATION AND SERBIAN ARCHAEOLOGY Editor VESNA BIKIć BELGRADE, 2016 PUBLished ON THE OCCasiON OF THE 23RD InternatiOnaL COngress OF Byzantine STUdies This book has been published with the support of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia CONTENTS PREFACE 11 I. BYZANTINISATION IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT THE DYNAMICS OF BYZANTINE–SERBIAN POLITICAL RELATIONS 17 Srđan Pirivatrić THE ‘MEDIEVAL SERBIAN OECUMENE’ – FICTION OR REALITY? 37 Mihailo St. Popović BYZANTINE INFLUENCE ON ADMINISTRATION IN THE TIME OF THE NEMANJIĆ DYNASTY 45 Stanoje Bojanin Bojana Krsmanović FROM THE ROMAN CASTEL TO THE SERBIAN MEDIEVAL CITY 53 Marko Popović THE BYZANTINE MODEL OF A SERBIAN MONASTERY: CONSTRUCTION AND ORGANISATIONAL CONCEPT 67 Gordana
    [Show full text]
  • Forced Labour in Serbia Producers, Consumers and Consequences of Forced Labour 1941 - 1944
    Forced Labour in Serbia Producers, Consumers and Consequences of Forced Labour 1941 - 1944 edited by: Sanela Schmid Milovan Pisarri Tomislav Dulić Zoran Janjetović Milan Koljanin Milovan Pisarri Thomas Porena Sabine Rutar Sanela Schmid 1 Project partners: Project supported by: Forced Labour in Serbia 2 Producers, Consumers and Consequences . of Forced Labour 1941 - 1944 This collection of scientific papers on forced labour during the Second World War is part of a wider research within the project "Producers, Consumers and Consequences of Forced Labour - Serbia 1941-1944", which was implemented by the Center for Holocaust Research and Education from Belgrade in partnership with Humboldt University, Berlin and supported by the Foundation "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future" in Germany. ("Stiftung Erinnerung, Verantwortung und Zukunft" - EVZ). 3 Impressum Forced Labour in Serbia Producers, Consumers and Consequences of Forced Labour 1941-1944 Published by: Center for Holocaust Research and Education Publisher: Nikola Radić Editors: Sanela Schmid and Milovan Pisarri Authors: Tomislav Dulić Zoran Janjetović Milan Koljanin Milovan Pisarri Thomas Porena Sabine Rutar Sanela Schmid Proofreading: Marija Šapić, Marc Brogan English translation: Irena Žnidaršić-Trbojević German translation: Jovana Ivanović Graphic design: Nikola Radić Belgrade, 2018. Project partners: Center for Holocaust Research and Education Humboldt University Berlin Project is supported by: „Remembrance, Responsibility And Future“ Foundation „Stiftung Erinnerung, Verantwortung und Zukunft“ - EVZ Forced Labour in Serbia 4 Producers, Consumers and Consequences . of Forced Labour 1941 - 1944 Contents 6 Introduction - Sanela Schmid and Milovan Pisarri 12 Milovan Pisarri “I Saw Jews Carrying Dead Bodies On Stretchers”: Forced Labour and The Holocaust in Occupied Serbia 30 Zoran Janjetović Forced Labour in Banat Under Occupation 1941 - 1944 44 Milan Koljanin Camps as a Source of Forced Labour in Serbia 1941 - 1944 54 Photographs 1 62 Sabine Rutar Physical Labour and Survival.
    [Show full text]
  • Oligarchs, King and Local Society: Medieval Slavonia
    Antun Nekić OLIGARCHS, KING AND LOCAL SOCIETY: MEDIEVAL SLAVONIA 1301-1343 MA Thesis in Medieval Studies Central European University CEU eTD Collection Budapest May2015 OLIGARCHS, KING AND LOCAL SOCIETY: MEDIEVAL SLAVONIA 1301-1343 by Antun Nekić (Croatia) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ Chair, Examination Committee ____________________________________________ Thesis Supervisor ____________________________________________ Examiner CEU eTD Collection ____________________________________________ Examiner Budapest Month YYYY OLIGARCHS, KING AND LOCAL SOCIETY: MEDIEVAL SLAVONIA 1301-1343 by Antun Nekić (Croatia) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. CEU eTD Collection ____________________________________________ External Reader Budapest Month YYYY OLIGARCHS, KING AND LOCAL SOCIETY: MEDIEVAL SLAVONIA 1301-1343 by Antun Nekić (Croatia) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ External Supervisor CEU eTD Collection Budapest Month YYYY I, the undersigned, Antun Nekić, candidate for the MA degree in Medieval Studies, declare herewith that the present thesis is exclusively my own work, based on my research and only such external information as properly credited in notes and bibliography. I declare that no unidentified and illegitimate use was made of the work of others, and no part of the thesis infringes on any person’s or institution’s copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • The Formation of Wartime Commercial Policy
    Planning for the Short Haul: The Formation of Wartime Commercial Policy Mariya Grinberg [email protected] Draft paper prepared for IPES, November 18, 2017. Please do not cite or circulate without permission of the author. In times of war, why do belligerents continue to trade with each other? There are two countervailing forces that affect this decision. On the one hand, conventional wisdom in economics holds that states have absolute gains from trade. Therefore, economic considerations should push states to engage in mutually beneficial trading relationships, regardless of the security environment. In other words, states should always trade with the enemy. On the other hand, conventional wisdom in international relations holds that trading with a security adversary has negative security externalities. A state can use these benefits from trade to increase its military capabilities which, in turn, can be used in the war effort against the state it is trading with. Thus according to security considerations, states should never trade with the enemy. Empirically, it is possible to see wide variation in the choices states make about their wartime commercial policy. Some states chose to continue their trade throughout the war, for example India and Pakistan in the Kargil War (1999) or Yugoslavia and Croatia in the War of Bosnian Independence (1992). Other states chose to cut off trade immediately at the start of the war, for example India and Pakistan in the Second Kashmir War (1965) or England and Argentina in the Falkland Islands War (1982). Yet other states start off trading with the enemy only to change course during the war and sever the commercial relationship in the middle of the conflict, as for example occurred in the Iran-Iraq War of 1980.
    [Show full text]
  • Politics of Memory and Identityformation in The
    POLITICS OF MEMORY AND IDENTITY FORMATION IN THE CONTEXT OF VIOLENT CONFLICTS: WAR COMMEMORATIONS IN CROATIA AND UKRAINE By Ivona Semren Submitted to Central European University Department of International Relations In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Supervisor: Erin Kristin Jenne CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2017 Abstract The process of collective identity formation raised to the state level formulates the official identity narrative that reflects and legitimizes certain politics. Commemoration rituals are one of many manifestations of the official state narrative, which are particularly relevant for formulating the collective memory of wars. Therefore, studying the commemoration events allows to look into the commemorations related to war as an institutionalized nation-building project. How these two conflicts are related to the revision of the history of WWII is tracked through the changes in the discourse in commemorations related to WWII, in which the newer conflicts are reflected. The process of nation-building in Croatia and Ukraine has different patterns in terms of the changes in commemoration rituals related to the Second World War, despite the fact that both countries had similar pre-conditions in terms of their controversial past related to WWII and regime change after the break-up of the Yugoslavia and USSR. Institutionalized changes of commemoration rituals in Ukraine happened only after the outbreak of the conflict in Donbas, while in Croatia they took place earlier after the Homeland War. CEU eTD Collection i Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1 - Theory, Literature and Methodology ......................................... 6 1.1. Symbolic predispositions and situational nationalism ........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Up to Their Elbows in Blood: the Crimean War and The
    UP TO THEIR ELBOWS IN BLOOD: THE CRIMEAN WAR AND THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF MEDICINE Fought in the mid-1850s, many scholars regard the Crimean War as largely insignificant. However in reality, the historical contributions of the war are important – particularly those contributions pertaining to medicine. This seemingly “unnecessary” war facilitated the modernization of Western medicine; methods used during and directly after the Crimean War were standard until World War Two. A brief history of the war reveals medical data that constitutes the bulk of my interpretation. The war’s specific medical achievements are highlighted throughout the essay. The findings in this paper are by no means conclusive, but they exhibit that it is important to look beyond Florence Nightingale, the war’s most famous and studied individual, and gaze upon the larger trends of medicine. Her story is covered in some detail in this paper, but she is not the sole source of innovation from this rather disastrous war. The professionalization of Western medicine stands out as one of the great accomplishments of this war, despite scholars viewing the war as useless. Key words: cholera epidemics, battlefield surgery, Florence Nightingale, Nikolay Pirogov, William Howard Russell, medical modernization Tyler Eaves HIST 586: Advanced Seminar in History May 11, 2017 Eaves 2 “It is good for us to be here”1 On the night of November 14, 1854, an exhausted woman penned a letter to a distant reader. By candlelight she scrawled in hurried script about the “appalling horror” surrounding her. “Steeped up to [their] necks in blood,” she and her helpers worked tirelessly upon men who “bear pain and mutilation with unshrinking heroism, and die or are cut up without a complaint.” Absences of brooms, soap, and towels only complicated the dire state of affairs.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT Title of Document: the FURTHEST
    ABSTRACT Title of Document: THE FURTHEST WATCH OF THE REICH: NATIONAL SOCIALISM, ETHNIC GERMANS, AND THE OCCUPATION OF THE SERBIAN BANAT, 1941-1944 Mirna Zakic, Ph.D., 2011 Directed by: Professor Jeffrey Herf, Department of History This dissertation examines the Volksdeutsche (ethnic Germans) of the Serbian Banat (northeastern Serbia) during World War II, with a focus on their collaboration with the invading Germans from the Third Reich, and their participation in the occupation of their home region. It focuses on the occupation period (April 1941-October 1944) so as to illuminate three major themes: the mutual perceptions held by ethnic and Reich Germans and how these shaped policy; the motivation behind ethnic German collaboration; and the events which drew ethnic Germans ever deeper into complicity with the Third Reich. The Banat ethnic Germans profited from a fortuitous meeting of diplomatic, military, ideological and economic reasons, which prompted the Third Reich to occupy their home region in April 1941. They played a leading role in the administration and policing of the Serbian Banat until October 1944, when the Red Army invaded the Banat. The ethnic Germans collaborated with the Nazi regime in many ways: they accepted its worldview as their own, supplied it with food, administrative services and eventually soldiers. They acted as enforcers and executors of its policies, which benefited them as perceived racial and ideological kin to Reich Germans. These policies did so at the expense of the multiethnic Banat‟s other residents, especially Jews and Serbs. In this, the Third Reich replicated general policy guidelines already implemented inside Germany and elsewhere in German-occupied Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • World War II at Sea This Page Intentionally Left Blank World War II at Sea
    World War II at Sea This page intentionally left blank World War II at Sea AN ENCYCLOPEDIA Volume I: A–K Dr. Spencer C. Tucker Editor Dr. Paul G. Pierpaoli Jr. Associate Editor Dr. Eric W. Osborne Assistant Editor Vincent P. O’Hara Assistant Editor Copyright 2012 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data World War II at sea : an encyclopedia / Spencer C. Tucker. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-59884-457-3 (hardcopy : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-59884-458-0 (ebook) 1. World War, 1939–1945—Naval operations— Encyclopedias. I. Tucker, Spencer, 1937– II. Title: World War Two at sea. D770.W66 2011 940.54'503—dc23 2011042142 ISBN: 978-1-59884-457-3 EISBN: 978-1-59884-458-0 15 14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America To Malcolm “Kip” Muir Jr., scholar, gifted teacher, and friend. This page intentionally left blank Contents About the Editor ix Editorial Advisory Board xi List of Entries xiii Preface xxiii Overview xxv Entries A–Z 1 Chronology of Principal Events of World War II at Sea 823 Glossary of World War II Naval Terms 831 Bibliography 839 List of Editors and Contributors 865 Categorical Index 877 Index 889 vii This page intentionally left blank About the Editor Spencer C.
    [Show full text]
  • Military History of Italy During World War II from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Military history of Italy during World War II From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The participation of Italy in the Second World War was characterized by a complex framework of ideology, politics, and diplomacy, while its military actions were often heavily influenced by external factors. The imperial ambitions of the Fascist regime, which aspired to restore the Roman Empire in North Africa and the Mediterranean (the Mare Nostrum, or the Italian Empire), were partially met with the annexation of Albania and the Province of Ljubljana, and the occupation of British Somaliland and other territories, but ultimately collapsed after defeats in the East and North African campaigns. In July 1943, following the Allied invasion of Sicily, Italy and its colonies in May 1940 (Dodecanese islands Benito Mussolini was arrested by order of King and Tientsin concession in China are not shown) Victor Emmanuel III, provoking a civil war. Italy surrendered to the Allies at the end of the Italian Campaign. The northern half of the country was occupied by Germans with the fascists help and made a collaborationist puppet state (with more than 600,000 soldiers), while the south was governed by monarchist and liberal forces, which fought for the Allied cause as the Italian Co-Belligerent Army (at its height numbering more than 50,000 men), helped by circa 350,000[1] partisans of disparate political ideologies that operated all over Italy. Contents 1 Background 1.1 Imperial ambitions 1.2 Industrial strength 1.3 Economy 1.4 Military 2 Outbreak of the Second World
    [Show full text]
  • List of Freemasons from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Jump To: Navigation , Search
    List of Freemasons From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Part of a series on Masonic youth organizations Freemasonry DeMolay • A.J.E.F. • Job's Daughters International Order of the Rainbow for Girls Core articles Views of Masonry Freemasonry • Grand Lodge • Masonic • Lodge • Anti-Masonry • Anti-Masonic Party • Masonic Lodge Officers • Grand Master • Prince Hall Anti-Freemason Exhibition • Freemasonry • Regular Masonic jurisdictions • Opposition to Freemasonry within • Christianity • Continental Freemasonry Suppression of Freemasonry • History Masonic conspiracy theories • History of Freemasonry • Liberté chérie • Papal ban of Freemasonry • Taxil hoax • Masonic manuscripts • People and places Masonic bodies Masonic Temple • James Anderson • Masonic Albert Mackey • Albert Pike • Prince Hall • Masonic bodies • York Rite • Order of Mark Master John the Evangelist • John the Baptist • Masons • Holy Royal Arch • Royal Arch Masonry • William Schaw • Elizabeth Aldworth • List of Cryptic Masonry • Knights Templar • Red Cross of Freemasons • Lodge Mother Kilwinning • Constantine • Freemasons' Hall, London • House of the Temple • Scottish Rite • Knight Kadosh • The Shrine • Royal Solomon's Temple • Detroit Masonic Temple • List of Order of Jesters • Tall Cedars of Lebanon • The Grotto • Masonic buildings Societas Rosicruciana • Grand College of Rites • Other related articles Swedish Rite • Order of St. Thomas of Acon • Royal Great Architect of the Universe • Square and Compasses Order of Scotland • Order of Knight Masons • Research • Pigpen cipher • Lodge • Corks Eye of Providence • Hiram Abiff • Masonic groups for women Sprig of Acacia • Masonic Landmarks • Women and Freemasonry • Order of the Amaranth • Pike's Morals and Dogma • Propaganda Due • Dermott's Order of the Eastern Star • Co-Freemasonry • DeMolay • Ahiman Rezon • A.J.E.F.
    [Show full text]
  • A Cultural History of US Involvement in Axis-Occupied Yugoslavia
    University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Open Access Master's Theses 2018 The Power of Narratives: A Cultural History of US Involvement in Axis-Occupied Yugoslavia William P. Fouse University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses Recommended Citation Fouse, William P., "The Power of Narratives: A Cultural History of US Involvement in Axis-Occupied Yugoslavia" (2018). Open Access Master's Theses. Paper 1195. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses/1195 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE POWER OF NARRATIVES: A CULTURAL HISTORY OF US INVOLVEMENT IN AXIS-OCCUPIED YUGOSLAVIA BY WILLIAM P. FOUSE A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2018 MASTER OF ARTS THESIS OF WILLIAM P. FOUSE APPROVED: Thesis Committee: Major Professor Robert W. Widell, Jr. James Mace Ward Valerie Karno Nasser H. Zawia DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2018 ABSTRACT My thesis examines the ways in which narratives about Axis-occupied Yugoslavia developed within the United States over the course of World War II and identifies how these narratives influenced the development of American foreign policy. Methodologically, I utilize the literary theories of Northrop Frye and Hayden White as a means of narrative analysis. Frye categorizes narratives as romance, comedy, tragedy, or satire.
    [Show full text]
  • Filming the End of the Holocaust War, Culture and Society
    Filming the End of the Holocaust War, Culture and Society Series Editor: Stephen McVeigh, Associate Professor, Swansea University, UK Editorial Board: Paul Preston LSE, UK Joanna Bourke Birkbeck, University of London, UK Debra Kelly University of Westminster, UK Patricia Rae Queen’s University, Ontario, Canada James J. Weingartner Southern Illimois University, USA (Emeritus) Kurt Piehler Florida State University, USA Ian Scott University of Manchester, UK War, Culture and Society is a multi- and interdisciplinary series which encourages the parallel and complementary military, historical and sociocultural investigation of 20th- and 21st-century war and conflict. Published: The British Imperial Army in the Middle East, James Kitchen (2014) The Testimonies of Indian Soldiers and the Two World Wars, Gajendra Singh (2014) South Africa’s “Border War,” Gary Baines (2014) Forthcoming: Cultural Responses to Occupation in Japan, Adam Broinowski (2015) 9/11 and the American Western, Stephen McVeigh (2015) Jewish Volunteers, the International Brigades and the Spanish Civil War, Gerben Zaagsma (2015) Military Law, the State, and Citizenship in the Modern Age, Gerard Oram (2015) The Japanese Comfort Women and Sexual Slavery During the China and Pacific Wars, Caroline Norma (2015) The Lost Cause of the Confederacy and American Civil War Memory, David J. Anderson (2015) Filming the End of the Holocaust Allied Documentaries, Nuremberg and the Liberation of the Concentration Camps John J. Michalczyk Bloomsbury Academic An Imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc LONDON • OXFORD • NEW YORK • NEW DELHI • SYDNEY Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square 1385 Broadway London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10018 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com BLOOMSBURY and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published 2014 Paperback edition fi rst published 2016 © John J.
    [Show full text]