Impact of Pesticides on Pollinators and Other Non-Target Organisms
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Impact of Pesticides on Pollinators and other Non-target Organisms Keith Tignor Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services What is an Ideal Pollinator? • Mobile • Large number of individuals • Attracted to pollen source • Apparatus to carry pollen Presidential Memorandum June 20, 2014 • Created a Federal Strategy to Promote the Health of Honey Bees and Other Pollinators • Establish Pollinator Health Task Force • Mission and Function of the Task Force: – Pollinator Research Action Plan – Public Education Plan – Public-Private Partnerships U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Status Review for the Monarch Butterfly • Migration more perilous for many monarchs because of threats along their migratory pathways and on their breeding and wintering grounds. • Habitat loss – Over wintering site – Migratory pathways • Mortality resulting from pesticide use – Adult mortality from insecticides – Loss of milkweed from herbicides What is a Pesticide • Agent used to kill or control undesired insects, weeds, rodents, fungi, bacteria, or other organisms • Pesticides are classified according to function: – Avicide – birds – Herbicides – weeds – Fungicides – fungi, mold and mildew – Insecticides – insects – Rodenticides – rodents • Herbicides are the most widely used type of pesticide in agriculture Pesticides Registered for Use in Virginia 18000 14,875 15,211 15000 14,214 14,500 14,570 11,861 12000 9000 6000 Registered Pesticides (no.) Pesticides Registered 3000 0 2003* . 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Year Product count based on number registered on October 1 of each year. Categories of Pesticides ALGAECIDE HERBICIDE FERTILIZER WITH INSECTICIDE INSECTICIDE & NEMATICIDE PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR FERTILIZER WITH INSECTICIDE PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR ALGICIDE INSECTICIDE & REPELLENT & HERBICIDE WITH FERTILIZER FERTILIZER WITH INSECTICIDE PLANT-INCORPORATED ANTIFOULANT PAINT INSECTICIDE & TERMITICIDE AND FUNGICIDE PROTECTANT AVICIDE FUMIGANT INSECTICIDE ACARICIDE REPELLENT BIOCIDE (ALGAE, SLIME, INSECTICIDE, DISINFECTANT FUNGICIDE RODENTICIDE BACTERIA, FUNGI) & FUNGICIDE INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE, BIONEMATICIDE FUNGICIDE & NEMATICIDE SANITIZER MITICIDE FUNGICIDE, HERBICIDE, DEFOLIANT LURE (PHEROMONES) SANITIZER & ALGICIDE INSECTICIDE & NEMATICIDE DISINFECTANT HERBICIDE MISCELLANEOUS SANITIZER & DISINFECTANT SANITIZER, DISINFECTANT, & DISINFECTANT, ALGAECIDE INSECT GROWTH REGULATOR MITICIDE (ACARICIDE) VIRUCIDE DISINFECTANT, FUNGICIDE, SANITIZER, DISINFECTANT, INSECTICIDE MOLLUSCICIDE VIRUCIDE FUNGICIDE, VIRUCIDE FERTILIZER WITH FUNGICIDE INSECTICIDE & FUNGICIDE NEMATICIDE TERMITICIDE TERMITICIDE, INSECTICIDE, FERTILIZER WITH HERBICIDE INSECTICIDE & MITICIDE OTHER FUNGICIDE Registered Pesticides in Virginia in 2014 REPELLENT ACARICIDE ALGAECIDE AVICIDE FUMIGANT MOLLUSCICIDE NEMATICIDE OTHER PRESERVATIVE INSECTICIDE FUNGICIDE RODENTICIDE HERBICIDE DISINFECTANT Total number of registered pesticides = 15,211 from Office of Pesticide Services, VDACS Active Ingredient of Conventional Pesticides Used in the U.S., 1980-2007 1200 16.7% decline 1000 800 600 400 200 Amount Applied (lb. x 1 million)x (lb.Applied Amount 0 Year from EPA website (http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/pestsales) Estimated Amount of Conventional Pesticides Used in the U.S. in 2007 600 Total Usage = 857 million lb. 500 400 300 200 Active Ingredient (million lb.) (million Ingredient Active 100 0 Herbicides/Plant Insecticides/Miticides Fungicides Nematicide/Fumigant Other Conventional Growth Regulators Type of Pesticide from A. Grube, Donaldson D., Kiely T., and Wu L. (2011) Estimated Amount of Conventional Pesticides Used in the U.S. in 2007 700 600 500 400 300 200 Active Ingredient (million lb.) (million Ingredient Active 100 0 Agriculture Ind/Comm/Gov Home & Garden Sector of Usage from A. Grube, Donaldson D., Kiely T., and Wu L. (2011) OneOne man’sman’s beneficial,trash, is another is another man’s man’s treasure Pest Politics Money Emotion Environmental Fate of Pesticides Ideal Pollinator – Honey Bee • Year round activity • Transportable population • Capable of Flight • 60,000 to 80,000 individuals in hive • Hairy – Nearly 100% of body covered with hair – Plumose hair – Pollen basket • Pollen and nectar are primary food source Detected Agrochemicals in North American Apiaries 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 Pesticide contaminants (#) contaminants Pesticide 20 10 0 Bees Wax Pollen Sample Source from Mullin CA, Frazier M, Frazier JL, Ashcraft S, Simonds R, et al. (2010) Occurrence of Samples with Multiple Agrochemicals in North American Apiaries 10 8 6 4 2 Mean Multiple Pesticides (#) Pesticides MultipleMean 0 Bees Wax Pollen Total Sample Source from Mullin CA, Frazier M, Frazier JL, Ashcraft S, Simonds R, et al. (2010) Correlation of Fungicide Residues with Pesticide Contents of Pollen Samples from Mullin CA, Frazier M, Frazier JL, Ashcraft S, Simonds R, et al. (2010) Pesticide Impact on Honey Bee • R. Fell, Tignor K. (2001) – Reduced drone fecundity – Reduced queen cell production • J. Wu, Anelli C., Sheppard S. (2011) – Increased larval mortality – Delayed adult emergence – Reduced adult longevity • L. Dahlgren (2012) – Reduced queen survival • J. Berry, Hood W., Pietravalle S., Delaplane K. (2013) – Decreased brood survival – Increase queen supercedure Winter Hive Losses in Virginia 50 40 30 20 Colony Losses Colony Losses (%) 10 0 Year Overall colony losses of 32.9% during the period 2000-2014 Status of Bumble Bee Populations in Northern and Coastal Eastern States of the U.S. 0.8 1900-99 0.7 2007-09 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 Relative Abundance Relative 0.1 0 Bombus spp. from S. Cameron, Lozier J., Strange J., Koch J., Cordes N., Solter L., Griswold T. (2011) Impact of Pesticides • Lethal • Sub-lethal – Broad spectrum – Weight loss – Toxicity to adult – Shorter life span – Toxicity to immature – Behavior changes – Lethal determination – Reduced fecundity • Dosage – Reduced immunity • Concentration – Deformity • Time – Mutation – Loss of habitat/food source Factors Affecting Pollinator Populations • Environment • Genetics –Temperature extremes – Diversity –Climate change – Isolation –Bloom dates – Integrity –Drought • Toxicants/pollutants • Nutrition – Point source – Habitat loss – Non-point source – Food resources .