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A SHARED WORLD the Relationship Between Pierre Bourdieu´S Social Ontology and Martin Heidegger´S Early Philosophy

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A SHARED WORLD the Relationship Between Pierre Bourdieu´S Social Ontology and Martin Heidegger´S Early Philosophy A SHARED WORLD The relationship between Pierre Bourdieu´s social ontology and Martin Heidegger´s early philosophy Veikka Valtteri Lahtinen University of Helsinki Faculty of Social Sciences Social and Moral Philosophy Master´s Thesis August 2014 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Faculty of Social Sciences Department of Political and Economic Studies Tekijä – Författare – Author Veikka Valtteri Lahtinen Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title A SHARED WORLD – The relationship between Pierre Bourdieu´s social ontology and Martin Heidegger´s early philosophy Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Social and Moral Philosophy Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä – Sidoantal – Number of pages Master´s thesis August 2014 89 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract The master´s thesis concerns the relationship between Martin Heidegger´s early philosophy and Pierre Bourdieu´s social ontology. It examines Bourdieu´s central concepts particularly in relation to Heidegger´s major work Being and Time. In the thesis it is shown, what kinds of similarities and differences can be found between the two thinkers. The thesis is also a summary of Bourdieu´s ontology. The thesis is the first extensive treatise on the influence of Heidegger on Bourdieu´s thought. Bourdieu has written about Heidegger at different stages of his career but the relationship between the two has not been discussed much in scholarly literature. With the help of Heidegger´s thought, the thesis clarifies the philosophical dimension in Bourdieu´s thought, especially his social ontology. The relationship between Bourdieu and Heidegger is approached through three questions in the thesis. These are: 1. What are the philosophical similarities between Bourdieu and early Heidegger? 2. What are the differences between them? 3. How is Bourdieu´s social ontology complementary in relation to Heidegger? The questions are examined by close-reading Bourdieu´s theoretical writings and Heidegger´s early philosophical works. The thesis shows that habitus and the social field, the conceptual pair central to Bourdieu´s so called “theory of practice”, is a modification of the conceptual pair Dasein and world that Heidegger uses in Being and Time. This similarity is connected to a broader connection between Bourdieu and Heidegger: both thinkers do away with the subject – object –distinction and show how out experience of reality is constituted in practical, always already interpreted acting in the world. Bourdieu´s thought is also shown to differ from Heidegger´s : Bourdieu emphasizes the significance of empirical findings for understanding social reality. He explicitly criticizes Heidegger for ahistoricality, namely for not examining the societal and historical conditions of the possibility of being human. Bourdieu sees the importance of Heidegger´s phenomenological hermeneutics but demands that it engage in dialogue with empirical research. The thesis brings to light how Bourdieu on the basis of Heideggerian fundamental ontology has developed a social scientific research program and thus taken Heidegger´s early thought on a new path. Bourdieu reforms the Heideggerian conception of the social and builds critical social scientific thought on the foundation of Heideggerian ontology. Bourdieu also attempts to bring out social and historical conditions of the possibility of Heidegger´s thought. As the conclusion of the thesis it is stated that the influence of Heidegger´s early thought on Bourdieu is apparent and complex, even though clear differences between the two thinkers can also be shown. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Pierre Bourdieu Martin Heidegger social ontology philosophy of the social sciences hermeneutics Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Valtiotieteellinen tiedekunta Politiikan ja talouden tutkimuksen laitos Tekijä – Författare – Author Veikka Valtteri Lahtinen Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title A SHARED WORLD – The relationship between Pierre Bourdieu´s social ontology and Martin Heidegger´s early philosophy Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Käytännöllinen filosofia Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä – Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro gradu -tutkielma Elokuu 2014 89 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tämä pro gradu –tutkielma käsittelee Martin Heideggerin varhaisfilosofian suhdetta Pierre Bourdieun sosiaaliseen ontologiaan. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan Bourdieun kehittämää käsitteellistä apparaattia erityisesti Heideggerin pääteosta Olemista ja aikaa vasten. Bourdieun keskeisiä käsitteitä suhteutetaan Heideggerin ajatteluun ja osoitetaan, millaisia yhteyksiä ja eroavaisuuksia näiden kahden ajattelijan välillä on. Tutkielma on samalla kokonaisesitys Bourdieun ontologisesta ajattelusta. Tutkielma on ensimmäinen laaja esitys Heideggerin vaikutuksesta Bourdieun ajatteluun. Bourdieu on uransa eri vaiheissa kirjoittanut Heideggerista, mutta näiden kahden ajattelijan suhde on jäänyt tutkimuskirjallisuudessa muutaman viittauksen tasolle. Tutkielma selventää Heideggerin avulla Bourdieun ajattelun filosofista ulottuvuutta, erityisesti hänen sosiaalista ontologiaansa. Bourdieun ja Heideggerin suhdetta lähestytään tutkielmassa kolmen kysymyksen kautta. Nämä ovat: 1. Mitkä ovat Bourdieun ja Heideggerin ajattelun samankaltaisuudet?, 2. Mitkä ovat näiden kahden ajattelijan eroavaisuudet? ja 3. Miten Bourdieun ajattelu täydentää Heideggerin varhaisfilosofiaa? Kysymyksiä tarkastellaan käymällä läpi Bourdieun teoreettisia kirjoituksia ja Heideggerin varhaisfilosofiaa lähiluvun menetelmällä. Tutkielmassa osoitetaan, että Bourdieun niin kutsutun "käytännön teorian" keskeinen käsitepari habitus ja sosiaalinen kenttä on muunnos Heideggerin Olemisessa ja ajassa käyttämästä käsiteparista Dasein ja maailma. Tämä samankaltaisuus liittyy yleisempään ontologiseen yhtäläisyyteen Heideggerin ja Bourdieun välillä: molemmat murtavat subjektin ja objektin välisen erottelun ja osoittavat, miten kokemuksemme todellisuudesta konstituoituu käytännöllisen, aina jo tulkitun yhteisessä maailmassa toimimisen kautta. Bourdieun todetaan poikkeavan Heideggerista siinä, että Bourdieu korostaa empiiristen tutkimustulosten merkitystä sosiaalisen todellisuuden ymmärtämisessä. Bourdieu kritisoi Heideggeria eksplisiittisesti historiattomuudesta eli siitä, että Heidegger ei tarkastele ihmisenä olemisen yhteiskunnallis-historiallisia ehtoja. Bourdieu näkee Heideggerin fenomenologis-hermeneuttisen ajattelun tärkeyden, mutta vaatii että se asetetaan dialogiseen suhteeseen empiirisen tutkimuksen kanssa. Tutkielma tuo näkyviin, miten Bourdieu on kehittänyt heideggerilaisen fundamentaaliontologian pohjalta sosiaalitieteellisen tutkimusohjelman ja siten vienyt Heideggerin varhaisajattelun uudelle polulle. Bourdieu vahvistaa ja uudistaa heideggerilaisen ajattelun ymmärrystä sosiaalisen luonteesta ja rakentaa Heideggerin ontologian perustalle yhteiskuntakriittistä ajattelua. Bourdieu pyrkii myös osoittamaan Heideggerin ajattelun yhteiskunnallis-historiallisia ehtoja. Tutkielman johtopäätöksenä todetaan, että varhaisen Heideggerin vaikutus Bourdieun ajatteluun on ilmeinen ja monisyinen, vaikka ajattelijoiden välillä on osoitettavissa myös selviä eroja. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Pierre Bourdieu Martin Heidegger sosiaalinen ontologia yhteiskuntatieteiden filosofia hermeneutiikka CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Central concepts 6 1.2. Central sources 14 1.3. The structure of the thesis 14 2. THE UNEXAMINED RELATIONSHIP 16 BETWEEN BOURDIEU AND HEIDEGGER 2. 1 Previous scholarship on Heidegger´s and Bourdieu´s philosophical 16 relationship and the relevance of comparing the two thinkers 2.2 An outline of Heidegger´s and Bourdieu´s projects 19 2.2.1 Martin Heidegger 19 2.2.1.1 Heidegger´s project 19 2.2.1.2 Heidegger´s involvement with National Socialism 21 and the ethics of this thesis 2.2.2 Pierre Bourdieu´s project 22 3. HUMANS AND THE SHARED WORLD 26 3.1 Heidegger´s Dasein and Bourdieu´s habitus 26 3.1.1 Dasein in fundamental ontology 26 3.1.2 Habitus 28 3.2 Heidegger´s world and Bourdieu´s social field 31 3.2.1 World 31 3.2.1.1 Heidegger´s critique of the Cartesian interpretation of world 32 3.2.1.2 The ready-to-hand and present-at-hand 33 3.2.1.3 Being-in-the-world 34 3.2.2 Social field 35 3.3 Habitus and social field as versions of Dasein and world 37 4. PHENOMENOLOGY, HERMENEUTICS AND SCIENCE 42 4.1 Heidegger´s philosophical approach and its relationship with science 42 4.1.1 Heideggerian phenomenology 42 4.1.2 Science and Heideggerian hermeneutics 44 4.2 Bourdieu on science and fields 45 4.2.1 Bourdieu´s critique of phenomenology 45 4.2.2 A Bourdieusian take on hermeneutics: Field-specific 47 rationality and reflexivity 4.3 Phenomenology in early Heidegger and Bourdieu 52 4.4 Hermeneutics and science in early Heidegger and Bourdieu 54 4.5 Objectivity and the tension between historicism and universalism in 56 Bourdieu´s ontology 5. PRACTICE, TEMPORALITY AND SOCIALITY 61 5.1 Practical dealings, temporality and sociality in Heidegger 61 5.1.1 Dasein-with and das Man 62 5.1.2 Care and social practices 65 5.1.3 Originary Temporality 68 5.2 Sociality and the temporality of practice in Bourdieu 69 5.2.1 Sociality 69 5.2.2 Temporality, ontology and practice 70 5.3 Bourdieu´s one-sided interpretation of the social in Heidegger 72 5.4 Practice, temporality and sociality in Heidegger and Bourdieu 73 6. CONCLUSION: THE COMPLEX RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 78 BOURDIEU AND EARLY HEIDEGGER 6.1 Answers to the
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