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TAXON:Clerodendrum Thomsoniae Balf. SCORE:9.0

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TAXON:Clerodendrum Thomsoniae Balf. SCORE:9.0 TAXON: Clerodendrum thomsoniae SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk Balf. Taxon: Clerodendrum thomsoniae Balf. Family: Verbenaceae Common Name(s): bagflower Synonym(s): Clerodendrum balfourii (B.D.Jacks. ex Dombrain) Dombrain bleeding glory bower bleeding heart vine glorytree Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 14 Jun 2019 WRA Score: 9.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Tropical Climber, Weedy, Spreads Vegetatively, Bird-Dispersed, Resprouts Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed 304 Environmental weed 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n Creation Date: 14 Jun 2019 (Clerodendrum thomsoniae Page 1 of 16 Balf.) TAXON: Clerodendrum thomsoniae SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk Balf. Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 y 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 14 Jun 2019 (Clerodendrum thomsoniae Page 2 of 16 Balf.) TAXON: Clerodendrum thomsoniae SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk Balf. Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [Widely cultivated as an ornamental, but no evidence of Rueda, R. M. (1993). The genus Clerodendrum domestication] "Distribution and habitat. Clerodendrum thomsonae (verbenaceae) in Mesoamerica. Annals of the Missouri is a western African species that ranges from Senegal to Zaire. It has Botanical Garden, 80(4): 870-890 been collected throughout Mesoamerica." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2019). Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2019). Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native Africa USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. WEST-CENTRAL TROPICAL AFRICA: Cameroon, Democratic 2019. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Republic of the Congo Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. WEST TROPICAL AFRICA: Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra [Accessed 7 Jun 2019] Leone" 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. 2019. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. [Accessed 7 Jun 2019] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n Source(s) Notes Dave's Garden. (2019). Clerodendrum Species, Bleeding "Hardiness: Heart Vine, Glory Bower, Tropical Bleeding Heart - USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) Clerodendrum thomsoniae. USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/506/. [Accessed 7 USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F)" Jun 2019] Creation Date: 14 Jun 2019 (Clerodendrum thomsoniae Page 3 of 16 Balf.) TAXON: Clerodendrum thomsoniae SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk Balf. Qsn # Question Answer Missouri Botanical Garden. (2019). Clerodendrum thomsoniae . http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. "Zone: 10 to 12" [Accessed 7 Jun 2019] Tropicos.org. 2019. Missouri Botanical Garden. Collected from elevations of 5 m to 900 m elevation, and latitudes http://www.tropicos.org/. [Accessed 7 Jun 2019] from 01°36'10"N to 18°29'00"N Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes "Native Africa USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. WEST-CENTRAL TROPICAL AFRICA: Cameroon, Democratic 2019. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Republic of the Congo Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. WEST TROPICAL AFRICA: Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra [Accessed 7 Jun 2019] Leone" Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes "C. thomsoniae is a vine which is native to western Africa but has been widely cultivated in tropics and subtropics around the world, CABI. (2019). Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, and is known to be naturalized in many introduced places including UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/isc the Guiana Shield, Belize, the United States, the Galapagos Islands, and Australia (Funk et al., 2007; Randall, 2012)." 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes "C. thomsoniae is a vine which is native to western Africa but has been widely cultivated in tropics and subtropics around the world, and is known to be naturalized in many introduced places including CABI. (2019). Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, the Guiana Shield, Belize, the United States, the Galapagos Islands, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/isc and Australia (Funk et al., 2007; Randall, 2012). The species is listed in the Global Compendium of Weeds as an environmental weed (Randall, 2012) but does not appear to be a Clerodendrum species with high risk of introduction based on current evidence." USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. 2019. National Plant Germplasm System [Online "Naturalized (widely natzd. in tropics & subtropics)" Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. [Accessed 7 Jun 2019] 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y Source(s) Notes Creation Date: 14 Jun 2019 (Clerodendrum thomsoniae Page 4 of 16 Balf.) TAXON: Clerodendrum thomsoniae SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk Balf. Qsn # Question Answer [A weed with potential negative environmental impacts] "C. thomsoniae has minor negative environmental impacts but could increase if not monitored. It is listed as an environmental weed in Australia (Randall, 2012). Its roots can spread as far as 15 feet CABI. (2019). Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, (Missouri Botanical Garden, 2014) and the species can propagate by UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/isc both seed and root cuttings (Royal Horticultural Society, 2014). So far, however, there is little evidence that this species has caused significant damage to the native flora in places where it has been introduced and, in some cases naturalized." Several negative reviews by growers describe the weedy and aggressive tendencies of this plant in the landscape, especially in Florida. The following are a selection of quotes from their posts: "On Sep 17, 2012, gardenpackrat from Tampa, FL wrote: ͙the red/white has been very aggressive and spreads underground through out my yard. It is lovely on the fence but really needs to be contained in zone 9. Plant with care!" ͙"On May 7, 2011, tampabay1 from Safety Harbor, FL wrote: ͙Recommend you only plant it where new underground growth can be mown down. Underground roots are as invasive as passion flower, or starburst clerodendron. " ͙"On Oct 11, 2008, lauraroxie from Saint Petersburg, FL wrote: ͙This thing is horrible. impossible to kill. Apparently a neighbor had it. It destroyed Dave's Garden. (2019). Clerodendrum Species, Bleeding a hedge i had. I removed the hedge and poured undiluted roundup Heart Vine, Glory Bower, Tropical Bleeding Heart - directly into the leaves and directly into some stems where i had Clerodendrum thomsoniae. chopped it.
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