Europe and Its Immigrants in the 21St Century

Europe is at a crossroads. Demography, labor market realities, and Century 21st the in Immigrants Its and Europe already overwhelmed social protection systems mean that immigration will play a larger role in Europe in the decades ahead. The policy Europe and challenge is this: How can the European Union absorb new flows of immigrants when the 35 to 40 million foreign-born people already in its midst continue to face difficulties in becoming a full part of the Its Immigrants in economic, cultural, social, and political lives of their adopted societies? the 21st Century In this volume, the Migration Policy Institute has gathered some of the finest thinkers to offer insightful counsel and, wherever possible, solutions to Europe’s immigration challenges. They piece together the puzzle of a well-managed, comprehensive migration A New Deal regime, tackling issues ranging from immigration’s economic costs and benefits, to effective selection systems, citizenship, the welfare or a Continuing state, and integration policies that work. Dialogue of the Deaf? This volume marks another milestone in MPI’s deep commitment to European policy and transatlantic cooperation on immigration Edited by Demetrios G. Papademetriou policy. In addition to working closely with the European Commission, Member State governments, and other EU institutions, MPI collaborates on several long-term research and policy initiatives with the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development and other international institutions. This work is generously supported by the Luso-American Foundation in Portugal, the Stavros S. Niarchos Foundation, and the King Baudouin Foundation, among others. Price: $24.95 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE LUSO-AMERICAN LUSO-AMERICAN Foundation Foundation Europe and Its Immigrants in the 21st Century A New Deal or a Continuing Dialogue of the Deaf? Edited by Demetrios G. Papademetriou LUSO-AMERICAN MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE Foundation © 2006 Migration Policy Institute. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, without prior permission, in writing, from the Migration Policy Institute. Contents Foreword Economics v and Labor Migration Preface and Plan of the Book Migrants and the European ix Labor Market Introduction Rainer Münz and Thomas Straubhaar 121 Managing International Migration Better: Principles and Perspectives for Is Immigration an Enemy Gaining More from Migration of the Welfare State? Demetrios G. Papademetriou Grete Brochmann and Jon Erik Dölvik xiii 155 Integration The New Role of Migrants in the Rural Economies of Southern Europe The Challenge of Integration in Europe Charalambos Kasimis Sarah Spencer 179 1 Future Demographic Change in Europe: Integration Processes of Migrants : Th e C o ntri b uti o n o f M i g rati o n Research Findings and Policy Lessons Wolfgang Lutz and Sergei Scherbov Rinus Penninx 207 31 Selecting Economic Migrants Citizenship Demetrios G. Papademetriou and T. Alexander Aleinikoff and Kevin O’Neil Patrick Weil 223 53 About the Authors Building Successful Urban Policy 257 in the New Era of Migration About the Editor Jorge Gaspar and Maria Lucinda Fonseca 265 71 About the Luso-American Practices and Policies for Immigrant Foundation I n t e g rat i o n i n t h e U n i t e d Stat e s 267 Maia Jachimowicz and About the Migration Kevin O’Neil Policy Institute 89 271 Acknowled gements 275 iii iv Foreword Ru i Mac h ete President, Executive Council Luso-American Foundation ew issues are likely to prove more resort to increasingly illiberal tactics F consequential for the economic that curtail the rights and liberties of health and social and cultural all who live under our states’ sover- well-being of an increasing number of eign protection. Rather, this is a call to developed countries than international thoughtful and informed action. migration. In fact, it may be only a This is a call to the research community slight exaggeration to argue that what in and out of government for better we do on international migration, and data and better analyses. This is a how we do it, will help define how call to our governments for greater well we do as societies in the years introspection and truth about the role and decades ahead. This includes that immigration plays and will play how we regulate migration’s size and in our demographically challenged composition and how wisely we societies in the years ahead. This is a balance the interests and manage the call for much greater and far-sighted concerns of the broader society that leadership including much larger increasingly feels that “their” jobs, investments in public education. culture, and value systems are eroded This is a call for a more tough-minded by the presence of large numbers of approach to “horizontal” policymaking immigrants. But the challenge goes and execution, in which all government well beyond that to issues of how well agencies with competencies that affect we incorporate both newcomers and or are affected by different aspects of those who by now have become migration, such as labor, social ethnic minorities into our economic, protection, education, foreign affairs, social, and political institutions; how international development, and border we work side-by-side with these and interior police agencies, work communities in a common effort to closely together to devise and deliver build socially robust and economically policies that serve host societies’ viable societies; how intelligently and interests and priorities best. And this honestly we work with immigrant- is a call for Europe’s institutions — sending and transit countries; and, the Council, the Commission, the perhaps most tellingly, how we replace Parliament, and the Court of Justice illegality and the social chaos that — to begin in earnest to give this issue runaway immigration fuels with the centrality it commands. thoughtful and progressive rules that we are able and willing to enforce. This is also a call to our social institutions to reflect on how open This is neither to say that all is lost and inclusive they really are, and how nor to encourage the view, all too to be more so, and to civil society to common among many in the democratic be ever more imaginative in strength- west, that the issue is so complex that ening and, when needed, repairing the addressing it effectively is beyond our social fabric that diversity strains— governance capabilities as they stand and, many will say, threatens. Finally, today — and that we thus need to this is a call to all of us, citizens and vi Europe and Its Immigrants in the 21st Century immigrants (new and “old” ones) Finally, this volume is both a alike, to engage in what amounts to culminating activity and the beginning nothing less than “national projects” of a new phase in the relationship whose express and noble aim is to between the two institutions that build the effective and cohesive have sponsored it: The Luso-American multi-ethnic societies in which many Foundation (FLAD) and the Migration of us already live and the rest of us Policy Institute (MPI). The relationship are fast approaching. is nearly ten years old and goes back to when MPI’s principals were the leaders Europe and Its Immigrants in the of the International Migration Policy 21st Century: A New Deal or a Program of the Carnegie Endowment Continuing Dialogue of the Deaf? for International Peace. During this moves us further towards these objec- decade, the two institutions have tives than any other volume to date. co-sponsored nearly a dozen seminars, Its chapters top the list of issues that workshops, and conferences on various we must address head-on and on aspects of international migration and which we must make measurable have co-produced and co-published a progress. Its authors, the leading number of books and reports, most researchers in their disciplines, are notably, a three-volume study on those upon whom policymakers are citizenship thought and practice across increasingly relying as they try to a dozen states. The present volume come to terms with international completes that phase of the relationship. migration. Although most authors, and in many ways, the book’s “topics” With this as a background, FLAD are “European,” the analyses and and MPI now enter into a new phase recommendations are transatlantic in in their relationship — that of a their essence and are addressed to all strategic partnership. Accordingly, immigrant-receiving societies. In fact, FLAD becomes MPI’s strategic in many ways, the book is a worthy partner in all of MPI’s European work “read” for both migrant-sending and on migration and related issues, while transit countries, as well as for MPI minds FLAD’s analytical and informed readers and thoughtful research interests on Portuguese and observers wherever they are. The more broadly Lusophone communi- volume’s editor, Demetrios G. ties and their concerns in the United Papademetriou, is a widely known and States. This transatlantic cooperation respected analyst who regularly advises is expected to add value to important senior government officials on interests within each organization’s migration across the developed world. priorities and enhance the effective- His judgment and expertise, as well ness of their work on both sides of as his ability to tap into the most the Atlantic. talented pool of writers and policy advisors, is clearly demonstrated in Rui Machete the book’s collection of essays. Lisbon, 2006 Foreword vii viii Europe and Its Immigrants in the 21st Century Preface and Plan of the Book his volume, which focuses on In the years that followed, the AMPI T the current state of immigra- team worked with successive EU tion in Europe and suggests a Presidencies on their immigration- way forward, is the product of a unique related efforts.

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