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Geologic Map of the Duluth Complex and Related Rocks

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SUPPORTED IN PART BY THE MINNESOTA MINERALS DIVERSIFICATION PROGRAM MISCELLANEOUS MAP SERIES AS RECOMMENDED BY THE MINERALS COORDINATING COMMITTEE FOR THE MINNESOTA LEGISLATURE MAP M-119, SHEET 1 OF 2 MINNESOTA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY D.L. Southwick, Director MAP OF NORTHEASTERN MINNESOTA SHOWING 91°00' GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE DULUTH COMPLEX AND RELATED ROCKS, NORTHEASTERN MINNESOTA LOCATION OF MAJOR PHYSICAL AND CULTURAL FEATURES THAT FORM PART OF ROCK-UNIT NAMES By CANADA 90°15' 90°30' 90°45' 0 10 20 mi 90°00' 91°15' Gunflint Lake J.D. Miller, Jr. J.C. Green M.J. Severson V.W. Chandler D.M. Peterson Knife Lake R. 4 W. 0 10 20 30 km 91°30' Cucumber 89°45' 89°30' Minnesota Geological Survey Professor Emeritus Natural Resources Research Institute Minnesota Geological Survey Natural Resources Research Institute Poplar Lake Lake 48°00' Tuscarora er iv Pigeon Lake Winchell Lake R R. 5 W. University of Minnesota–Duluth University of Minnesota–Duluth University of Minnnesota–Duluth Pige Point 91°45' on 48°00' Misquah Newton Grand Lake Hills Portage 91°00' Fall Br Lake ule 2001 89°45' Brule Lake T. 66 N. Eagle Pine er * * Mountain R iv Mountain iv R e r Y Hovland 92°00' Ely Farm i Y R. 6 W. Lake hiw White is aw Iron K 90°00' k Lake or SCALE 1:200 000 F h ut 5 0 5 10 MILES So Grand Marais 90°15' LAKE COUNT COOK COUNT 47°45' 5 0 5 10 15 KILOMETERS 47°45' Toohey Lake Good Harbor 90°30' R. 2 W. Birch Lake Bay R. 2 E. Fourmile R. 7 W. Y Lake R. 1 W. R. 1 E. 90°15' R. 3 E. T Sea Gull A Y CANAD N . T r C Lake T. 65 N. C U 90°30' N htal g r ug i n o Lutsen O s U o R. 3 W. H s C O R i T. 65 N. 90°45' C v 90°45' S e I e Lak r r flint e E Ninemile un U G iv N. Clearwater R K B O ra Lake A e L nc Lake Tofte g L h . Osier 90°00' id T 91°15' Lake tr Lake r S Loon Pine a ch M Schroeder P an anito Lake Seven . Br Beaver Greenwood S R. 8 W. e South Lak Lake Lake Blesner u 47°30' R. 9 W. Fowl 92°15' P Lake R c op 47°30' Hoyt Lakes Sonju abi lar Lake iv 91°30' kek Gillis Lake Lake W Lake e Ke T. 64 N. e r 91°00' Little 89°45' st B Lake R. 5 E. is River r. r. Saganaga R. 6 E. ou Cloquet t B R. 4 E. 89°30' L as Meeds t. Lake B E R R. 7 E. S a Lake p Finland t is Little Marais 48°00' m O Ensign I Lake R B iv R e e Illgen Gaskin Lake a Lax r T. 64 N. Greenwood v City e Lake E Lake r Palisade Head Moose R. 7 E. Silver Bay P Lake R Ima iv U R. 11 W. R. 10 W. Lake er 91°15' R. 12 W. 91°45' Snowbank Beaver Bay S Lake Disappointment Frost 47°15' 48°00' Lake Thomas Lake 47°15' Lake Ella Hall Lake Wood Cherokee Goo E seb Lake Lake R. 6 E. erry Split Rock Point Low Swan K Lake S R Lake Cedar Parent ilv ive e r Lake T. 63 N. r A Lake Silver Tom Creek L Brule Lake Bass Lake 91°30' Lake Fall Alice C re Lake Lake Lake 89°45' e srif Split Rock intrusive felsite—Pink, sparsely porphyritic, aphanitic to fine- k Insula Northern Light T. 63 N. Twin Lake Lake grained felsite; intrusive into Gooseberry River basalts (unit ngrb) in Split Rock River area. Shagawa Lake Lake Lake One Two Harbors Polly R. 5 E. 47°00' 47°00' Homer Lake lbdb Lafayette Bluff diabase—Olivine diabase, fine- to medium-grained intergranular; subtle modal layering; distinguished from Silver Creek L 91°45' Two e Farm diabase by Pope (1976). s Island te Lake Alton r Cascade Lake Lake Grace Lake Pipe Lake R Ely Clearwater Three Lake Silver Creek diabase to granophyre—Bimodal intrusive suite; well iv Lake Elbow er Lake Lake T. 62 N. exposed near lakeshore, poorly exposed inland; largely inferred from R. 13 W. 92°00' Phoebe aeromagnetic data and sparse outcrop. Lake aspa Poikilitic olivine gabbroic anorthosite cumulate (PPocf)—Medium- Gabbro R. 4 E. Lake Kawishhiwi to coarse-grained, foliated, plagioclase cumulate contains 1–10-cm- Lake scdg Diabase to gabbro—Includes Silver Cliff diabase of Pope (1976) and Duluth 92°00' White diameter olivine oikocrysts; includes unit ago of Green and others (1966) sparse outcrops north of Two Harbors (Bonnichsen, 1971; Green Iron and units spoa and poa of Miller (1986). 21 Lake 90°00' and others, 1977). Gull Lake Devil Track Lake T. 62 N. asna Poikilitic noritic anorthosite cumulate (PPh)—Medium-grained; unit agh . scgp Granophyre—Inferred from sparse outcrops north of Two Harbors 46°45' of Green and others (1966). 46°45' Isabella Crescent R. 3 E. (Bonnichsen, 1971; Green, 1977) and subdued aeromagnetic N CO N r Lake e Lake signature. Osier Lake intrusion—Unexposed, well-differentiated, circular intrusion TO iv Y Y aspg Porphyritic olivine gabbro—Medium-grained, ophitic olivine gabbro; Elys R 1 Bald inferred from two drill core and a ring-like aeromagnetic signature. Peak Eagle contains 5–15-percent plagioclase phenocrysts; may represent flow- Sawmill Lake gabbro granophyre—Poorly exposed, bimodal intrusive ThomsonCARL is * u Lake differentiated contact zone of anorthositic series at Duluth (Miller and suite largely inferred from aeromagnetic data and rare outcrop. o oltr Troctolitic cumulates—Based one drill core and a subdued aeromag- L Fond . others, 1993). 92°15' t netic low. du S Perent R. 2 E. smgb Gabbro—Inferred from sparse outcrop (Bonnichsen, 1971; Green, Lac Lake Lake 61 90°15' Bog Clara akga Katydid Lake gabbroic anorthosite—Medium- to coarse-grained, poorly 1977) and locally high aeromagnetic signatures. Lake olgb Gabbroic cumulates—Based on one drill core and a strong aeromag- Grand Marais foliated, intergranular, plagioclase-porphyritic gabbroic anorthosite; netic high. smgp Granophyre—Inferred from sparse outcrop (Bonnichsen, 1971) and LAKE COUNT commonly altered. COOK COUNT Pike Lake 47°45' subdued aeromagnetic signature. R. 1 E. Bald Eagle intrusion—Funnel-shaped, concentrically zoned layered aslg Scott Creek leucogabbro—Fine- to coarse-grained, plagioclase-porphyritic T. 61 N. Bear Island Lake T. 61 N. intrusion with incomplete differentiation sequence; contains several leucogabbro to ferrodiorite; cuts Katydid Lake gabbroic anorthosite (unit spdb Stony Point diabase—Medium-grained, ophitic; occurs as slightly discordant Windy R. 14 W. very magnetic inclusions of unknown type in southern area; drill core akga) in roof zone of Duluth Complex. sheet about 35 m thick. Silver Lake 47°45' Deer Yard indicate that one inclusion is mafic hornfels; another may be large Island Caribou Toohey Lake Lake xenolith of gabbroic cumulates (units or glfg) from the Greenwood Lake Lake R. 1 W. glgb Early gabbro series—Early mafic phase of Duluth Complex as lrdb Lester River sill—Composite intrusion of intergranular gabbro at margins Lake intrusion. Birch indicated by U-Pb zircon ages and reverse magnetic polarity; dominantly and ophitic olivine gabbro in core; granophyre in upper part; thickness 90°30' cugd Gabbro to diorite—Upper series; displays cumulate texture in drill core composed of gabbroic cumulates in multiply intruded sheet-like intrusions. about 280 m. Lake from north and west areas; outcrops in southeast have noncumulate betr Troctolite cumulates (PO, POF, POcf)—Medium-grained, well-foliated, modally layered, locally melanocratic; southern area unexposed; texture; characterized by busy aeromagnetic signature. clgb Crocodile Lake gabbro—Generally gabbroic cumulates; identified from nldb Northland sill—Olivine gabbro; locally grades upward into intermediate inferred from subdued aeromagnetic signature. reconnaissance mapping of Grout and others (1959); U-Pb ages 1107.0 and granophyric rocks. Olivine gabbro to troctolite—Upper series; interpreted from subdued Babbit Fourmile cuog ± 1.1 Ma (Davis and Green, 1997) and 1107.9 ± 0.3 Ma (Paces and aeromagnetic signature. begb Gabbro cumulates (PCO, PCOf)—Medium-grained, well-foliated. Endion sill—Composite mafic sill; thickness about 425 m; northern extent Lake R. 2 W. Miller, 1993). Wilson based on scattered outcrop and aeromagnetic data; unit appears to Lake Greenwood Lake intrusion—Poorly exposed, well-differentiated layered Poplar Lake intrusion—Interlayered suite of dominantly gabbroic cumulates cut Duluth Complex. T. 60 N. clmd Monzodiorite and other intermediate rock types—Lower series; based intrusion; inferred from limited outcrop, several drill cores, and aero- on few outcrops and associated strong aeromagnetic signature in magnetic data; maximum thickness about 7 km. and minor troctolite and anorthositic cumulates; known from mapping T. 60 N. southern part of intrusion. by Nathan (Morey and Nathan, 1977, 1978; Mathez and others, 1977); endb Diabase—Ophitic olivine gabbro, intergranular gabbro, and monzodio- U-Pb age 1107.9 ± 0.3 (Paces and Miller, 1993). rite, medium-grained, locally altered. Lutsen glog Noncumulate oxide olivine gabbro—Unexposed; based entirely on clgd Gabbro to diorite—Lower series; cumulate texture in one drill core an aeromagnetic high and one drill core. plcz Contact zone—Varitextured, nonfoliated, biotitic olivine gabbro, augite R. 3 W. in western part; noncumulate texture in gabbroic outcrops in engp Melanogranophyre—Grades upward from intermediate rocks. southeastern part of intrusion. troctolite, and gabbronorite; locally granophyric and sulfide-bearing; Troctolitic cumulates—Inferred from one drill core and subdued gltr unit df of Morey and Nathan (1977, 1978).
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  • Exploring Watersheds As We Paddled to Brule Lake, We Traveled Through

    Exploring Watersheds As We Paddled to Brule Lake, We Traveled Through

    Exploring Watersheds As we paddled to Brule Lake, we traveled through small lakes and streams. We portaged around places where the streams formed rapids. Dave and I began to think about water and where it flows. This week's Notes from the Trail is all about watersheds. A watershed is the area of land where its water drains into a common place. Rivers, tributaries, wetlands, ponds and lakes all are features of watersheds. Mountains, grasslands, deserts and forests are also important features of a watershed. A watershed acts like a funnel that helps to transport water to the sea. Watersheds come in all shapes and sizes, they cross county, state and national boundaries. Water is always moving downhill. Due to gravity, water always finds the lowest spot on a surface and collects there, just like puddles form when it rains. If rain falls anywhere in the watershed, it will flow downhill until it reaches a stream, river, pond or other type of water body. Generally watersheds are named for the major rivers that carry the fresh water to the sea. When it rains where you live, where does the water flow? The Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness is actually at the top of two watersheds. We have passed over the the Laurentian Divide, several times. The Laurentian Divide is a continental divide. Rain that falls on the north side of the Laurentian Divide is in the Rainy River Watershed, which eventually makes its way north to Hudson Bay and the Arctic Ocean. Rain that falls on the south side of the Laurentian Divide flows towards Lake Superior and the Great Lakes Watershed, making its way east into the Atlantic Ocean.