CONTENTS the Drumlin District and Associated Features
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Please do not destroy or throw away this publication. If you have no Outline of the glacial formations...................................18 further use for it write to the Geological Survey at Washington and ask Limits of the Superior ice lobe......................................19 for a frank to return it Features of the border of the Superior ice lobe ...........19 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Range in altitude along the border...............................20 Roy O. West, Secretary Outer border features...................................................20 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Moraines of the Superior ice lobe in Minnesota...........21 George Otis Smith, Director Kerrick morainic system and associated glacial Professional Paper 154—A features.................................................................. 22 The moraines .............................................................22 MORAINES AND SHORE LINES OF THE LAKE Outwash deposits.......................................................23 SUPERIOR BASIN Till plain or ground moraine........................................23 Nickerson morainic system and associated glacial BY features.................................................................. 23 FRANK LEVERETT The moraines .............................................................23 Outwash deposits.......................................................24 Published February 9, 1929 Till plains or ground moraine......................................25 Fond du Lac moraine (deposited in water).................26 Shorter contributions to general geology, 1928 Highland morainic system and associated glacial (Pages 1-72) features.................................................................. 26 Morainal deposits.......................................................26 Outwash deposits.......................................................26 Inner border till plain...................................................27 Later moraines in northeastern Minnesota............ 27 Moraines of northern Wisconsin...................................27 Outer morainic system........................................... 27 Later moraines....................................................... 29 UNITED STATES Moraines of the western part of the northern peninsula GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE of Michigan...................................................................29 WASHINGTON Outer morainic system........................................... 29 1929 Outwash deposits and glacial drainage................. 31 ADDITIONAL COPIES Later moraines....................................................... 31 OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS Correlative morainic systems in the Lake Michigan U.S.GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE and Lake Huron basins ................................................37 WASHINGTON, D. C. Port Huron morainic system .................................. 37 AT Red drift of eastern Wisconsin .............................. 37 50 CENTS PER COPY Green Bay lobe ............................................................37 Moraines outside the Menominee drumlin district.37 CONTENTS The drumlin district and associated features......... 38 Later moraines....................................................... 40 Introduction........................................................................ 2 Till plain in the axis of the Green Bay lobe............ 41 Scope of the report ........................................................ 2 Outwash plains east of the Au Train-Whitefish lowland................................................................... 41 Time given to the investigation...................................... 2 Clay districts .......................................................... 42 Work by assistants ........................................................ 2 Areas of very thin drift............................................ 42 Nature of country and character of investigation........... 3 Lake Michigan lobe ......................................................42 Restriction to late part of glacial epoch ......................... 3 Huron lobe....................................................................43 Early explorations and investigations ............................ 3 Ice movements and drift characteristics ................ 43 Topography and drainage................................................. 7 Les Cheneaux drumlin district ............................... 44 Moraines and other features of eastern Chippewa Topographic control of the Superior ice lobe................. 7 County, Mich. ...............................................................44 The Lake Superior Basin .........................................7 Kinross moraine..................................................... 44 Topographic peculiarities around the basin.............8 Later moraines....................................................... 45 Drainage ........................................................................ 9 Moraines and accompanying features of the eastern Lake Superior tributaries..........................................9 part of the northern peninsula of Michigan...................46 St. Marys drainage basin .......................................14 Moraines south of the Manistique and Taquamenaw Lake Huron drainage basin....................................15 swamps.................................................................. 47 Lake Michigan drainage basin ...............................15 Moraines north of the Manistique and Taquamenaw Green Bay drainage system ..................................15 swamps.................................................................. 49 Lakes .....................................................................17 The lake features .............................................................50 Glacial features ............................................................... 18 USGS Professional Paper 154-A – Page 1 of 67 Predecessors of glacial Lake Duluth ........................... 50 INTRODUCTION Glacial Lake St. Louis ............................................50 Glacial Lake Nemadji.............................................52 Glacial Lake Brule..................................................52 SCOPE OF THE REPORT Glacial Lake Ashland .............................................53 The district discussed in this report embraces the entire Glacial Lake Ontonagon ........................................53 northern peninsula of Michigan and the parts of northern Glacial Lake Duluth ..................................................... 54 Wisconsin and northeastern Minnesota that were Limits of the lake....................................................54 covered by a readvance of the Superior lobe of the Beaches near the outlet.........................................54 Labrador ice sheet late in the Wisconsin stage of Beaches of the north shore....................................55 glaciation. Part of the northern peninsula of Michigan is Beaches of the south shore ...................................56 outside the limits of the Lake Superior drainage basin, General character of the lake bed .........................57 but the Superior lobe passed over it in this readvance to The differential uplift...............................................57 reach the basins of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron. Transition from Lake Duluth to Lake Algonquin .......... 59 There is, however, a small area in Iron County and Glacial Lake Algonquin................................................ 60 southeastern Gogebic County, Mich., which was not Transition from Lake Algonquin to the Nipissing Great overridden by the readvancing Superior lobe. This area Lakes ........................................................................... 63 is included in the present report in order to bring out the Battlefield beach ....................................................63 contrast between its features and those produced by the Fort Brady beach ...................................................63 Superior lobe at the later time. A similar comparison is passages between the Lake Superior and Lake also made between the glacial features of the Superior Michigan basins .....................................................64 lobe in northern Wisconsin and northeastern Minnesota and those immediately outside the limits of the Nipissing Great Lakes ................................................. 65 readvance. Features of the present shores ................................... 66 TIME GIVEN TO THE INVESTIGATION ILLUSTRATIONS The studies on which this report is based began in the PLATE 3. Relief map of the Lake Superior region...................12 field season of 1905, during which three or four counties in the east end of the northern peninsula of Michigan 4. The highest waterfall in Wisconsin ....................................13 were examined. No further work was done in this district 5. Map of part of Perch Lake quadrangle, Michigan, showing until 1909, when studies were made along the glacial features ...............................................................34 immediate border of Lake Superior in Michigan and to 6. Map of part of Houghton quadrangle, Michigan, showing some extent in Wisconsin and Minnesota. This work glacial and lake features.................................................35 was continued in 1910 and 1911, so that nearly the entire district had been examined by the end of the 1911 7. Map of glacial Lake Algonquin