DOCSLIB.ORG

Lab 10:NONVASCULAR PLANTS: (Bryophytes)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lab 10:NONVASCULAR PLANTS: (Bryophytes) Lab 10: Bryophytes 1 Name: ______________________________________ Date/Lab time: _________________ Lab 10:NONVASCULAR PLANTS: (Bryophytes) Supplies: Moss with “sexual” organs Compound microscope Prepared slides showing moss archegonia Dissection scope and antheridia Slides and coverslips Prepared slides showing liverwort archegonia Liverwort with sexual organs and antheridia?? Slide of liverwort sporophyte Vocabulary to know: Alternation of generations, Antheridia, Archegonia , Diploid, Gametangia , Gametes , Gametophyte , Gemmae cup, Haploid, Protonema, Rhizoids , Sporangium , Sporophyte, Terrestrial, Vascular tissue LAB SYNOPSIS: We will compare and contrast the available non-vascular plants in lab We will examine the morphology and anatomy of the vegetative and reproductive organs of the non- vascular plants. Bryophytes - Non-vascular plants. There are 4 phyla of plants that fit the above definition of bryophytes: Kingdom Plantae Phylum Bryophyta (mosses) Phylum Hepaticophyta (liverworts) Phylum Anthocerophyta (hornworts) Introduction: The Kingdom Plantae is within the domain Eukarya. We will be looking at the nonvascular plants, commonly called the bryophytes during this lab. Tracheary elements are water conductive cells, which these plants lack. Nonvascular plants also lack nutritive conductive cells of the phloem. All land plants (the non-vascular plants and the vascular plants) probably evolved from aquatic green algae over 425 million years ago. In contrast to most algae, the liverworts and mosses have become adapted to a terrestrial existence. Members of these groups are green and have rhizoids (root hair like structures). Members are found in a wide range of habitats including Arctic and desert environments but, since they lack true vascular tissue, growth is restricted to times when surface moisture is available. During dry conditions, the body desiccates (dries) until water again becomes available. Non-vascular plants also require water for successful sexual reproduction. The sperm are mobile and need water to swim to the egg. The plant body may be flattened (liverworts), or it may be erect and radially symmetrical (mosses). The reproductive organs, in contrast to those of the algae, are multicellular. As with the algae, the members of this group reproduce both sexually and asexual. In contrast to the algae (Kingdom Protista), all non-vascular plants are within the Kingdom Planta and thus have a well-established alternation of generation , consisting of an independent multicellular gametophyte (haploid )(1n) phase and a mostly dependent multicellular sporophyte (diploid )(2n) phase. Gametes (1n) (sperm and egg) are produced in 2 separate gametangia that are multicellular, the archegonia (female) and the antheridia (male). Lab 10: Bryophytes 2 In addition to alternation of generation, all plants share the following characteristics Plantae characteristics 1. Are multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes 2. Plant embryos are protected by tissues of the parent plant 3. Cell wall- cellulose 4. Chlorophyll a and b 5. Starch as carbohydrate storage *Recall that diploid (2n) refers to a cell that has pairs of homologous chromosomes (2 sets). Like you, one set of chromosomes come from your mother the other set comes from your father. Meiosis is a type of cell division that separates the two sets of chromosomes. In humans this happens in the testicles (males) and the ovaries (females). During meiosis homologous pairs of chromosomes are separated resulting in cells containing a single set of chromosomes. These cells are haploid (1n). These would be like your sperm or egg. In the alternation of generations in plants, the product of meiosis is a haploid cell (spore). This 1n cell undergoes cell divisions producing a multicellular haploid organism (gametophyte). This gametophyte (1n) will produce 1n gametes (either sperm or egg). (We do not do this. We humans do not have a multicellular haploid phase). The 1n plant’s 1n sperm is released and ultimately swims to and fertilizes an egg cell (1n) producing a 2n zygote. The zygote undergoes mitotic cell division resulting in a multicellular diploid organism (sporophyte). It is this 2n sporophyte that will produce the new 1n spore, via meiosis, thus continuing the life cycle. Classification of Currently Living Plants Phyla PHYLUM COMMON NAME CHARACTERISTICS Non-vascular plants Hepaticophyta Liverworts No filamentous stage; gametophyte flat Anthocerophyta Hornworts Embedded archegonia; sporophyte grows basally Bryophyta Mosses Filamentous stage; sporophyte grows apically (from the tip) Non-seed Vascular plants Psilotophyta Whisk ferns No true leaves; roots absent Lycophyta Club mosses Simple leaves in spirals; sporangia in leaf axils Equisetophyta Horsetails Simple leaves in whorls; stems jointed Polypodiophyta Ferns Complex leaves; sporangia on underside of leaves Seed plants (Gymnosperms) Cycadophyta Cycads Compound leaves; swimming sperm; seeds on modified leaves Ginkgophyta Ginkgo Deciduous; fan-shaped leaves; swimming sperm Gnetophyta Gnetophytes Vessels in vascular tissue; opposite, simple leaves Pinophyta Conifers Seeds in cones; needlelike or scale-like leaves Flowering Seed plants (Angiosperms) Magnoliophyta Flowering plants Endosperm; carpels; much reduced gametophytes; seeds in fruit Lab 10: Bryophytes 3 PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA - MOSSES Mosses differ from the liverworts in that the gametophyte (1n) of the moss begins as a filamentous, branching structure (protonema) and the mature gametophytic plant body is differentiated into “stem- like” and “leaf-like” parts. In addition, the sporangium (capsule ), contains a highly complex series of tooth-like structures that facilitate the dispersal of its spores. (see figure below) circle parts identified as you precede through the lab. The above figure illustrates the alternation of generation in moss. A. The Moss Gametophyte (1n)- Gamete Producing Generation of Moss When you are looking at moss, you are seeing a multicellular haploid organism. Recall: in the seed plants this part of the life cycle (gametophyte) is microscopic. The main body of all other groups of plants is the sporophyte. PROCEDURE- Observation and drawing 1. Examine fresh samples or prepared slides of an early moss gametophyte (1n) (protonema). Note its similarity to filamentous algae. Look for small bud-like structures along the length of the filament. These will mature into "leafy" gametophytes (1n). 2. Using a dissection microscope, examine the "leafy" part of the moss. This haploid gametophyte is the long-lived photosynthetic generation in the moss life cycle. The mature gametophyte consists of whorls of "leaves", a stem, and rhizoids. Although mosses and other non-vascular plants have true stems (note the nodes and internodes), they lack true leaves and true roots. Water and nutrients are taken in by rhizoids. Rhizoids are simple root-hair-like extensions from the epidermis. Lab 10: Bryophytes 4 3. Moss lacks true leaves. True leaves protect the shoot apical meristem during early growth. Moss “leaves” do not form in this way. Record your observation in your Plant Forms Table, noting that this is the gametophyte generation! 4. Using the dissection microscope examine the upper side of a "leaf" for the presence of a waxy cuticle that protects the plant from excess water loss. Sketch the gametophyte (1n) generation of the moss. Label the “leaves”, stems and rhizoids. 5. Using a dissecting microscope, try to locate gametangia “gamete sacks” at the very tip of the "leafy" gametophyte (1n). This is where antheridia (male gametangia) or archegonia (female gametangia) are located. Sperm production: Many cells in the antheridia undergo cell divisions to produce the male gametes (sperm). Egg production: Only a single cell in the archegonia develops into the female gametes (egg). (No meiosis is required in these gametangia- remember the cells are already haploid). 6. Examine prepared slides of moss antheridia and archegonia and locate the sperm and the egg. Note the differences in appearances (good test question:). Sketch moss gametangia (label location of sperm and egg) Antheridia Archegonia Fertilization : One egg within the archegonia will be fertilized by one sperm resulting in the diploid zygote. The zygote will undergo cell division producing the diploid sporophyte generation (note this in the fern life cycle figure). Lab 10: Bryophytes 5 B. The Sporophyte (2n) Spore Producing Generation of Moss PROCEDURE- Drawings and descriptions (refer to life cycle figure) 1. Examine the available specimens of common mosses that consist of both the gametophytic and sporophytic generations. The diploid sporophyte is easily distinguishable since it sticks up out of the gametophyte and consists of a terminal sporangium (capsule) (often covered by a pointed cap termed the “ calyptra ”). A slender leafless stalk (seta) and a foot that is embedded in the tissue of the "leafy" gametophyte. The relatively large (up to ~5cm) leafy gametophyte is photosynthetic and supports the nutrition of the sporophyte, which only lives a short time. 2. Use a dissection microscope; Draw and label the sporophyte (2n) generation of moss available in lab. Label the calyptra and capsule. Note the calyptra often falls off the mature sporophyte. 3. Under a dissection microscope, carefully separate the moss sporophyte (2n) from the gametophyte (1n). Note that the capsule often has a covering (the calyptra). Remove the calyptra (the calyptra is actually part of the gametophyte’s archegonia that gets ripped off
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Prescribed Fire Decreases Lichen and Bryophyte Biomass and Alters Functional Group Composition in Pacific Northwest Prairies Author(S): Lalita M
    Prescribed Fire Decreases Lichen and Bryophyte Biomass and Alters Functional Group Composition in Pacific Northwest Prairies Author(s): Lalita M. Calabria, Kate Petersen, Sarah T. Hamman and Robert J. Smith Source: Northwest Science, 90(4):470-483. Published By: Northwest Scientific Association DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3955/046.090.0407 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3955/046.090.0407 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Lalita M. Calabria1, Kate Petersen,The Evergreen State College, 2700 Evergreen Parkway NW, Olympia, Washington 98505 Sarah T. Hamman, The Center for Natural Lands Management, 120 Union Ave SE #215, Olympia, Washington 98501 and Robert J. Smith, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 2082 Cordley Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 Prescribed Fire Decreases Lichen and Bryophyte Biomass and Alters Functional Group Composition in Pacific Northwest Prairies Abstract The reintroduction of fire to Pacific Northwest prairies has been useful for removing non-native shrubs and supporting habitat for fire-adapted plant and animal species.
    [Show full text]
  • Bryophyte Life Cycle
    MARCH 2016LEARNING | VELD & FLORA ABOUT BIODIVERSITY Veld & Flora MARCHFACTSHEET: 2016 | VELD MOSS & FLORA 24 25 3. BRYOPHYTE LIFE CYCLE Gametophyte (n) UNDERSTANDING THE GERMINATION MALE ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS The way that almost all land plants reproduce is by means of two distinct, alternating life forms, a sexual phase that produces and releases gametes or sex cells and allows fertilisation, and a dispersal phase – both of which are adaptations to an essentially waterless environment. The sexual phase is known as the GAMETOPHYTE or haploid spores (n) generation and the dispersal phase is the SPOROPHYTE or diploid (2n) generation. Mature gametophyte plants produce haploid sex cells (egg and sperm) in sex organs (the male antheridia and female archegonia). These sex cells (also called gametes) fuse during fertilisation to form a diploid (2n) zygote which COPING OUT OF WATER grows, by means of mitosis (that results in two daughter cells each having Sperm (n) the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cell), into a new released Bryophytes, which include moss, are primitive plants that give us some idea sporophyte plant. The diploid sporophyte produces haploid (n) spores (i.e. from male of how the first plants that ventured onto land coped with their new waterless FEMALE each spore has a single set of chromosomes) by means of the process environment. They share many features with other plants, but differ in some of cell division called meiosis. Meiosis results in four daughter cells each ways – such as the lack of an effective vascular system (specialised tissue for with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origin of Alternation of Generations in Land Plants
    Theoriginof alternation of generations inlandplants: afocuson matrotrophy andhexose transport Linda K.E.Graham and LeeW .Wilcox Department of Botany,University of Wisconsin, 430Lincoln Drive, Madison,WI 53706, USA (lkgraham@facsta¡.wisc .edu ) Alifehistory involving alternation of two developmentally associated, multicellular generations (sporophyteand gametophyte) is anautapomorphy of embryophytes (bryophytes + vascularplants) . Microfossil dataindicate that Mid ^Late Ordovicianland plants possessed such alifecycle, and that the originof alternationof generationspreceded this date.Molecular phylogenetic data unambiguously relate charophyceangreen algae to the ancestryof monophyletic embryophytes, and identify bryophytes as early-divergentland plants. Comparison of reproduction in charophyceans and bryophytes suggests that the followingstages occurredduring evolutionary origin of embryophytic alternation of generations: (i) originof oogamy;(ii) retention ofeggsand zygotes on the parentalthallus; (iii) originof matrotrophy (regulatedtransfer ofnutritional and morphogenetic solutes fromparental cells tothe nextgeneration); (iv)origin of a multicellularsporophyte generation ;and(v) origin of non-£ agellate, walled spores. Oogamy,egg/zygoteretention andmatrotrophy characterize at least some moderncharophyceans, and arepostulated to represent pre-adaptativefeatures inherited byembryophytes from ancestral charophyceans.Matrotrophy is hypothesizedto have preceded originof the multicellularsporophytes of plants,and to represent acritical innovation.Molecular
    [Show full text]
  • Extant Diversity of Bryophytes Emerged from Successive Post-Mesozoic Diversification Bursts
    ARTICLE Received 20 Mar 2014 | Accepted 3 Sep 2014 | Published 27 Oct 2014 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6134 Extant diversity of bryophytes emerged from successive post-Mesozoic diversification bursts B. Laenen1,2, B. Shaw3, H. Schneider4, B. Goffinet5, E. Paradis6,A.De´samore´1,2, J. Heinrichs7, J.C. Villarreal7, S.R. Gradstein8, S.F. McDaniel9, D.G. Long10, L.L. Forrest10, M.L. Hollingsworth10, B. Crandall-Stotler11, E.C. Davis9, J. Engel12, M. Von Konrat12, E.D. Cooper13, J. Patin˜o1, C.J. Cox14, A. Vanderpoorten1,* & A.J. Shaw3,* Unraveling the macroevolutionary history of bryophytes, which arose soon after the origin of land plants but exhibit substantially lower species richness than the more recently derived angiosperms, has been challenged by the scarce fossil record. Here we demonstrate that overall estimates of net species diversification are approximately half those reported in ferns and B30% those described for angiosperms. Nevertheless, statistical rate analyses on time- calibrated large-scale phylogenies reveal that mosses and liverworts underwent bursts of diversification since the mid-Mesozoic. The diversification rates further increase in specific lineages towards the Cenozoic to reach, in the most recently derived lineages, values that are comparable to those reported in angiosperms. This suggests that low diversification rates do not fully account for current patterns of bryophyte species richness, and we hypothesize that, as in gymnosperms, the low extant bryophyte species richness also results from massive extinctions. 1 Department of Conservation Biology and Evolution, Institute of Botany, University of Lie`ge, Lie`ge 4000, Belgium. 2 Institut fu¨r Systematische Botanik, University of Zu¨rich, Zu¨rich 8008, Switzerland.
    [Show full text]
  • Bryophyte Diversity and Vascular Plants
    DISSERTATIONES BIOLOGICAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 75 BRYOPHYTE DIVERSITY AND VASCULAR PLANTS NELE INGERPUU TARTU 2002 DISSERTATIONES BIOLOGICAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 75 DISSERTATIONES BIOLOGICAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 75 BRYOPHYTE DIVERSITY AND VASCULAR PLANTS NELE INGERPUU TARTU UNIVERSITY PRESS Chair of Plant Ecology, Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Tartu, Estonia The dissertation is accepted for the commencement of the degree of Doctor philosophiae in plant ecology at the University of Tartu on June 3, 2002 by the Council of the Faculty of Biology and Geography of the University of Tartu Opponent: Ph.D. H. J. During, Department of Plant Ecology, the University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands Commencement: Room No 218, Lai 40, Tartu on August 26, 2002 © Nele Ingerpuu, 2002 Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastuse trükikoda Tiigi 78, Tartu 50410 Tellimus nr. 495 CONTENTS LIST OF PAPERS 6 INTRODUCTION 7 MATERIAL AND METHODS 9 Study areas and field data 9 Analyses 10 RESULTS 13 Correlation between bryophyte and vascular plant species richness and cover in different plant communities (I, II, V) 13 Environmental factors influencing the moss and field layer (II, III) 15 Effect of vascular plant cover on the growth of bryophytes in a pot experiment (IV) 17 The distribution of grassland bryophytes and vascular plants into different rarity forms (V) 19 Results connected with nature conservation (I, II, V) 20 DISCUSSION 21 CONCLUSIONS 24 SUMMARY IN ESTONIAN. Sammaltaimede mitmekesisus ja seosed soontaimedega. Kokkuvõte 25 < TÄNUSÕNAD. Acknowledgements 28 REFERENCES 29 PAPERS 33 2 5 LIST OF PAPERS The present thesis is based on the following papers which are referred to in the text by the Roman numerals.
    [Show full text]
  • Havens for Wildlife
    )"7&/4'038*-%-*'& 4FDUJPO# .PTTFT -JWFSXPSUTBOE'FSOT This sheet explains what mosses, liverworts and Liverworts ferns are, where they occur and guidelines on how Liverworts are similar to to care for them in a burial ground. mosses but tend to be The earliest land plants were related to ferns and leafy and are less common. mosses. They started life growing on the edge of lakes Liverworts are mostly found and rivers 400 million years ago. Today most ferns, in woodland and by streams mosses and liverworts still need to grow in moist or rivers but can also be found places. on shady stones and damp soil in burial grounds. They are With our damp climate many burial sites prove ideal for strange, distinctive looking ferns, mosses and liverworts, particularly in the western plants and worth looking at areas of Britain and Ireland. closely or photographing their Adder’s-tongue Fern intricate shapes and subtle colours. MOSSES AND LIVERWORTS Mosses and liverworts are known as FERNS ‘bryophytes’. They are small, green plants *OUIFDPPM XFUDMJNBUFPGUIF6,UIFSFBSFUZQFTPG which do not have !owers or seeds but fern. Look out for ferns on west or north facing walls produce spores instead. There are over in particular. The shady areas of burial grounds, and 1000 di"erent species of bryophyte in under trees, where grass cutters don’t reach, will also UIF6,BOEUIFZUFOEUPCFGPVOEJO be places where ferns can !ourish undisturbed. sheltered, damp places as most of them cannot survive drying out. Few mosses An amazing fact about ferns is that once established PSMJWFSXPSUTIBWF&OHMJTIOBNFTBOEB they can survive in quite dry places, such as walls.
    [Show full text]
  • An Inverse Latitudinal Diversity Gradient in European Bryophytes Received: 26 November 2015 Rubén G
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN The mossy north: an inverse latitudinal diversity gradient in European bryophytes Received: 26 November 2015 Rubén G. Mateo1,2,3, Olivier Broennimann1, Signe Normand4, Blaise Petitpierre1, Accepted: 19 April 2016 Miguel B. Araújo5,6,7, Jens-C. Svenning4, Andrés Baselga8, Federico Fernández-González3, Published: 06 May 2016 Virgilio Gómez-Rubio9, Jesús Muñoz10, Guillermo M. Suarez11, Miska Luoto12, Antoine Guisan1,* & Alain Vanderpoorten2,* It remains hotly debated whether latitudinal diversity gradients are common across taxonomic groups and whether a single mechanism can explain such gradients. Investigating species richness (SR) patterns of European land plants, we determine whether SR increases with decreasing latitude, as predicted by theory, and whether the assembly mechanisms differ among taxonomic groups. SR increases towards the south in spermatophytes, but towards the north in ferns and bryophytes. SR patterns in spermatophytes are consistent with their patterns of beta diversity, with high levels of nestedness and turnover in the north and in the south, respectively, indicating species exclusion towards the north and increased opportunities for speciation in the south. Liverworts exhibit the highest levels of nestedness, suggesting that they represent the most sensitive group to the impact of past climate change. Nevertheless, although the extent of liverwort species turnover in the south is substantially and significantly lower than in spermatophytes, liverworts share with the latter a higher nestedness in the north and a higher turn-over in the south, in contrast to mosses and ferns. The extent to which the similarity in the patterns displayed by spermatophytes and liverworts reflects a similar assembly mechanism remains, however, to be demonstrated.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Evolution and Diversity Part 1: Bryophytes and Ferns the Three Domains • Plant-Like Protists Are Autotrophs – They Contain Chloroplasts and Make Their Own Food
    Plant Evolution and Diversity Part 1: Bryophytes and Ferns The Three Domains • Plant-like protists are autotrophs – they contain chloroplasts and make their own food. • Animal-like and fungus-like protists and are heterotrophs. Fungi – not plants Non-photosynthetic eukaryotes, saprophytic, Reproduce by spores, chitin cell walls (not cellulose) Includes yeast What is a plant? Traditional View of Biology: Animals and Plants Problem: Microscopic Organisms (Bacteria, Fungi, Algae) Complication: Endosymbiotic origin of organelles (Lynn Margulis) Membrane-bound structures in eukaryotic cells are derived from formerly free-living organisms that have become intimately symbiotic What is a Plant? 1. Eukaryotic - nucleus 2. Chloroplasts present 3. Cell wall with cellulose 4. Autotrophic – make own food What is a Plant? 1. Eukaryotic 2. Chloroplasts present 3. Cell wall with cellulose 4. Autotrophic 5. Complex Life Cycle (alternation of generations) Algae - Diverse, single-celled to complex seaweeds Photosynthetic eukaryotes, green plants Plant-like protists – “Algae” • Diverse group – green, red, and brown algae. • Single celled or multicellular. • Autotrophs (plants), form the foundation of Earth’s food chains. • Produce much of Earth’s oxygen. Green Algae – Chlorophytes and Charophytes • Chlorophyll a and b, like land plants • Many forms – single celled, filamentous, colonial, sheets • May have other pigments, orange or red • Related to land plants Ulva – Sea Lettuce • Chlorophyte - Marine • Sheets 2 cells thick • Alternation of Generations like land plants Chara – Stonewort • Charophyte • Freshwater • Calcium carbonate deposits, crusty feel branch • Whorls of branches • Reproductive structures at nodes main axis node a. Chara, several individuals b. One individual a: © Bob Gibbons/Alamy; b: © Kingsley Stern The phylogeny of land plants The likely ancestor are charophycean algae • same chloroplast DNA, ribosomal DNA • same membrane structure, peroxisomes, sperm cells Chara Land plants are most closely related to freshwater green algae known as charophytes.
    [Show full text]
  • Moss:Liverworts:Lichen:Fern Reference Websites
    Moss, liverwort and fern websites: EfloraBC moss species. Encyclopedic list, but many photos and species descriptions are missing: http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/DB_Query/QueryForm.aspx?__VIEWSTATE= %2FwEPDwULLTE2MjU4NzcyMjNkGAEFHl9fQ29udHJvbHNSZXF1aXJlUG9zdEJhY2t LZXlfXxYEBQhjaGtFeGFjdAUIY2hrVGh1bWIFEWNoa05vbkVzdGFibGlzaGVkBQhjaGt BdGxhc8Sd5ZLsV21c03zbdfYd3dDZBNrzpsKvfRe7Pq7BiDcY&__VIEWSTATEGENER ATOR=F43EC70C&__EVENTVALIDATION= %2FwEdACcYOb1tMPNo24DCMTb6eBqDY3pPM72C6ENlxoAMiL5klY48fSFybqZHBiO J7lzAyWdm9VQeeMVQckpxgMtgvm5Cwk%2FdwNI%2Fd6ZpJDaouyJMaWplwzk %2BuCWbsoDaxgUcPIzm%2FwsKpieTdBJU9u0E14aYs3J4hL %2FFOih0hliT318nsTIxlubO%2FSWXRZDkiF5L0e5fq3YH471H %2BVawBjFGJmZZWFxv0aEGctT8b%2Frwhgfy6LjJaRpKx1y4ZT4u1Hr7sxdj6FbRb %2FZgSfv31qBjuRD14Zh7D1AK9KYE %2BIi3uBM6cliB9owX8WB41mOq6BXxQpso0kjvSXrDUDp96QEGVBVELLHIrxP65KJP 3SpSeuG3HQevSks5zKknNfbofDqoPVlUaZXPCPeefWYCjL%2BaFNjnXT95a %2F2FCNv32dDxLTODC0Coq9x4oX47eid2hUhPeFv9BUqNxEqQJtirBRBN7hrbfPJ4NE jdf4Ph5KkU4L%2BNRM6qd9Uz4hWZp36PzRrGCuPW77ffb7hAbc7t7CRfMQ1L %2F6ga8qIvl2pELg%2FfmHBYTWaCJseqkNQOHjOJ0aO %2BoWhCuCpzjgGrC8n1NGBY1IelntNHbw47TKMVys %2FSbCFSo0TdcaCR2SdiwG37J9K3bQQ6R50exhEL1kvt7xUR24yzq6mZryXyspKOb Au0dURNDGjyTbgTupb38OrMUe0%2FPoaXbo2JqVECzCNrdPUE1sEngiOeiqqU8F7E L61V%2FaDwFH3dfgZ4e5uJQmTFAxjonlxZOEaKfs4RTs %2FTtwQrPvyu9pg3lwaYX9LJak %2FZYVkdPZS2ct5G7yzGldOyzv3gwyry8I6IVjtFcaRfcDaWl1OJ1eCdCpWd5H2Jxozyt %2FX6cg%3D %3D&Family=&InvStatus=Both&rdRedBlue=Both&rdlPlanGroup=9&Genus=&Species= &SubSpecies=&Variety=&EnglishName=&chkThumb=on&SubmitForm=Search Fernzenmosses good photos of 100 selected mosses
    [Show full text]
  • Embryophyta - Jean Broutin
    PHYLOGENETIC TREE OF LIFE – Embryophyta - Jean Broutin EMBRYOPHYTA Jean Broutin UMR 7207, CNRS/MNHN/UPMC, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Paris Keywords: Embryophyta, phylogeny, classification, morphology, green plants, land plants, lineages, diversification, life history, Bryophyta, Tracheophyta, Spermatophyta, gymnosperms, angiosperms. Contents 1. Introduction to land plants 2. Embryophytes. Characteristics and diversity 2.1. Human Use of Embryophytes 2.2. Importance of the Embryophytes in the History of Life 2.3. Phylogenetic Emergence of the Embryophytes: The “Streptophytes” Concept 2.4. Evolutionary Origin of the Embryophytes: The Phyletic Lineages within the Embryophytes 2.5. Invasion of Land and Air by the Embryophytes: A Complex Evolutionary Success 2.6. Hypotheses about the First Appearance of Embryophytes, the Fossil Data 3. Bryophytes 3.1. Division Marchantiophyta (liverworts) 3.2. Division Anthocerotophyta (hornworts) 3.3. Division Bryophyta (mosses) 4. Tracheophytes (vascular plants) 4.1. The “Polysporangiophyte Concept” and the Tracheophytes 4.2. Tracheophyta (“true” Vascular Plants) 4.3. Eutracheophyta 4.3.1. Seedless Vascular Plants 4.3.1.1. Rhyniophyta (Extinct Group) 4.3.1.2. Lycophyta 4.3.1.3. Euphyllophyta 4.3.1.4. Monilophyta 4.3.1.5. Eusporangiate Ferns 4.3.1.6. Psilotales 4.3.1.7. Ophioglossales 4.3.1.8. Marattiales 4.3.1.9. Equisetales 4.3.1.10. Leptosporangiate Ferns 4.3.1.11. Polypodiales 4.3.1.12. Cyatheales 4.3.1.13. Salviniales 4.3.1.14. Osmundales 4.3.1.15. Schizaeales, Gleicheniales, Hymenophyllales. 5. Progymnosperm concept: the “emblematic” fossil plant Archaeopteris. 6. Seed plants 6.1. Spermatophyta 6.1.1. Gymnosperms ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PHYLOGENETIC TREE OF LIFE – Embryophyta - Jean Broutin 6.1.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Bryo-Activities: a Review on How Bryophytes Are Contributing to the Arsenal of Natural Bioactive Compounds Against Fungi
    plants Review Bryo-Activities: A Review on How Bryophytes Are Contributing to the Arsenal of Natural Bioactive Compounds against Fungi Mauro Commisso 1,† , Francesco Guarino 2,† , Laura Marchi 3,†, Antonella Muto 4,†, Amalia Piro 5,† and Francesca Degola 6,*,† 1 Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Cà Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona (VR), Italy; [email protected] 2 Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Medicine and Surgery, Respiratory Disease and Lung Function Unit, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43125 Parma (PR), Italy; [email protected] 4 Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Ponte P. Bucci 6b, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza (CS), Italy; [email protected] 5 Laboratory of Plant Biology and Plant Proteomics (Lab.Bio.Pro.Ve), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Ponte P. Bucci 12 C, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza (CS), Italy; [email protected] 6 Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma (PR), Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] † All authors equally contributed to the manuscript. Abstract: Usually regarded as less evolved than their more recently diverged vascular sisters, which currently dominate vegetation landscape, bryophytes seem having nothing to envy to the defensive arsenal of other plants, since they had acquired a suite of chemical traits that allowed them to Citation: Commisso, M.; Guarino, F.; adapt and persist on land. In fact, these closest modern relatives of the ancestors to the earliest Marchi, L.; Muto, A.; Piro, A.; Degola, F.
    [Show full text]
  • Special Issue: Bryophytes California Native Plant Society Fremontia Membership Vol
    $8.00 (Free to Members) Vol. 31, No. 3 July 2003 FREMONTIA A JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY IN THIS ISSUE: A CONVERSATION ABOUT MOSSES, LIVERWORTS, AND HORNWORTS by Dan Norris 5 MOSS GEOGRAPHY AND FLORISTICS IN CALIFORNIA by James R. Shevock 12 THE ROLE OF THE AMATEUR IN BRYOLOGY: TALES OF AN AMATEUR BRYOLOGIST by Kenneth Kellman 21 MOSSES IN THE DESERT? by Lloyd R. Stark 26 THE BIOLOGY OF BRYOPHYTES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WATER by Brent D. Mishler 34 VOLUME 31:3, JULY 2003 FREMONTIA 1 SPECIAL ISSUE: BRYOPHYTES CALIFORNIA NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY FREMONTIA www.cnps.org MEMBERSHIP VOL. 31, NO. 3, JULY 2003 Dues include subscriptions to Fremontia and the Bulletin. Copyright © 2003 Mariposa Lily . $1,000 Supporting . $75 California Native Plant Society Benefactor . $500 Family, Group, International . $45 Patron . $250 Individual or Library . $35 Linda Ann Vorobik, Editor Plant Lover . $100 Student/Retired/Limited Income . $20 Daniel Norris & James R. Shevock, Convening Editors CONTACTS CHAPTER COUNCIL Bob Hass, Copy Editor CNPS, 2707 K Street, Suite 1 Alta Peak (Tulare) . Joan Stewart Beth Hansen-Winter, Designer Sacramento, CA 95816-5113 Bristlecone (Inyo-Mono) . (916) 447-CNPS (2677) Stephen Ingram CALIFORNIA NATIVE Fax: (916) 447-2727 Channel Islands . Lynne Kada PLANT SOCIETY [email protected] Dorothy King Young (Mendocino/ Sonoma Coast) . Lori Hubbart Dedicated to the Preservation of Sacramento Office Staff: East Bay . Tony Morosco the California Native Flora Executive Director . Pamela C. El Dorado . Amy Hoffman Muick, PhD Kern County . Laura Stockton The California Native Plant Society Los Angeles/Santa Monica Mtns . Development Director .
    [Show full text]