Sardegna Punica

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Sardegna Punica BIBLIOTHECA SARDA N. 56 Gennaro Pesce SARDEGNA PUNICA a cura di Raimondo Zucca In copertina: Federico Melis, Cavaliere, 1928 INDICE 7 Prefazione 219 Betili 28 Nota biografica 222 Statuette e altri oggetti in bronzo 39 Nota bibliografica 230 Scultura in legno 45 Avvertenze redazionali 231 Plastica in terracotta SARDEGNA PUNICA 265 La stipe votiva di Bithia Riedizione dell’opera: 276 I vasi di terracotta Sardegna punica, Cagliari, 49 Premessa Fratelli Fossataro, 1961. 293 Ori e argenti 53 I Fenici in Occidente 299 Le gemme 60 I Fenici in Sardegna 304 Amuleti 69 Cartagine e il suo mondo Pesce, Gennaro 306 Oggetti in osso Sardegna punica / Gennaro Pesce ; 77 Sardegna punica a cura di Raimondo Zucca. - Nuoro : Ilisso, c2000. 334 p. : ill. ; 18 cm. - (Bibliotheca sarda ; 56). 308 Vetri 1. Cartaginesi - Civiltà - Sardegna 84 Gli dei I. Zucca, Raimondo 316 Piombo e ferro 937.9 89 Le città 317 Monete Scheda catalografica: 99 I documenti scritti Cooperativa per i Servizi Bibliotecari, Nuoro 321 Uova di struzzo e valve 105 L’architettura: i templi di conchiglia 159 Le tombe 323 Valore della civiltà puni- 171 La casa d’abitazione ca in Sardegna 325 Le fonti letterarie sulla sto- © Copyright 2000 179 La statuaria by ILISSO EDIZIONI - Nuoro ria sarda prima del domi- ISBN 88-87825-13-0 191 Sculture a rilievo nio romano PREFAZIONE Allorquando il 6 gennaio 1949 assunse la reggenza della Soprintendenza alle Antichità della Sardegna, Genna- ro Pesce diveniva il decimo soprintendente della storia dell’archeologia nell’isola, dal momento che il primo Com- missario ai Musei e Scavi della Sardegna (come allora si di- cevano i responsabili delle Antichità), il canonico Giovanni Spano, era entrato ufficialmente in possesso della sua cari- ca nel 1875, lo stesso anno dell’istituzione del Commissaria- to con R.D. 2556 del 16 maggio. Allo Spano erano seguiti Filippo Vivanet cagliaritano e poi, in sequenza, i “conti- nentali” Giovanni Patroni, Antonio Taramelli, Doro Levi, Paolino Mingazzini, Salvatore Puglisi, Massimo Pallottino e Raffaello Delogu. A onor del vero molti degli archeologi-soprintendenti citati durarono in carica ben pochi anni: a partire dallo Spano, che la assunse vecchissimo, tenendola fino alla morte nel 1878, per seguire con Patroni (1901), Levi (1935- 38, allontanato per i provvedimenti antigiudaici), Mingaz- zini (1939), Puglisi (1940), Pallottino (1941-42), Delogu (soprintendente ai Monumenti con la reggenza delle Anti- chità nel 1938, 1940, 1943-49). In settantaquattro anni di vita dell’Istituto di tutela e valorizzazione del patrimonio archeologico sardo solo due soprintendenti avevano retto le sorti dell’archeologia isolana per lungo tempo: l’allievo dello Spano, Filippo Vivanet, che non era archeologo ve- ro e proprio ma professore nella facoltà di Ingegneria del- l’Università di Cagliari e che resse il commissariato tra il 1878 e il 1900, e Antonio Taramelli, archeologo principe della Sardegna per un trentennio (1903-35).1 1. E. Usai, “La formazione del Museo archeologico di Cagliari: sintesi storica”, in Studi Sardi, XXV, 1978-80, pp. 404-409. 7 Prefazione Con Gennaro Pesce, dunque, la Direzione Generale Lo apprendiamo da una lettera del 30 novembre 1959 delle Antichità e Belle Arti del Ministero della Pubblica di Gennaro Pesce a Massimo Pallottino, direttore del Cen- Istruzione sceglieva, per la Sardegna, un archeologo ester- tro per le Antichità e la Storia dell’Arte dell’Oriente: no per nascita e preparazione scientifica all’isola, perse- guendo una tradizione invalsa sin dalla fine dell’Ottocento. Carissimo Pallottino, Ma la Sardegna, allora, possedeva un unico archeolo- … insieme con la presente ti spedisco la lettera ufficia- go, inserito nel ruolo di direttore nella Soprintendenza ca- le, con la quale chiedo appoggio ed aiuti al Centro di studi gliaritana, Giovanni Lilliu, docente nell’Università di Caglia- orientali del quale sei direttore per la specializzazione in ri e destinato nel 1955 a lasciare la Soprintendenza per la archeologia fenicio-punica per me e per il mio collaborato- cattedra di Antichità Sarde dell’ateneo cagliaritano. re Barreca. Gli inviti per l’inaugurazione della Mostra pu- Accadde allora che Gennaro Pesce restasse ammaliato nica li ho spediti a te, al presidente Sen. Ciasca ed ai mem- dalla Sardegna, subendo quel sottile “mal di Sardegna” bri del Consiglio quali Adriani, Botti, Bussagli, Furlani, che in quegli anni il poeta cagliaritano Marcello Serra Laurenzi, Levi della Vida, Moscati, Pugliese Carratelli. Spe- aveva forgiato quale titolo di una sua fortunata opera let- ro siano tutti giunti a destinazione (l’inaugurazione si farà terario-saggistica,2 e da quel 1949 fino alla morte, l’8 gen- domenica 6 dicembre alle ore 11 in uno stand della Fiera naio 1984, l’archeologo partenopeo divenne sardo nella Campionaria di Cagliari). Cordiali saluti. vita di funzionario delle antichità, nelle imprese archeolo- tuo affezionatissimo Gennaro Pesce.3 giche, nell’attività scientifica, nello spirito. Il libro Sardegna punica rappresenta il contributo più La lettera ci mostra la volontà di Pesce di aprire la So- innovativo della vasta produzione scientifica di Gennaro printendenza di Cagliari agli apporti dell’organismo uni- Pesce, collocandosi all’avvio di una nuova stagione di sca- versitario romano deputato agli studi sul Vicino Oriente. vi e di studi promossa dal soprintendente cagliaritano. In questa logica si deve leggere anche la realizzazione in È al compimento del primo decennio di gestione del- quello stesso 1959 della Mostra della civiltà punica in Sar- la Soprintendenza di Cagliari che Pesce matura un deciso degna,4 un’assoluta novità nel panorama delle esposizioni orientamento dei suoi studi verso l’archeologia fenicio- nazionali, che sarebbe stata riproposta a Sassari nel succes- punica. Già gli scavi di Nora e di Tharros avevano sugge- sivo 1960 e che fu all’origine di una serie di fortunate espo- rito questo filone di interesse scientifico, ma furono in sizioni coronate dalla grande mostra veneziana dei Fenici a realtà le indagini al tofet e alla necropoli di Sulci, le ricer- Palazzo Grassi nel 1988,5 e, per la Sardegna, dei Phoinikes che e scavi nell’area urbana di Karales punica e nella sua B SHRDN nel 1997-98,6 entrambe create dalla fervida vo- necropoli di Tuvixeddu, la scoperta del deposito votivo lontà di Sabatino Moscati. punico e della necropoli fenicia a incinerazione di Bithia che, intorno alla metà degli anni Cinquanta, imposero al- 3. Archivio privato G. Pesce (per gentile concessione dell’avv. Raffaele l’archeologo classico Gennaro Pesce una svolta verso l’ar- Pesce). cheologia fenicio-punica. 4. G. Pesce, Mostra della civiltà punica in Sardegna. Guida alla mostra, in collaborazione con F. Barreca, Cagliari, 1959. 5. I Fenici, Milano, 1988. 2. M. Serra, Mal di Sardegna, Firenze, 1955. 6. Phoinikes B SHRDN, Cagliari, 1997. 8 9 Prefazione Nell’agosto 1960 Gennaro Pesce portava a termine alla lungimiranza del Suo ingegno ed alla generosità del Sardegna punica, che avrebbe visto la luce nel successivo Suo animo si debbono certo, in larghissima misura, i risul- 1961. tati raggiunti. Questi sentimenti, tuttavia, non esprimono Quella svolta del 1959 ebbe conseguenze fondamen- che parte della realtà scientifica che si lega al Suo nome: tali per la ricerca archeologica in Sardegna e in generale la svolta punica dell’archeologia sarda, con le splendide per lo studio dell’archeologia fenicio-punica. scoperte cui ha condotto, rimarrà per sempre legata, nella Non erano mancati in precedenza contributi, anche di memoria reverente degli studiosi al nome insigne di Gen- scavo, sulle antichità puniche in Sardegna ed in particola- naro Pesce.8 re avevano avuto luminosa importanza gli studi di Tara- melli, Puglisi e Lilliu (che aveva conseguito il diploma alla La concretizzazione degli accordi tra l’Istituto di Studi Scuola Nazionale di Archeologia proprio con una tesi sulle del Vicino Oriente e la Soprintendenza cagliaritana av- Stele puniche di Sulcis), ma l’intesa che maturò al princi- venne nel 1962, in seguito a un evento straordinario, la pio degli anni Sessanta tra la Soprintendenza di Cagliari e scoperta di una città punica fino ad allora ignota, Monte l’Istituto di Studi del Vicino Oriente, retto da Sabatino Mo- Sirai, su un acrocoro presso Carbonia: scati, doveva rapidamente rivoluzionare le conoscenze nel campo degli studi fenicio-punici. Nel 1962 un ragazzo di Carbonia, Antonio Zara, salì Moscati nella primissima visita in Sardegna agli albori sulla vicina altura disabitata di Monte Sirai, chi dice in degli anni Sessanta visitò il nuraghe Su Nuraxi di Barumini cerca di funghi e chi dice in cerca di antichità. Disceso dal per poi ascendere, su invito di Giovanni Lilliu, «il ripido colle, raccontò di aver trovato tra i lentischi che lo copriva- colle di Santu Antinu di Genoni dove insistono ancora i re- no una pietra rozzamente scolpita con un’immagine fem- sti d’una piazzaforte cartaginese».7 Da quella visita Moscati minile. «L’immagine di Tanit», disse il ragazzo; e potrebbe trasse l’attenzione all’impronta di Cartagine in Sardegna, stupire tanta precisione, ma immagini del genere erano che doveva essere rilevata dalla scuola romana dello stesso ben note dalla vicina Sant’Antioco, sicché era agevole co- Moscati insieme alla soprintendenza di Gennaro Pesce. gliere la somiglianza. Antonio Zara avvertì subito l’ispettore Questo sentimento è espresso dallo stesso Sabatino onorario di Carbonia, Vittorio Pispisa, il quale a sua volta Moscati nella lettera che indirizzerà il 1° agosto 1967 a riferì al soprintendente di Cagliari, Gennaro Pesce. Questi Gennaro Pesce, all’indomani del collocamento a riposo dispose un sopralluogo, che fu affidato all’ispettore (e suo del soprintendente: futuro successore) Ferruccio Barreca. I risultati furono po- sitivi, indicando i resti di un abitato; ma la Soprintendenza La pluriennale collaborazione con Lei, nelle comuni avrebbe atteso a programmare lo scavo, se l’intervento di imprese archeologiche in Sardegna, è stata per tutti noi scavatori clandestini non l’avesse messa in allarme.
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