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Imprima Este Artículo 206 NIEMEYERLA CERÁMICA ARQUITECTÓNICA EN LA PRIMERA ETAPA DE LA OBRA DE OSCAR NIEMEYER THE ARCHITECTURAL CERAMICS IN THE EARLY WORK OF OSCAR NIEMEYER Irene de la Torre Fornés doi: 10.4995/ega.2020.12094 La cerámica arquitectónica ha The architectural ceramic desempeñado un papel relevante has played a relevant role in en las obras más destacadas de the most important works of Oscar Niemeyer, a las que ha Oscar Niemeyer, to which it has aportado valores constructivos, provided constructive, aesthetic estéticos y culturales, and cultural values, contributing contribuyendo (unas veces de (sometimes in a discreet forma discreta, otras con presencia way, others with unavoidable evidente) a la originalidad de su presence) to the originality of his arquitectura. architecture. El análisis de las características The analysis of the chromatic, cromáticas, morfológicas y morphological and symbolic simbólicas de las piezas cerámicas characteristics of the ceramic contenidas en los edificios más pieces contained in the most emblemáticos de su primera emblematic buildings of his first etapa, inserta en los albores del work, at the early stages of the Movimiento Moderno, permite modern architecture, allows to establecer las motivaciones que establish the motivations that le llevaron al empleo consciente led him to the conscious use del azulejo en sus creaciones, of tiles in his creations. Those motivaciones que van desde motivations range from the visual la desmaterialización visual de dematerialization of the walls to los paramentos a los intereses strictly personal artistic interests artísticos del propio arquitecto of the architect and to the pasando por la alusión a la allusion to the Brazilian tradition tradición brasileña entendida como understood as vindication and reivindicación y significación. significance. PALABRAS CLAVE: OSCAR NIEMEYER, KEYWORDS: OSCAR NIEMEYER, CERÁMICA ARQUITECTÓNICA, AZULEJO, ARCHITECTURAL CERAMICS, TILE, COLOR, MOVIMIENTO MODERNO COLOUR, INTERNATIONAL STYLE expresión gráfica arquitectónica 38 1. Planta baja del MESP, hoy Palacio Capanema. 1. Ground floor of the MESP Building, now Autor: Leonardo Finotti Capanema Palace. (Photograph by Leonardo Finotti) Uno de los arquitectos del Movi- color blanco y azul. El arquitecto Oscar Niemeyer was one of the 207 NIEMEYER miento Moderno que se desmarcó se servirá de la azulejería de forma architects of the Modern Movement who de sus preceptos más estrictos fue consciente e intencionada ya en el disassociated from its strictest precepts. Oscar Niemeyer. Las particularida- resto de su carrera, como vemos en The climatological, cultural and economic peculiarities of his country, Brazil, as well des climatológicas, culturales y eco- edificios tales como el Museo Oscar as its peripheral location in relation to the nómicas de su país, Brasil, así como Niemeyer en Curitiba (2003) y el countries that led this tendency, conditioned su ubicación periférica en relación a Teatro Popular Oscar Niemeyer en his architecture, providing nuances that were los países que lideraron esta corrien- Niterói (2007), con motivaciones clearly at odds with the intended universality te condicionaron su arquitectura, que van desde la referencia cultural advocated by the International Style. The aportándole matices que toparon de su país a la desmaterialización de conflict between the guidelines dictated by frontalmente con la pretendida uni- los paramentos –resaltando visual- the new movement and the affirmation of the values of his country prevaded the first versalidad por la que abogaba el Es- mente la independencia entre estruc- tilo Internacional. La primera etapa stage of this architect’s long professional tura y cerramiento– y la unión de la career, and was a breeding ground for the de la dilatada trayectoria profesio- arquitectura con las diversas artes. nal de este arquitecto está inmersa formulation of an architectural ideology that linked tradition and modernity. Thus, en el conflicto entre las directrices traditional construction materials –such que dictaba el nuevo movimiento y El edificio del Ministerio de as ceilings, verandas, brises-soleil and una autoafirmación de los valores Educación y Salud Pública tiles–, which were the best response to the propios de su país que fue caldo de specific light, heat and humidity conditions cultivo para la formulación de un (MESP) 1945 of Brazil and that refer to its colonial ideario arquitectónico que ligaba Está considerado un “manifies- architecture, were erected as the banners tradición y modernidad. Así, los to” arquitectónico inaugural de la of the contribution of this country to the materiales y sistemas constructivos Modernidad Brasileña 2 (Bullrich, new style 1. It is precisely the material tradicionales –celosías, verandas, 1969, p. 22; Underwood, 1994; Al- honesty and rationality of these traditional brises-soleil, azulejos…–, que eran ves, 2006, p. 64; Philippou, 2008, p. constructive methods that approximate colonial architecture to the precepts of la mejor respuesta a las condiciones 52). En el equipo de arquitectos que functionalism, contrary to its vision as a de luz, calor y humedad específicos lo diseñó se encontraban Lucio Cos- deviation from it, assumed by critics such as de Brasil y que remiten a su arqui- ta, Le Corbusier y Oscar Niemeyer. Goodwin and Giedion (Andreoli and Forty, tectura colonial, se erigieron como El objetivo de su promotor, el enton- 2004, p. 29). The first works of Niemeyer, los estandartes de la aportación de este país al nuevo estilo 1, ya que son precisamente la honestidad material y la racionalidad de estos métodos constructivos tradicionales las que aproximan la arquitectura colonial a los preceptos del funcionalismo, contrariamente a la visión de éstos como desviación del mismo, asu- mida por críticos como Goodwin y Giedion (Andreoli y Forty, 2004, p. 29). Las primeras obras de Nie- meyer, entre las que cabe destacar el edificio del Ministerio de Educación y Salud Pública MESP (1945) y el Complejo Pampulha en Belo Hori- zonte (1944), evidencian este carác- ter híbrido y apuestan por materia- les localistas e identitarios, en parti- cular la cerámica arquitectónica de 1 208 2 most notably the Ministry of Education ces ministro de Educación Gustavo tura que posibilita la independen- and Public Health Building (1945) and the Capanema, era construir una obra cia de la distribución, es decir, la Pampulha Complex in Belo Horizonte (1944), de arte total, una Gesamtkunstwerk planta libre. Para que no se con- highlight this hybrid character and rely on que integrara arte y arquitectura funda con un añadido pictórico, el localist and identity materials, white and (Philippou, 2008, p. 69). revestimiento ha de extenderse en blue architectural ceramic in particular. The Le Corbusier propuso 3 el em- toda la superficie pariental, de for- architect will use the tiles consciously and intentionally onwards and for the rest of his pleo de la cerámica en el edificio ma que se identifique el plano que career, as we see in buildings such as the del Ministerio por su adecuación a se pretende contrastar. Oscar Niemeyer Museum in Curitiba (2003) la cultura brasileña y por sus cuali- Al respecto de la lectura desma- and the Oscar Niemeyer Popular Theater in dades de aislamiento (Costa, 1995 terializada de los cerramientos que Niterói (2007), with motivations that range –citado en Macedo, 2002–, Philip- aporta el revestimiento cerámico, from the cultural reference of his country to pou, 2008, Segawa, 2013) 4. Sin Costa ofrece una explicación en la the dematerialization of the walls –visually embargo, la idea de emplear este cual no desaprovecha la oportu- highlighting the independence between material parecía estar en la mente nidad de justificar el empleo de la structure and enclosure– and the union of de los promotores antes de la lle- azulejería como material ligado a architecture with fine arts. gada del arquitecto suizo a Rio de la tradición: Ministry of Education and Janeiro en julio de 1936 5. Considera [Max Bill] 7 también inúti- Public Health Building La cerámica arquitectónica tiene les y perjudiciales los azulejos. Aho- una ubicación preferente en rela- ra bien, el revestimiento de azulejos (MESP), 1945 ción a los puntos corbuserianos del en la planta baja y el sentido fluido It is regarded an inaugural architectural Movimiento Moderno, tales como adoptado en la composición de los grandes paneles tienen la función “manifesto” of Brazilian Modernity 2 la planta libre y la cubierta. En la (Bullrich, 1969, p. 22; Underwood, 1994; clarísima de amortiguar la densidad planta baja, la cerámica consigue de las paredes a fin de despojarlas Alves, 2006, p. 64; Philippou, 2008, p. –en la línea con lo observado por de cualquier impresión de soporte, 52). Lucio Costa, Le Corbusier and Oscar Le Corbusier 6– esa cierta desma- pues el bloque superior no se apoya Niemeyer were in the team of architects en ellas, sino en las columnas. Sien- who designed it. The objective of the terialización del cerramiento que do el azulejo uno de los elementos promoter of this building, the then Minister refuerza la lectura de la estructura tradicionales de la arquitectura por- of Education Gustavo Capanema, was to concebida a base de pilotis, estruc- tuguesa, que era la nuestra, nos pa- expresión gráfica arquitectónica 38 2. Pintura a gouache de Portinari, 1941. Fuente: 2. Gouache painting by Portinari, 1941. Source: http:// http://www.portinari.org.br/#/acervo/obra/4725 www.portinari.org.br/#/acervo/obra/4725 rece oportuno renovar su aplicación.
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