DOCSLIB.ORG

An Island Fortress

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Island Fortress SOUTH ATLANTIC FORTRESS The unique fortifications built by the East India Company on the Island of St. Helena, including the period of Napoleon's captivity, and subsequent defence strategy under Crown Rule. By Ken Denholm Published by the St Helena National Trust, 2006 On 5th May 1659 the English East India Company established their first settlement on St. Helena which remained under Company rule until 22nd April 1834 when the Island was proclaimed a British Crown Colony. The above is an imprint from the original East India Company stamp which is kept in the Archives at the Castle, Jamestown. Translation from the Latin:- "UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE KING AND PARLIAMENT OF ENGLAND" ii CONTENTS Chapter page Introduction 1 1 James Fort and the Castle (including Patton's Battery) 3 2 High Peak Fort 14 3 Munden's Hill sector:- Munden's Battery; Chubb's Lower, Middle, and Upper Batteries; Munden's Hill East and West Batteries. 16 4 Lemon Valley sector:- Lemon Valley Fort; Half Moon Battery; Friar's Ridge Battery; High Point Battery. 26 5 Banks Lines:- Banks Platform; Half Moon Battery; Middle Point Battery; Repulse Point Battery; Buttermilk Point Upper and Lower Batteries. 34 6 Prosperous Bay sector:- Holdfast Tom Battery; Prosperous Bay Battery and Martello Tower; Prosperous Bay Signal Station 45 7 Rupert's Valley sector:- Rupert's Line; Bunker's Hill Battery; Saddle Battery; Sampson's Battery. 50 8 Walled-up Valleys:- Breakneck Valley; Friar's Valley; Old Woman's Valley; Thompson's Valley. 59 9 Sandy Bay sector:- Sandy Bay Line; Beach Hill Battery; Horse's Head Battery; Seale's Battery; Four Gun Battery. 62 10 Turks Cap Battery:- Turks Cap Battery; Gregory's Battery; Cox's Battery. 71 11 High Knoll Fort 76 12 Ladder Hill Fort 81 13 Coleman's Tower 89 14 Powell's Batteries 91 iii 15 Thompson's Valley sector;- Thompson's Valley Battery and Martello Tower; Eagle's Eyrie Battery; High Hill Guard House. 94 16 Goat Pound Ridge 99 17 Cockburn's Battery (Egg Island) 101 18 Horse Pasture sector:- Horse Pasture Battery and Martello Tower; Guard House at Horse Pasture. 105 19 Hooper's Ridge Magazine and Guard House. 107 20 Summary of Military Units that served on St. Helena 108 Bibliography 112 ILLUSTRATIONS Maps: Global position for St. Helena vi Island of St. Helena vii Sketches: 4 Phases of James Fort 4 James Line 8 Munden's Battery 16 Lemon Valley Fort 26 Banks's Line (Platform) 34 Half Moon Battery (Banks Line) 38 Rupert's Line 51 Sandy Bay Line 62 Horse's Head Battery 66 Turks Cap Battery 72 High Knoll Fort 77 Ladder Hill Fort 83 Plates: 1 Entrance to the Castle 7 2 James Fort and the Castle 7 3 Patton's Battery 12 4 Guns lying on the rocks below Munden's Battery 19 iv 5 Munden's Battery - casemate type 19 6 View of north coast showing Chubb's Battery 22 7 Chubb's Lower Battery 23 8 Munden's Hill West Battery 23 9 Munden's Hill East Battery 24 10 Lemon Valley Fort 27 11 Lemon Valley Bay showing the Fort 27 12 Half Moon Battery above Lemon Valley Bay 30 13 A Carronade at Friar's Ridge Battery 32 14 Ruins of Banks Platform 36 15 Gun barrels lying on Banks Platform 36 16 Half Moon Battery on Banks Point 39 17 Gun platform at Half Moon Battery 40 18 Repulse Point Battery 41 19 Buttermilk Point Upper Battery 42 20 Ruins of Martello Tower at Prosperous Bay 46 21 Prosperous Bay Battery 47 22 Rupert's Bay and the ruins of Rupert's Line 53 23 Rupert's Line curtain wall 53 24 Bunker's Hill Battery 55 25 Saddle Battery 56 26 Sampson's Battery 57 27 Walled up entrance to Old Woman's Valley 61 28 Sandy Bay Line 63 29 Sea view of Sandy Bay Line 64 30 Horse's Head at Sandy Bay 67 31 Ruins of Horse's Head Battery 67 32 Ruins of Carronades at Horse's Head 68 33 Ruins of Seale's Battery 69 34 Four Gun Battery 70 35 The Turks Cap 71 36 Turks Cap Battery 73 37 Ruins of Cox's Battery 75 38 High Knoll Fort 76 39 Northern end of High Knoll Fort 78 40 Loopholed platform at High Knoll Fort 78 41 Gun platform on High Knoll Fort 79 42 Ladder Hill Fort - old gun platform 82 43 Round Tower Magazine 84 44 Ladder Hill Fort - perimeter wall 85 45 Ladder Hill Fort - naval gun 87 46 Ruins of Coleman's Tower 89 47 Ruins of Powell's East Battery 91 48 Ruins of Powell's West Battery 92 49 Thompson's Valley Battery 94 50 Martello Tower above Thompson's Valley Bay 95 51 View of Thompson's Valley Bay 96 52 Eagle's Eyrie Battery 97 53 Old gun barrel at Goat's Pound Ridge 99 v 54 Egg Island 101 55 Newly hatched sooty tern near Cockburn's Battery 102 56 Ruins of Cockburn's Battery 102 57 Ruins of shot-heating furnace at Cockburn's Battery 103 58 Ruins of Martello Tower at Horse Pasture 106 vi Global position for St. Helena vii Island of St. Helena viii South Atlantic Fortress INTRODUCTION Consisting of only about 47 square miles, the Island of St. Helena was formed in the South Atlantic Ocean from volcanic upheavals of great magnitude which are believed by geologists to have occurred 17 million years ago, resulting in an extremely rugged external appearance, but its central ridge of high peaks is remarkably scenic. It was also given a situation of extreme isolation, as the nearest land at more than 700 miles to the north-west is Ascension Island of an even smaller size, while the nearest continent is Africa at about 1200 miles due east to a position on the coast of Angola. St. Helena was discovered on 21st May 1502, St. Helena's Day, by the Portuguese navigator, Juan da Nova Castella, who named the Island in honour thereof. For a long period the Portuguese were content to merely use the Island as a water provisioning point on their long voyages, while at the same time trying to keep its existence a secret to prevent other emerging maritime nations from using it. By 1633 the Dutch were laying claim to the Island, but seemingly did not take possession as their interests became focused on other colonies. However the English East India Company having realised the Island's strategic value, seized the initiative in 1659 by establishing a settlement under the command of Captain John Dutton who became the first Governor. Under his direction the building of the first small fort, later named James Fort, was considered sufficient to defend the Island from attack. This view was certainly reinforced by the nature of the Island which had a natural defence barricade of an almost inaccessible surround of high rocky cliffs. As events were to prove, both the Fort and the natural defences were not formidable enough to prevent invasion by the Dutch, but after re-taking the Island in 1673 the East India Company soon began developing a defence strategy which involved a system of fortified lines across the entrances to the very few possible landing places, and when these were all sealed up together with some less vulnerable entrances that only required an unfortified wall, by the mid 18th century St. Helena had become a Fortress that has never been invaded again. This work covers all sectors of the Island's defences that ultimately made St. Helena the South Atlantic Fortress and gave reason for the British Government to select it as the most suitable place for Napoleon's captivity, during which period the Island's garrison was strongly reinforced with British Army regiments. The final chapter gives details of the military units that served on St. Helena. Records appear to be scarce in respect of all those who worked on building the fortifications, but Records of the East India Company reveal that at least up until the early 19th century the penal system enforced a form of punishment whereby many offenders were ordered to work on the fortifications for a period, and there can be no doubt that slaves were often pressed into service. The St. Helena Regiments certainly participated in a supervisory - 1 - South Atlantic Fortress capacity, and the Royal Engineers who served intermittently on the Island from 1816 until 1945, were actively involved. Very good examples of the stonemasons' craft are evident at many of these old fortifications which were basically built from local stone, but Portland and Purbeck stone brought out from England as ballast in sailing ships, was often used in selective positions, especially for gun platforms because of its load bearing advantage. Many gaps in the period of origin for forts and batteries were narrowed down from information given by a Report on the Fortifications of the Island, made by Major James Rennell in 1777. He was an eminent geographer and military engineer who served in India for a long period with the East India Company as Surveyor-General. Equally valuable was the data for spot heights above sea level of many fortifications, these being obtained from large scale elevation charts of the Island made in 1823 by Major Robert Seale of the St. Helena Artillery Regiment. The author visited every fortification in this work and can vouch for the great difficulty of access to many of them. How much more difficult was their actual construction can only be left to the imagination.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Political Change in Dominica, the Commonwealth West Indies. Cuthbert J
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-1973 From crown colony to associate statehood : political change in Dominica, the Commonwealth West Indies. Cuthbert J. Thomas University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Thomas, Cuthbert J., "From crown colony to associate statehood : political change in Dominica, the Commonwealth West Indies." (1973). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 1879. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/1879 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ^^^^^^^ ^0 ASSOCIATE STATEHOOD: CHANGE POLITICAL IN DOMINICA, THE COMMONWEALTH WEST INDIES A Dissertation Presented By CUTHBERT J. THOMAS Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 1973 Major Subject Political Science C\ithbert J. Thomas 1973 All Rights Reserved FROM CROV/N COLONY TO ASSOCIATE STATEHOOD: POLITICAL CHANGE IN DOMINICA, THE COMMONWEALTH WEST INDIES A Dissertation By CUTHBERT J. THOMAS Approved as to stylq and content by; Dr. Harvey "T. Kline (Chairman of Committee) Dr. Glen Gorden (Head of Department) Dr» Gerard Braunthal^ (Member) C 1 Dro George E. Urch (Member) May 1973 To the Youth of Dominica who wi3.1 replace these colonials before long PREFACE My interest in Comparative Government dates back to ray days at McMaster University during the 1969-1970 academic year.
    [Show full text]
  • Anguilla: a Tourism Success Story?
    Visions in Leisure and Business Volume 14 Number 4 Article 4 1996 Anguilla: A Tourism Success Story? Paul F. Wilkinson York University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/visions Recommended Citation Wilkinson, Paul F. (1996) "Anguilla: A Tourism Success Story?," Visions in Leisure and Business: Vol. 14 : No. 4 , Article 4. Available at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/visions/vol14/iss4/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at ScholarWorks@BGSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Visions in Leisure and Business by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@BGSU. ANGUILLA: A TOURISM SUCCESS STORY? BY DR. PAUL F. WILKINSON, PROFESSOR FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES YORK UNIVERSITY 4700KEELE STREET NORTH YORK, ONTARIO CANADA MJJ 1P3 ABSTRACT More than any other Caribbean community, the Anguillans [sic )1 have Anguilla is a Caribbean island microstate the sense of home. The land has been that has undergone dramatic tourism growth, theirs immemorially; no humiliation passing through the early stages of Butler's attaches to it. There are no Great tourist cycle model to the "development" houses2 ; there arenot even ruins. (32) stage. This pattern is related to deliberate government policy and planning decisions, including a policy of not having a limit to INTRODUCTION tourism growth. The resulting economic dependence on tourism has led to positive Anguilla is a Caribbean island microstate economic benefits (e.g., high GDP per that has undergone dramatic tourism growth, capita, low unemployment, and significant passing through the early stages of Butler's localinvolvement in the industry). (3) tourist cycle model to the "development" stage.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overlooked Colonial English of Europe: the Case of Gibraltar
    .............................................................................................................................................................................................................WORK IN PROGESS WORK IN PROGRESS TOMASZ PACIORKOWSKI DOI: 10.15290/CR.2018.23.4.05 Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań An Overlooked Colonial English of Europe: the Case of Gibraltar Abstract. Gibraltar, popularly known as “The Rock”, has been a British overseas territory since the Treaty of Utrecht was signed in 1713. The demographics of this unique colony reflect its turbulent past, with most of the population being of Spanish, Portuguese or Italian origin (Garcia 1994). Additionally, there are prominent minorities of Indians, Maltese, Moroccans and Jews, who have also continued to influence both the culture and the languages spoken in Gibraltar (Kellermann 2001). Despite its status as the only English overseas territory in continental Europe, Gibraltar has so far remained relatively neglected by scholars of sociolinguistics, new dialect formation, and World Englishes. The paper provides a summary of the current state of sociolinguistic research in Gibraltar, focusing on such aspects as identity formation, code-switching, language awareness, language attitudes, and norms. It also delineates a plan for further research on code-switching and national identity following the 2016 Brexit referendum. Keywords: Gibraltar, code-switching, sociolinguistics, New Englishes, dialect formation, Brexit. 1. Introduction Gibraltar is located on the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula and measures just about 6 square kilometres. This small size, however, belies an extraordinarily complex political history and social fabric. In the Brexit referendum of 23rd of June 2016, the inhabitants of Gibraltar overwhelmingly expressed their willingness to continue belonging to the European Union, yet at the moment it appears that they will be forced to follow the decision of the British govern- ment and leave the EU (Garcia 2016).
    [Show full text]
  • UK Overseas Territories
    INFORMATION PAPER United Kingdom Overseas Territories - Toponymic Information United Kingdom Overseas Territories (UKOTs), also known as British Overseas Territories (BOTs), have constitutional and historical links with the United Kingdom, but do not form part of the United Kingdom itself. The Queen is the Head of State of all the UKOTs, and she is represented by a Governor or Commissioner (apart from the UK Sovereign Base Areas that are administered by MOD). Each Territory has its own Constitution, its own Government and its own local laws. The 14 territories are: Anguilla; Bermuda; British Antarctic Territory (BAT); British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT); British Virgin Islands; Cayman Islands; Falkland Islands; Gibraltar; Montserrat; Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands; Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Turks and Caicos Islands; UK Sovereign Base Areas. PCGN recommend the term ‘British Overseas Territory Capital’ for the administrative centres of UKOTs. Production of mapping over the UKOTs does not take place systematically in the UK. Maps produced by the relevant territory, preferably by official bodies such as the local government or tourism authority, should be used for current geographical names. National government websites could also be used as an additional reference. Additionally, FCDO and MOD briefing maps may be used as a source for names in UKOTs. See the FCDO White Paper for more information about the UKOTs. ANGUILLA The territory, situated in the Caribbean, consists of the main island of Anguilla plus some smaller, mostly uninhabited islands. It is separated from the island of Saint Martin (split between Saint-Martin (France) and Sint Maarten (Netherlands)), 17km to the south, by the Anguilla Channel.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAINING the HUDSON the Fight for the River in the American Revolution
    CHAINING THE HUDSON The fight for the river in the American Revolution COLN DI Chaining the Hudson Relic of the Great Chain, 1863. Look back into History & you 11 find the Newe improvers in the art of War has allways had the advantage of their Enemys. —Captain Daniel Joy to the Pennsylvania Committee of Safety, January 16, 1776 Preserve the Materials necessary to a particular and clear History of the American Revolution. They will yield uncommon Entertainment to the inquisitive and curious, and at the same time afford the most useful! and important Lessons not only to our own posterity, but to all succeeding Generations. Governor John Hancock to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, September 28, 1781. Chaining the Hudson The Fight for the River in the American Revolution LINCOLN DIAMANT Fordham University Press New York Copyright © 2004 Fordham University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored ii retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except for brief quotation: printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN 0-8232-2339-6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Diamant, Lincoln. Chaining the Hudson : the fight for the river in the American Revolution / Lincoln Diamant.—Fordham University Press ed. p. cm. Originally published: New York : Carol Pub. Group, 1994. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8232-2339-6 (pbk.) 1. New York (State)—History—Revolution, 1775-1783—Campaigns. 2. United States—History—Revolution, 1775-1783—Campaigns. 3. Hudson River Valley (N.Y.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Impacts on the Success of Bermuda's Inhabitants Alyssa V
    University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Senior Honors Projects Honors Program at the University of Rhode Island 2016 Environmental Impacts on the Success of Bermuda's Inhabitants Alyssa V. Pietraszek University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/srhonorsprog Recommended Citation Pietraszek, Alyssa V., "Environmental Impacts on the Success of Bermuda's Inhabitants" (2016). Senior Honors Projects. Paper 493. http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/srhonorsprog/493http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/srhonorsprog/493 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors Program at the University of Rhode Island at DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Page 1 Introduction. Since the discovery of the island in 1505, the lifestyle of the inhabitants of Bermuda has been influenced by the island’s isolated geographic location and distinctive geological setting. This influence is visible in nearly every aspect of Bermudian society, from the adoption of small- scale adjustments, such as the collection of rainwater as a source of freshwater and the utilization of fishing wells, to large-scale modifications, such as the development of a maritime economy and the reliance on tourism and international finances. These accommodations are the direct consequences of Bermuda’s environmental and geographic setting and are necessary for Bermudians to survive and prosper on the island. Geographic, Climatic, and Geological Setting. Bermuda is located in the North Atlantic Ocean at 32º 20’ N, 64º 45’ W, northwest of the Sargasso Sea and around 1000 kilometers southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina (Vacher & Rowe, 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • Signal Hill National Historic Park
    Newfoundland Signal Hill National Historic Park o o o o S2 o r m D Brief History Signal Hill, a natural lookout commanding theapproachesto St. John's harbour played a significant role in the history of Newfound­ land. Although the island became a military stronghold in the 1790's, Vikings probably landed as early as the 10th century, when they were carried there by wind and current. Later, the island's existence was common knowledge among European fishermen, who called the land on their maps Bacca- laos (cod) in tribute to the silvery fish which drew them across the Atlantic Ocean. Fishing expeditions were greatly encour­ aged by the voyages of exploration at the end of the 15th century. John Cabot from England in 1497 and 1498, and Jacgues Cartier, from France in 1534, acclaimed the natural wealth of the Grand Banks off New­ foundland. As the fishing industry grew its methods changed. Fleets had been leaving Europe in the spring and returning in the autumn, but in the 16th century some fishermen began to winter in Newfoundland, building smaii settlements along the coast. The was used as a signalling station. To aiert 1713), France was permitted to continue French settled around Placentia and the the town, cannons were fired at the ap­ fishing off Newfoundland, but the island English near St. John's. Even without the proach of enemy or friendly ships heading became England's property. support of their governments these first for St. John's or neighbouring Quidi Vidi. During the Seven Years' War between colonists felt the areas they occupied be­ Unfortunately the warning system and France and England (1756-63), France ex­ longed to their countries and they under­ new defences proved ineffective against perienced a number of severe reverses in took to fortify their settlements.
    [Show full text]
  • St Helena, an Island Between’: Multiple Migrations, Small Island Resilience, and Survival
    Island Studies Journal, 16(1), 2021, 173-189 ‘St Helena, an island between’: Multiple migrations, small island resilience, and survival Charlotte Parker University of Gloucestershire, UK [email protected] Abstract: St Helena is a non-sovereign British Overseas Territory located in the South Atlantic Ocean. When full British citizenship was removed in 1981, migration destinations were reduced to Ascension Island and the Falkland Islands. The islanders of St Helena are not only transnational; they are trans-islander. With the return of citizenship in 2002, many St Helenians migrated to the UK, depleting the population on the island, creating doubts regarding the island’s future. Whilst the islanders defended their British national identity, they simultaneously questioned it. This paper demonstrates how although St Helena officially economically relies on the British Government, the islanders themselves support their island through economic remittances. This paper offers an insight into how communities survive during times when their national identity is ruptured. The St Helenian community remains intact; the islanders have ensured this. A suit of Bourdieu’s concepts have been utilised for a theoretically driven understanding of islandness. Islander identity is formed as outward- looking desiring opportunity, freedom of movement and capital, and inward-looking with a strong sense of feeling and attachment to the island. Continuity and survival for this small island community is composed of migration, shift, and rupture. Keywords: Bourdieu, Britishness, islandness, islands, migration, St Helena, transnational https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.122 • Received June 2019, accepted February 2020 © 2020—Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Macleod, Malcolm
    http://www.ucalgary.ca/hic • ISSN 1492-7810 2007 • Vol. 7, No. 1 MacLeod, Malcolm. Connections: Newfoundland’s Pre-confederation Links with Canada and the World. St. John’s, NL: Creative Publishers, 2003. Pp. xv + 304; illus. CDN$22.95 (paper). ISBN: 1894294580. Reviewed by Olaf U. Janzen, Sir Wilfred Grenfell College, Memorial University of Newfoundland Newfoundland did not become a province of Canada until 1949. To that point, it had been a separate entity of the British empire — a fishery for more than three centuries following its European “re‐ discovery” in 1497, a colony throughout much of the nineteenth century, an emerging dominion during the opening decades of the twentieth century. When some of the other British American colonies negotiated the political federation that became the Dominion of Canada in 1867, delegates from Newfoundland were present at some of the talks, but in the end, the colony of Newfoundland chose not to participate. Thereafter, whenever the question and opportunity arose to join the Canadian confedera‐ tion, the governments and people of Newfoundland generally declined — politely, sometimes vocifer‐ ously, always firmly. This all began to change with the onset of the Great Depression. The effects of that global crisis on Newfoundland’s export‐dependent economy, together with a pre‐existing national debt caused largely by economic development projects like a trans‐island railroad together with the massive expenses necessitated by the First World War, the colony felt that it had no choice but to give up self‐ government. Instead, it reverted first to a sort of quasi‐Crown colony status, and then, following a national debate and two referenda, it became Canada’s tenth province.
    [Show full text]
  • Work Shop" Was a Venture
    INTRODUCTION Our Putnam County History Work shop" was a venture. Were there twenty persons who would do creative work? Ifa*, who were they? The response exceeded expectations. Two groups of about forty each, one in Camel and one in Cold Spring, have spent six evenings in group study and discussion. We sought to do four things: (1) to limit aur study to before 1783 (this enabled us to sharpen our historic sense); (2) to locate historic sites and persons, and to select the nost important; (3) to become familiar with the established historic materials, and to locate new materids; and for each nember of the group (4) to relive a bit of the past, and to share it with others. The individual con- tributions have totaled more than forty. The interest was keen, The demand for another 9vork shopn next fall vhs certain, Those who have gone out of their way to make this "work shop" a success, and this publication a reality, include: the County Supervisors a~dYe, Paul Lun:ielius for the use of The Coun%y Building; Supervising Principal ilobert Kristeller and the Camel School fop a Class Ram, the Futnai County Hist~ricalSmiety fcr sponsoring the I Cold. Spring %crk shzp,tt the Eiutterfield Memorial Library for a @ace c.f meeting; Fresi6snt Senjdn Frazier and Mr. Lawrence Head for the shcjwing of their unusunl "Historirz Sites1' pictures and their careful docunentaticm; &kissEdith McIntyre fcr conserving our di* cussions and her typing md printing of our articles, Miss Margaret Pugsley and Mrs. Florence Donelson for a like service; Mrs.
    [Show full text]
  • General Assembly Distr.: General 20 March 2008
    United Nations A/AC.109/2008/16 General Assembly Distr.: General 20 March 2008 Original: English Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples Montserrat Working paper prepared by the Secretariat Contents Paragraphs Page I. General ............................................................. 1–5 3 II. Constitutional, political and legal issues .................................. 6–19 4 III. Budget ............................................................. 20–23 6 IV. Volcanic activity and the environment.................................... 24–26 7 V. Economic conditions .................................................. 27–43 8 A. General......................................................... 27–30 8 B. Agriculture...................................................... 31–32 8 C. Financial services ................................................ 33–35 9 D. Tourism ........................................................ 36–38 10 E. Construction, housing and utilities .................................. 39–43 10 VI. Social conditions ..................................................... 44–59 11 A. General......................................................... 44–46 11 B. Labour ......................................................... 47–49 12 C. Education ....................................................... 50–51 12 D. Health.......................................................... 52–54 13 E. Human rights ...................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Boundary & Territory Briefing
    International Boundaries Research Unit BOUNDARY & TERRITORY BRIEFING Volume 1 Number 2 Ceuta and the Spanish Sovereign Territories: Spanish and Moroccan Claims Gerry O’Reilly Boundary and Territory Briefing Volume 1 Number 2 ISBN 1-897643-06-3 1994 Ceuta and the Spanish Sovereign Territories: Spanish and Moroccan Claims by Gerry O'Reilly Edited by Clive Schofield International Boundaries Research Unit Department of Geography University of Durham South Road Durham DH1 3LE UK Tel: UK + 44 (0) 191 334 1961 Fax: UK +44 (0) 191 334 1962 E-mail: [email protected] www: http://www-ibru.dur.ac.uk The Author Gerry O'Reilly lectures in political geography at University College Dublin and is currently involved in an international EU program researching appropriate scales for sustainable development and transboundary issues. Dr O'Reilly gained his PhD from the University of Durham and is a Research Associate of IBRU. He has held academic and consultancy posts in the USA, UK, France, Tunisia and Algeria, and worked for a number of years for Petrosystems, Compagnie Generale de Geophysique de France. Having lived for over six years in the Western Mediterranean region and travelling extensively in the Arab countries since 1978, he is particularly interested in North African and EU affairs including territorial disputes in the area of the Strait of Gibraltar. His interests include geopolitics, land and maritime boundaries, development and foreign policy issues. His works include: 'Disputed Territories in the Gibraltar Region: The Crown Colony of Gibraltar
    [Show full text]