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Projecte De Construcció D'una Base Al Planeta Mart

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Projecte De Construcció D'una Base Al Planeta Mart Treball de Fi de Màster Màster Universitari d’Enginyeria Industrial Projecte de construcció d'una base al planeta Mart MEMÒRIA Autor: Gina Mearelli Director: Pablo Pujadas Álvarez Codirector: Xavier Ferre Tafalla Convocatòria: Gener 2021 Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona Pàg. 2 Memòria Projecte de construcció d’una base al planeta Mart Pàg. 3 Resum Vivim en un món que canvia més de pressa del que arribem a comprendre. En pocs anys, hem aconseguit transformar radicalment la nostra forma de viure, els nostres valors, prioritats, poder i idees, i aquest canvi ha tingut conseqüències inesperades a la Terra. Actualment s'estan desenvolupant les possibilitats d'enviar humans a Mart. Aquest objectiu ambiciós i apassionant exigeix però una àmplia gamma de noves tecnologies, innovacions i una nova visió dels reptes actuals que ens enfrontem a la Terra; això també s'aplica al camp de la construcció. S’estableix com a objectiu del projecte plantejar qualitativament una solució constructiva viable per una base al planeta Mart, tenint en compte els següents criteris: localització òptima, tècniques constructives, materials disponibles, sostenibilitat, autosuficiència i, finalment, habitabilitat. Per assolir-ho prèviament s'ha realitzat una anàlisi exhaustiva de les característiques i condicionants d'aquest planeta, definint els requisits a complir per assegurar l’habitabilitat al planeta vermell. En base als requeriments i mitjançant anàlisis comparatives d’alternatives plantejades en projectes existents, llibres i articles s’ha arribat a definir de forma qualitativa una solució constructiva i habitable per a una base establerta a Mart. L'hàbitat marcià haurà de protegir la tripulació, entre d'altres, de la radiació i de les temperatures extremes (que oscil·len entre -140 ºC i 30 ºC). L’estudi de la literatura mostra que el gel proporciona un excel·lent escut contra la radiació. A més de ser un material àmpliament present a Mart, com també ho és la regolita (roca solta i pols no consolidada que s’assenta damunt d’una capa de roca mare presents també a la Terra, la Lluna i altres cossos celestes). La solució més òptima a la que s’ha arribat en aquest projecte es basa en l’ús d’aquests materials per a la construcció respectivament d’un escut protector i de la base en sí, per mitjà de tècniques de fabricació additiva, ja que es demostra que té un gran potencial per a la construcció, a més de permet la possibilitat de reparació durant la mateixa fase de construcció. Finalment, s’ha dissenyat una base que compleix amb el requisits generals d’habitabilitat, autosuficiència i sostenibilitat establers, fent ús de materials, sistemes i tecnologies tant alternatives com innovadores. Pel que es conclou en termes generals que caldria investigar més profundament per determinar la viabilitat d'aquests resultats, tot i que semblen prometedors. Pàg. 4 Memòria Projecte de construcció d’una base al planeta Mart Pàg. 5 PROJECTE DE CONSTRUCCIÓ D’UNA BASE AL PLANETA MART 1 “Mars is there, waiting to be reached” BUZZ ALDRIN 1 Primera fotografia feta a la superfície del planeta Mart. Obtinguda pel rover Viking de la NASA 1 minuts després que aterres amb èxit el 20 de juliol de 1976. Pàg. 6 Memòria Projecte de construcció d’una base al planeta Mart Pàg. 7 Sumari Resum ___________________________________________________________________ 3 Sumari ___________________________________________________________________ 7 Glossari __________________________________________________________________ 9 1. Introducció __________________________________________________________ 11 1.1. Motivació _____________________________________________________________ 11 1.2. Objectius i abast ________________________________________________________ 13 1.3. Metodologia ___________________________________________________________ 13 2. Estat de l’art _________________________________________________________ 15 2.1. Mart, el planeta vermell __________________________________________________ 15 2.2. Exploracions a Mart _____________________________________________________ 17 2.2.1. Raons per explorar Mart _________________________________________________________ 17 2.2.2. Exploracions realitzades _________________________________________________________ 18 2.2.3. Plans d’exploracions humanes ____________________________________________________ 21 2.3. Característiques de la superfície marciana ____________________________________ 27 2.3.1. Relleu ________________________________________________________________________ 27 2.3.2. Materials disponibles in-situ ______________________________________________________ 28 2.3.3. Presència d’aigua _______________________________________________________________ 31 2.4. Perills de la superfície marciana pel humans __________________________________ 32 2.5. Projectes existents ______________________________________________________ 37 2.5.1. MARSHA – AI Space Factory ______________________________________________________ 37 2.5.2. MARS HOMESTEAD – MARS FOUNDATION (2016) ____________________________________ 39 2.5.3. MARS SCIENCE CITY – BIG (2017) __________________________________________________ 40 2.5.4. MARS HABITAT – Foster + Partners (2015) ___________________________________________ 41 2.5.5. MARS ICE HOUSE – Clouds AO (2015) _______________________________________________ 42 2.5.6. MARS ICE HOME – Clouds AO + NASA Langley Research Centrer (2016) ___________________ 44 2.5.7. DONUT HOUSE – A.R.C.H. (2015) __________________________________________________ 46 2.5.8. LAVAHIVE – Lavahive team (2015) _________________________________________________ 47 2.5.9. FALLAMARS – GAREID (2015) _____________________________________________________ 49 2.5.10. MARS COLONIZATION – ZA Architects (2013) ______________________________________ 50 2.5.11. ZOPHERUS HABITAT – Zopherus Team (2018) ______________________________________ 52 2.5.12. MARS X-HOUSE 2 – Team SEArch+/Apis Cor (2018) _________________________________ 53 2.5.13. BUBBLE BASE – Tridom (2015) __________________________________________________ 55 Pàg. 8 Memòria 2.5.14. MARTIAN 3DISIGN – Northwestern University (2018) _______________________________ 56 3. Projecte constructiu ____________________________________________________ 57 3.1. Informació prèvia ________________________________________________________ 57 3.1.1. Determinació i dimensionat d’espais de la base ______________________________________ 57 3.1.2. Emplaçament i entorn físic _______________________________________________________ 59 3.1.3. Anàlisi econòmica ______________________________________________________________ 64 3.2. Justificació de compliment de normes específiques _____________________________ 67 3.3. Descripció conceptual de la base ____________________________________________ 69 3.3.1. Escut protector principal _________________________________________________________ 69 3.3.2. Base _________________________________________________________________________ 84 3.3.3. Sistemes i instal·lacions _________________________________________________________ 101 3.4. Impacte ambiental, econòmic i social del projecte _____________________________ 109 4. Pressupost __________________________________________________________ 111 5. Conclusions __________________________________________________________ 112 Agraïments _____________________________________________________________ 114 Bibliografia _____________________________________________________________ 115 Referències bibliogràfiques _____________________________________________________ 115 Annex __________________________________________________________________ 119 A.1. Plànol 1 – Emplaçament ___________________________________________________ 120 A.2. Plànol 2 – Alçat i planta de l’escut protector ___________________________________ 121 A.3 Plànol 3 – Alçat i planta d’un mòdul de la base _________________________________ 123 A.4 Plànol 4 – Distribució d’espai de la base ______________________________________ 124 A.5 Plànol 5 – Planta de la base ________________________________________________ 125 Projecte de construcció d’una base al planeta Mart Pàg. 9 Glossari ACS Aigua Calenta Sanitària AMS Atmosphere Management System APXS Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer ARS Atmosphere Revitalization Subsystem CRISM Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars CTE Código Técnico de la Edificación ECLSS Environmental Control and Life Support System ESA European Space Agency EVA Extravehicular activity HEPA High Efficiency Particulate Arresting HiRISE High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment ISRPS In-Situ Resource Processing System ISRU In situ resource utilization ISS International Space Station JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory MGS Mars Global Surveyor (NASA) MOLA Mars Orbital Laser Altimeter MRO Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (NASA) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NICT National Institute of Information and Communications Technology OGS Oxygen generating system OMEGA Visible and Infrared Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer (Observatoire pour la Minéralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces et l'Activité) PFE Portable Fire Extinguisher RITE Reglamento de Instalaciones Térmicas de los Edificios RWGS Reverse Water-Gas Shift Reaction TCS Thermal Control System USGS United States Geological Survey UTA Unitat de Tractament d’Aire WMS Water Management System WRS Water recovery systems WWPS Wet Waste Processing System Projecte de construcció d’una base al planeta Mart Pàg. 11 1. Introducció 1.1. Motivació Els humans són curiosos per naturalesa i és una de les característiques
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