Geological Survey of India (GSI)

8 Geological Survey of India (GSI)

Introduction • Creation and updation of national geoscientific information and knowledge base through ground, 8.1 The Geological Survey of India (GSI) was set up in marine, airborne and remote sensing surveys. I85l, initially with the objective of locating coal for the railways. GSI over the years has expanded its role to • Increased emphasis on concept oriented thematic undertake investigation of the geological set up of the geological mapping on progressively larger scales country, including assessment and regional level and geochemical and geophysical mapping on exploration for coal and other mineral resources. 1:50000 scale

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (GSI) INDIA OF SURVEY GEOLOGICAL 8.2 GSI’s activities may be grouped as ‘Geoscientific • Mineral resources assessment through regional baseline data’ which includes geological surveys and exploration. mapping; ‘Mineral Resource Assessments’’ which • Shallow Subsurface Geology for locating coal and includes ferrous and nonferrous minerals, coal & lignite mineral deposits etc. ‘ Special Studies’ which includes Natural hazards studies, Climatic studies, Geotechnical studies etc, and • Geotechnical advice and guidance for dams, ‘Geoinformatics’ which include publication of Maps and roads and rail transport and other civil engineering Reports and generation of spatial information through construction projects. GIS and related software for a variety of applications in developmental and regulatory situation as well in • Knowledge inputs in natural hazard studies and the commercial sphere. disaster management including earthquake and landslide zonation studies. 8.3 Under the National Mineral Policy (NMP) 2008, Geological Survey of India remains the principal agency • Geo-environmental investigations for both for geological mapping and regional mineral resources regional and site-specific studies for societal assessment of the country. The NMP seeks to ensure needs. that GSI programmes are prioritized in line with the • Computerised archival, analyses, retrieval of all national policy goals and are chalked out after taking geoscientific data and creation of theme-based into account the exploration work undertaken by the relational database. private sector for which the existing arrangement of programme formulation through the Central Geological • Dissemination of data through maps, publications Programming Board (CGPB) would be revamped. NMP and through internet GSI portal etc. envisages strengthening the Geological Survey of India with manpower, equipment and upgraded skill sets. • Training in specialised fields of geology, geophysics and chemistry for upgradation of technology and Thrust Areas of Activity expertise.

8.4 The broad thrust areas for GSI are identified, • Modernisation and upgradation of laboratories keeping in view the planned objectives of the XI Plan and field oriented geosurvey facilities. and declared national priorities are:-

42 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (GSI) 43 three specialized Wings (activity based) and Training (activity based) Wings three specialized Central from the that is controlled Institute Deputy Directors The Senior in Kolkata. Headquarters level) Directors General (HAG/SAG General/Deputy of and function as “Head head these Regions/Wings and to oversee the formulation Department”(HOD) of annual programmes, exercise implementation allocate the resources, determine budgetary control, and other and effect executive the relative priorities, within the Regions/ controls on Divisions/Projects Wings. in the respective 8.7 Besides having functional Units comprises State headquarters, each of the Regions mostly headed by based Operational Units, which are also comprise level officers. The specialized Wings SAG Units, in addition to the functional sector-wise Institute, located at headquarter set-up. The Training at 6 locations Hyderabad, has satellite training centers level officer An SAG in different parts of the country. (Deputy Director General) co-ordinates the activities administration related to the programme formulation, infrastructure and technical control and provides operating the support for implementation besides the inter-disciplinary allocated budget, and coordinates is given in activities. The structure of the organizations 8.1. Figure collecting the basic 8.8 The primary functions of geological information is carried out by GSI through its Clusters spread all over the country. Divisions/Projects normally headed by JAG of such Divisions and Projects, and level officers, are located at the Regional Operational offices and in many outlying stations, totalling 33 cities/towns in the country. 8.9 The support activities to the geological investigations are provided by independent set-ups in the complementary disciplines like geophysics, drilling, mechanical engineering, materials chemistry, management, finance and administration. Each of these or Operational establishments is based at Regional offices and is headed by an officer of the level of Dy. Scale officers. Director General/Directors/ Time 8.6 The GSI with the Director General as its head, functions as a subordinate office of the Ministry of Mines. The Director General has the overall responsibility of planning, programming, financial and material management, monitoring of scientific activities, dissemination of information and advice to Government operational purposes, on geoscience related issues. For (geographically based), GSI is divided into six Regions Organization Set-up 8.5 The Geological Survey of India has undertaken an of India has undertaken Geological Survey 8.5 The XI of modernization during the extensive programme modernization programme is aimed Plan period. The upgrading the in-house capabilities at refurbishing and GSI Modernization programme, of GSI. Under the a new Ocean-going research vessel proposes to acquire Samudra Manthan, for the aging RV as a replacement with shallow drilling capacity, Vessel a new Geotechnical a Survey System and a Heliborne Geophysical aircraft. The Government fixed-wing replacement of its of the new has approved the proposal for procurement of Rs. 448 crores. research vessel at an estimated cost with Shipping The procurement action has started as the Indian Corporation of India (SCI) identified has also accorded Consultant. The Government at Vessel approval for the acquisition of a Geotechnical for appointment of a cost of Rs. 72 crores. Proposal has been initiated. SCI as the Indian Consultant Heliborne Survey System of 4 action for Procurement time domain magnetic, sensors (gravity, along with a electromagnetic and radiometric) to the helicopter is hyperspectral camera to be fitted acquisition of a for Report The Feasibility underway. sensors Aircraft and geophysical Wing new Fixed spectral) magnetic, electromagnetic and hyper (gravity, In addition, Inductively are to be finalized by GSI shortly. (ICPMS) Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer Micro equipment for chemical analysis, Electron Probe Analyzer (EPMA) to study of mineral phases in rocks and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to study naturally occurring specimens up to a magnification of about 1 lakh times, are planned for many laboratories. Modernization in GSI Modernization Figure 8.1

Organisational structure of GSI GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (GSI) INDIA OF SURVEY GEOLOGICAL

Programme Formulation in GSI wise, are placed before the Central Geological Programming Board (CGPB) for approval. The 43rd 8.10 The Government set up the Central Geological Meeting of the CGPB was held on 29th September 2008 Programming Board (CGPB) by Government Resolution which approved the Annual Programme for the field in 1966 for formulation and implementation of the season year 2008-09 (October 08 – September 09). programmes in the earthscience area, with close co- The 44th Meeting was held in February, 2009 to review ordination between GSI and State Geological progress and examine policy and strategy issues. Departments and other central agencies. CGPB is supported by State level Programming Boards and High Powered Committee various Subcommittees formed for the development 8.12 The Cabinet, in its meeting held on 1.10.2007, of various mineral and geoscience based issues. While directed that a High Powered Committee (HPC) be set finalizing the programmes of GSI, the Government up to thoroughly review the functioning of GSI and policies and directives, suggestions and assess its capacity to meet the emerging challenges recommendations of Five-Year Plan document, Sub- taking into account the organisation’s technological and committees of the Central Geological Programming manpower resources. Accordingly, a High Powered Board and State Geological Programming Boards are Committee was constituted under the chairmanship of considered. Additional Secretary (Mines), vide the Ministry of 8.11 After final scrutiny at Central Hqrs., GSI’s annual Mines’ order dated 7.1.2008. Representatives of the programme documents, mostly State-wise and activity- Planning Commission, the Department of Science and

44 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (GSI) 45 Human Resource, and research Human Resource, March, 2009, the CGPB has been 2009, the CGPB March, th of GSI at Vishakhapatnam geoscience activity in relation to GSI and other geoscience activity in relation to of Mines stakeholders, and advise the Ministry on policy issues of geoscience. multi- agencies in the sector and promote disciplinary / multi-institutional approaches. agencies enable better interaction between central coordinated and State level organizations for planning and execution. at State capability within the sector particularly for optimum level and coordinate the capability use. on adoption geoscientific activities, and advise strategies. Ms. Santha Sheela Nair, Secretary, Mines, alongwith the officers Secretary, Ms. Santha Sheela Nair, State and to interface with the CGPB and GSI. with the CGPB to interface State and 12 on Accordingly reconstituted under the Chairmanship of Secretary, Chairmanship of under the reconstituted of India, with more broadbased Mines, Government Central Ministries and Institutions, representation from Industry. and Private State Governments meet Board shall Programming The Central Geological six months, and shall be responsible at least once in to:- (i) of help provide the general strategic direction (ii) coordination among central effect programmatic (iii) (iv) training, build help (v) identify new areas and new technologies for July, 1966. The CGPB was July, th of Marine Wing of GSI working on Samudra Kaustubh Ship of GSI working on Samudra Kaustubh of Marine Wing Ms. Santha Sheela Nair, Secretary, Mines, alongwith the officers Secretary, Ms. Santha Sheela Nair, constituted primarily to co-ordinate activities on prospecting, geological mapping and mineral with the country, exploration and exploitation in the as the nodal Geological Survey of India (GSI) and Mining department and the State Geology institutions as departments and Central Government to Subsequently, the participating members. State Geological complement the activities of the CGPB, (SGPB) were constituted in the Boards Programming States to co-ordinate within the geoscience activities 8.13 The Central Geological Programming Board 8.13 The Central Geological Programming of India (CGPB) was established through Government dated 27 Resolution Central Geological Programming Board Central Geological Programming The Committee submitted its report to the Government The Committee submitted recommendations on 31.3.2009. Some of the important are given in the Annexure 8.1. Technology and GSI, and management experts are and management and GSI, Technology held 13 The Committee of the HPC. members obtained the existing work, and reviewed meetings, and also interacted with the U.S. GSI’s own vision Canada and the National Resources, Geological Survey trends, identify new and emerging to understand global mapping, data of survey, technologies & methodology the management etc. Needs of management, overall assessed keeping in view of national stake-holders were priorities. (vi) advise on Geoscience partnerships between GSI, There shall be a dedicated full-time secretariat for the and State and Central Level or other agencies Central Geological Programming Board and for each including research and academic institutions. of the Committees, which shall be serviced by the GSI. (vii) actively promoting use of Information Technology GSI shall bear the expenses on account of TA/DA as in geoscientific activity, develop Geoinformatics per Government of India notification and entitlement, with a strong spatial database; facilitate for one member of each State Government for coordination among geoscientific agencies to attending the Committee meetings. develop common standards and sharable To facilitate coordinated planning, taking into account databases under the National Spatial Data State-Level priorities for survey, mapping, exploration Infrastructure (NSDI) architecture; and encourage and other geoscinentific activities, and also to help wide and easy dissemination of geoscientific factor in State-Level requirements for training, HR and information through internet based technologies. technical capacity building into the programmatic (viii) approve five-yearly detailed sub-sectoral targets framework, each State Government would be on a rolling plan basis and annual programme on encouraged to constitute a State Level Geological a State-wise basis. Programming Board and to activate the Board where

The Central Board shall be supported by 12 Committees it already exists. Guidelines will be issued by the GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (GSI) INDIA OF SURVEY GEOLOGICAL for the various sub-sectors as follows:- Ministry of Mines in consultation with GSI, and as • Ferrous Minerals (Iron, Manganese & Chromite, per the recommendation of the Central Board to etc.) facilitate constitution/ reconstitution of such Boards to better serve the geoscientific interests of the State • Precious Metals & Minerals (Gold, Platinum Group Government. The State Level Boards may include local of Elements, Diamond & Precious Stones) representatives of GSI and other Central and State- • Non-Ferrous and Strategic Minerals (Basemetal, Level stakeholders and private agencies having an Tin, Tungsten, Bauxite, etc.) interest in the State-Level geoscientific programme • Industrial & Fertilizer Minerals and may be mandated with activities at State-Level similar in nature and scope as the Central Board, so • Energy Minerals & Resources (Coal, Lignite & as to enable the Recommendations of the State Boards Geothermal) to form a primary input for the Central Board and its • Marine Geology & Exploration and Coastal Committees. Geoscience The Ministry of Mines and GSI place high importance • Airborne Survey & Remote Sensing to building partnerships with State Government • Geology & Mineral Resources of North Eastern institutions and help build up capacity through the Region mechanism of the State Boards and otherwise. • Geoscientific Investigations (Geotechnical Accordingly, 10% of GSI’s Plan budget for its Schemes investigation, natural hazards, climate change, will henceforth be earmarked for activities Environmental Geology, Shallow subsurface recommended by State Level Boards and fitting in with Geology & Subsurface Hydrology) the overall framework of the Five Year Plan. Preference will be given to such activities where there are any or • Fundamental and Multidisciplinary Geoscience all of the following:- • Geoinformatics and data management (a) Active participation of State Government in • Geoscience for Sustainable Development. survey, exploration or research

46 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (GSI) 47 Geophysical Mapping (GPM) Geophysical mapping gravity-magnetic ground 8.14.4 Systematic G-Mfor preparation of maps of the country (on 1: been initiated during the X Plan 50,000 scale) has involves acquisition of The mapping process Period. at a number of stations with an data gravity-magnetic one station per 2.5 sq km area. This average density of as revealing the sub surface geology will also help in the probable hazard areas from well as demarcating Systematic gravity and of view. environmental point km. covering 70,183.30 sq. magnetic (VF) mapping sq km during area during X Plan period and 44,646.50 have been current Plan period (up to March,2009) completed. Survey Aerogeophysical and Exploration 8.14.5 The Airborne Mineral Surveys of Geological Survey of India presently (AMSE) Wing aerogeophysical carry out airborne surveys to obtain and Gamma Ray data by deploying Magnetic the Subsequently, Spectrometric (GRS) Sensors. and interpreted to aerogeophysical data is processed anomalies for the identify the aerogeophysical Ground follow preparation of aerogeophysical maps. geochemical and up and evaluation by geological, exploration by ground geophysical surveys and finally, done in anomalous drilling of potential target areas are Otter by the Twin zones. Surveys are carried out and with Magnetic Airborne Survey System (TOASS) Gamma Ray Spectrometric sensors acquired by GSI in 1986. Up to field seaon 2007-08, 4, 52,061 line km over an area of 2, 43,015 sq km was covered. During Season 2007-08, the aerogeophysical survey the Field data was acquired using the multi-sensors over 19,628 line km covering an area of 33,443 sq km in the area between offshore following areas: i) Western Nadu and (Tamil and south of Kannur Kanyakumari area in Bastar Craton, and ii) Kanker-Dhamtari Kerala) Central India, Chhattisgarh. During FS 2007-08, processing of aerogeophysical data involving 32,500 line km has been completed and final of contour maps have been prepared. Processing area multisensor aerogeophysical data of Baihar – Kutru facilities including laboratories. facilities including long-term collaboration on sharing of spatial on sharing of collaboration long-term databases. 8.14.3 Geochemical mapping is a worldwide technique not only for finding /managing/developing natural resources but also for application in environmental studies, public health and other societal issues. GSI has initiated a national geochemical mapping programme during 2001-02. During the X Plan period 1, 13,174 sq km and in XI Plan 33,143 sq km (up to March, 2009) the available laboratory has been covered. With techniques 68 elements are analysed up to the ‘Clarke’ level. The thrust on “Geochemical Mapping” shall be continuing in almost all the States especially in the mineral potential areas. The analytical results plotted as elemental contour diagrams on available geological and geophysical base maps/data sets are statistically analysed, under GIS platform. Geochemical Mapping (GCM) 8.14.2 GSI has launched specialized theme oriented 8.14.2 GSI has launched specialized items large-scale (1:25,000 or larger) studies/mapping complex geological from the VIII Plan period to resolve of 133899.5 sq. km. continuum and structures. A total current Plan period, has been completed and during the achieved (up to coverage of 6399 sq.km. has been March 2009). Specialised Thematic Mapping (STM) 8.14.1 The fundamental activity of GSI is the systematic 8.14.1 The fundamental activity of scale of the country. geological mapping on 1:50,000 3.146 million sq.km. Out of the total mappable areas of has 3.09248 million sq.km. (98.305%) of the country, of 280 sq. km. has already been completed. An area up to March 2009 been covered by systematic mapping during 2008-09. Performance of GSI during 2008-09 Performance Baseline Data 8.14 Geoscientific Geological Mapping Mapping Systematic Geological (c) Government infrastructure and Use of State (b) data, particularly State Government Sharing of in parts of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and conducting seabed surveys off Ganga and Mahanadi Maharashtra flown during the F.S. 2006 – 07, was under deltas and offshore Tamil Nadu, placer mineral resource progress. Geophysical modeling at the junction of the evaluation in the territorial waters off Isakalapalem, AP, Western and Eastern Dharwar Craton, Deccan Trap and geotechnical appraisal of inner shelf off covered Gondwana Basin in Nagpur-Wardha areas of Dibbalapalem to Santapalle, A. P. Maharashtra to delineate Gondwana basin under Seven cruises aboard the coastal research vessel R.V. Deccan Trap, west of Wardha valley. Arc GIS work Samudra Saudikama within the territorial water off the pertaining to topography and geology theme is west coast were undertaken for mapping of the sea complete and incorporation of airborne survey data is bed within the gulf of Kachchh off Mandvi, Gujarat, in progress. geotechnical appraisal off Murud-Janjira, Maharashtra Marine Survey and off Chellanum, Kerala, investigation for construction sand within territorial waters off Ponnani 8.14.6 Geological Survey of India carried out off shore & Chavakkad, Kerala coast, parametric studies within geo-scientific studies both in Exclusive Economic Zone territorial waters off Kerala coast between Ambalapuzha (EEZ) and Territorial Water (TW) along the East and and Anjengo (Ambalapuzha- Karunagapalli sector). West coasts of India. Surveys in the near shore zones

(00m-10m isobaths) were carried out using hired small 8.15 Mineral Resource Assessments GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (GSI) INDIA OF SURVEY GEOLOGICAL mechanical boats. The Marine Survey is to assess the Though mineral prospecting and exploration is open seabed minerals, seabed morphology and sedimentary to the private sector in the backdrop of liberalized processes. economic scenario of the country, GSI is regarded as Geological Survey of India has completed seabed the prime source for basic earth science data up to the mapping of 1,23,941 sq km within Territorial Water level of preliminary exploration. With the near and 18,48,318 sq km in the EEZ beyond Territorial exhaustion of resources in the proximity of the surface Waters till FS 2007-08. No cruise could be undertaken it has become imperative to adopt a multidisciplinary onboard RV Samudra Manthan due to major approach to mineral exploration. The resource overhauling of the ship. evaluation in GSI is done in conformity with the exploration input for G4, G3 and G2 (partly) stages of Eight cruises were launched in the Territorial Waters by the UNFC system. Present day mineral search and the coastal research vessel R.V. Samudra Kaustubh for assessment is being undertaken with special emphasis on deficient commodities of high value (e.g. gold, diamond, PGE etc.), strategic minerals (molybdenum, tungsten) as well as ores and minerals of high demand (basemetal, iron ore-haematite and magnetite, coal, lignite, limestone for steel industry etc.).

During the annual programme 2008-2009, 85 items are planned for mineral investigation of which 20 items are under coal/lignite, and 65 items belong to ore and mineral (including ground follow up of air borne anomalies). Of the 65 items, 17 items for gold, 11 for diamond, 20 of base metal, 3 of PGE and 6 of ferrous mineralsare taken up. The State wise and region wise break up of these items is given in Table 8.1 The officers of GSI carrying out Marine Survey in the Sea

48 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (GSI) 49 2 2 (ASGE) 3+1 (ASGE) 77+8 (ASGE) 11 11 11 1 1 17+3 (ASGE) (pge) anese 1 2 1 16+2 (ASGE) (ASGE) Minerals Table 8.1 Table 1+1(ASGE)2+2(ASGE) 9+1(ASGE) 6+2 5+6(ASGE) 2+ 3 5 1 5 2+1(ASGE) 1 19+1(ASGE) 17 Coal/lig Basemetal Gold Diamond Strategic Precious Iron Mang- Others Total State-wise as well as region-wise mineral investigations for FS 2008-09 investigations mineral as well as region-wise State-wise / REGION STATE STATE Andaman & Nicobar Islands BengalWest Sikkim JharkhandBiharOrissa 3 Eastern Sub Total: RegionMaharashtra 1 1Madhya PradeshChattisgarh Central Sub Total: 4 1Region 5 8RajasthanGujarat 4 2 Western Sub Total: 3 Region 1 1Andhra Pradesh 9 1 1 4 1+1(ASGE) 1(ASGE) 1 1+1(ASGE) 1(ASGE) 4 8 1 1+2(ASGE) 4 8 2 2+3(ASGE) 3 2 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 19+2(ASGE) 3+1(ASGE) 6 8+1(ASGE) 1 6+2(ASGE) 1 2 1 1 15 2 16 Karnataka & GoaKarnataka NaduTamil Kerala Southern Sub Total: RegionUttar Pradesh 1UttarakhandHimachal Pradesh 2 4 2 1 8 1 2+2(ASGE) 1 2 1 1 4 5 1 1 1 HaryanaPunjab Janmmu & Kashmir Northern Sub Total: RegionArunachal Pradesh Assam Manipur MeghalayaMizoram 2 Nagaland Tripura Sub total: Northeastern Region 4Grand Total 2+1(ASGE) 1 20 1 2+1(ASGE) 6 Physical inputs for implementation of above programmes two groups with a gap of 60 to 75m. Two promising were 110.80 sq. km for large-scale mapping, 20.305 zones with persistent gold values ranging from 0.43g/ sq. km of detailed mapping and 63078 metres drilling t X 1.92m to 1.82g/t X 4.21m true width are identified. (up to March, 2009)(Annexure 8.2). Laboratory supports During the FS 2007-08, a resource of 5.36 million in the form of chemical, petrological and mineralogical tonnes gold ore was estimated in Delwara West block, determinations were also given. Rajasthan with 2.09g/t gold. The total gold ore resource Coal & Lignite in Bhukia Gold Belt, Banswara District, Rajasthan, has been augmented from 55.22 million tonnes with 8.15.1 The exploration for coal has been carried out in 1.87g/t Au to 60.58 million tonnes with 1.89g/t Au. different Gondwana basins of Andhra Pradesh (1 items), Chhattisgarh (5 items), Jharkhand (5 items), Madhya In Sonakhan area, Raipur district, Chhattisgarh, a Pradesh (5 items), Orissa (5 items) and West Bengal (4 resource of 0.09 million tonne of gold mineralisation items) totaling 25 items in all, including 6 promotional was estimated with average grade of 0.93 g/t of gold. items. There were three exploration items for lignite, Diamond two in Rajasthan and one in Tamil Nadu out of which two items are promotional. 8.16.2 Two new kimberlite bodies (CGK-3 and 4) in

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (GSI) INDIA OF SURVEY GEOLOGICAL Regional exploration for coal and lignite under the ambit Chagapuram sub block, Mahaboobnagar district, of promotional drilling (8 items) sponsored by the Andhra Pradesh were discovered in addition to the pipes Ministry of Coal was carried out in FS 2007-2008. CGK -1 and CGK -2 discovered last year. Three boreholes were drilled to test the depth extension and The geological resources of coal of the country stand at to collect samples. 264.53 billion tonnes and the inventory of the lignite resource of the country based on data supplied by Platinoid Group of Elements (PGE) different agencies viz., NLC, MECL and DMG, Rajasthan, 8.16.3 PGE mineralisation in Hanumalapura block-A, a total of 38.93 billion tonnes of lignite has been Davangere district, Karnataka showed a strike length estimated as on 01.04.2008. An additional resource of of 1.8 km mineralized zone of which 1.0 km zone had 2760 million tonnes of coal has been assessed from the indicated a resource of 0.84 million tonnes of PGE ore. data generated from regional exploration by GSI during In the adjacent Hanumalapura Block – B and C, surface FS 2007-2008 (up to June, 08). Coal Wing, GSI has continuation of the mineralization has been established. formulated a total of 20 exploration items for FS 2008- Investigation in both the blocks was abandoned due 2009, out of which 17 items fall in CIL, 1 item in SCCL to adverse ground condition. and 2 items in lignite bearing areas. Moderate PGE values (0.24ppm Platinum and 0.52ppm Coal Bed Methane Palladium) for 225 m over a width of 6.0m has been 8.15.2 CBM study for in-situ gas content in delineated in Mettupalaiyam Ultramafic Complex, Gosainpahari-Siulibana block of Rajmahal-Birbhum Coimbatore and Erode districts, Tamil Nadu. Master basin gave highly under saturated in methane In Sittampundi Layered Ultramafic Complex, Namakkal value (0.03 cc/gm to 0.28 cc/gm) in most of the district, Tamil Nadu a prominent mineralized zone has samples. been traced for about 900m strike length with an 8.16 Resource Augmentation (non-coal sector) average grade/width of this zone being 1.68ppm (Pt+Pd) / 1.55m in the eastern part, 1.11ppm (Pt+Pd) Gold / 2.20m in the central part and 0.70ppm (Pt+Pd) / 8.16.1 Exploration for gold in Ajjanahalli Block - B, 1.20m in the western part. Tumkur district revealed six mineralized zones forming

50 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (GSI) 51 Uttarakhand. Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Sindhudurg, Maharashtra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Kurnool, yielded a resource of 0.65 million tonne of Mn ore at million tonne of resource of 0.65 yielded a (Bolani) North Extension In Lasarda cut – off. 20% Mn tonnes of 1.365 million additional resource block, an has average grade of 26.42% Mn of Mn ore with an In addition, 0.39 million 20% cut off. been estimated at grade (15-20 % Mn) manganese tonnes of marginal in this block. ore has been estimated Limestone for flux grade limestone in Niwar 8.16.7 Investigation has augmented a Madhya Pradesh district, area, Katni an average grade resource of 1.49 million tonnes with of 48% CaO. 8.17 Special Studies Geotechnical Investigations engineering two items of geotechnical and 8.17.1 Forty investigations were geological studies through 319 projects for undertaken related to civil engineering and water resource development, communication all the States of the miscellaneous projects in almost countries. Some of country as well as in neighboring as below: the important projects taken up are • projects, Hydroelectric Koteshewar Tehri, • Punjab Sagar Dam Project, Ranjit • Haryana Dam Project, Koshallia • District Shimla, Himachal HE Project, Luhri • line section, District Reasi, Rail Katra-Qazigund • District Project, Minor Irrigation Tank Vagada • District Vidisha, Madhya Sanjay Sagar Project, • Chattisgarh District Raipur, Project, Sikasar • Rajasthan Scheme, Pokaran, Billiya Reservoir • District Gorakallu balancing reservoir SRBC 8.16.6 Exploration for manganese in Bolani block, district, Orissa has Kendujhar belt, Bonai-Kendujhar Manganese Iron ore investigations are also continuing in the states Nadu and Rajasthan. of Chhattisgarh, Tamil Investigation for iron ore resources in selected free hold areas in NMDC block in parts of Sandur Schist belt, was continued during F.S. Bellary district, Karnataka 2007-08. A part of the resource estimated during the last year has been upgraded from G-4 to G-3 of UNFC Along with 55% system based on exploration activity. resource has been calculated at 45% and 50% cut-off, cut – off level also to know the grade- tonnage Fe variation at different cut – off grade. 8.16.5 A resource of 6.20 million tonnes of iron ore 8.16.5 A resource of 6.20 million has been estimated in with 55% to 60.6% Fe district, Orissa. In Ghoraburhani block, Sundergarh district, a area, Kendujhar Pathuripenth-Madhyapur of iron ore has been resource of 0.043 million tonnes estimated. Iron Ore Investigations for base metals are being carried out in Investigations for base metals are Haryana, Pradesh, the states of Maharashtra, Madhya and Meghalaya. Himachal Pradesh 8.16.4 Resource for basemetals has been augmented basemetals has for Resource 8.16.4 In Baniwala-ki-Dhani, Sikar in the State of Rajasthan. resources was augmented by 2.01 District, copper 20.18 million tonnes with an overall million tonnes to block the ore Cu. In Kundla-ki-Dhani grade of 0.47% to 2.71 million tonnes with resources were recalculated the of 0.37% Cu; augmenting an overall grade recalculation million tonnes. After resources by 0.78 block stands at 42.41 million the resource in Dokan an overall grade of 0.40% Cu with tonnes with an ore resources in augmentation of 16.85 million tonnes the recalculated this block. In Dokan North block an overall grade resource is 19.96 million tonnes with of 14.36 million of 0.37% Cu with an augmentation tonnes ore in the block. Basemetal • Mambazhathuraiyar Reservoir Project, District in the year 2004 on Landslide Hazard Risk Mitigation Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu in consultation with GSI and other Government and Non Government Agencies and entrusted GSI for its • Thottiyar HE Project, Kerala implementation and distribution of envisaged workload • Garhi Reservoir Scheme, District Chhatra, to other agencies. Jharkhand About 2425 sq. km. area covering about 615 line km road • Kalejkhola HE Project, West District, Sikkim, corridors have so far been completed by Landslide Hazard • Hadua Irrigation Project, District Cuttack. Orissa Zonation (LHZ) on Macro scale during F.S. 2007-08.

• Rammam Hydel Project, Stage-II, District LHZ studies on Meso-scale (1: 10,000) were carried Darjeeling, West Bengal, out in Joshimath, Chamoli District, Uttarakhand, • Chidyatapu Water Supply Scheme, South Munnar area, Idukkii District, Kerala, and Madikere Andaman Town, Coorg District, Karnataka. • Kameng H.E. Project, Arunachal Pradesh Preparation of Landslide Inventory, site specific study • Punatsangchhu Hydroelectric Project - I & II, and / or monitoring of landslide in different parts of Bhutan the country is being continued. Real time monitoring GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (GSI) INDIA OF SURVEY GEOLOGICAL through instrumentation in Survee landslide, Mussoorie, The detailed geotechnical investigation for the Uttarakhand and Hospital landslide, Coonoor District, conservation of the archaeological monuments at Tamil Nadu is being undertaken in collaboration with Ajanta & Ellora Caves District Aurangabad, Geological Survey, Canada to develop early warning Maharashtra, has been carried out. Geotechnical system in order to minimize loss of life and property. mapping of 3670 sq.m of inaccessible scarp housing Ajanta caves and 5950 sq.m in Ellora caves have been GSI has taken up two scientific research projects one completed. The tell-tale monitoring data of Ajanta each in Darjeeling district, West Bengal and in Nilgiri suggests movement in 15 caves along 28 cracks. Hills, Tamil Nadu in association with ITC, Netherlands.

Landslide Hazard Studies The Disaster Management Support (DMS) Control Room installed in the GSI’s New Delhi Office is 8.17.2 The National Core Group under the directives operational. The data on landslide incidences is being of Ministry of Home Affairs formulated an Action Plan transferred to the Disaster Management Support Network of Ministry of Home Affairs.

Earthquake Geology

8.17.3 GSI has long been engaged in seismic hazard assessment of earthquake prone areas by studying the possible source regions of earthquake (termed “active fault studies”) as well as study of the sites where the tremor is likely to cause considerable damage due to geological conditions (known as “seismic hazard microzonation”). In the study of active fault mapping, nature and characteristics of the seismogenic fault and its recurrence interval provide significant insights on the causative source. Active fault studies involving GSI scientist carrying out studies at Antarctica Station Maitri multifarious inputs of geological, geophysical,

52 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (GSI) 53 Indian st November, 2007. November, th Artic Expedition held in March 2008. Geoinformations Project 8.18 GSI net – Portal GSI Enterprise portal (http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in) 5 (Beta version) has been live since Study of recessional pattern of glaciers of Bhaga basin, of glaciers of Bhaga recessional pattern Study of for Panchi was undertaken - Spiti district, H.P. Lahaul glaciers. Nala II Panchi Nala I and Studies Antarctic & Arctic to participating in expeditions 8.17.6 GSI has been out 1981. The GSI team carried Antarctica since of studies on the shear zones thorough field and about 200 oriented samples Schirmacher Oasis for further studies in the laboratory have been brought in the tectonic and metamorphic to gain deeper insight observations glaciological history of the region. Routine of 65.5 cm were carried out revealing an accumulation shelf along Princess snow during 2007-08 on the ice of Dakshin Astrid Coast. Overall average recession Oasis during the Gangotri glacier snout in Schirmacher same period was recorded to be 1.10m. in the 1 members from GSI participated Two The Information Infrastructure is expected to be fully The Information Infrastructure is Area the Wide functional by the end of 2008 once The information commissioned fully. is Network (WAN) infrastructure once fully implemented will facilitate knowledge creation, paper less administration, comprehensive information management, dissemination of information amongst various stakeholders, revenue generation and e-governance and enhance the visibility of the organization and furthermore, provide a cost-effective means for its sustenance and growth. different Area Network (LAN) at Creation of Local offices of GSI and connecting these isolated LANs over IP VPN through MPLS (WAN) Area Network Wide connectivity will act as the backbone for all applications video- IP telephony, pertaining to GSI Portal, conferencing and corporate Internet connection. During of installation 2008-09 commissioning of WAN, 8.17.5 Detailed glaciological studies on Hamtah glacier, were carried out for the eighth District, H.P, Lahaul-Spiti consecutive year. Glaciological Studies Arsenic pollution in ground water has been a major Bihar and West problem in the Gangetic plains of U.P., Bengal. GSI has been working relentlessly to provide maps depicting arsenic free groundwater areas to the affected people. Studies on Arsenic pollution of ground water were also carried out in Imphal valley in Manipur, in collaboration with DGM, Manipur. 8.17.4 Twenty one geoenvironmental investigations 8.17.4 Twenty 2007-08.These include were taken up during F.S. Geo-environmental Appraisal, Site/Theme Regional Health Specific Geo-environmental Studies, Public and Studies on Coastal Hazards, Desert Geology, Dynamics & Fluvio-Geomorphic Dynamics. One item of Syn-Exploration Baseline Data Generation was also taken up. Geoenvironmental Studies Broad Band Seismic (BBS) observatories at Nagpur and (BBS) observatories at Nagpur Broad Band Seismic record earthquake Jabalpur are operated by GSI to local origin. Seismic events of the distant, regional and Khandwa district recording was also done at Sirsod, Madhya Pradesh. and Balapat, Burhanpur district of at Jabalpur The permanent geodetic GPS installed were kept operational and observatory and in Lucknow National GPS Data data was supplied regularly to for further Centre, Survey of India, Dehradun work out seismogenesis processing/interpretation. To seismograph of Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya, temporary the seismicity. network were deployed to monitor seismological, geodetic techniques, have been carried have been geodetic techniques, seismological, Spiti Punjab, of Haryana and Tear Ropar out in the North Tapi in Himachal Pradesh, fault Kaurik and Valley Nagrakata- and Madhya Pradesh, in Maharashtra Fault of sector in the Himalayan foothills Rajabhatkhawa and in the Bhutan foothills at Kokrajhar, Bengal West ground deformation study by DGPS Assam along with in Andaman Pradesh, of Arunachal in Dibang Valley Darjeeling and Great Bengal Fault, Islands and across Bengal. West North Dinajpur Districts, applications and connectivity at the Disaster Recovery map, and a special category map have been Centre (DRC) to ensure continuity of operations in the printed till the current FS. event of failure of the primary site will be achieved. ❒ During F.S. 2007–08, a total of 23 publications The portal meta- database is continuously being including five newsletters from different regions populated with information on published maps, have been released by GSI till July, 2008. unpublished progress reports (> 22,000), and different ❒ During 2008-09 the main thrust will be migration publications of GSI. A new section on State Geology of legacy data (especially, the 1:50, 000 map and Mineral maps published along with Misc. Pub 30 databases generated through Geoinformatics and has been incorporated. Map service on geology of India 1:50K map compilation and digitisation, Coal at 1: 5 million has been upgraded to 1: 2 million with block maps and seabed survey maps) and more information. Map services pertaining to Coal and incorporation of new data into the Enterprise GIS Marine Geology have also been updated. system. The Marine Geosciences database too is 8.19 Maps, Publication and Databases being enriched through population of data pertaining to 100 cruises (both EEZ and territorial 5,065 toposheets cover Indian Territory, of which 4440 waters). discrete maps · were compiled scrutinized and digitized.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (GSI) INDIA OF SURVEY GEOLOGICAL ❒ Creation of theme-based geoscientific database ❒ Out 334 quadrangle maps (scale 1:2, 50,000) continued in distributed centres and forty-seven suitable for printing, 289 maps have already been degree sheets are in various stages of completion. printed till June 2008. 12 maps are proposed for Data automation has been done in 1:50K, drilling, printing during F.S.2008-09. Mining Exploration, Geochemical, Geophysical, ❒ During FS 2007-08, compilation of seamless PGRS and Environment domains. All data geological map of South Asia on 1: 5M scale has generated through Geoinformatics project will be been completed for both lithostratigraphic and migrated to the Enterprise GIS system. structural layers. During FS 2008-09, it is proposed 8.20 Support Services to create database for polygon, arc and point features, through “Data input programme” as Human Resource Development & Training supplied by Commission for the Geological Map Since its inception in 1976, the Geological Survey of of the World. India Training Institute (GSI TI) has conducted over 700 ❒ Soft Copy Conversion of Geological Maps of training programmes (up to September 2008) and Archival Interest and Published Maps of GSI were trained 12,089 geoscientists of GSI, other earth science continued and about 8000 maps of archival organizations and universities of the country and also interest (from year 1840 – 1930) and some old geoscientists from ESCAP and SAARC countries. The sketches and maps (from year 1840 – 1860) were training programmes are focused on fundamentals and converted into softcopy. During FS 2007-08, soft applied aspects of geosciences viz. Geology, copy conversion and metadata base generation Geophysics, Geochemistry, Natural Hazards, Remote for 370 maps have already been done. Sensing, Drilling and Surveying. The Institute regularly conducts DST (Department of Science & Technology) ❒ GSI, Marine Wing, took up compilation of the supported programmes, ISRO (Department of Space) seabed maps covering the entire EEZ of India in supported Remote Sensing (NNRMS) programmes, 2° X 2° sheets. Accordingly, 63 EEZ maps and 149 customized courses for other agencies and territorial water maps are to be compiled. 22 administrative courses for the departmental personnel. sheets of EEZ maps, one sheet of Territorial water For strengthening the application of digital techniques

54 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (GSI) 55 GSI expedition at Antarctica Station Maitri Scientific Survey of Nayachar Island and its Island and Survey of Nayachar Scientific Bengal District, West East Midnapore environs, West Government of submitted to has been Bengal for approval. Nagaland has Radio, Kohima, work for All India 21,269/-). been approved (Rs.2, Ajanta & Ellora. were continued at MOIL paid MOIL during F.S.2007-08. payment for Rs. 12,00,606/- as an advance area. Tirodi Geophysical Survey to be done in North (vi) of the sponsored Geotechnical The Cost proposal (vii) ASI, geotechnical studies As per the MoU with (viii) MoU with NTPC and signed Region GSI, Central International MoUs are in operation The following bilateral agreements No. 8.2). (Table large number of In addition GSI participate in and workshops as international programmes, symposia No. 8.3. given in Table Survey of Apart from above programmes Geological – International India participates regularly in PDAC and investors exchange, Show, Convention, Trade is participating Mining Conference and Canada: World – ONE GEOLOGY. in the International Project on Punatsangchhu Hydro Electric Power Project- Hydro Electric Power on Punatsangchhu I, Bhutan at the cost proposal (Rs.23, 57,546/-) in respect of work concerning additional work around the Dam axis site and it other components is being finalised. for Geotechnical investigation for NAFRA Hydro i) approved Arunachal Pradesh Electric Project, at Rs. 6,47,749/-. for Geological investigation for NAFRA Hydro for Geological investigation for concluded at Arunachal Pradesh Electric Project, Rs. 3,76,671/-. Authority on environmental Geological on environmental Authority Rs.4, concluded at assessment on Jaipur Region 94,164/-. (v) A draft of MoU for Rs.71, 80,378/- on Techno (iv) Ltd MoU between GSI and WAPCOS Modified (iii) MoU between GSI, NER & SEW Construction Ltd. (ii) & SEW Construction Ltd. MoU between GSI, NER (i) and Jaipur Development MoU between GSI, WR MoUs have been concluded/being concluded with MoUs have been concluded/being agencies by GSI. several PSUs and Government Important among these are: MoUs with Central Organisations 8.21 Geoscience Partnerships During the Field Season 2007-08, 31 Training courses 31 Training Season 2007-08, During the Field one Institute. It included GSI Training were taken-up in courses, 7 technical orientation course, 13 scientific and 4 sponsored courses, 7 administrative courses courses. in Geoscientific data processing, a collaborative venture a collaborative data processing, in Geoscientific the Geological between INDIGEO named Project for Geo- Institute of India, International Survey and Maastricht Observation (ITC) information and Earth and (MSM), the Netherlands School of Management Geophysicists (AEG), India Association of Exploration ITC and is being continued with was launched in 1999 of commitments by the Government without financial India. Table 8.2 Bilateral Agreements of GSI with other Countries in operation

S.No. Country Date of MoU Subjects

1 Canada April 2004 • Development of a Mitigation Strategy to Manage Risk from Arsenic Toxicity in Groundwater of West Bengal, India. • Landslide Mitigation Project. 2. Netherlands July, 2007 • Project INDIGEO - 3 concerning “Collaboration in strengthening capabilities in the application of digital methods in Geological, geophysical, geo-chemical mapping and geo-hazard assessment”. The MoU is for 5 years. • The MoU was signed among GSI, NRSA and ITC for the Ph.D Programme (partly in India and partly in the Netherlands) for 3½ to 4 years on ‘Use of New Earth Observation Techniques for Landslide Hazard and Risk

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (GSI) INDIA OF SURVEY GEOLOGICAL Assessment’ in Himalaya and Nilgiri areas. 3. Australia May, 2005 • Cooperative Staff Development Related to Environmental Governance and Mine Rehabilitation’ 4. China January, 2008 • Dating of Indian Khondalites for Provenance Characterization and Correlation with similar rocks in other parts of the world. • Palaeo-climatic and Palaeo-environmental changes in Asian Continent through speleological studies with the aid of TIMS-U Dating and stable Isotope studies. • Technology exchange on sampling and laboratory methodologies used in geochemical mapping for mineral resources. 5. Nepal – • A MOU has been finalized for providing consultancy services to carryout geological/ geotechnical investigations for the Sapta Kosi and Sun Kosi projects, Nepal. 6. Bhutan February, 2008 • The MoU between GSI and Water and Power Consultancies Services (India) Ltd. (WAPCOS) concerning preparation of detailed project report for Punatsangchhu Hydro Electric Power Project - II, Bhutan was signed on 1st February 2008 and work is continuing. • GSI – CWC: GSI nominated an expert member for the Design Expert Team for the Dam Safety Inspection of Chhukha Dam, Bhutan on the request of Central Water Commission (CWC), Bhutan Investigation Division, Phuentsholing, Bhutan.

56 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (GSI) 57 and there are 11 are ongoing projects. Geological, geochemical and there are 11 are environment tectonism, metallogeny, and geophysical aspects, taken up for global analysis. etc., are the topics scale of 1:1.5 million. map of Asia on a Table No. 8.3 Table GSI scientist carrying out studies using helicopter on the Sea GSI’s participation in International symposia and workshops symposia in International GSI’s participation Correlation Programme (IGCP) Correlation Programme Map of the World geological the project for the compilation of the international 2. Commission for the Geological of GSI has been identified as Coordinator of South Asian part 1. Geological International for IGCP activity in India GSI is the accredited nodal agency S. No.S. Programme Nature of GSI’s participation