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Two Hundred Years of Natural History Museums in India

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Two Hundred Years of Natural History Museums in India Two Hundred Years of Natural History Museums in India Dr Jayanta Sthanapati E-mail: [email protected] Introduction natural world, covering major subject areas (2), Punjab (2), Rajasthan (2), Telangana (2), The first two natural history museums of such as zoology, botany, geology and their Chhattisgarh (1), Manipur (1). Only two the world were established in Europe during allied fields like palaeontology and physical Union Territories of Chandigarh and New 18th century. The Italian ‘Imperial and Royal anthropology. Collections of natural history Delhi, are having natural history museums, Museum of Physics and Natural History’, provide us information of biodiversity on one in each place. founded in 1775, in the city of Florence, Earth. In India 20 natural history galleries was the first public museum to display According to the International Council were set up as part of general museums, natural history specimens comprehensively. of Museums (ICOM), Natural History that also have galleries on art, archaeology, The next such museum was the ‘National Museums are institutions that collect, display anthropology, numismatics, crafts, paintings Museum of Natural History’, established in and research materials, collected or extracted and so on. The departments of zoology, Paris in 1793. from the natural world. The multifaceted botany, geology, etc. of many universities and purpose of such a museum is to: (i) build colleges also have natural history museums or store natural history collections, (ii) and they are 23 in number. There are 17 conduct research and interpret the results, fully dedicated natural history museums, but (iii) support the purpose of science and their size and collection vary widely. biological conservation, (iv) enhance public understanding and appreciation of the General Museums with natural world, and (v) collaborate with the Natural History Galleries public in deriving their own meaning from The Oriental Museum of Asiatic Society the natural heritage they encounter in the of Bengal (later named Indian Museum) museum and in nature. was established in Calcutta in 1814, with Indian Museum, Calcutta two major sections – one of archaeological in late 19th century Natural History Museums and ethnological materials and the other of by the numbers in India zoological and geological specimens. With In India the first museum was During last two hundred years (1814- the establishment of this museum, collection established in Calcutta (now Kolkata) in 2013) sixty natural history museums or and display of natural history specimens 1814. Named as Oriental Museum of the natural history galleries have been set up in began in India. Asiatic Society of Bengal, this museum had various parts of India. Distribution of the The next significant natural history various natural history objects on display institutions in seventeen states is as follows: display was in Government Museum from the very beginning. The museum was Uttar Pradesh (14), Maharashtra (6), Tamil and National Art Gallery, Madras (now later named Indian Museum. Nadu (6), Gujarat (4), Karnataka (3), Kerala Chennai), which was opened in 1851. The The term ‘Natural History’ is used (3), Uttarakhand (3), West Bengal (3), Assam for scientific study of all objects of the (2), Bihar (2), Madhya Pradesh (2), Odisha Table 1. Growth of Natural History Museums or Galleries in India Eight quarters of 1814- 1839- 1864- 1889- 1914- 1939- 1964- 1989- Total 25 years each 1838 1863 1888 1913 1938 1963 1988 2013 General Museums with Natural 1 4 3 1 3 5 2 1 20 History Galleries Natural History Museums in - - 2 5 5 8 3 - 23 Universities and Colleges Dedicated Natural History - - 2 2 - 1 6 6 17 Museums Total 1 4 7 8 8 14 11 7 60 Skeleton of crocodile in Indian Museum Dream 2047, October 2016, Vol. 19 No. 1 32 Natural History Museums in India at Meerut College (1892), Botany Museum Museum, a natural history museum, was of Christ Church Colllege, Kanpur established in 1902 in Coimbatore. Next (1896) and Central College Museum, was the Bengal Natural History Museum Bengaluru (1898). However, eighteen more set up in Darjeeling, West Bengal in 1903. departmental museums, spread all over the However, no more dedicated natural history country, were established during the 20th museum was established before India’s century. These are known as, Museum of independence. In 1961 a unique Museum the Forest Research Institute, Dehradun of Arthropods was set up in Pune. A very (1906), Zoological Museum (1906) and large natural history museum was opened in Agahrkar Museum (1923), both in Allahabad Thiruvananthapuram in 1964. Two natural University, Botany and Zoology Museum, history museums attached to the nearest I T college, Lucknow (1921), Zoology zoological gardens were established in Specimens of lions in Baroda Museum Museum, Annamalai University, Annamalai Ahmedabad (1974) and Hyderabad (1979). and Picture Gallery, Vadodara Nagar (1929), Museum of Plant Fossils, So far, only two natural history museums Lucknow (1929), Botany and Zoology have been established in the northeast – Museum of Natural History, Economic Museum, Madras Christian College (1937), they are Assam Forest Museum, Guwahati Geology, Industry and Art was established Geological Sciences Museum, Guwahati (1983) and Biological Museum, Imphal in Mumbai in 1855. Two general museums, University (1950), Geological Museum, (1989). Five natural history museums with set up in 1863, namely, State Museum, Lucknow University (1951), Botany thematic galleries and extensive educational Lucknow and Central Museum, Nagpur Museum, T D College, Jaunpur (1956), activities were established in New Delhi also had added natural history galleries. Museum of the Botanical Survey of India, (1978), Mysore (1995), Bhopal (1997), Government Museum, Bangalore (now Dehradun (1956), Zoological Museum, D A Bhubaneswar (2004), and Sawai Madhopur Bengaluru) established in 1865 too has V College, Muzaffarnagar (1958), Geology (2014). A government natural history important natural history sections. Three and Geophysics Museum, University of museum was established in Chandigarh in more museums – Mahant Ghasidas Memorial Roorkee (1960), Botany Museum, Punjab 2001 and another such private museum was Museum, Raipur (1875), Watson Museum, University, Chandigarh (1960), Zoology opened at Thar in Rajasthan (2007). Rajkot (1888), and Baroda Museum and Museum, Punjab University, Chandigarh Picture Gallery, Vadodara (1894), had set (1960), University Museum of Science and Highlights of some Natural up galleries on natural history in the 19th Culture, Aligarh Muslim University (1964), History Museums century. The next eleven natural history Shri Jainarain College, Lucknow (1973), galleries, set up as part of general museums and Geology Museum, Indian Statistical I. Early Natural History in the country, were at Patna Museum Institute, Kolkata (1977). Museums in Mumbai (1917), Prince of Wales Museum of Western The first museum in the western part of India, Mumbai (1921), Municipal Museum, India was opened in Mumbai in 1855. It Gwalior (1922), Museum of Antiquities, was named the Central Museum of Natural Jamnagar (1946), Prabhas Patan Museum History, Economic Geology, Industry and (1951), Government Museum, Faizabad Arts. It was set up at the Town Barracks in (1954), Bundelkhand Chhatrasal Museum, Colaba area of the city and the Secretary of Banda (1955), Chandradhari Museum, Bombay Geographical Society, Dr George Darbhanga (1957), Salipur Museum (1975), Buist was appointed as the Secretary and Government Museum, Vellore (1985) and B Curator of the Museum. At that time, M Birla Science Centre, Hyderabad (2000). the museum was just a treasure house of decorative and industrial arts. But in 1857, Natural History Museums in when India declared its first rebellion for independence, British troops were stationed Universities and Colleges Timber Gallery in Forest Research th at the Town Barracks. This led to the shifting Since late 19 century many Indian Institute, Dehradun universities and colleges realised the of the Central Museum to a different place. importance of natural history collections in Dedicated Natural Right after the 1857 war died out, British innovative undergraduate science education. History Museums Crown took over the governance of India. As a result, departmental natural history There are seventeen dedicated natural A group of intellectuals of Bombay, both museums were set up. Maharaj’s College in history museum in India. The first such of British and Indian origin decided to Ernakulam had first such facility, a Zoology museum was established by the Bombay establish the Central Museum at a new Museum in 1874. The museum is still in Natural History Society in Bombay (now and prominent location in the city and operation. Only four more were there in Mumbai) in 1883. Only after two years a dedicate the museum to Queen Victoria. that century, Natural History Museum at natural history museum was opened in 1885 Sir Henry Frere, Governor of Bombay laid St. Joseph’s College, Tiruchirapalli (1881), at Thrissur under the Kerala State Museum the foundation stone of this Museum on Museum of the School of Plant Morphology and Zoological Garden. The Gass Forest November 19, 1862. Funds were collected 31 Dream 2047, October 2016, Vol. 19 No. 1 Natural History Museums in India from the public as well as the Government a gallery on ‘An Introduction to Natural and the museum came to existence in 1872. History’. The initial expenditure amounted Since it was built
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