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A Survey of Three Key Species of Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Monarthrum Scutellare, Xyleborus Dispar, Xyleborinus Saxesenii) in Oregon's Willamette

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A Survey of Three Key Species of Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Monarthrum Scutellare, Xyleborus Dispar, Xyleborinus Saxesenii) in Oregon's Willamette AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Eryn E. Cramer for the degree of Honors Baccalaureate of Science in Bioresource Research presented on May 13, 2005. Title: A Survey of Three Key Species of Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scol3jinae: Monarthrum scutellare. Xvleborus dispar. Xyleborinus saxesenii) in Oregon's Willamette Valley Nursery Industry Abstract approved: Robin Rosetta The nursery industry plays a critical role in Oregon's economy. An increase in wood-boring insect,orborer,activityhas impactedtheindustry.The goal of this research is to determinekey borerspecies in the nurseryindustry,flight times so targeted sprayschedules can be established, and assess grower knowledgeof borerissues and their management.Ambrosiabeetles werefound to be important with focus on three key species:Monarthrum scutellare(LeConte),Xyleborus dispar (F.), and Xyleborinus saxesenii(Ratzeburg).Flight times were monitoredfrom 7 May 2003 to3 September 2003 and 18 February 2004 to 1 September2004, usingLindgren funnel traps. The greatest numberof ambrosiabeetlesfor allspeciespeaked in April, witha later peak in JuneforX saxesenii.The greatestnumber of specimens collectedwasX saxesenii.All species combined, a greaternumber ofambrosia beetleswere trapped in 2003 than in 2004. A survey ofgrowers in the WillametteValleyindicates that retail container operations spend more moneyon control thanwholesale field growers.The average loss of trees was greaterin 2003 than in2004. Both retail and wholesalegrowers feel that ambrosia beetles are of equal importance.Well managedcrops,with respect toirrigation and soil compaction,are thebest defense against ambrosiabeetles. 0 ©Copyright by Eryn E. Cramer May 13, 2005 All Rights Reserved A Survey of Three Key Species of AmbrosiaBeetles(Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae:Monarthrum scutellare, Xyleborus dispar, Xyleborinus saxesenii)in Oregon's Willamette Valley Nursery Industry by Eryn E. Cramer A PROJECT submitted to Oregon StateUniversity Bioresource Research and 0 University Honors College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Honors Bachelors of Science in Bioresource Research (Honors Associate) PresentedMay 13, 2005 CommencementJune12, 2005 0 Honors Bachelor ofScience in Bioresource Researchproject of Eryn E. Cramer presentedon May 13, 2005. APPROVED: Robin(Rosetta, re resenting Horticulture ainesAltland,representing Horticulture Anita Azarenko,representingBioresource Research DeanUniversityHonors College I understand that my project will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University, University Honors College. My signature below authorizes release of my project to any reader upon request. Eryn E. Cramer 0 Acknowledgment I would like to give special thanks to Sarah Doane for her assistance with the collection of specimens and all the hard work that she has done to help me complete this project. I would also like to thank the Oregon State University's Rural Science Education Program and the National Science Education GK-12 grant No. 0139372 for their position as a teaching fellow for the 2003-2004 school year. I 0 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 Willamette Valley nursery industry .........................................................................1 A problem emerges ..................................................................................................2 Tennessee and Oregon combine forces ....................................................................3 A shift in focus .........................................................................................................3 TAXONOMY ......................................................................................................................5 Ambrosia beetles ......................................................................................................5 Oak ambrosia beetle(Monarthrum scutellare(LeConte)) ......................................5 Europeanshot-hole borer(Xyleborus dispar(F.)) ...................................................6 Lesser European shot-hole borer(Xyleborinus saxesenii(Ratzeburg)) ...................7 OBJECTIVES......................................................................................................................8 MATERIALS AND METHODS.........................................................................................9 Borer survey .............................................................................................................9 Flatheaded borer (Buprestidae) survey ....................................................................9 Ambrosia beetle (Scolytinae) survey .......................................................................9 Grower survey ........................................................................................................10 RESULTS ..........................................................................................................................11 DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................13 Healthy trees ..........................................................................................................14 Monitoring .............................................................................................................14 0 Infestations .............................................................................................................15 0 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DISCUSSION CONTINUED ............................................................................................15 Integrated management options.............................................................................15 REFERENCES..................................................................................................................28 APPENDIX ........................................................................................................................30 0 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Monarthrum scutellare-Male approximately 3.0 mm long ......................................17 2. Monarthrum scutellare-Female approximately 3.0 mm long ...................................18 3. Xyleborus dispar-Female approximately 3.0 mm long .............................................19 4. Life Stages ofXyleborus dispar,Female. Left- larval stage, middle- pupal and right adult ...................................................................................................................20 5. The sexual dimormpism ofXyleborus disparwith female about 2.0 mm on left and male about 1.5 mm on right ................................................................................21 6. Xyleborinus saxesenii-Female approximately 2.0 mm long ......................................22 7. Flight times for three key species of ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculioidae: Scolytinae: Monarthrum scutelllare, Xyleborus dispar, Xyleborinus saxesenii) in the upper Willamette Valley in 2003 (n=4) ...........................................................23 8. Flight times for three key species of ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculioidae: Scolytinae: Monarthrum scutelllare, Xyleborus dispar, Xyleborinus saxesenii) L in the upper Willamette Valley in 2004 (n=9) ...........................................................24 9. Cost of controlfor ambrosia beetles in retail and wholesale operations in the upper WillametteValley bothin containers and field crops(n=25) ..........................25 10. The loss of treesin retail and wholesale nurseriesin the upper Willamette Valley in 2003 and 2004 due to ambrosia beetles (n=25) .....................................................26 11. The importance of ambrosia beetles to retail and wholesale nursery growers in the upper WillametteValleyon a scale of 0 to 5 with 0 being not important and 5 being veryimportant(n=25) ......................................................................................27 E C Introduction WillametteValleynursery industry The Northwest is one of the most diverse agricultural areas in the United States. Over 170 agricultural commodities are grown in the Willamette Valley (UDSA-OASS 2003). The majority of these goods are exported to other states and countries, making agriculturean essentialpart of many Oregonians lives. The nursery industry plays a key role in the agricultural marketplace. Nursery crops have been ranked Oregon's number one agricultural commodity. Net sales for nursery and greenhouse industries were $727 million in 2002 and $779 million in 2003 (USDA-OASS 2002, 2003). The ability for nursery production to flourish is due to the Willamette Valley's climateand itsdiversity of soils. The majority of the country L experiences cold drywintersand/or hot drysummers,whichcausestress for nursery crops. In contrast, the Willamette Valley, with moderate winters and cool dry summers, is an ideal location to grow a diversity of nursery crops. The other characteristic of the valley that allows for a diverse production of quality crops is the variety of soil types. Areas that contain high percentages of sand, or sandy soil textures, create excellent bareroot operations. Sandy soils fall easily off roots,limitingthe amount of soil shipped out of the field. Soils with high percentages of clay provide the soil structure necessary for balled and burlapped productions. Clay soils stick to roots and create a root ball that is easily
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