DOCSLIB.ORG

W. C. Clark and the Politics of Canadian Housing Policy, 1935-1952 John Bacher

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
W. C. Clark and the Politics of Canadian Housing Policy, 1935-1952 John Bacher Document generated on 09/28/2021 9:10 a.m. Urban History Review Revue d'histoire urbaine W. C. Clark and the Politics of Canadian Housing Policy, 1935-1952 John Bacher Volume 17, Number 1, June 1988 Article abstract To a remarkable extent the course of Canadian housing policy from 1935 to URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1017697ar 1952 was set by the deputy minister of finance, W. C. Clark. By developing DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/1017697ar programs that stimulated the building of new homes for sale, he was able to deflect growing calls for a substantial federal program of subsidized low rental See table of contents housing. Working in close consultation with representatives of mortgage-lending institutions, including D'Arcy Leonard, and with David Mansur, inspector of mortgages for Sun Life and later president of Central Publisher(s) Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Clark was able to build an alliance of realty interests, home builders, life insurance companies, and material supply Urban History Review / Revue d'histoire urbaine companies, such as retail lumber dealers. This alliance prevailed over public-housing supporters: trade unions, large construction companies, ISSN architects, social workers and urban planners. Clark was largely responsible for drafting the Dominion Housing Act of 1935 and the national housing acts of 0703-0428 (print) 1938 and 1944. Although all his legislation was geared to building new homes, 1918-5138 (digital) and reducing political criticism, these acts also contained misleading and unworkable provisions for low-income housing. During World War II Clark Explore this journal reluctantly accepted rent-control and federal rental housing, but he restricted their scope and oversaw their phasing out by his long-time associate Mansur. Clark was also crucial in developing government programs that fostered large Cite this article residential builders to plan future urban communities. Bacher, J. (1988). W. C. Clark and the Politics of Canadian Housing Policy, 1935-1952. Urban History Review / Revue d'histoire urbaine, 17(1), 4–15. https://doi.org/10.7202/1017697ar All Rights Reserved © Urban History Review / Revue d'histoire urbaine, 1987 This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online. https://apropos.erudit.org/en/users/policy-on-use/ This article is disseminated and preserved by Érudit. Érudit is a non-profit inter-university consortium of the Université de Montréal, Université Laval, and the Université du Québec à Montréal. Its mission is to promote and disseminate research. https://www.erudit.org/en/ The Hon. Herbert Alexander Bruce, Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, chairman of a committee on housing conditions in Toronto which recommended the creation of a national housing commission to provide grants to municipalities and provinces for low-rental housing. CTA. Globe and Mail Collection 644306, 24 April 1937 4 Urban History Review/Revue d'histoire Urbaine Vol. XVII No. I (June 1988) W. C Clark and the Politics of Canadian Housing Policy, 1935-1952 John Bâcher Abstract To a remarkable extent the course of Lawrence B. Smith's neo-conservative Construction, he gave an academic Canadian housing policy from 1935 to assessment of Canadian housing policy sanctification to the tendency of the real- 1952 was set by the deputy minister of praised the formative years, 1935 to 1954, as estate market to intensify the capitalization of finance, W. C. Clark. By developing a sort of golden era, from which successive land and to make this the basis for programs that stimulated the building governments have deviated along a socialist skyscraper construction. They wrote that the of new homes for sale, he was able to course that has jeopardized national housing optimal height of a building was the level at deflect growing calls for a substantial standards.1 Federal housing policy did flow which the owner's returns were maximized, federal program of subsidized low along lines that would today win applause which he calculated to be 63 stories given rental housing. Working in close from neo-conservative thinkers, largely the state of existing technology, although the consultation with representatives of because the designers of these policies in level would rise as land values increased. mortgage-lending institutions, including Ottawa held similar views. This was Clark warned that restrictions on the height D'Arcy Leonard, and with David especially true in the case of William Clifford of skyscrapers would invite disaster. He Mansur, inspector of mortgages for Clark, the deputy minister of finance, who viewed "the whole economic fabric of Sun Life and later president of Central was the foremost shaper of Canadian society" as being "built to an important Mortgage and Housing Corporation, housing policy from the first permanent degree upon current property values." Clark was able to build an alliance of program in 1935 until his death in 1952. He Looking forward to the days when such realty interests, home builders, life would draft the critical Dominion Housing Act trends would place an entire city in one insurance companies, and material of 1935 in close association with the mortgage skyscraper, he believed it would be "the most supply companies, such as retail lumber companies, fight a successful battle to curtail profoundly efficient concept of gigantic size dealers. This alliance prevailed over and wind down socialized housing initiatives ever created by man." With land public-housing supporters: trade created during World War II, and confuse development being undertaken by large unions, large construction companies, social reformers with a dazzling array of capitalists, the city's future would "be in more architects, social workers and urban legislative complexities that disguised the responsible hands" ensuring also "more planners. Clark was largely responsible intent of his policies. Clark, in cooperation scientific determination of supply and for drafting the Dominion Housing Act with his close associate, David Mansur, also demand conditions."3 of 1935 and the national housing acts created a federal housing agency, Central of 1938 and 1944. Although all his Mortgage and Housing Corporation, with an Clark's beliefs in the value of big business in legislation was geared to building new explicit mandate to encourage private land development and his firm conviction in homes, and reducing political criticism, enterprise in the housing field. the virtues of the free market in land and these acts also contained misleading housing finance, which would characterize and unworkable provisions for low- In many ways Clark carried out the tradition his housing policies, were firmly shaped income housing. During World War 11 of free-market liberalism so favoured by when he was appointed to the post of deputy Clark reluctantly accepted rent-control Oscar Douglas Skelton (1878-1941), his minister of finance by Prime Minister R.B. and federal rental housing, but he mentor and one of the founders of the Bennett, on the advice of Skelton.4 Clark did restricted their scope and oversaw their modem Canadian civil service! Clark's not recommend heavy expenditures for phasing out by his long-time associate earliest work in opposition to government public works, such as subsidized housing, as Mansur. Clark was also crucial in regulations, in 1917, in the grain trade, was an answer to depression-era unemployment. developing government programs that clearly along these lines and was not Although he has gained a reputation as the fostered large residential builders to fundamentally altered either by his founder of Canadian Keynesianism, Clark plan future urban communities. remarkable experience as a pioneering advocated only that governments plan public Canadian labour statistician or by his works to counter recessions by not blindly association with labour educator Edmund cutting back in hard times and thus 2 Resume Bradwin, during years of labour turmoil from aggravating employment difficulties. He 1918 to 1923. Clark's sojourn in the United stressed that he did not "wish to be quoted De 1935 à 1952, le Ministre des States as an investment consultant and as advocating the expenditure of large sums Finances W. C. Clark détermine, dans executive for the real estate firm of L. W. of money in construction of public works for une très large mesure, révolution de la Strauss and Company from 1923 to 1932 the relief of unemployment." Instead he politique canadienne de logement. appears to have reinforced his free-market simply advocated "the expenditure of Clark parvient à faire dévier de leur thinking. In a book coauthored with J. L forethought." In 1931 he told a civil service objectifies demandes croissantes en Kingston for the American Institute of Steel gathering: 5 Urban History Review/Revue d'histoire Urbaine Vol. XVII No. 1 (June 1988) Canadian Housing Policy, 1935-52 favour de l'instauration d'un As citizens of local municipalities let us take housing surveys of 1934 and 1935 programme fédéral substantiel d'aide to heart the warnings and good advice respectively. The reports of these surveys aux logements à loyer modique, en recently tendered by the Canadian Bankers' argued that subsidized housing for low- créant des programmes qui servent à Association to exorcise administrative waste income families should become a stimuler la construction et la vente de and reduce borrowings to a minimum.5 government responsibility. The Montreal nouvelles maisons. Travaillant en étroite report concluded that "the provision of low consultation avec les représentants des Under conditions of prosperity such as those rental housing" would tend "to reduce under• institutions de prêts hypothécaires, that existed in the short-lived boom in home nourishment, tuberculosis, hospitalization, notamment avec d'Arcy Leonard et construction from 1923 to 1929, Clark would destitution, with their attendant social costs, David Mansur, alors vérificateur des never have encouraged any housing and to release woking class purchasing hypothèques à la Sun Life et par la legislation.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Rhetoric of Trade and the Pragmatism of Policy: Canadian and New Zealand Commercial Relations with Britain, 1920-1950 Francine Mckenzie [email protected]
    Western University Scholarship@Western History Publications History Department 2010 The Rhetoric of Trade and the Pragmatism of Policy: Canadian and New Zealand Commercial Relations with Britain, 1920-1950 Francine McKenzie [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/historypub Part of the History Commons Citation of this paper: McKenzie, Francine, "The Rhetoric of Trade and the Pragmatism of Policy: Canadian and New Zealand Commercial Relations with Britain, 1920-1950" (2010). History Publications. 390. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/historypub/390 THE RHETORIC OF TRADE AND THE PRAGMATISM OF POLICY: CANADIAN AND NEW ZEALAND COMMERCIAL RELATIONS WITH BRITAIN, 1920-1950 Francine McKenzie Department of History The University of Western Ontario INTRODUCTION In April 1948 Prime Minister Mackenzie King pulled Canada out of secret free trade negotiations with the United States. Although many officials in the Department of External Affairs believed that a continental free trade agreement was in Canada’s best interests, King confided to his diary that he could not let the negotiations go forward because a successful outcome would destroy the British Empire and Commonwealth: ‘I am sure in so doing, I have made one of the most important decisions for Canada, for the British Commonwealth of Nations that has been made at any time.’1 In October 1949, while being fêted in London, Prime Minister Sydney Holland of New Zealand, made one of his characteristic spontaneous and ill considered statements. He declared, ‘I want the people of Britain to know that we will send all the food that they need, even if we have to send it free’.2 These two stories tell historians a lot.
    [Show full text]
  • PART III.—REGISTER of OFFICIAL APPOINTMENTS* the Following List Includes Official Appointments for the Period Sept
    1164 MISCELLANEOUS DATA PART III.—REGISTER OF OFFICIAL APPOINTMENTS* The following list includes official appointments for the period Sept. 1, 1962 to Nov. 15, 1963, continuing the list published in the 1962 Year Book at pp. 1176-1181. Appointments to the Governor General's staff, judicial appointments other than those to the Supreme Court of Canada, and appointments of limited or local importance are not included. Queen's Privy Council for Canada.—1962. Oct. 15, Mark Robert Drouin, Sillery, Que.; and Roland Michener, Toronto, Ont.: to be members. Dec. 21, Rt. Hon. John George Diefenbaker, Prime Minister of Canada: to be President. 1963. Feb. 12, Marcel- Joseph-Aime Lambert, Edmonton, Alta.: to be a member. Feb. 20, Major-General Georges P. Vanier, Governor General of Canada: to be a member. Mar. 18, J.-H. Theogene Ricard, St. Hyacinthe, Que.; Frank Charles McGee, Don Mills, Ont.; and Martial Asselin, La Malbaie, Que.: to be members. Apr. 22, Walter Lockhart Gordon, Toronto, Ont.; Mitchell Sharp, Toronto, Ont.; Azellus Denis, Montreal, Que.; George James Mcllraith, Ottawa, Ont.; William Moore Benidickson, Kenora, Ont.; Arthur Laing, Vancouver, B.C.; John Richard Garland, North Bay, Ont.; Lucien Cardin, Sorel, Que.; Allan Joseph Mac- Eachen, Inverness, N.S.; Jean-Paul Deschatelets, Montreal, Que.; Hedard Robichaud, Caraquet, N.B.; J. Watson MacNaught, Summerside, P.E.I.; Roger Teillet, St. Boniface, Man.; Miss Judy LaMarsh, Niagara Falls, Ont.; Charles Mills Drury, Westmount, Que.; Guy Favreau, Montreal, Que.; John Robert Nicholson, Vancouver, B.C.; Harry Hays, Calgary, Alta.; Rene Tremblay, Quebec, Que.; and Maurice Lamontagne, Montreal, Que.: to be members, Maurice Lamontagne to be also President.
    [Show full text]
  • 1866 (C) Circa 1510 (A) 1863
    BONUS : Paintings together with their year of completion. (A) 1863 (B) 1866 (C) circa 1510 Vancouver Estival Trivia Open, 2012, FARSIDE team BONUS : Federal cabinet ministers, 1940 to 1990 (A) (B) (C) (D) Norman Rogers James Ralston Ernest Lapointe Joseph-Enoil Michaud James Ralston Mackenzie King James Ilsley Louis St. Laurent 1940s Andrew McNaughton 1940s Douglas Abbott Louis St. Laurent James Ilsley Louis St. Laurent Brooke Claxton Douglas Abbott Lester Pearson Stuart Garson 1950s 1950s Ralph Campney Walter Harris John Diefenbaker George Pearkes Sidney Smith Davie Fulton Donald Fleming Douglas Harkness Howard Green Donald Fleming George Nowlan Gordon Churchill Lionel Chevrier Guy Favreau Walter Gordon 1960s Paul Hellyer 1960s Paul Martin Lucien Cardin Mitchell Sharp Pierre Trudeau Leo Cadieux John Turner Edgar Benson Donald Macdonald Mitchell Sharp Edgar Benson Otto Lang John Turner James Richardson 1970s Allan MacEachen 1970s Ron Basford Donald Macdonald Don Jamieson Barney Danson Otto Lang Jean Chretien Allan McKinnon Flora MacDonald JacquesMarc Lalonde Flynn John Crosbie Gilles Lamontagne Mark MacGuigan Jean Chretien Allan MacEachen JeanJacques Blais Allan MacEachen Mark MacGuigan Marc Lalonde Robert Coates Jean Chretien Donald Johnston 1980s Erik Nielsen John Crosbie 1980s Perrin Beatty Joe Clark Ray Hnatyshyn Michael Wilson Bill McKnight Doug Lewis BONUS : Name these plays by Oscar Wilde, for 10 points each. You have 30 seconds. (A) THE PAGE OF HERODIAS: Look at the moon! How strange the moon seems! She is like a woman rising from a tomb. She is like a dead woman. You would fancy she was looking for dead things. THE YOUNG SYRIAN: She has a strange look.
    [Show full text]
  • Canada's Policy Towards Communist China, 1949-1971
    Lakehead University Knowledge Commons,http://knowledgecommons.lakeheadu.ca Electronic Theses and Dissertations Electronic Theses and Dissertations from 2009 2014-01-22 Canada's policy towards Communist China, 1949-1971 Holomego, Kyle http://knowledgecommons.lakeheadu.ca/handle/2453/494 Downloaded from Lakehead University, KnowledgeCommons CANADA’S POLICY TOWARDS COMMUNIST CHINA, 1949-1971 by Kyle Holomego A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of History Lakehead University December 2012 1 Abstract The decision of the Canadian government in 1970 to recognize the People’s Republic of China, which controlled Mainland China, as the official government of China, as opposed to the Republic of China, which only controlled Taiwan, was the end result of a process lasting more than two decades. In that time frame, Canada’s China policy would undergo many different shifts. A close examination shows that these shifts were closely linked to the shifting attitudes of successive Canadian leaders. Four different prime ministers would serve in office during Canada’s recognition process, and the inauguration of each prime minister signaled a shift in Canada’s China policy. The issue of recognizing the People’s Republic of China was intertwined with several other issues that were important to Canada. Among these were the economic potential of China, Canada’s need for collective agreements to ensure its security, the desire of the United States to influence Canadian policy, and the desire of Canadian officials to demonstrate the independence of Canadian policy. Of the four prime ministers, three – Louis St.
    [Show full text]
  • The Privy Council 77
    THE PRIVY COUNCIL 77 S.—Members of the Queen's PriTy Council for Canada According to Seniority Therein, as at Sept. 3*, 1967 President of the Privy COUBCU Hon. WALTER LOCKHABT GORDOK Clerk of the Privy Council and Secretary to the Cabinet R. G. ROBERTSON NOTE.—In this list the prefix "Rt. Hon." indicates memberahip in the British Privy Council, except for the Rt. Hon. Roland Michener who is entitled to be so styled as Governor General of Canada. Date When Member* Member! Date When Sworn In Sworn In Hon. THOMAS ALEXANDER CEERAR. .. Oct. 1917 Hon. NoiSL DORIOH Oct. 11 1960 Hon. HENRY HERBERT STEVENS Sept. 1921 Hon. WALTER DINSDALS Oct. 11 1960 Hon. EDWARD JAMES MCMURRAY Nov. 1923 Hon. GEORGE ERNEST HALPENNT Oct. 11 1960 Rt. Hon. CHARLES VINCENT MASSEY.. Sept. 1926 Hon. WALTER MORLEY ASELTINE Dec. 28 1961 H.R.H. The DUKE or WINDSOR Aug. 1927 Hon. LESLIE MISCAMPBELL FROST Deo. 28 1961 Hon. DONALD MATHESON SUTHERLAND Aug. 1930 Hon. JACQUES FLYNN Dec. 28 1961 Hon. THOMAS GEEOW MURPHY Aug. 1930 Hon. JOHN BRACKEN May 4 1962 Hon. WiLUAM EARL ROWI Aug. 1936 Hon. PAUL MARTINBAU Aug. 9 1962 Hon. CHARLES GAVAN POWER Oct. 1936 Hon. RICHARD ALBERT BELL Aug. 9 1962 Hon. COLIN WILLIAM GEORGE GIBSON . July 1940 Hon. MALCOLM WALLACE MCCUTCHEON. Aug. 9 1962 Hon. JOSEPH THORABINN THORSON. .. June 1941 Rt. Hon. ROLAND MICHENER Oct. 15 1962 Hon. WILLIAM FERDINAND ALFHONSE Hon. MARCEL LAMBERT Feb. 12 1963 TURGEON Oct. 1941 Hon. TnioofeNE RICAED Mar. 18 1963 Rt. Hon. LOUIS STEPHEN ST. LAURENT. Dec. 1941 Hon.
    [Show full text]
  • Canada's Response to the 1968 Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia
    Canada’s Response to the 1968 Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia: An Assessment of the Trudeau Government’s First International Crisis by Angus McCabe A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2019 Angus McCabe ii Abstract The new government of Pierre Trudeau was faced with an international crisis when, on 20 August 1968, the Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia. This study is the first full account of the Canadian government’s response based on an examination of the archival records of the Departments of External Affairs, National Defence, Manpower and Immigration, and the Privy Council Office. Underlying the government’s reaction were differences of opinion about Canada’s approach to the Cold War, its role at the United Nations and in NATO, the utility of the Department of External Affairs, and decisions about refugees. There was a delusory quality to each of these perspectives. In the end, an inexperienced government failed to heed some of the more competent advice it received concerning how best to meet Canada’s interests during the crisis. National interest was an understandable objective, but in this case, it was pursued at Czechoslovakia’s expense. iii Acknowledgements As anyone in my position would attest, meaningful work with Professor Norman Hillmer brings with it the added gift of friendship. The quality of his teaching, mentorship, and advice is, I suspect, the stuff of ages. I am grateful for the privilege of his guidance and comradeship. Graduate Administrator Joan White works kindly and tirelessly behind the scenes of Carleton University’s Department of History.
    [Show full text]
  • The Liberal Third Option
    The Liberal Third Option: A Study of Policy Development A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fuliiment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Political Science University of Regina by Guy Marsden Regina, Saskatchewan September, 1997 Copyright 1997: G. W. Marsden 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON KI A ON4 Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Canada Canada Your hie Votre rdtérence Our ME Notre référence The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distibute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substanîial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. This study presents an analysis of the nationalist econornic policies enacted by the federal Liberal government during the 1970s and early 1980s. The Canada Development Corporation(CDC), the Foreign Investment Review Agency(FIRA), Petro- Canada(PetroCan) and the National Energy Prograrn(NEP), coliectively referred to as "The Third Option," aimed to reduce Canada's dependency on the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Verbatim Report
    PROVINCE OF NEWFOUNDLAND THIRTY-SIXTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF NEWFOUNDLAND Volume 4 4th. Session Number 22 VERBATIM REPORT TUESDAY, APRIL 1, 1.975 SPEAKER: THE HONOURABLE M. JAMES .RUSSELL April 1, 1975 Tape no. 875 Page 1 - mw The House met at 3:00 P.M. Mr. Speaker in the Chair. MR. SPEAKER: Order, please: STATEMENTS BY MINISTERS: MR. SPEAKER: The Hon. Minister of Fisheries. HON. JOHN C. CROSBIE (Hon. Minister of Fisheries): Mr. Speaker, I think we should take note of the anniversary date today, this is the twenty-sixth anniversary of the Province's Confederation with Canada. Of course, last year was a special occasion on the twenty-fifth anniversary. But I do not think we should let the day go without officially noting that this is our twenty-sixth year of Confederation. And I am sure that all members of the House hope that we will have another good year this year as a part of the Canadian Confederation as we have had in increasing measure over the last twenty-five. MR. SPEAKER: The Hon. Leader of the Opposition. AN HON. MEMBER: Just take note that Joey is in good health. HON. E. M.ROBERTS (Leader of the Opposition): He is getting ready, getting ready. SOME HON. MEMBERS: (Inaudible). MR. SPEAKER: Order, please! MR. ROBERTS: Mr. Speaker, on this side, we would like to join in taking note of the anniversary. Actually, Your Honour, it is twenty-six years and one day today, because, as is well-known, Confederation did not come on this first day of April, but rather at one minute before midnight on March 31, 1949.
    [Show full text]
  • The Big Red Machine
    THE BIG RED MACHINE STEPHEN CLARKSON THE BIG RED MACHINE How the Liberal Party Dominates Canadian Politics © UBC Press 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission of the publisher, or, in Canada, in the case of photocopying or other reprographic copying, a licence from Access Copyright (Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency), www.accesscopyright.ca. 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on ancient-forest-free (100% post-consumer recycled) paper that is processed chlorine- and acid-free, with vegetable-based inks. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Clarkson, Stephen, 1937- The big red machine : how the Liberal Party dominates Canadian politics / Stephen Clarkson. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn-13: 978-0-7748-1195-8 isbn-10: 0-7748-1195-1 1. Liberal Party of Canada – History. 2. Canada – Politics and government. I. Title. JL197.L5C52 2005 324.27106 C2005-904559-0 UBC Press gratefully acknowledges the financial support for our publishing program of the Government of Canada through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program (BPIDP), and of the Canada Council for the Arts, and the British Columbia Arts Council. UBC Press The University of British Columbia 2029 West Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2 604-822-5959 / Fax: 604-822-6083 www.ubcpress.ca Pierre Elliott Trudeau once recounted how his first experience with politics came through his ardently Conservative francophone father. What he remembered best from the election nights of his childhood was Charlie Trudeau’s friends damning the Liberals and their all-too-often successful “machine rouge” with round and righteous fury.
    [Show full text]
  • Archived Content Information Archivée Dans Le
    Archived Content Information identified as archived on the Web is for reference, research or record-keeping purposes. It has not been altered or updated after the date of archiving. Web pages that are archived on the Web are not subject to the Government of Canada Web Standards. As per the Communications Policy of the Government of Canada, you can request alternate formats on the "Contact Us" page. Information archivée dans le Web Information archivée dans le Web à des fins de consultation, de recherche ou de tenue de documents. Cette dernière n’a aucunement été modifiée ni mise à jour depuis sa date de mise en archive. Les pages archivées dans le Web ne sont pas assujetties aux normes qui s’appliquent aux sites Web du gouvernement du Canada. Conformément à la Politique de communication du gouvernement du Canada, vous pouvez demander de recevoir cette information dans tout autre format de rechange à la page « Contactez-nous ». CANADIAN FORCES COLLEGE / COLLÈGE DES FORCES CANADIENNES NSSC 5 / CESN 5 The Illusion of Choice: Options For Canadian Security By /par Colonel M.W. Haché i The Illusions of Choice: Options For Canadian Security? “The United States and Canada are tied together…by a noble heritage of ideas, language and literature, by the geographical bonds of this vast North American continent, by the great waterways of the St Lawrence and the Great Lakes…. We are tied together also by a great mechanical framework flung across this continent, drawing us together in both continental and industrial unity…we are…two communities which engage in the greatest volume of total trade between any two commercial countries in the modern world….
    [Show full text]
  • George Woodcock 1912-1995
    uarterlyof Criticism and Review Summer 1995 mxl George Woodcock 1912-1995 G eorge Woodcock died at his home, late on a Saturday evening, January 28,1995. He was 82. The world lost an articulate social observer, a prodigious writer (the author of some 150 books), a historian and scriptwriter and biographer and poet. Canadian Literature lost its founding editor. I, and many others, lost a friend. Several of us gathered the next week for a private wake. We grieved, and told ourselves we were not grieving for this man but celebrating having had the opportunity to know him. We told stories, and recollected the person that we knew. George had become a public figure (he had five honorary degrees, and as recently as 1994 he had been feted with a sym- posium and a large civic reception); but we recalled the man who loved cats and mountain walks, the man who mixed the best martini we'd ever tasted, the witty teller of anecdotes, the eloquent conversationalist who could talk with equal ease about ancient cultures and historical figures, modern politics and contemporary art. His friend Tony Phillips read "Seeing Free," from his last book of poems, The Cherry Tree on Cherry Street: "Friends, do not weep for me!/ Keep your eyes clear and bold/ and let the wake go on/ and wake the night/ to see my spirit free." He had premonitions of death. But they did not slow him down; only his weakening heart did that. He still kept a journal, and sat long hours— he used to write all night, when the world was quiet—at a small portable Olympia typewriter, composing.
    [Show full text]
  • Shaping the Public Memory of Sir John A. Macdonald in Ontario and Quebec, 1891-1967
    The Old Chieftain’s New Image: Shaping the Public Memory of Sir John A. Macdonald in Ontario and Quebec, 1891-1967 by Yves Y. Pelletier A thesis submitted to the Department of History in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada December 2010 Copyright © Yves Y. Pelletier, 2010 Abstract Sir John A. Macdonald has been a political figure frequently referenced in Canadian history. Yet no study has explored the evolution of his public memory. This study provides a focused examination of the attempts by Canada’s federal political parties to shape Macdonald’s public memory. The period of study began immediately following the death of Sir John A. Macdonald on June 6, 1891 and continued until the Centennial Celebrations of Confederation in 1967. The study first aims to identify and analyze events and activities organized or supported by Canada’s federal political class which provide opportunities to shape Macdonald’s public memory. The study then explores through the lens of official memory their motivation to engage in his commemoration and to shape his memory in specific ways. The objective of this study is to answer two specific research questions. The first asks if Canada’ federal political leaders were interested and successful in shaping Macdonald’s public memory during the period of study to allow the emergence of a seemingly national hegemonic figure acceptable to both political parties. The second asks if the federal political parties’ attempts to depict Macdonald as a unifying national symbol were picked up in the media in Ontario and Quebec and in both official languages, thereby reinforcing his hegemonic status for the federal political class.
    [Show full text]