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Literary Tourism As a Developing Genre: South Africa’S Potential

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Literary Tourism As a Developing Genre: South Africa’S Potential LITERARY TOURISM AS A DEVELOPING GENRE: SOUTH AFRICA’S POTENTIAL by YVONNE SMITH Submitted as full requirement for the degree MAGISTER HEREDITATIS CULTURAEQUE SCIENTIAE (HERITAGE AND CULTURAL TOURISM) in the Department of Historical and Heritage Studies Faculty of Humanities University of Pretoria Pretoria 2012 Supervisor: Prof. Karen L. Harris Co-supervisor: Mr Patrick Lenahan © University of Pretoria CONTENT PAGE List of Tables iv List of Figures v List of Appendices vi List of Abbreviations vii Acknowledgements viii Summary ix Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Defining literary tourism 4 2.1 Literary tourism as cultural and heritage tourism 4 2.2 The literary realm: text, landscape and literature 9 2.3 Approaches to the study of literary tourism 13 Chapter 3 The consumers of literary heritage and culture 24 3.1 The power of creative literature 24 3.2 Literary tourists 26 3.3 Literary pilgrims and general literary tourists 33 Chapter 4 Characteristics of literary tourism attractions 42 4.1 The preservation, celebration and creation of literature 43 4.2 The birth, life and death of the author 45 4.3 Touring fiction 51 Chapter 5 History and development of literary tourism 59 5.1 Early modern literary tourism 59 5.2 Literary tourism in the Romantic era 65 5.3 From grand tourist to exotic African explorer 77 5.4 Southern African sightseeing through a literary lens 82 Chapter 6 Literary tourism in South Africa 91 6.1 Groot-Marico and Pelindaba 95 6.2 The Western Cape, Richmond and Kimberley 99 6.3 Bloemfontein and the Grahamstown region 107 6.4 Cradock, Nieu Bethesda and KwaZulu-Natal 113 Chapter 7 Drawing on cultural capital: South Africa’s literary tourism potential 121 7.1 The northern region 124 7.2 The western region 137 7.3 The central, southern and south-eastern region 141 7.4 The post-development potential of literary tourism in South Africa 153 Chapter 8 Conclusion 163 Sources 169 LIST OF TABLES PAGE Table 1: Publications on literary sites 17 Table 2.1: The age range of literary tourists 29 Table 2.2: Occupations of literary tourists 30 Table 2.3: Literary awareness regarding author’s work 35 Table 2.4: Awareness of other literary places 37 Table 2.5: Reasons for visits to literary sites 38 Table 3: Cultural villages in South Africa 148 Table 4: Findings of Fairer-Wessels’s study of young adults’ potential literary tourism behavior 160 iv LIST OF FIGURES PAGE Figure 1: Approximate geographical distribution of current literary tourism development in South Africa 94 Figure 2: Geographical division of South African regions 123 v LIST OF APPENDICES PAGE Appendix A: Map of J.R.R. Tolkien’s Middle Earth 189 Appendix B: Map of Hardy’s Wessex 190 Appendix C: Map of Hardy’s South Wessex 191 Appendix D: Pamphlet of the Alan Paton literary trail 192 Appendix E: Pamphlet of the Rider Haggard literary trail 193 Appendix F: Map of Jock’s routes 194 vi ABBREVIATIONS ANC African National Congress ATLAS European Association for Leisure and Tourism Education BBC British Broadcasting Corporation ECTARC European Centre for Traditional and Regional Cultures FAK Federasie van Afrikaanse Kultuurvereniginge HCBLS Herman Charles Bosman Literary Society IOB International Organisation of Book Towns IPAP2 Second Industrial Policy Action Plan ITT International Travel and Tours (now Inspirations Travel and Tours) KZN KwaZulu-Natal MTSF Medium-Term Strategic Framework NALN National Afrikaans Museum and Research Centre NDT National Department of Tourism NDTI National Department of Trade and Industry NELM National English Literature Museum NOCCI Northern Cape Chamber of Commerce and Industry OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SRPB Southern Rhodesian Publicity Bureau UK United Kingdom USA United States of America WTO World Tourism Organisation vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor Professor Karen Harris for her unwavering support and unrelenting enthusiasm throughout the process of writing this dissertation. Her exemplary work ethic and constant support served as an inspiration to me in this and many other academic endeavours. I consider myself fortunate to have received her guidance and encouragement during this undertaking. I am also indebted to my co-supervisor and self-admitted literary pilgrim, Mr Patrick Lenahan, without whose insightful suggestions this study would surely have been far poorer. I would, moreover, like to express my gratitude to Professor Wium Van Zyl, Estelle Bester and Leana Lategan who good-temperedly answered my many questions regarding their literary tourism activities. In addition, I am very grateful for the love and support my parents, Andre and Lynette, provided throughout the years of my tertiary education. To my friends and former colleagues, Cornelis Muller and Cornelis Vaandrager, I also owe a debt of gratitude. Their advice and camaraderie during the years that they too faced up to the challenge of completing their own dissertations kept me motivated far more than they might realise. But my greatest thanks must surely go to my best friend and soon-to-be-husband, Jan- Hendrik Meyer. If not for his infinite patience, gentle encouragement and belief that I can see this project through during the many days and nights I sat next to him mostly ‘thinking at’ the computer screen, it would not have been successfully completed. viii SUMMARY This dissertation investigates the broader genre of literary tourism and the current extent and potential of this tourism mode in the South African context. It shows what an inscribed landscape South Africa has and how rich it is in literary association.The profile and motivations of literary tourists, as well the kinds of tourist attractions encompassed by literary tourism are initially explored. The history and development of this type of tourism is then considered, from its earliest known manifestations, its growth during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and its transposition to Africa and southern Africa. An overview of current literary tourism products in South Africa is conducted in order to determine the extent to which it has been developed in the country. Although not exhaustive, the potential of literary tourism within South Africa is subsequently considered by identifying places and writers that could be targeted for tourism development. This examination is then extended to the post-development or intangible potential literary tourism holds in terms of its educational capabilities, its capacity to catalyze an interest in reading and learning, as well as promote South Africa’s literary heritage. Keywords: literary tourism, South Africa, culture, heritage, literature, literacy, reading, niche tourism ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Literary tourism, as a form of niche tourism based on sites and events that are associated with writers and their works, is a phenomenon growing ever more popular in the contemporary tourism milieu. This study aims to investigate this tourism genre in its historical and international context, and then to consider its manifestation in South Africa through an exploration of the extent of development and existing literature, both academic and popular, on literary tourism in this country. The potential of literary tourism within South Africa will also be examined by identifying both as yet unutilised resources that could attract reader-tourists and the latent socio-cultural benefits it holds for the country. Before analysing the current state and potential of literary tourism in South Africa, this tourism mode is scrutinised in terms of a delineation of this particular field of tourism studies; those who participate in it as a recreational activity; the range of products that constitute this genre; and the history of this cultural practice from its earliest known beginnings. The concept ‘literary tourism’ and how this field of study has been approached in the past are discussed as part of the outline of this genre, thereby showing that publications on literary tourism in South Africa in the way of tour guides and scholarly material are still limited. The common characteristics of literary tourists are examined, as well as whether or not these travellers can be considered as literary pilgrims who are thought to be more discerning than other tourists and seek to be educated through tourism. Literary tourism attractions and the way they are presented to tourists are explored, from physical texts (books and manuscripts) which usually set this type of tourism in motion, to sites related biographically to writers and physical manifestations of imaginative landscapes and characters. The history of literary tourism is chronicled from its earliest manifestations in ancient Rome, the way it flourished in its modern form in Britain and other parts of Europe, to its migration to Africa and the southern end of the continent. The significant influence of 1 ideals formed during the Romantic era on literary tourism, leading to substantial growth, is given particular attention in this chapter. As indicated by the literature review, literary tourism has only received scholarly attention relatively recently on an international level, and in South Africa this is an even newer field as it has been a focus of scholarly study for not much more than a decade. This extensive historical overview is therefore conducted to show that literary tourism has nevertheless long been a part of tourist practices, and has been present in the southern African region for just over a century. More importantly, it serves to provide context for this newly emerging field in South Africa where the background to literay tourism has as yet not been given extensive attention. In these initial chapters, there is a particular emphasis on the literary tourism phenomena in Europe and more especially the United Kingdom. This is, however, both relevant and justified as this section provides an overview of literary tourism’s basic elements and aims to develop a set of generic criteria or characteristics which can be applied to the South African scenario.
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