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A Comparison of Two Methods of Bioassessment in Streams

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A Comparison of Two Methods of Bioassessment in Streams A COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS OF BIOASSESSMENT IN STREAMS A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science Chad J. Kinney June 2006 This thesis entitled A COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS OF BIOASSESSMENT IN STREAMS by CHAD J. KINNEY has been approved for the Program of Environmental Studies and College of Arts and Sciences by Kelly S. Johnson Associate Professor of Biological Sciences Benjamin M. Ogles Dean, College of Arts and Sciences Abstract KINNEY, CHAD J., M.S., June 2006. Environmental Studies A COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS OF BIOASSESSMENT IN STREAMS (95 pp.) Director of Thesis: Kelly S. Johnson The performance of OEPA’s Invertebrate Community Index (ICI) and a family- level Macroinvertebrate Aggregate Index for Streams (MAIS) was compared in 40 streams of varying impact throughout the Western Allegheny Plateau (WAP). In addition, the effect of 3 levels of subsampling on MAIS scores was evaluated. There was a significant correlation (rho = 0.719) between the ICI and MAIS. When grouped in OEPA’s biological condition categories the indices were only significantly correlated (rho = 0.703) at severely degraded sites. The indices rated 81% of sites similarly as “attaining” or “non-attaining”, but there was less agreement (37.80%) when comparing the 4 biological condition categories of each index. Subsampling had little effect on mean MAIS scores and no consistent effect on within-category score variation. Findings give support for the reliability of family-level indices, and suggest that the MAIS may be useful in degraded streams of the WAP and other streams upon recalibration. Approved: Kelly S. Johnson Associate Professor of Biological Sciences Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr. Kelly Johnson for the guidance that she provided on everything, Dr. Scott Moody and Dr. Morgan Vis for serving on my committee, Tracy Morman for the help in the field and taxonomic expertise in the lab Breanne Harris, Levi Rose, and Kelli Johnson for the hours of picking through samples and cleaning of Hester Dendy samplers and Ed Rankin and the others at Midwest Biodiversity Institute for the final ICI score generation. Thanks to the Environmental Studies department for being patient while I completed this project and a special thanks to my wife Jessica and the rest of my family for the support and patience they gave me. Funding was provided through a USEPA STAR grant obtained by Ohio University faculty and the ODNR Division of Mineral Resources Non-point pollution survey funds obtained by ILGARD at the Voinovich Center at Ohio University. 5 Table of Contents Page Abstract................................................................................................................................3 Acknowledgements..............................................................................................................4 List of Tables .......................................................................................................................6 List of Figures......................................................................................................................7 Introduction..........................................................................................................................8 Objectives ..........................................................................................................................11 Methods..............................................................................................................................12 Timeframe.....................................................................................................................12 Sites...............................................................................................................................12 Sampling of Macroinvertebrates...................................................................................13 Macroinvertebrate data analysis ...................................................................................15 Statistical Analysis.............................................................................................................20 Results................................................................................................................................22 Discussion..........................................................................................................................31 References..........................................................................................................................38 Appendix A. Site description.............................................................................................44 Appendix B. Data for comparison .....................................................................................46 Appendix C. Subsampling data..........................................................................................47 Appendix D. Raw MAIS data............................................................................................48 6 List of Tables Page Table 1. Values for Shapiro-Wilk tests of normality for original variables and transformed variables.........................................................................................................25 Table 2. Correlation of ICI scores for each biological condition category and the corresponding MAIS scores.........................................................................................27 Table 3. Mean # of organisms for each level of subsampling for each MAIS condition category..............................................................................................................29 Table 4. Correlations of all combinations of subsampling quadrants................................29 Table 5. The coefficient of variation (CV) and sensitivity values (p) for each biological condition category in each index ......................................................................30 7 List of Figures Page Figure 1. Scatter-plot of MAIS and ICI scores for all sites before outliers were Omitted ..............................................................................................................................23 Figure 2. Histogram of ICI scores......................................................................................24 Figure 3. Histogram of MAIS scores.................................................................................24 Figure 4. Scatter-plot of MAIS scores and ICI scores showing the strength of Correlation .........................................................................................................................25 Figure 5. Scatter-plot of ICI scores that are in the LRW category and their corresponding MAIS scores...............................................................................................27 Figure 6. Mean MAIS scores for each biological condition category that were generated using each level of subsampling........................................................................28 Figure 7. The mean index scores for each of the corresponding biological condition categories ...........................................................................................................30 8 INTRODUCTION Pollution may be defined as the result of human activities that degrade and contaminate natural resources and in turn reduce biological integrity (Kerans et al.1992). When water pollution was first recognized as a severe problem, agencies monitoring it focused mainly on the chemical aspect. However, biological communities are sensitive to many types of stressors, including habitat degradation, nutrient loading, and temperature changes. The monitoring of biological communities reflects the overall ecological integrity, provides a comparison of stress over time, and allows the public to better understand what the measures actually mean (Plafkin et al. 1989). Therefore, biological monitoring has proven to be a more effective means of assessing the health of streams than water chemistry alone (Yoder and Rankin 1995). Benthic macroinvertebrates and fish are used widely as indicator groups for assessing impacts on running waters (DeShon 1995). The data gathered through the collection of these animals are used in the production of a variety of metrics that will represent the overall quality of the stream. There are currently many different biotic indices in use. Some, like the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index (HBI) (Hilsenhoff 1987and1988), and the Infaunal Index (Wood 1980), rank taxa by tolerance levels. However, many indices designed to detect chemical pollution are less ideal for detecting human impacts on habitat and flow (Karr and Chu 1999). Simple measures of taxonomic richness, diversity or abundance also provide limited diagnostic ability. Currently, multimetric indexes such as the fish IBI (Karr 1981), macroinvertebrate ICI (OEPA 1989, Deshon 1995, Yoder and Rankin 1995), and macroinvertebrate MAIS (Smith and Voshell 1997), 9 are more popular methods of considering many attributes of biological condition simultaneously (Karr and Chu 1999). The Invertebrate Community Index (ICI) is the principal tool used by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA) to assess free flowing, wadeable streams in Ohio, with the exception of headwater streams (OEPA 1989, DeShon 1995, Yoder and Rankin 1995). Macroinvertebrates are collected on artificial substrate samplers (Hester
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