2015 Minerals Yearbook

TURKMENISTAN [ADVANCE RELEASE]

U.S. Department of the Interior September 2019 U.S. Geological Survey The Mineral Industry of Turkmenistan By Karine M. Renaud

Turkmenistan has more than 200 identified deposits of pay fees for the use of subsoil resources, and follow the minerals, including barite; celestine; coal; copper; clays, such environmental requirements to prevent contamination of the as bentonite and kaolin; gypsum; lead; marble; potash; quartz subsoil (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United sand; salt; sand and gravel; sulfur; and zinc. The country’s most Nations, 2014, p. 6–7, 18, 25, 27–28; AzerNews, 2015c). important mineral deposits, from an economic perspective, According to the amended Law on Subsoil 2014, the use are its natural gas and crude petroleum deposits and bromine- and protection of mineral resources is overseen by the Cabinet iodine brine. In 2015, Turkmenistan was ranked fourth in the of Ministers of Turkmenistan, Federal agencies, and local world in iodine production and eighth in the world in bromine authorities. The Cabinet of Ministers also includes the State production. Turkmenistan had the world’s fourth-ranked proven Commission on Mineral Resources. The licenses for exploration natural gas reserves, after Iran, Qatar, and Russia, which were are issued for 6 years with the possibility of being extended for estimated to be 17.5 trillion cubic meters (BP p.l.c., 2016, p. 20). 2 years; the mining licenses are issued for 20 years with the The country’s proven crude petroleum reserves were estimated right to be extended for 5 years; and the licenses for exploration to be 600 million barrels (Mbbl) (BP p.l.c., 2016, p. 6). In and mining (combined) are issued for 25 years (Food and 2015, the nonfuel minerals or mineral products produced in Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2014, p. 16–17; Turkmenistan included ammonia, bentonite, cement, gypsum, AzerNews, 2015b, c). lime, salt, and urea (table 1; Ministry of Nature Protection of In 2015, the Government continued development of the Turkmenistan, 2012, p. 11; Infoabad.com, 2013; Schnebele, nonhydrocarbon sector, most notably by adopting the National 2017a, b). Program for Socio-Economic Development for 2011–2030. The program includes modernization of the country’s infrastructure Minerals in the National Economy and promotion of FDI, which are intended to help diversify the economy of Turkmenistan and reduce the country’s reliance Turkmenistan’s real gross domestic product (GDP) decreased on hydrocarbon resources. The priority sectors include electric by 6.5% in 2015 following a decrease of 10.3% in 2014 owing power, chemicals, construction, oil and gas, and other industries to the decline in energy prices. Slow growth in the hydrocarbon (European Commission, 2015b, p. 11; Asian Development sector reduced industry expansion to 3.1% in 2015 from 11.4% Bank, 2016, p. 114, 116). in 2014 (Asian Development Bank, 2016, p. 106). In 2015, the Government continued to work on increasing In 2015, the total foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow trade with neighboring countries, to develop natural resources, in Turkmenistan increased by 2% to $4.3 billion from and to construct necessary infrastructure. In 2015, the $4.2 billion in 2014. In 2015, most of the FDI in Turkmenistan Governments of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan planned to continued to be invested in the construction of cement, cooperate in the energy and transport sectors by constructing potash, and steel plants, and in the crude petroleum and a second terminal that would allow the shipment of petroleum natural gas sectors (United Nations Conference on Trade and products. Currently, Turkmenistan sells petroleum products to Development, 2016, p. 199). Afghanistan through existing terminals on the Turkmenistan- Government Policies and Programs Afghanistan border (AzerNews, 2015a; Central and South Asia Business, 2015). In 2015, the Government adopted an amended Law on In March 2013, the Presidents of Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Subsoil 2014 (formerly the Law on Subsoil 1992). According and Turkmenistan signed a memorandum of understanding to the new Law on Subsoil 2014, the subsoil and its resources for the construction of a 400-kilometer (km)-long railway that throughout Turkmenistan, including the Caspian Sea sector, would connect all three countries. The new railway would are the property of the Government and cannot be purchased start in the eastern part of Turkmenistan in the Atamyrat or sold. All activities related to crude petroleum are controlled District; run to Akina-Andkhoy, Afghanistan; continue to Shir by the Hydrocarbon Resources Law. If a signed international Kahn, Afghanistan; and connect with the town of Pyandzh in agreement includes rules that differ from the rules set forth in the Tajikistan. The project was part of the Central Asia Regional Hydrocarbon Resources Law, then the rules of the international Cooperation Program, which was financed by the Asian agreement are to be applied. The objectives of the amended Development Bank. The cost of the project was estimated to Law on Subsoil 2014 include the following: (1) protection of be between $1.5 billion and $2 billion. The construction of the interests of Turkmenistan and its citizens, the rights of the railway began on June 5, 2013, and although the railway subsoil users, and mineral resources; (2) establishment of legal had been expected to be completed in all three countries by guarantees; and (3) creation of favorable conditions for the 2015, aspects of the railway construction were still under economic growth of the country and for investors. The law also discussion as of yearend (Economist, The, 2013; Salimov, 2013; states that the companies that use subsoil areas should conduct Sadykov, 2014). complete geologic exploration, use mineral resources efficiently,

Turkmenistan—2015 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 47.1 Production Dragon Oil plc. of the United Arab Emirates; Block III, which was operated by Buried Hill Serdar Ltd. of Cyprus; Blocks 11 Detailed production data and other information regarding and 12, which were operated by the joint venture of Maersk mineral production for most mineral commodities in Oil of Denmark and Wintershall Holding GmbH of Germany; Turkmenistan, except natural gas and petroleum, have not Block 23, which was operated by Rheinisch-Westfälisches been available for a number of years. The State Committee on Elektrizitätswerk AG (RWE) of Germany; and Block 21, which Statistics of Turkmenistan reported that production increased was operated by ITERA Oil and Gas Company LLC of Russia for most of the economic categories that it tracks, including (ITERA). Under the Petroleum Law of 2008, which regulated those for construction materials, metals, mineral fertilizers, the PSAs, the corporate entities were subject to a 20% income and mineral products. Production data in table 1 are based on tax and a 15% royalty; in addition, 70% of the workers of past levels of production and on occasional published data the foreign-owned companies were required to be Turkmen reported in the media. In 2015, sulfur production increased by citizens and 20% of the social welfare tax of the local staff was an estimated 19%; cement, by 14%; salt, by an estimated 9%; to be paid by foreign investors and their subcontractors (U.S. bentonite, by an estimated 8%; ammonia [nitrogen (N) content] Department of State, 2014, p. 18; 2015, p. 13, 22). and crude petroleum, by an estimated 5% each; and natural gas and rolled steel, by 4% each (table 1; Global Cement, 2015; Mineral Trade BP p.l.c., 2016, p. 8, 16, 22; State Committee on Statistics of Turkmenistan, The, 2016, p. 2–3). Turkmenistan’s exports and imports decreased owing to low global oil and gas prices and low demand for energy Structure of the Mineral Industry products, especially natural gas. Total exports were valued at $12.8 billion, of which hydrocarbon exports accounted for Turkmenistan’s mineral industry was dominated by $11.6 billion (91% of the total export value), and total imports state-owned enterprises, and the natural gas and oil industry, were valued at $11.8 billion. Export commodities included by partnership enterprises. State-owned SI Turkmenhimiya crude petroleum, natural gas, and petrochemicals. In 2014, Holding operated 10 facilities in Turkmenistan—PO Maryazot, Turkmenistan’s main export partners were China (which the Turkmenkarbamid plant, IA Turkmenmineral, the Khazar received 70% of Turkmenistan’s exports), the countries of chemical plants, PO Garabogassulfat, the Balkanabad iodine the European Union (8%), Turkey (5%), Afghanistan and the plant, the Bereketskiy iodine plant, the Guvlyduz Salt United Arab Emirates (3% each), Iran (2%), and other countries Factory, the Dokunkhimiya company, and the Institute of (3%). Import commodities included chemicals. In 2014, the Chemistry. SI Turkmenhimiya Holding was responsible for main import partners were Turkey (which supplied 24% of the implementation of new technology in chemical facilities, Turkmenistan’s imports), the countries of the European Union the distribution of fertilizers and chemical products to the (17%), Russia (13%), China (10%), the United Arab Emirates agricultural industries and the citizens of Turkmenistan, and (7%), the United States and Ukraine (5% each), Kazakhstan the export of fertilizers and chemical products (Neft and Gas (4%), Iran (3%), and Uzbekistan (2%) (European Commission, Turkmenistana, 2006a; TurkmenPortal, 2015; U.S. Department 2015a, p. 8; Asian Development Bank, 2016, p. 114; of State, 2015, p. 18). International Monetary Fund, 2016, p. 4). Turkmenneft State Concern was a leading oil company In 2015, Turkmenistan’s imports from the United States were in Turkmenistan; the company was responsible for the valued at about $80.6 million compared with $455.5 million in development of bentonite and crude petroleum production, 2014; these included $799,000 in iron and steel mill products, the renovation of oil-extracting and mining facilities, the $776,000 in nonmetallic minerals, $703,000 in finished metal exploration for and production of crude petroleum, and the shapes, $662,000 in petroleum products, and $394,000 in iron export of bentonite and crude petroleum products. Turkmengaz and steel products (U.S. Census Bureau, 2015). was a leading natural gas company in Turkmenistan; it was responsible for the development of natural gas and gas Commodity Review condensate fields, the drilling programs for the eastern part of Turkmenistan, and the processing and transportation of natural Metals gas, gas condensate, and liquid gas domestically and abroad (Neft and Gas Turkmenistana, 2006b; Gulf Oil and Gas, 2015). Iron and Steel.—Daewoo International Corp. of the Republic Table 2 is a list of major mineral industry facilities. of Korea signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) The Nebitdag Block was operated by Eni S.p.A of Italy with the Ministry of Energy and Industry of Turkmenistan (previously by Burren Energy Plc. of the United Kingdom); for the greenfield project in Turkmenistan. The POSCO the Khazar project was a joint venture between the State Oil Group of the Republic of Korea was planning to construct Company Turkmennebit and Mitro International of Austria, an iron manufacturing plant to produce reinforced steel and and the Bagtyarlyk contractual territory was operated by China pipe, with annual production of 1 million metric tons (Mt) National Petroleum Corp. (CNPC). Six additional production- of reinforced steel and pipe. POSCO would be responsible sharing agreements (PSAs) were in effect for offshore areas for the engineering, procurement, construction, operation, in the Caspian Sea, including Block I, which was operated and management of the project. The beginning and ending by Petroliam Nasional Berhad (Petronas) of Malaysia; construction dates were not specified. The cost of the project Block II (Cheleken contractual territory), which was operated by was projected to be $1 billion (POSCO Group, 2015).

47.2 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2015 Industrial Minerals Potash.—In 2015, the first ton of potash was produced at the Garlyk mining and processing plant. The plant’s production Cement.—In 2015, state-owned Turkmencement operated capacity was expected to be 1.4 Mt/yr of potash and could two cement plants—JSC Kelete cement plant (formerly JSC be increased to 4 Mt/yr. The facility was expected to be fully Bezmeinskiy cement plant) and JSC Baharlynskiy cement commissioned in 2017. The potash plant was operated by plant. Polimeks Inşaat Taahhüt ve San. Tic. A.Ş. of Turkey JSC Trest Shakhtospetsstroi Co. In 2010, Turkmenhimiya (Polimeks) operated the country’s other two cement plants— signed an agreement with JSC Belgorkhimprom of Belarus Jebel in Balkan Welayat and Garlyk in Lebap Welayat. Cement for the construction of a new potash plant in the eastern Lebap production in Turkmenistan increased by 14% to 3.3 Mt in 2015 region, Turkmenistan. The project was constructed jointly from 2.9 Mt in 2014 owing to completion of the 1.4-million- among JSC Belgorkhimprom, JSC Belaruskali, and JSC metric-ton-per-year (Mt/yr) plant at Garlyk. Turkmenistan had Trest Shakhtospetsstroi. Turkmenistan had three identified four cement plants operating with a total production capacity of potash deposits—the Garlyk, the Karabil, and the Tubegatan 4.65 Mt/yr (Global Cement 2013, 2014, 2015; Chumakin, 2015; deposits. The total potash resources of the three deposits Ussaev, 2015). were estimated to be approximately 2.8 billion metric tons Iodine and Bromine.—The Government tasked (Zolotoi Vek, 2012; Free Library, The, 2014; Belarus.by, 2015; Turkmenhimiya State Concern with overseeing an increase Turkmenistan.ru, 2015). in the production capacity of its iodine and bromine plants in Sulfur (Sulfuric Acid).—In 2013, the Government planned the Balkan Welayat, such as the Balkanabad iodine plant in to construct a sulfuric acid plant in Turkmenabad, which would Balkanabad City, the Bereket iodine plant in Gumdag City, the have a production capacity of 500,000 t/yr. In 2013, Renaissance Cheleken bromine plant in Cheleken Peninsula, the Khazar Heavy Industries, in cooperation with a consortium consisting iodine plant in Khazar City (Balkan Welayat), and the Nebitdag of Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. of Japan and plant in Balkan City by modernizing equipment at the plants. Rönesan Türkmen Inşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. of Turkey, was The modernization program was expected to continue until awarded the construction contract. The cost of the project was 2030, by which time the production capacity of the Balkanabad estimated to be $200 million. The Japan Bank for International iodine plant was expected to be increased to 250 metric tons per Cooperation agreed to finance the project, which was expected year (t/yr) of iodine and 2,400 t/yr of bromine, and of the Hazar to be completed by 2016. The sulfuric acid produced would plant, to 300 t/yr of iodine and 4,500 t/yr of bromine (Regnum be used in fertilizer production. As of yearend 2015, there was Information Agency, 2012; Plenipotentiary Representation no update on the status of the project (DKL Engineering, Inc., Republic of Tatarstan in Turkmenistan, 2013). 2014; Hanafusa, 2014; Renaissance Construction, 2014a, b). Nitrogen (Ammonia).—In 2015, production of nitrogen (N content of ammonia) increased by 5% to an estimated Minerals Fuels 309,000 metric tons (t) from 293,000 t in 2014. In 2011, Renaissance Heavy Industries (a subdivision of Renaissance Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas.—In 2015, Turkmenistan Construction of Turkey), which was headquartered in remained a leading natural gas exporter among Caspian and St. Petersburg, Russia, was awarded the contract for the Central Asian countries. Turkmenistan produced 72 billion construction of a large-scale nitrogen-production complex cubic meters of natural gas, of which 38 billion cubic meters in Mary City. Renaissance Heavy Industries worked in was exported by pipeline to China (73%), Iran (19%), Russia cooperation with the Turkmenhimiya State Concern, Kawasaki (7%), and Kazakhstan (1%). In 2015, OAO Gazprom of Russia Plant Ltd. of Japan, and Sojitz Corp. of China. The chemical reduced Turkmenistan’s natural gas imports to 2.8 billion cubic plant was commissioned in October 2014. The complex meters per year from 11 billion cubic meters per year (Natural would use Turkmenistan’s natural gas as feedstock to produce Gas Europe, 2015b, c; BP p.l.c., 2016, p. 22, 28). 420,000 t/yr of ammonia and 674,000 t/yr of urea (Chumakin, In 2015, the C line, which was constructed by CNPC, was 2013; Renaissance Construction, 2014a; Renaissance Heavy commissioned with the capacity to transport 25 billion cubic Industry, 2014, p. 4; Rönesans Holding, 2015). meters per year. The C line begins at Gedaim on the Turkmen- In 2014, an agreement was signed between GAP İnşaat Uzbek border, goes through Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, and Yatırım ve Dış Ticaret A.Ş. of Turkey, Mitsubishi Corp. ends at the border town of Khorgos in the western Xinjiang of Japan, and the Turkmenhimiya State Concern for the Region, where it links with China’s domestic west-east pipeline construction of a large chemical plant in the city of Garabogaz (Platts, 2014; Lain, 2015; Natural Gas Europe, 2015b). in Balkan Welayat, near the Caspian Sea region. Mitsubishi, In 2011, CNPC and state-owned Turkmengaz agreed to in cooperation with GAP İnşaat Yatırım ve Dış Ticaret A.Ş., increase natural gas shipments to China to 65 billion cubic was expected to begin the construction of the plant in August meters per year through the D line in 2016. The D line would 2014. The cost of the project was projected to be $1.4 billion. run from Turkmenistan through Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and The plant was scheduled to start operations in June 2018 with Kyrgyzstan to China. The project was expected to be completed a production capacity of 700,000 t/yr of ammonia and about in 2016. The additional natural gas supply for the D line was 1.2 Mt/yr of urea. As of yearend 2015, no update on the status expected to come from the Galkynysh (formerly Southern of the project was available (AzerNews, 2013b; Japan Times, Yolotan-Osman) gasfield. The total reserves of the Galkynysh The, 2014; Mitsubishi Corp., 2014; GAP İnşaat Yatırım ve Dış deposit, which is located in the south of the District of Yolotan, Ticaret A.Ş., 2015). were estimated to be between 13.1 trillion cubic meters

Turkmenistan—2015 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 47.3 and 21.2 trillion cubic meters (Gurt, 2013; Jafarova, 2013; RIA In 2015, Eni produced 3.5 Mbbl of crude petroleum in Novosti, 2013; Tiantian, 2013; Natural Gas Asia, 2014; Platts, Turkmenistan, and natural gas production in the country 2014; White and Phua, 2014, p. 4). increased by 2% to 62 million cubic meters in 2015 from In 2015, Government representatives of Turkmenistan, 61 million cubic meters in 2014. Eni operated a project under Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India met in Turkmenistan to a production sharing agreement (PSA) in the western area launch the construction of a 1,680-km natural gas pipeline to of Turkmenistan in a 200-square-kilometer (km2) area. In be called the Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India 2014, Eni and the State Agency for Management and Use of (TAPI) natural gas pipeline. The pipeline was expected to start Hydrocarbon Resources (SAMUHR) signed an addendum to the operating by 2018 with the capacity to carry 90 million cubic original PSA. The new PSA includes regulation of exploration meters per day of natural gas. As of yearend, however, none and production activities at the onshore Nebitdag Block, of the sections of pipeline had been laid and the project faced establishment of the transfer of a 10% stake of the Nebitdag obstacles, including financing for construction of Afghanistan’s Block to the state-owned oil company Turkmenneft, and training and Pakistan’s pipeline sections and security along the of local staff in the crude petroleum and natural gas sector. proposed route. Some of the pipeline sections would go through The PSA was extended to 2032. Eni also signed an MOU with unsecured parts of the southern areas of Afghanistan and SAMUHR to evaluate Eni’s activities in the offshore section of Pakistan. Turkmenistan was under agreement to sell 38 million the Caspian Sea in Turkmenistan (Eni S.p.A., 2014, p. 39, 47; cubic meters per day of gas each to India and Pakistan and the 2015, p. 37–38). remaining 14 million cubic meters per day of natural gas would In 2015, LG International Corp. of the Republic of Korea go to Afghanistan. In 2014, the Asian Development Bank was announced the completion of the modernization of the assigned as an advisor for the project and was to work closely Turkmenbashi oil refinery in Turkmenbashi City, Balkan with Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India to attract Welayat. In May 2013, a joint venture of Hyundai Engineering foreign investors. The Asian Development Bank contracted Ltd. of the Republic of Korea and LG International was awarded with the Penspen Engineering Group of the United Kingdom a contract for a large-scale construction project. The project to conduct a feasibility study for the TAPI pipeline. Penspen’s included the construction of a natural gas plant with a total feasibility study was to include the following: (1) review of designed production capacity of 17 million barrels per year of the proposed route, (2) confirmation of the compressor station high-octane gasoline, modernization of Turkmenistan’s state- size and location, (3) estimation of the cost of the project, and owned oil refineries, and the modernization of the existing Seidi (4) development of the schedule (Hindu, The, 2012; Penspen, oil refinery in Turkmenabad in Lebap Welayat. The refinery 2014; Press Trust of India, 2014; Reyaz, 2015). The construction modernization project included the design and the construction of the east-west pipeline, which had a capacity of 30 billion of systems to remove sulfur from gasoline and diesel; the cubic meters of natural gas, was completed in 2015. In 2010, refineries were expected to use natural gas from the Caspian Turkmenistan started construction of the pipeline that would Sea shelf. The modernization project for the Seidi refinery deliver natural gas from the Dovletabat and the Galkynysh was expected to be completed in 2017, and construction of the natural gas fields to Europe. The 773-km-long pipeline was to natural gas plant, by 2018 (AzerNews, 2013a; Hasanov, 2013; run from the Shatlyk gas compressor station in Mary Province Brelsford, 2015; LG International Corp., 2015; Yeon-jin, 2015). to the Belek gas compressor station in Balkan Province and to In 2015, Dragon Oil completed the drilling of eight wells the Caspian Sea coast, which would facilitate connection to any in the Dzheitune (Lam) field and the Dzhygalybeg (Zhdanov) trans-Caspian pipeline (AzerNews, 2015c; Pannier, 2015; Putz, field. Production in the first half of 2015 was 92,060 barrels per 2015; S&P Global Platts, 2015). day of oil. In 2000, Dragon Oil was granted a 25-year contract In 2014, a cooperation agreement was signed between under a PSA for the Cheleken area. The Cheleken contract area Atagas of Turkey and Turkmengaz on the purchase and sale of was estimated to be approximately 950 km2. The area consisted natural gas through the Southern Gas Corridor to Turkey and of two offshore oil and gas fields—the Dzheitune (Lam) field to Europe. The Southern Gas Corridor was composed of the and the Dzhygalybeg (Zhdanov) field—at depths of between South Caucasus pipeline (SCP), the Trans-Anatolian pipeline 8 and 42 meters below sea level. Dragon Oil completed the (TANAP), and the Trans-Adriatic pipeline (TAP). The SCP installation of a production platform in the Dzheitune field, and would run from Sangachal terminal through Baku (Azerbaijan), the drilling was expected to begin in the second quarter of the Tbilisi (Georgia), and Ceyhan (Turkey), where it would link year. On December 31, 2014, Dragon Oil’s proven and probable to the Turkish gas distribution system. The TANAP would run oil and condensate reserves were estimated to be 663 Mbbl and through 20 Provinces in Turkey and end at the border with its oil and condensate contingent (or inferred) resources were Greece, and then the natural gas would be transferred to Europe estimated to be 93 Mbbl. The company’s natural gas reserves through the TAP. The construction of the TANAP and the TAP were estimated to be 37 billion cubic meters and contingent (or was expected to be completed by 2018. The 300 km (187 miles) inferred) gas resources were estimated to be 37 billion cubic of the TANAP would need to be built under the Caspian Sea meters. Dragon Oil employed 1,900 people on this project. in order to connect it to Turkmenistan, and the completion In 2015, bids were announced for engineering, procurement, of the TANAP could be affected by the Caspian Sea border installation, and construction of a gas treatment plant. As of disputes among the following five countries: Azerbaijan, Iran, 2014, Dragon Oil was at the final stage of awarding a contract Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan (Natural Gas Europe, for the construction of the gas treatment plant in the Hazar area 2015a; Putz, 2015; BP Azerbaijan, 2016; TANAP, 2016). with a capacity to process 126 million cubic meters per year of

47.4 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2015 natural gas. The plant was expected to start production in 2018 BP Azerbaijan, 2016, South Caucasus pipeline: BP Azerbaijan Web (Dragon Oil plc, 2014, p. iii, 8, 10, 18, 23; ADVFN, 2015; Hart page. (Accessed April 29, 2016, at http://www.bp.com/en_az/caspian/ operationsprojects/pipelines/SCP.html.) Energy, 2015). BP p.l.c., 2016, BP statistical review of world energy June 2016: London, In 2015, ITERA was rebranded as ARETI, which consolidated United Kingdom, BP p.l.c., June, 44 p. (Accessed June 8, 2016, at most of the current projects of ITERA in Turkmenistan. In 2013, http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp-country/de_ch/PDF/bp-statistical-review- Rosneft of Russia had acquired 100% of ITERA, including of-world-energy-2016-full-report.pdf.) Brelsford, Robert, 2015, Turkmenistan lets contracts for refinery upgrades, 49% of the company from ITERA Holding Ltd. The cost of GTL plant: Oil and Gas Journal, April 14. (Accessed June 25, 2015, at the acquisition was estimated to be $2.9 billion (Karpukhin, http://www.ogj.com/articles/2015/04/turkmenistan-lets-contracts-for-refinery- 2013; Oil and Gas Journal, 2013; ARETI International Group of upgrades-gtl-plant.html.) Companies, 2016). Central and South Asia Business, 2015, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan agree to cooperate on energy and transport: Central and South Asia Business, January 23. (Accessed April 29, 2016, at http://csabusiness.com/afghanistan- Outlook and-turkmenistan-agree-to-cooperate-on-energy-and-transport/.) Chumakin, Valerii, 2013, Ne znaya rynka kaliinyh udobrenii po miru, mozhno Turkmenistan’s economy is closely linked with the price nalomat drov [Not knowing the potash market in the world, one can of hydrocarbons owing to the country’s high dependence on commit follies]: 12news.uz, October 24. (Accessed August 28, 2014, at exports of oil and gas. The development of the Galkynysh http://www.rezonans39.ru/index.php?menu=news&id=229.) Chumakin,Valerii, 2015, Proizvodstvo tsementa v stranah Tsentralnoi Azii [Cement gasfield has been completed, and the country was actively in production in the countries of Central Asia]: 12news.uz, March 7. (Accessed search of new routes for natural gas exports. The TAPI pipeline June 23, 2015, at http://chumakinw.livejournal.com/8435.html?thread=8179.) and the TANAP were in progress, although the country’s ability DKL Engineering, Inc., 2014, Acid plant database, in Sulphuric acid on the to complete these projects and when they might be completed Web database: DKL Engineering, Inc., March 23. (Accessed July 7, 2014, at http://www.sulphuric-acid.com/sulphuric-acid-on-the-web/acid%20plants/ remained uncertain. The Government also continued to develop Chardzhou%20Superphosphate.htm.) the national oil-refining sector because exporting refined Dragon Oil plc, 2014, Dragon Oil annual report 2014—Delivering for the petroleum products is more profitable than exporting crude future: Dubai, United Arab Emirates, Dragon Oil plc, 120 p. (Accessed petroleum. Turkmenistan is expected to continue to focus on June 26, 2015, at http://www.dragonoil.com/information/download-centre/.) Easttime.ru, 2013, Turkmeniya planiruyet intensivnoye razvitiye energetiki the development of the nonhydrocarbon sector. One sign of [Turkmenistan plans intensive energy development]: Easttime.ru, April 14. the emphasis on the nonhydrocarbon sector is Turkmenistan’s (Accessed July 11, 2013, at http://www.easttime.ru/news/turkmenistan/ investment in chemical and construction-material-processing turkmeniya-planiruet-intensivnoe-razvitie-energetiki.) plants. The Government also is expected to continue to work Economist, The, 2013, Rail link will boost regional trade: The Economist, May 27. (Accessed August 29, 2014, at http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?a on modernization of the existing iodine and bromine plants rticleid=810326065&Country=Afghanistan&topic=Economy&subtopic=Fo to increase production capacity. The construction of a potash- recast&subsubtopic=International+assumptions&u=1&pid=1402213124&o processing plant was completed, and the production capacity id=1402213124&uid=1.) could be increased to 4 Mt/yr (Chumakin, 2013; Easttime.ru, Eni S.p.A., 2014, Integrated annual report 2014: Rome, Italy, Eni S.p.A., 102 p. (Accessed June 26, 2014, at http://report.eni.com/annual-report-2014/en/ 2013; International Monetary Fund, 2016). servicepages/downloads/files/entire_eni_ar14.pdf.) Eni S.p.A., 2015, Fact book 2015: Rome, Italy, Eni S.p.A., 95 p. (Accessed References Cited June 7, 2016, at https://www.eni.com/docs/en_IT/enicom/publications- archive/publications/reports/reports-2015/fact-book-2015-eng.pdf.) ADVFN, 2015, Dragon Oil plc 2015 interim results: ADVFN, August 7. European Commission, 2015a, European Union, trade in goods with (Accessed June 20, 2016, at http://uk.advfn.com/stock-market/london/dragon- Turkmenistan: European Commission Directorate-General for Trade, 10 p. oil-DGO/share-news/Dragon-Oil-PLC-2015-Interim-Results/68075513.) (Accessed April 29, 2016, at http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2006/ ARETI International Group of Companies, 2016, ARETI International Group: september/tradoc_113457.pdf.) ARETI International Group of Companies. (Accessed June 23, 2016, at European Commission, 2015b, Turkmenistan—Diversifying the Turkmen http://www.aretigroup.com/.) economy: European Commission, 66 p. (Accessed July 25, 2016, at Asian Development Bank, 2016, Asian development outlook 2016—Asia’s http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/ potential growth: Mandaluyong, Philippines, Asian Development Bank, WDSP/ECA/2015/05/19/090224b082ea3d3f/3_0/Rendered/PDF/ 293 p. (Accessed June 8, 2016, at http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/ Turkmenistan0000the0Turkmen0economy.pdf.) publication/182221/ado2016.pdf.) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2014, Zakon AzerNews, 2013a, Production of oil products ups [sic] in eastern Turkmenistana—Law on subsoil: Rome, Italy, Food and Agriculture Turkmenistan: AzerNews, August 29. (Accessed December 19, 2014, at Organization of the United Nations, 48 p. (Accessed June 23, 2015, at http://www.azernews.az/region/58715.html.) http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/tuk145335.pdf.) AzerNews, 2013b, Turkmenistan seeks to export fertilizers: AzerNews, Free Library, The, 2014, Belarus, Turkmenistan solves problem on construction August 19. (Accessed August 25, 2016, at http://www.azernews.az/ of Garlyk mining and processing plant: The Free Library Web page. (Accessed region/69788.html.) June 23, 2015, at http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Belarus,+Turkmenistan+ AzerNews, 2015a, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan agrees to develop transport, solve+problem+on+construction+of+Garlyk+Mining ...-a0371412891.) energy co-op: AzerNews, January 22. (Accessed June 7, 2016, at GAP İnşaat Yatırım ve Dış Ticaret A.Ş., 2015, Garabogaz ammonia and urea http://www.azernews.az/region/76405.html.) production: GAP İnşaat Yatırım ve Dış Ticaret A.Ş. Web page. (Accessed AzerNews, 2015b, Turkmenistan keeps subsoil in state property: AzerNews, June 17, 2016, at http://www.gapinsaat.com/garabogaz-ammonia-and-urea- February 16. (Accessed June 18, 2016, at http://www.azernews.az/ production.) region/77726.html.) Global Cement, 2013, Polimeks commissions 1.4 Mt/yr cement AzerNews, 2015c, Turkmenistan opens pipeline in direction of plant in Turkmenistan: Pro Global Media Ltd., February 20. Europe: AzerNews, December 23. (Accessed April 29, 2016, at (Accessed August 29, 2014, at http://www.globalcement.com/news/ http://www.azernews.az/region/91036.html.) item/1453-polimeks-commissions-14mt-yr-cement-plant-in-turkmenistan.) Belarus.by, 2015, Garlyk mining and processing factory produces first Global Cement, 2014, Turkmenistan to build 1 Mt/yr cement plant in tonne of potash ore: Belarus.by, July 30. (Accessed June 9, 2016, at Koytendag: Pro Global Media Ltd., December 22. (Accessed January 1, 2015, http://www.belarus.by/en/business/business-news/garlyk-mining-and- at http://www.globalcement.com/news/item/3172-turkmenistan-to-build-1mt- processing-factory-produces-first-tonne-of-potash-ore_i_0000026256.html.) yr-cement-plant-in-koytendag.)

Turkmenistan—2015 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 47.5 Global Cement, 2015, Turkmenistan produces over 3Mt of cement: Natural Gas Europe, 2015c, Turkmenistan—The diversification of gas export Pro Global Media Ltd., November 30. (Accessed June 7, 2016, at market: Natural Gas Europe, December 16. (Accessed June 23, 2016, at http://www.globalcement.com/news/item/440 9-turkmenistan-produces-over- http://www.naturalgaseurope.com/turkmenistan-the-diversification-of-gas- 3mt-of-cement.) export-market-27160.) Gulf Oil and Gas, 2015, Turkmengaz company: Gulf Oil and Gas Web page. Neft and Gas Turkmenistana, 2006a, Gosudarstvenniy consern “Turkmenhimiya” (Accessed June 22, 2015, at http://www.gulfoilandgas.com/webpro1/prod1/ [Turkmenhimiya State Concern]: Neft and Gas Turkmenistana Web suppliercat.asp?sid=10336.) page. (Accessed June 22, 2015, at http://neftehimproduct.narod.ru/ Gurt, Marat, 2013, China asserts clout in Central Asia with huge Turkmen turkmenhimia.html.) gas project: Thomson Reuters, September 4. (Accessed May 8, 2015, at Neft and Gas Turkmenistana, 2006b, Gosudarstvenniy consern “Turkmenneft” http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/04/us-gas-turkmenistan-galkynysh- [Turkmenneft State Concern]: Neft and Gas Turkmenistana Web page. idUSBRE9830MN20130904.) (Accessed June 22, 2015, at http://neftehimproduct.narod.ru/turkmenneft.html.) Hanafusa, Ryosuke, 2014, Turkmenistan gas project highlights Japanese-Turkish Oil and Gas Journal, 2013, Rosneft buys control of ITERA Oil and Gas: Oil cooperation: NIKKEI Asian Review, August 28. (Accessed July 28, 2015, at and Gas Journal, July 3. (Accessed June 26, 2015, at http://www.ogj.com/ http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Deals/Turkmenistan-gas-project-highlights- articles/2013/07/rosneft-buys-control-of-itera-oil-gas.html.) Japanese-Turkish-cooperation.) Pannier, Bruce, 2015, Will Turkmenistan’s TAPI dream ever become a reality?: Hart Energy, 2015, Dragon oil increases Turkmenistan oil production: Hart Radio Free Europe—Radio Liberty, December 19. (Accessed June 7, 2016, Energy, April 21. (Accessed July 29, 2016, at http://www.epmag.com/ at http://www.rferl.org/content/qishloq-ovozi-turkmenistan-tapi-pipeline- dragon-oil-increases-turkmenistan-oil-production-791791#p=full.) pakistan-afghanistan-india/27437485.html.) Hasanov, T.H., 2013, South Korean consortium modernising oil refinery Penspen, 2014, Penspen awarded Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, plants in Turkmenistan: Trend News Agency, March 28. (Accessed India (TAPI) pipeline feasibility study: Penspen, October 13. (Accessed December 19, 2014, at http://en.trend.az/business/economy/2132205.html.) June 22, 2015, at http://www.penspen.com/asia-pacific/penspen-awarded- Hindu, The, 2012, TAPI pipeline gas sale agreement signed: The Hindu [Chennai, turkmenistan-afghanistan-pakistan-india-tapi-pipeline-feasibility-study/.) India], May 23. (Accessed July 27, 2014, at http://www.thehindu.com/business/ Platts, 2014, Third link of Central Asia-China gas pipeline to be fully Economy/tapi-pipeline-gas-sale-agreement-signed/article3449588.ece.) operational by end-2015: Platts, June 3. (Accessed June 25, 2015, at Infoabad.com, 2013, V Turkmenistane bolee 200 mestorozhdeniy tverdyh http://www.platts.com/latest-news/natural-gas/singapore/third-link-of-central- polesnyh iskopayemyh [In Turkmenistan, more than 200 deposits of asia-china-gas-pipeline-26803256.) solid minerals]: Infoabad.com, April 19. (Accessed July 16, 2014, at Plenipotentiary Representation Republic of Tatarstan in Turkmenistan, 2013, http://infoabad.com/vs-o-turkmenistane/v-turkmenistane-bole-200- Khimicheskaya promyshlennost’ Turkmenistana [Chemical industry of mestorozhdenii-tverdyh-poleznyh-iskoaemyh.html.) Turkmenistan]: Plenipotentiary Representation Republic of Tatarstan in International Monetary Fund, 2016, World economic outlook—Too slow for Turkmenistan, April 8. too long: Washington, DC, International Monetary Fund, April, 208 p. POSCO Group, 2015, Construction of iron manufacturing plant in Turkmenistan (Accessed July 28, 2016, at http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/ valued at 1 billion dollars: POSCO Group Web page, April 20. (Accessed pdf/text.pdf.) July 25, 2016, at http://www.posco.co.kr/homepage/docs/eng3/jsp/prcenter/ Jafarova, Aynur, 2013, Turkmen, Chinese presidents attend ceremonial news/s91c1010025v.jsp?idx=238i.) commissioning of giant Galkynysh field: AzerNews, September 4. (Accessed Press Trust of India, 2014, UK firm gets mandate for TAPI pipeline: Business December 19, 2014, at http://www.azernews.az/region/59013.html.) Standard [New Delhi, India], October 24. (Accessed June 22, 2015, at Japan Times, The, 2014, Mitsubishi to build fertilizer plant in Turkmenistan: The http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/uk-firm-gets-mandate- [Tokyo] Japan Times, August 19. (Accessed July 27, 2016, at http://www. for-tapi-pipeline-114102400408_1.html.) japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/08/19/business/corporate-business/mitsubishi-to- Putz, Catherine, 2015, Europe could be getting Turkmen gas by 2020: build-fertilizer-plant-in-turkmenistan/#.V5jRgPkrJD8.) The Diplomat [Washington, DC], May 5. (Accessed June 9, 2016, at Karpukhin, Sergei, 2013, Rosneft buys rest of ITERA from founder for http://thediplomat.com/2015/05/europe-could-be-getting-turkmen-gas- $2.9 billion: Thomson Reuters, July 2. (Accessed June 26, 2015, at by-2020/.) http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/02/us-russia-rosneft-itera- Regnum Information Agency, 2012, Turkmeniya planiruet uvelichit obyemy idUSBRE9610FB20130702.) proizvodstva tehnicheskogo ioda i broma [Turkmenistan plans to increase Lain, Sarah, 2015, European energy security and Turkmenistan: The production of technical grade iodine and bromine]: Regnum Information Diplomat [Washinton, DC], January 13. (Accessed June 17, 2016, at Agency, March 18. (Accessed August 29, 2014, at http://www.regnum.ru/ http://thediplomat.com/2015/01/european-energy-security-and-turkmenistan/.) news/economy/1510930.html.) LG International Corp., 2015, LG International Corp.-Hyundia Renaissance Construction, 2014a, Ammonia and urea plant: Engineering completion of the Turkmenistan oil refinery: LG Renaissance Construction Web page. (Accessed August 27, 2014, at International Corp. Web page, October 13. (Accessed June 17, 2016, http://www.rencons.com/en/projects/ammonia-and-urea-plant.) at https://www.lgicorp.com/en/company/bulletins/812;jsessionid Renaissance Construction, 2014b, Sulfuric acid plant in Turkmenabad: =VG0qWQvbNY3ys5TH4sypPkXyzxb7VJB1tgyglHLkXn9CHlphtRz3 Renaissance Construction Web page. (Accessed August 27, 2014, at !573419728.) http://www.rencons.com/en/projects/sulfuric-acid-plant-in-turkmenabad.) Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan, 2012, Natsionalniy kaspiyskiy Renaissance Heavy Industry, 2014, RHI newsletter: Renaissance Heavy plan deistviy Turkmenistana [Turkmenistan’s national Caspian action Industry, issue 1, 7 p. (Accessed June 22, 2015, at http://rhi.ronesans.com/ plan]: Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan, 70 p. (Accessed files/RHI_NewsLetter_01_Q1_2014eng.pdf.) June 23, 2015, at http://kaspinfo.com/sites/default/files/atoms/files/TK%20 Reyaz, M., 2015, TAPI pipeline—A new silk route or a pipe dream?: Al Jazeera, -%20NCAP%20Full%20Text%20(ru).pdf.) December 16. (Accessed June 7, 2016, at http://www.aljazeera.com/ Mitsubishi Corp., 2014, Mitsubishi Corporation constructs fertilizer plant in news/2015/12/tapi-pipeline-silk-route-pipe-dream-151215211343976.html.) Turkmenistan: Mitsubishi Corp., August 19. (Accessed July 27, 2016, at RIA Novosti, 2013, Turkmenistan opens huge gas field to supply China— http://www.mitsubishicorp.com/jp/en/pr/archive/2014/html/0000025465.html.) Reports: Sputnik [Moscow, Russia], April 9. (Accessed December 19, 2014, Natural Gas Asia, 2014, Construction on Tajik section of Turkmenistan-China at http://sputniknews.com/world/20130904/183163102/Turkmenistan-Opens- gas pipeline starts: Natural Gas Asia Web page, September 11. (Accessed Huge-Gas-Field-to-Supply-China---Reports.html.) June 25, 2015, at http://www.naturalgasasia.com/construction-on-tajik- Rönesans Holding, 2015, Renaissance puts its signature in Turkmenistan: section-of-turkmenistan-china-gas-pipeline-starts-13511.) Rönesans Holding Web page, July 14. (Accessed June 17, 2016, at Natural Gas Europe, 2015a, The momentum for the Trans-Caspian http://www.ronesans.com/en/media/news/ronesans-kuzey-kutbuna-ayak- pipeline: Natural Gas Europe, July 14. (Accessed April 29, 2016, at basti.) http://www.naturalgaseurope.com/the-momentum-for-the-trans-caspian- S&P Global Platts, 2015, Turkmenistan completes east-west gas link enhances pipeline-24590.) export efficiency: S&P Global Platts, December 23. (Accessed June 28, 2016, Natural Gas Europe, 2015b, Turkmenistan supplied 125 BCM of gas to at http://www.platts.com/latest-news/natural-gas/london/turkmenistan- China: Natural Gas Europe, September 28. (Accessed July 27, 2016, at completes-east-west-gas-link-enhances-26319461.) http://www.naturalgaseurope.com/turkmenistan-supplied-125-bcm-gas-to- china-25610.)

47.6 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2015 Sadykov, Murat, 2014, Has Turkmenistan-to-Tajikistan railroad United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2016, World investment derailed: Eurasianet.org, February 18. (Accessed June 18, 2015, at report 2016—Investor nationality—Policy challenges: Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/68057.) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 215 p. (Accessed Salimov, Oleg, 2013, The Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Tajikistan railroad July 25, 2016, at http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/wir2016_en.pdf.) project—The prospects of the new silk road: The Central Asia-Caucasus U.S. Census Bureau, 2015, U.S. exports to Turkmenistan by 5-digit end- Analyst [Washington, DC], November 27. (Accessed February 24, 2015, at use code 2006–2015: U.S. Census Bureau. (Accessed April 29, 2016, at http://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/12866-the- https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/product/enduse/exports/ turkmenistan-afghanistan-tajikistan-railroad-project-the-prospects-of-the- c4643.html.) new-silk-road.html.) U.S. Department of State, 2014, Executive summary of 2014 investment Schnebele, E.K., 2017a, Bromine: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity climate statement: Washington, DC, U.S. Department of State, June, Summaries 2017, p. 40–41. 20 p. (Accessed September 5, 2014, at http://www.state.gov/documents/ Schnebele, E.K., 2017b, Iodine: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity organization/228818.pdf.) Summaries 2017, p. 82–83. U.S. Department of State, 2015, Turkmenistan—Investment climate statement State Committee on Statistics of Turkmenistan, The, 2016; Osnovnye itogi 2015: Washington, DC, U.S. Department of State, June, 23 p. (Accessed sotsialno-economicheskogo razvitiya turkmenistana za yanvar-mart 2016 June 8, 2016, at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/241988.pdf.) goda [Highlight of socio-economic development of Turkmenistan for Ussaev, Ussa, 2015, Narashivaetsya proizvodstvo tsementnoi productsii [The January–March 2016]: Ashgabad, Turkmenistan, The State Committee cement production is increasing]: Zolotoi Vek, January 10. (Accessed on Statistics of Turkmenistan, The, 8 p. (Accessed June 8, 2016, at June 23, 2015, at http://turkmenistan.gov.tm/id=8008.) http://www.stat.gov.tm/ru/main/info/social-econ/esasy-soc/osnovnyie-itogi- White, Merrick, and Phua, David, 2014, Natural gas imports into soczialno-ekonomicheskogo-razvitiya-turkmenistana-za-yanvar-mart-2015- China—Prospects for growth: King and Spalding Energy Newsletter, goda.pdf.) September 8, 14 p. (Accessed December, 17, 2014, at http://www.kslaw.com/ TANAP, 2016, Why TANAP?: TANAP Web page. (Accessed April 29, 2016, at library/newsletters/EnergyNewsletter/2014/September/article1.html.) http://www.tanap.com/tanap-project/why-tanap/.) Yeon-jin, Jung, 2015, Modernizing Turkmenistan—Hyundai Engineering and Tiantian, Bai, 2013, Gas deal to double Turkmen imports to China: Global LG International wins 5 trillion won order in Turkmenistan: Business Korea, Times [Beijing, China], September 5. (Accessed December 18, 2014, at April 10. (Accessed July 31, 2015, at http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/ http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/808740.shtml.) article/10046/modernizing-turkmenistan-hyundai-engineering-and-lg- Turkmenistan.ru, 2015, Garlyk ore-dressing and processing plant to produce international-win-5-trillion-won.) 1.4 million tons of potash fertilizer per year: Turkmenistan.ru. (Accessed Zolotoi Vek, 2012, Krupneishii v regione gorno-obagotitelnii kombinat [The April 4, 2015, at http://www.turkmenistan.ru/en/articles/17469.html.) largest mining-processing plant in the region]: Zolotoi Vek, March 2. TurkmenPortal, 2015, Gosudarstvenniy concern “Turkmenhimiya” (Accessed July 27, 2016, at http://www.turkmenistan.gov.tm/id=886.) [Turkmenhimiya State Concern]: TurkmenPortal. (Accessed June 22, 2015, at http://turkmenportal.com/catalog/377.)

Turkmenistan—2015 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 47.7 TaBLe 1 TURKMENISTAN: ESTIMATED PRODUCTION OF MINERAL COMMODITIES1, 2

(Metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Commodity3 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 meTaLs steel, rolled 50,000 120,000 134,000 135,000 140,000 inDusTriaL mineraLs Bromine 460 480 500 500 500 Cement thousand metric tons 1,950 2,370 2,650 2,900 3,300 Clay, bentonite: Mine output 50,000 50,000 r 50,000 r 7,387 r, 4 8,000 Powder 250 305 360 400 400 Gypsum 100,000 105,000 105,000 107,000 110,000 iodine 470 480 500 500 500 Lime 16,000 18,000 19,000 19,400 20,000 Magnesium compounds, bischofite 100 105 110 na na Nitrogen: ammonia, n content 270,000 280,000 285,000 293,000 309,000 urea, n content 341,000 341,000 341,000 344,000 360,000 Potash na na na na 1 salt 215,000 220,000 220,000 r 91,651 r, 4 100,000 Sodium sulfate 60,000 62,000 63,000 68,000 70,000 Sulfur 200,000 240,000 400,000 506,000 r 60,000 MINERAL FUELS AND RELATED MATERIALS natural gas million cubic meters 59,500 62,300 62,300 r 69,300 r 72,400 Petroleum:4 Crude thousand 42-gallon barrels 77,000 r 80,200 r 84,000 r 87,200 r 91,400 Refinery products do. 57,800 r 55,000 r 56,000 r 57,100 r 57,100 rrevised. do. Ditto. na not available. 1Estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits. 2Table includes data available through June 30, 2016. 3In addition to the commodities listed, barite, bench gravel, coal, dolomite, epsomite, kaolin, limestone, loam, ozokerite, quartz sand, and sand and gravel were thought to have been produced, but available information was inadequate to make reliable estimates of output. 4Reported figure.

Source: World Mining Data, 2016, and BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2016.

47.8 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2015 TaBLe 2 TURKMENISTAN: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 20151

(Metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Major operating companies, main facilities, annual Commodity or deposits2 Location or deposit names capacity Barite-witherite Arpaklenskiy mining enterprise Arpaklen deposit 10,000 Do. na Kumytash deposit and other deposits na Bromine Cheleken plant Cheleken Peninsula 5,000 Do. Nebitdag plant Balkanabad, Balkan Welayat 2,500 Cement JSC Baharlynskiy cement plant (state-owned Bezmein 1,000,000 Turkmencement) Do. Kelete cement plant (state-owned 70 kilometers west of Ashgabad 1,250,000 Turkmencement) Do. Jebel cement plant (Polimeks Inşaat Taahhüt Jebel, Balkanabad Welayat, Nebitdag region 1,000,000 ve San. Tic. A.Ş.) Do. Garlyk cement plant (Polimeks Inşaat Taahhüt ve Lebap Welayat, Turkmenabat region 1,400,000 San. Tic. A.Ş.) Clay: Bentonite Oglanly Mine Oglanly region, Balkan Welayat 100,000 kaolin Ashkabad glass plant Kyzylkainskoye deposit 80,000 e Do. Tuarkyrskoye deposit 250 kilometers southeast of na Turkmenbashi Coal do. do. na Dolomite Ashkabad glass plant Kelyatinskoye deposit 6,000 e Gravel, bench gravel and loam Bezmeinskiy deposit near ashgabad 1,212,000 Gypsum ia Turkmenmineral Mukry, Tagorin deposits 300,000 Do. Wastes from Gaurdak sulfur deposit Gaurdak, Gora 400,000 Do. Krasnovodsk Aylagy (anhydride) deposit 9 kilometers east of Turkmenbashi 160,000 iodine Khazar chemical plant (SI Turkmenhimiya Holding) Khazar, Balkan Welayat 355 Do. Balkanabad iodine plant (SI Turkmenhimiya Holding) Balkanabad, Balkan Welayat 255 e Do. Bereketskiy iodine plant (SI Turkmenhimiya Holding) Gumdag, Balkan Welayat na Magnesium compound, bischofite, Karabogazsulfate Association Kara-Bogaz-Gol Lagoon na epsomite, Caspian Sea salt, (off the Caspian Sea coast) and Glauber's salt natural gas million cubic meters Achakskoye, Dauletabad, Doviet-Denmez (Donmez), Onshore in eastern and 90,000 e Gygyrlinskoye, Ioltan (South Yolotan-Osman), southwestern parts of the North and South Naipskiye, Shatlyk, and Yashlar country and offshore in the deposits (Turkmengas State Concern) Caspian Sea, Murgab basin, Dashoguzskiy Do. do. China National Petroleum Corp. (CNPC) amu Darya Basin 5,000 Do. do. Eni S.p.A. nebitdag Block 60 Nitrogen: ammonia Ammonia plant (state-owned Turkemkhimiya) mary City 420,000 urea Chemical plant do. 743,000 Potash thousand metric tons OAO Trest Shakhtospetsstroi Co. Garlyk processing plant 1,400 Petroleum: Crude thousand 42-gallon barrels Barsa-Gelmesskoye, Burunskoye, Cheleken, Centered in Caspian plain in western 80,600 e Gograndagskoye, Ioltan (South Yolotan-Osman), Turkmenistan and in offshore Kamyshldzhinskoye, Korturtepinskoye, Kum Dag, oilfields to the west of the Cheleken Kuydzhikskoye, Okaremskoye, and Peninsula in the Caspian Sea Yashlar oilfields Do. do. Eni S.p.A. nebitdag Block 3,000 Do. do. Dragon Oil Plc Cheleken basin 35,000 See footnotes at the end of table

Turkmenistan—2015 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 47.9 TaBLe 2—Continued TURKMENISTAN: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 20151

(Metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Major operating companies, main facilities, annual Commodity or deposits2 Location or deposit names capacity Petroleum:—Continued Refined thousand 42-gallon Turkmenbashi complex of oil refineries Seidi oil refinery, Lebap Welayat, 78,000 3 barrels and Turkmenbashi oil refinery, Balkan Welayat Do. Karabil'skoye deposit 17 kilometers south of Gaurdak na Salt: rock Gaurdak deposit 8 kilometers from Gaurdak 15,000 e Do. Khodzhaguymaskoye deposit 4 kilometers west of Gaurdak na Do. Kugitangskoye deposit 75 kilometers from Gaurdak 2,000 e Do. Uzun-Kudukskoye deposit 20 kilometers from Gaurdak 2,000 e Brine kuulinskoye 40 kilometers north of Turkmenbashi 650,000 e Iodized Guvlyduz Salt Factory Balkan Welayat 60,000 sand and gravel cubic meters Dushaksoye deposit na 1,150,000 Do. do. Kala-I-Morskoye deposit na 925,000 Do. do. Kernayskoye deposit na 36,000 Do. do. Kubatayskoye deposit na 740,000 Do. do. Ufrinskoye deposit na 900,000 Sand, quartz Annauskoye, Babadurmazskoye, Bakhardenskoye, na na and Kelyatinskoye deposits Sodium sulfate Karabogazsulfate Association Bekdash, Kara-Bogaz-Gol Lagoon 400,000 (off the Caspian Sea coast) steel, rolled Turkmen metallurgical plant near ashgabad 160,000 Do. Shakhtaminskoye deposit do. na Do. ia Turkmenmineral Gora deposit 340,000 Do. Kugitangskoye deposit 75 kilometers from Gaurdak na Stone: argillite cubic meters Yashlykskii Keramzit plant Yagmanskoye deposit, Balkan Welayat 200,000 Limestone, for cement Gaurdak 4 kilometers northeast of Gaurdak na Do. Kara-Dzhumalakskoye 60 kilometers from Gaurdak na Limestone, for construction na Charshanginskoye, Gaurdakskoye, Geok- na Sulfur China National Petroleum Corp., Petrofac Ltd., Three plants at Galkynysh 3,430,000 LG International Corp., Hyundai Engineering and Construction Corp. Ltd. eestimated. Do., do. Ditto. na not available. 1Many location names have changed since the breakup of the Soviet Union. Many enterprises, however, are still named or commonly referred to based on the former location name, which accounts for discrepancies in the names of enterprises and that of locations. 2The majority of the companies were Government owned. 3Capacity estimate is total for all enterprises that produce this commodity.

47.10 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2015