DOCSLIB.ORG

49370-002: National Power Grid Strengthening Project

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
49370-002: National Power Grid Strengthening Project Initial Environmental Examination Final Report Project No.: 49370-002 October 2020 Turkmenistan: National Power Grid Strengthening Project Volume 2 Prepared by the Ministry of Energy, Government of Turkmenistan for the Asian Development Bank. The Initial Environmental Examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. 49370-002: TKM TKM Power Sector Development Project 4.3. Physical Environment Topography 48. Most of the surface located in Turkmenistan is a flat desert. The Garagum (Kara Kum) desert occupies all of central Turkmenistan, from the northern to the southern border. The Kopetdag Range extends along the central part of the southern border with Iran. In far eastern Turkmenistan, extent of the Pamir–Alay Range includes the country’s highest point, Mount Ayrybaba, which is 3,137 meters high. The Krasnovodsk and Ustirt plateaus dominate north- western Turkmenistan. Along the Caspian coast, elevations are at or below sea level for as much as 150 km inland. Ashgabat, capital of Turkmenistan lies in an oasis at the northern foot of the Kopet-Dag range and on the edge of the Karakum Desert, about 19 miles (30 km) from the Iranian frontier. The topographical map of Turkmenistan is given in Figure 4.3. : Topographical Map of Turkmenistan 49. The Ashgabat (Gurtly) to Balknabad Transmission line of phase I alignment traverses through the desert and is in foot hills of the Kpet Dag mountain. Topography throughout the transmission line alignment and substation area are almost flat. The elevation along the alignment varies from 80-200 m amsl. The Dashoguz to Balkan alignment also runs entirely in flat desert area. Initial Environmental Examination Report, May 2018 updated September 2020 36 49370-002: TKM TKM Power Sector Development Project 50. The transmission line alignment between Akhal to Mary of Phase II also traverses through the desert area and agricultural area. Alignment largely passes through flat land with elevation varying from 155 – 341 m amsl. Hills are towards the South direction of proposed alignment at approx 4-5 km. Geography of Turkmenistan 51. Turkmenistan lies between latitudes 35° and 43° N, and longitudes 52° and 67° E. Over 80% of the country is covered by the Karakum Desert with a peculiar environment combining contrasting environmental factors, some in excess, some in short supply. The desert is the habitat for highly specialized types of plants and animals whose genealogical linkages with the arid conditions are old and deep. The centre of the country is dominated by the Turan Depression In the south this depression gradually slopes upward, transitioning to the foothills of Kopetdag and Parapamiz. The Kopet Dag Range, along the southwestern border, reaches 2,912 metres (9,554 feet) at Kuh-e Rizeh (Mount Rizeh). Map showing geography of Turkmenistan is given in Figure 4.4. Initial Environmental Examination Report, May 2018 updated September 2020 37 49370-002: TKM TKM Power Sector Development Project : Topographical Map of Turkmenistan 52. Geomorphologically, the phase II alignment area is associated with the upper quarternary-contemporary alluvial deltoid plain of the Tejen river, within the limits of a poorly broken, low drainage Inklabian delta. The terrain is mild, sloping generally to the north. Drainage and Land Use pattern 53. Almost 80 percent of the territory of Turkmenistan lacks a constant source of surface water flow. The main rivers of this region located only in the southern and eastern peripheries and few smaller rivers lies on the northern slopes of the Kopetdag. The most important river is the Amu Darya, which has a total length of 2,540 kilometres from its farthest tributary, making it the longest river in Central Asia. The Amu Darya flows across north-eastern Turkmenistan and is the main source of water for irrigation and other work in Turkmenistan through network of canal. River's average annual flow is 1,940 cubic meters per second. Other major rivers are the Tejen (1,124 kilometres); the Murgap (852 km); and the Atrek (660 km). A total of 49.12 million hectares are irrigated and drained which are located in all velayats (district), but largest irrigated areas are in Balkan and Akhal velayats. 54. The hydrology of Turkmenistan is determined by the runoff of the Amudarya, Tedjen, and Murghab Rivers and the major man-made “river” – the Karakum ( Gragum local name) Canal. Alignment of phase I and Phase II does not traverse through any waterbody. (Refer Figure 4.4 & 4.6 for drainage pattern). However , The Karakum canal runs along the proposed alignment from Ashgabat to Balkanbat in phase I and crosses the phase II alignment area. All water bodies in phase I alignment were bypassed while finalizing the transmission line alignment. Phase II alignment is following the existing line alignment with presence of no water body. Initial Environmental Examination Report, May 2018 updated September 2020 38 49370-002: TKM TKM Power Sector Development Project (Source: Subject expert preparation based on data analysis and site verifications visits) Drainage Pattern of Turkmenistan Initial Environmental Examination Report, May 2018 updated September 2020 39 49370-002: TKM TKM Power Sector Development Project (Source: Subject expert preparation based on data analysis ) Drainage Pattern of Turkmenistan-Phase II 55. The entire transmission line from Dashoguz -Balkan of phase I alignment pass through desert area. The Asghabat-Balkanabat of phase I alignment also passes mostly through barren & desert area. Land use of RoW (50m) of alignment and 2 km buffer is given in Figure 4.7. Proposed project will not alter the land use of the area. 56. Alignment of transmission line in Phase II, i.e. Akhal to Mary also traverses through agricultural and desert area. Project will not impact the existing land use. Land use of RoW (50 m) of alignment and 2 km buffer of Phase II alignment is given in Figure 4.8. Initial Environmental Examination Report, May 2018 updated September 2020 40 49370-002: TKM TKM Power Sector Development Project (Source: subject expert preparation based on data analysis and site verifications visits) : Land use Map of Alignment RoW and 2 km Buffer Area of Phase I Initial Environmental Examination Report, May 2018 updated September 2020 41 49370-002: TKM TKM Power Sector Development Project (Source: subject expert preparation based on data analysis) : Land use Map of Alignment RoW and 2 km Buffer Area-Phase II Geology & Soil 57. Sandy desert and grey-brown soils cover the largest area of the country. The dominant soil type is desert sandy soil (38.7 per cent of the territory) and sierozem, grey desert soil (25.5 per cent). Pure sands cover 9.1 per cent of the territory and often move under pressure of the wind (deflation). These sand drifts are called barkhans. Takyr5 and takyr-like soil cover 10.4 per cent of the territory. Saline soils (solontchaks) occur in 5.5 per cent of the territory. The remainder includes alluvial soil (0.2 per cent), mountain brown soil (0.6 per cent), humic gley soil (2.7 per cent) and bare soil (7.5 per cent). Seismicity 58. As per Seismic Hazard Distribution Map, provided by world health organization, in 2010, the region from Asghabat to Balkanabat lies in high risk zone with peak ground acceleration range of 2.4 to 4 m/s2, and the region from Dashoguz to Balkanbad lies in low to medium risk zone with peak ground acceleration of 0.2 to 2.4 m/s2 as shown in Figure 4.9. 5 It is a type of relief occurring in the deserts of Central Asia, similar to a playa in the south-western United States. A takyr is usually formed in a shallow depressed area with a heavy clay soil, which is submerged by water after seasonal rains. After the water evaporates, a dried crust with fissures forms on the surface. The crust is primarily formed by filamentous cyanobacteria. Initial Environmental Examination Report, May 2018 updated September 2020 42 49370-002: TKM TKM Power Sector Development Project 59. According to Turkmenistan’s national seismic map, the Mary-Tejen construction site of phase II is located in the zone with seismic intensity of 7-8 points, Tejen-Akhal - 8-9 points (Source: WHO Publications 2010) : Seismic Hazard Distribution Map (Source: WHO, 2010) 60. In recent past 10 Earthquakes of small magnitude varying from 4.1 to 4.9 was felt between 6th Feb 2017 to 7th Jan 2018 with centre located in Balkan region (near Turkmenbasy, Serdar, Gumdag, Balkanabat, and Bojnurd) Natural Disasters 61. Major natural disaster in the country is earthquake only. Other than earthquake, other natural disasters includes mudslides, droughts, dust storms and floods. Flood hazard map of the Turkmenistan is given in Figure 4.10. As per flood hazard map, project area lies in low and very low flood hazard area. Initial Environmental Examination Report, May 2018 updated September 2020 43 49370-002: TKM TKM Power Sector Development Project Source: National Committee for Hydrometry, the cabinet of Ministers of Turkmenistan Flood Hazard Map of Turkmenistan 4.4. Climate 62. The climate of Turkmenistan is continental and extremely dry. This is due to the peculiarities of atmospheric circulation, the intracontinental location of the country, the nature of the underlying surface, and the presence of mountain ranges in the south-east and south.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Jehovah's Witnesses Respectfully Request the Government Of
    Enclosed information material is submitted by the European Association of Jehovah's Witnesses European Association of Jehovah's Witnesses TURKMENISTAN RELIGIOUS FREEDOM ISSUES STATEMENT BY THE EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION OF JEHOVAH’S WITNESSES O S C E H u m a n Dimension Implementation M e e t i n g , W a r s a w 16–27 SEPTEMBER 2019 T u r k m e n i s t a n Jehovah’s Witnesses in Turkmenistan are not able to worship freely. Since September 2018, there has been an increase in government interference with the Witnesses’ religious activity. The Witnesses experience the following violations of their basic reli- gious freedoms: Police harassment and threats Police interference with public manifestation of belief 3 Government denial of right to possess religious material Government refusal to provide alternative civilian service Government denial of registration As of September 2019, seven young Witnesses are unjustly impris- oned in Turkmenistan for their conscientious objection to military service. Turkmenistan has no provision for an alternative to military service and has taken a harsh stance towards conscientious objectors. During the reporting period, six young Witness men were sentenced to im- prisonment. Bahtiyar Atahanov was forcibly taken to a military unit Turkmenistan has and later sentenced to four years in prison. Other cases are pending no provision for with the Prosecutor’s Ofce. an alternative to Law enforcement authorities continue to mistreat Jehovah’s Witnesses military service and has taken Authorities have intimidated and harassed the Witnesses by searching their homes without a warrant, seizing personal belongings, forcibly a harsh stance taking them from their workplace or homes for interrogation and even beating some of them—all in an efort to pressure them to abandon towards conscien- their faith.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkmenistan Oil and Gas
    Pre-Caspian Pipe- Central Turkmenistan Oil and Gas Map line (active) Turkmenistan Oil and Gas Map Asia-Center Pre-Caspian Pipe- Kazakhstan Gas Pipeline line (planned) Legend (to Russia) National Capital Uzbekistan Velayat Capital Population Center Sarygamysh Koli Dashovuz International Boundary Block Velayat Border 1 Garabogaz River or Canal 7 2 Oil/ Gas Pipeline 8 Transcaspian 3 Kara-Bogaz-Gol Pipeline Under Construction 9 Bay Gas Pipeline 4 DASHOVUZ Proposed Pipeline 10 VELAYAT 5 Oil/Gas Field 11 6 Gyzylgaya Protected Area 12 LEBAP Port Ufra BALKAN VELAYAT Turkmenbashi Belek VELAYAT Refinery 13 14 Cheleken Balkanabat Belek-Balkanabat- c 2011 CRUDE ACCOUNTABILITY 15 Serdar Pipeline 16 Aladzha Turkmenistan-China 24 Yerbent 17 Gas Pipeline 25 Gumdag 18 Serdar Turkmenabat 26 AHAL 19 East - West Karakum Canal VELAYAT 27 20 Ogurchinsky Pipeline Amu Darya River Island 28 29 21 22 Okarem Ashgabat 30 23 Magdanli Kerki 31 Mary Esenguly Bayramaly Caspian Tejen Sea Korpeje-Kordkuy Pipeline Iran South Yolotan- Osman Field Saragt This map is a representation of Turkmenistan’s major oil and gas fields and transport infrastructure, including ports and Dovletabat MARY Afghanistan pipeline routes, as of February 2011. As the world turns its attention to Turkmenistan’s vast petroleum reserves, more Field VELAYAT precise details about the fields are sure to become known, and—over time—it will become clear which of the proposed and hotly debated pipelines comes into existence. For now, this map demonstrates where the largest reserves are Dovletabat - located, and their relationship to population centers, environmentally protected areas, key geographical features (the Sarakhs - Caspian Sea, the Kopet Dag Mountain Range, and the Karakum Desert) and neighboring countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Figure 2.1.20 Bird's-Eye View of Turkmenbashi Port
    JICA Study on the Turkmenistan March 2010 Source TMRL Figure 2.1.20 Bird’s-eye View of Turkmenbashi Port 2 - 75 JICA Study on the Turkmenistan March 2010 Source: Google Figure 2.1.21 Location of the Port ii) Natural conditions It is reported that fog is not frequent and mostly of short duration. In general, currents are limited in the bay (inside the spit) and they do not hamper the navigation of vessels in the channel. It should be noted that these currents do not refer to the channel cut through the Turkmenbashi spit. In the area of the cut through the Turkmenbashi spit, currents run parallel to the axis of the channel and can reach values up to 1 – 2.5 knots. The following tables present the distribution of the wind and wave in Turkmenbashi per sector and per speed class. Although the wind in Turkmenbashi is not so strong, the access channel of the port is closed very frequently due to wind because the width and depth of the channel are not 2 - 76 JICA Study on the Turkmenistan March 2010 sufficient under windy condition. Regarding channel closure, details will be described later in this section. The feasibility study on the modernization of Turkmenbashi Port (MLTM 2009) describes that the maximum wave height in the Caspian Sea outside the spit is 2.6m and wave height may reach 2.0m in the cut through section of the channel. The annual maximum wave height in the area of the port is 0.5m on average and at maximum 0.7m.
    [Show full text]
  • 49370-002: National Power Grid Strengthening Project
    Initial Environmental Examination Final Report Project No.: 49370-002 October 2020 Turkmenistan: National Power Grid Strengthening Project Volume 4 Prepared by the Ministry of Energy, Government of Turkmenistan for the Asian Development Bank. The Initial Environmental Examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. 49370-002: TKM TKM Power Sector Development Project 81. Out of these IBAs, eight IBAs are located close to phase I Transmission line alignments. Four IBAs are located close to proposed Gurtly (Ashgabat) to Balkanabat Transmission line. And four falls close to existing Sardar (West) to Dashoguz Transmission line. No IBA falls close to Dashoguz-Balkan Transmission line. The view of these IBAs with respect to transmission alignment of phase I are shown at Figure 4.17. 82. There are 8 IBAs along phase II alignment. Two IBAs, i.e. Lotfatabad & Darregaz and IBA Mergen is located at approx 6.0 km &approx 9.10 km from alignment respectively. The view of these IBAs with respect to transmission alignment of phase II is shown at Figure 4.18. : Presence of Important Bird Areas close to Proposed/existing
    [Show full text]
  • Türkmenstatyň Ýerli Statistika Edaralary Boýunça Düzümi
    Salgylarymyz t/b Sebitler Indeks we edaranyň Telefon belgileri ýerleşýän ýeri Aşgabat şäheri 1 Türkmenistanyň Statistika 744000 Arçabil (99312) 39-27-44 baradaky döwlet komiteti şaýoly, 100 jaý 2 Aşgabat şäheriniň statistika 744000 Magtymguly (99312) 94-28-06 müdirligi şaýoly, 72 jaý 3 Büzmeýin etrabynyň statistika 744000 Magtymguly (99312) 94-22-52 müdirligi şaýoly, 72 jaý Ahal welaýaty 1 Ahal welaýatynyň statistika 745205 Ahal müdirligi welaýaty, Ak bugdaý (99312) 57-43-58 etraby, Halklaryň dostlygy köçesi, 2 jaý 2 Ak bugdaý etrabynyň statistika 745205 Ahal bölümi welaýaty, Ak bugdaý etraby, Änew (993137) 34-6-15 şäherçesi, Watan köçesi, 1 jaý 3 Gökdepe etrabynyň Statistika 745190 Ahal bölümi welaýaty, Gökdepe (993132) 4-08-48 şäheri, Ataýew köçesi, 4 jaý 4 Kaka etrabynyň statistika bölümi 745340 Ahal welaýaty, Kaka (993133) 31-4-90 etraby, Kaka şäheri 5 Tejen şäheriniň statistika bölümi 745360 Ahal welaýaty, Tejen (993135) 4-83-54 şäheri, Häkimlik köçesi, 23 jaý 6 Tejen etrabynyň statistika 745360 Ahal bölümi welaýaty, Tejen etraby, Altyn asyr (993135) 4-61-59 şäheri, Türkmenbaşy köçesi, 3 jaý 7 Babadaýhan etrabynyň 745380 Ahal statistika bölümi welaýaty, (993136) 3-21-84 Babadaýhan şäheri, Gülzar köçesi, 2 jaý 8 Bäherden etrabynyň statistika 745180 Ahal bölümi welaýaty, Bäherden (993131) 21-9-36 şäheri, Ýaşlyk köçesi. 6 jaý 9 Sarahs etrabynyň statistika 745250 Ahal (993134) 21-1-90 bölümi welaýaty, Sarahs şäheri, Niýazow köçesi, 4 jaý Balkan welaýaty 1 Türkmenbaşy şäheriniň 745100 Balkanabat (800222) 6-97-12 statistika bölümi şäheri,
    [Show full text]
  • Water Resources Lifeblood of the Region
    Water Resources Lifeblood of the Region 68 Central Asia Atlas of Natural Resources ater has long been the fundamental helped the region flourish; on the other, water, concern of Central Asia’s air, land, and biodiversity have been degraded. peoples. Few parts of the region are naturally water endowed, In this chapter, major river basins, inland seas, Wand it is unevenly distributed geographically. lakes, and reservoirs of Central Asia are presented. This scarcity has caused people to adapt in both The substantial economic and ecological benefits positive and negative ways. Vast power projects they provide are described, along with the threats and irrigation schemes have diverted most of facing them—and consequently the threats the water flow, transforming terrain, ecology, facing the economies and ecology of the country and even climate. On the one hand, powerful themselves—as a result of human activities. electrical grids and rich agricultural areas have The Amu Darya River in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan, with a canal (left) taking water to irrigate cotton fields.Upper right: Irrigation lifeline, Dostyk main canal in Makktaaral Rayon in South Kasakhstan Oblast, Kazakhstan. Lower right: The Charyn River in the Balkhash Lake basin, Kazakhstan. Water Resources 69 55°0'E 75°0'E 70 1:10 000 000 Central AsiaAtlas ofNaturalResources Major River Basins in Central Asia 200100 0 200 N Kilometers RUSSIAN FEDERATION 50°0'N Irty sh im 50°0'N Ish ASTANA N ura a b m Lake Zaisan E U r a KAZAKHSTAN l u s y r a S Lake Balkhash PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC Ili OF CHINA Chui Aral Sea National capital 1 International boundary S y r D a r Rivers and canals y a River basins Lake Caspian Sea BISHKEK Issyk-Kul Amu Darya UZBEKISTAN Balkhash-Alakol 40°0'N ryn KYRGYZ Na Ob-Irtysh TASHKENT REPUBLIC Syr Darya 40°0'N Ural 1 Chui-Talas AZERBAIJAN 2 Zarafshan TURKMENISTAN 2 Boundaries are not necessarily authoritative.
    [Show full text]
  • WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative – COSI
    WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative COSI Turkmenistan 2016/2017 (Round Four) report on data collection of childhood nutritional status | Ashgabat, Turkmenistan | 2020 ABSTRACT Childhood obesity remains an important public health problem in prevalence of overweight (19.1%) and obesity (3.2%). the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region, where it Family data showed that most mothers (87.3%) breastfed their is unequally distributed within and between European countries children for more than 7 months; of these, 50.5% breastfed from and population groups. Nutritional surveillance data are essential to 13 to 24 months. Children from Turkmenistan reported a high food effectively design, implement and evaluate policies and strategies consumption of fresh fruit (70.1%), vegetables (68.1%), meat (68.3%), aimed at counteracting obesity. Turkmenistan joined the WHO dairy products such as low-fat/semi-skimmed milk (75.7%), but more European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) study than 40% of children reported a consumption (> 4 days/week) of in 2016/2017 (fourth round) alongside 34 other countries. This soft drinks (42.5%) and other sugary foods such as candy bars and population-based system involves a standardized, harmonized chocolate (43.9%), and biscuits, cake, doughnuts and pies (48.3%). systematic process of monitoring prevalence of thinness, Regarding physical activity the majority of children reported walking overweight and obesity (based on measured data) among primary or cycling to school (80.5%), and play outside for 1–2 hours per day schoolchildren. during weekdays (65.3%) but sedentary habits such as watching TV COSI Turkmenistan was implemented in five velayats (regions): Ahal, or using electronic devices (1-2h/day) were reported by the majority Balkan, Dashoguz, Lebap, Mary and Ashgabat city.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposals for Amending the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Highway Network
    ESCAP/AHWG/2019/3/Corr.1 Distr.: General 11 September 2019 Chinese, English and Russian only Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Working Group on the Asian Highway 8th meeting Bangkok, 18 and 19 September 2019 Item 6 of the provisional agenda* Consideration of proposals for amending the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Highway Network Proposals for amending the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Highway Network Corrigendum Annex Amendments to annex I to the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Highway Network 1. Amendment proposal from the Government of China In the table, replace AH1, AH5 and AH6 with the following AH1 Tokyo – Fukuoka – ferry – Busan – Gyeongju – Daegu – Daejon – Seoul – Munsan – Gaesung – Pyongyang – Sinuiju – Dandong – Shenyang – Beijing – Shijiazhuang – Zhengzhou – Xinyang – Wuhan – Changsha – Xiangtan – Guangzhou (– Shenzhen) – Nanning – Youyiguan – Huu Nghi – Dong Dang – Ha Noi – Vinh – Dong Ha – Hue – Da Nang – Hoi An – Nha Trang – Bien Hoa (– Vung Tau) – Ho Chi Minh City – Moc Bai – Bavet – Phnom Penh – Poipet – Aranyaprathet – Kabin Buri – Hin Kong – Bang Pa-in (– Bangkok) – Nakhon Sawan – Tak – Mae Sot – Myawadi – Payagyi (– Yangon) – Meiktila – Mandalay – Tamu – Moreh – Imphal – Kohima – Dimapur – Nagaon – Jorabat (– Guwahati) – Shillong – Dawki – Tamabil – Sylhet – Katchpur – Dhaka – Jessore – Benapol – Bongaon – Kolkata – Barhi – Kanpur – Agra – New Delhi – Attari – Wahgah – Lahore – Rawalpindi (– Islamabad) – Hassanabdal – Peshawar – Torkham – Kabul – Kandahar – Dilaram
    [Show full text]
  • Turkmenistan – Making the Most of Desert Resources
    Turkmenistan Making the Most of Desert Resources urkmen hospitality is legendary, its roots There is little forested land. In fact, four-fifths of the in the distant past. Beyond the traditional country’s surface is desert—most of it the Karakum Khosh geldiniz (welcome), a host’s sacred (Garagum in Turkmen, the official language). And duty has always been to be hospitable to most of the remaining 20% of land is occupied Tguests, even if they are strangers. The hardship of by steep mountains. At the southwest edge of the life and travel in the desert that makes up most of Karakum, the Kopet-Dag Range rises up along the country is such that finding a friendly refuge Turkmenistan’s southern border. This range forms could be a matter of life or death. Inhospitality to a part of the Trans-Eurasian seismic belt, which is traveler is virtually unthinkable. unstable and has caused violent earthquakes in the country. An Uncompromising Terrain Turkmenistan’s most important river is the Amu Darya, the longest river in Central Asia, which Turkmenistan, the second largest Central Asian emanates from the Pamir mountains and flows country, covers 488,100 square kilometers, northwesterly through Turkmenistan. Much of its measuring about 1,100 kilometers from east to water is diverted to the west for irrigation via the west and 650 kilometers from north to south, Karakum Canal. Other major rivers are the Tejen, Upper: The Yangkala Canyon in northwestern Turkmenistan. Lower: The between the Caspian Sea in the west and the the Murgab, and the Atrek. Mausoleum of Turkmenbashi in Ahal Amu Darya River in the east.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkmenistan's 'Golden Age' Lake
    WL KNO EDGE NCE ISM SA ER IS E A TE N K N O K C E N N T N I S E S J E N A 3 V H A A N H Z И O E P W O I T E D N E Z I A M I C O N O C C I O T N S H O E L C A I N M Z E N O T Turkmenistan’s ‘Golden Age’ Lake: a Potential Environmental Disaster Zhulduz Baizakova Republic of Kazakhstan Open Source, Foreign Perspective, Underconsidered/Understudied Topics The Foreign Military Studies Office (FMSO) at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, is an open source research organization of the U.S. Army. It was founded in 1986 as an innovative program that brought together military specialists and civilian academics to focus on military and security topics derived from unclassified, foreign media. Today FMSO maintains this research tradition of special insight and highly collaborative work by conducting unclassified research on foreign perspectives of defense and security issues that are understudied or unconsidered. Author Background Zhulduz Baizakova is a graduate of the Kazakh National University and has a MSc degree in International Security and Global Governance, Birkbeck College, University of London, where she successfully defended her dissertation on NATO peacekeeping activities. She served for seven years in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan, including a posting to the United Kingdom. Baizakova is currently specializing in defense and security issues in Central Asia. FMSO has provided some editing, format, and graphics to this paper to conform to organizational standards.
    [Show full text]
  • BARGHOUTI 2006 Case Study of the Aral Sea Water and Environmental Management Project.Pdf
    39284 THE WORLD BANK INDEPENDENT EVALUATION GROUP Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized An Independent Evaluation of the World Bank’s Support of Regional Programs Case Study of the Aral Sea Water and Environmental Management Project Public Disclosure Authorized Shawki Barghouti Director-General: Vinod Thomas Director: Ajay Chhibber Public Disclosure Authorized Manager: Victoria Elliott Task Manager: Catherine Gwin 2006 The World Bank This paper is available upon request from IEG. Washington, D.C. ENHANCING DEVELOPMENT EFFECTIVENESS THROUGH EXCELLENCE AND INDEPENDENCE IN EVALUATION The Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) is an independent unit within the World Bank; it reports directly to the Bank’s Board of Executive Directors. IEG assesses what works, and what does not; how a borrower plans to run and maintain a project; and the lasting contribution of the Bank to a country’s overall development. The goals of evaluation are to learn from experience, to provide an objective basis for assessing the results of the Bank’s work, and to provide accountability in the achievement of its objectives. It also improves Bank work by identifying and disseminating the lessons learned from experience and by framing recommendations drawn from evaluation findings. IEG Working Papers are an informal series to disseminate the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development effectiveness through evaluation. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed here are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank cannot guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Türkmenıstanyň Tebıgy Baylyklary We
    TÜRKMENISTANYŇ BILIM MINISTRLIGI MAGTYMGULY ADYNDAKY TÜRKMEN DÖWLET UNIWERSITETI M.Geldinyýazow TÜRKMENISTANYŇ TEBIGY BAÝLYKLARY WE OLARY GAÝTADAN IŞLEMEK Ýokary okuw mekdepleriniň talyplary üçin okuw gollanmasy Türkmenistanyň Bilim ministrligi tarapyndan hödürlenildi Aşgabat – 2010 Sözbaşy Täze Galkynyş we Beýik özgertmeler zamanasynda ýurdumyzyň ylym- bilim ulgamyny ösdürmekde, ony dünýä derejesine ýetirmekde uly işler amala aşyrylýar. Ýurdumyzyň ýokary okuw mekdeplerinde talyplaryň döwrebap bilim almaklary üçin, esasan hem ýurdumyzyň tebigy baýlyklaryny düýpli öwrenmek we olaryň şol tebigy baýlyklardan alynýan ýokary hilli önümlere göz ýetirmekleri dogrusynda giň düşünjeleri bermekde uly tagallalar edilýär. Türkmenistan döwletimizde tebigy çig mal baýlyklarynyň uly gorlary jemlenendir. Häzirki wagtda biziň ýurdumyzda nebitiň we tebigy gazyň gaty köp mukdarlary öndürilýär. Türkmen topragy bu baýlyklar bilen çäklenmän, eýsem ýurdumyzyň dürli künjeklerinde ýod-bromly suwlaryň, kükürt çig malynyň çykarylýan ýerlerine, duzlaryň dürli görnüşlerine duş gelmek bolýar. Bu gollanmada ýurdumyzyň tebigy çig mal baýlyklarynyň görnüşleri, olaryň ýerleşýän ýerleri, olardan alynýan önümler barada giň maglumatlar berlen. Häzirki wagtda biziň ýurdumyzda tebigy çig mal baýlyklarymyzy gaýtadan işläp, olardan ýokary hilli önümleri öndürýän birnäçe zawoddyr kärhanalar hereket edýär. Bu gollanmada şol kärhanalar barada hem giň maglumatlar getirildi. Bu gollanma ýurdumyzyň tebigy baýlyklaryna, olaryň görnüşlerine, olaryň gaýtadan işlenilip birnäçe önümler
    [Show full text]