Chapter 2. I Thank Columbia University Press for Granting Permission to Quote Yang 1945:90, a Chinese Village

Notes

Chapter 2. I thank Columbia University Press for granting permission to quote Yang 1945:90, A Chinese Village. Taitou, Shandong Province. Chapter 4. GrovelAtlantic, Inc. kindly granted permission to quote Arthur Waley, The Book o/Songs (copyright line 1937), Seventh Printing, 1978, page 161. Waley uses his own system of ordering the poems, listing them by topic; poem #279 also is referred to here as entry #156 (see Waley 1987:351). Chapter 4. David Keightley generously granted permission to cite two helpful unpublished papers (Keightley 1975, 1985). Chapter 4. I am grateful to Elizabeth Childs-johnson for permission to cite her useful, unpublished dissertation (Childs-Johnson 1988). Chapter 5. The analysis for Dadunzi uses primarily Nanjing Museum 0964, 1%5). Burials reported in Nanjing Museum (981) from Dadunzi date to both the Early and Middle Regional Phases. Figures 5.8 and 5.28 do not include burials from Liulin or Dadunzi. Chapters 5, 6, and 7. Jim Railey generously allowed me to cite results from his important dissertation on ceramic change in the Yuanqu basin of southern Shanxi (Railey 1999). Chapter 7. I thank my sister, Emily Luchetti, a professional pastry chef, for leading me to Barbara Haber and Deborah Kelley-Milburn, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College, who informed me about the web page men• tioning bronze cooking vessels at Hampton Court Palace. The web site address is: www.castingsfshusiness.co.uklwarning.htm Chapter 7. I am very grateful to Dr. Fang Hui for helping me translate the section of the Zuo Zhuan (Yang 1981). Chapter 7. I thank Dr. Isabelle Druc for her translation from the French (Biot 1975) of the Dong Guan Kao GongJi.

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Early Bronze Age counterparts, ~ Ceramic form (generic terms; mostly inferred function on ~ often several varieties and Inferred primary Direct evidence, the basis of texts from ~ sizes at sites) function Neolithic period more than one period Q Ding tripod vessel with round, deep Cooking (boiling, simmering), 2 pig hooves inside ding, Shang and later periods (Chang '" or shallow dish, solid legs (may have especially meat dishes Dawenkou site, burial M35, 1976); regional variations of coarse or fine paste, plain or (coarse paste), or serving middle Dawenkou period forms, some are square smoothed surfaces) meat dishes (finer paste ding) (c. 3250-3000 B.C.); soot with 4 legs instead; some on several ding vessels in have handles; Han tomb whole cemetery (Shandong with meat stew in ding; Province and Jinan City texts state Western Zhou ding 1974:142, 50) for nobles all for meat dishes, Pig limb, hoof, other bones large size for some Shang inside ding vessels, burial M15, ding suggests large animals Yedian site, middle Dawenkou (Chapter 4); some Shang period, c. 3250-3000 B.C. and Zhou ding have soot (Provincial Museum 1985:170) (Ma 1986: 187; Childs-Johnson 1984:231) Li globular tripod vessel with short Cooking: boiling meat dishes; None Shang and later periods neck, large hollow legs, wide mouth hollow legs faster (Li 1995:17; Ma 1986); some with spoons for picking out meat, some have handles, solid legs Cui tripod pitcher with large hollow Cooking: boiling soups or Soot on gui legs at Chengziyai, Uncertain; possibly a or solid legs, handle, large spout stews, and serving by Longshan period, c. 2600- forerunner of the pouring; possibly also heating 1900 B.C. (Childs-Johnson bronze he tripod (see "wine" (Luan 1992:250, 1984:289-290; Li Chi 1934:65; below) Wang 1997:183-184) Li 1956:117), residue from ~ water inside some gUi vessels .... at Dawenkou Table A.!, (Continued) ~ ~ Early Bronze Age counterparts, Ceramic form (generic terms; mostly inferred function on often several varieties and Inferred primal)' Direct evidence, the basis of texts from sizes at sites) function Neolithic period more than one period

site, late Dawenkou period, c. 3000-2600 B.C. (Shandong Province and Jinan City 1974:50, Childs-johnson 1984:290), and Shandong Longshan sites: Baiying (CPAM of Anyang District 1983:17), Lujiakou (Shandong Archaeological Team 1985) Yan (Xian) tall tripod vessel with Cooking: steaming None, but unusual shape rules In Shang and later periods, two distinct sections: jarlike top (presumably grain or out many other possibilities bronze yan have hollow and hollow or solid legs vegetables); hollow legs legs; some are rectangular filled with water or have handles (U 1995:22; Ma 1986) Zeng jar with wide orifice; several Cooking: steaming None, but analogy to modem None pierced holes in base or lower cooking vessels suggests body feasibility Guan jar with flat base, Several possible functions: Clam/mussel shells inside None ill-defined shoulder, cooking for coarse paste jars; guan jars, burials M12, M13, partially constricted orifice; all-purpose M22 in Xixiahou site, late many varieties and sizes containers or Dawenkou period, c. 2800- (including paste) storage vessels 2600 B.C. (Institute of ~ Archaeology 1985:336) ~ Ethnographic analogy: Dai Longshan sites (c. 2600-1900 B.C.): ~ people, southern China, use soot on guan jars from Henan, Q r,,) jars described as guan Shaanxi (Zhang and Zhang ~ for water (Zhang Ji 1959:490) 1986:47,49); animal bones in ~ guan jar at Baiying site (Sui 1988:51); several guan jars found in bottom ~ of well, Jiangou (Institute of SZ Archaeology 1984:84) g c;,)

Bi (usually) very shallow vessel Cooking: grate for steaming, Apparently some small grates None with straight walls and flat for insertion into another have been found in yan base; pierced holes (varying vessel steamers; probably racks made sizes and shapes) through of other materials like bamboo base or lower body existed and were easier to use Zao stove; open top to support Portable, small cooking stove Feasible shape; resemblance to None until after Shang container and open side for contemporary portable stoves in period (Chang 1986), but fuel, some have holes on upper rural China; presumably soot Shang pottery examples body to release smoke (Chang 1976:126) Dou stemmed dish; height and Serving vessel, especially Pig limb, hoof, and other bones Only in bronze after the width of stem, diameter and cooked meat dishes inside dou dishes, burial M15, Shang period; some have depth of dish vary Yedian site, middle Dawenkou lids (Li 1995:30, Chang period, c. 3250-3000 B.C.; 1976:141, 1978:128; fish and pig lower jawbone Ma 1980, 1986) inside dou dish, burial M84, Yedian site, late Dawenkou period, c. 3000-2600 B.C. (Shandong Museum 1985:170, 178); pig lower jawbone in dou dish, burial M15, Xixiahou site, middle Dawenkou period, c. 2750-3000 B.C; clam/mussel shells in dou dishes, burials M12, M13, M22 in Xixiahou site, late ~ ~ Table A.t. (Continued) ~ Early Bronze Age counterparts, "'" Ceramic form (generic terms; mostly inferred function on often several varieties and Inferred primary Direct evidence, the basis of texts from sizes at sites) function Neolithic period more than one period

Dawenkou period, c. 2800-2600 B.C. (Institute of Archaeology 1985:336) Zun jar with wide orifice and flaring "Wine" container; shape None; the different forms of Wide-mouthed jar with flaring rim; several varieties (large deep and post-Shang textual zun at sites suggest great rim in Shang period and later; vessels versus short, cup-like data suggest fermentation variation in function; Wang generic term but also can refer vessels) vessel (ChildS-Johnson 1997 calls these "gang" jars to this specific form; however, 1984:215-223); large, deep, the form changed somewhat late Dawenkou period over time (Li 1995, Ma 1986: examples (c. 3000-2600 B.C.) 197, Chang 1981:161) may be fermentation vessels (Underhill forthcoming) Lei jar with wide shoulder, carinated "Wine" container; None Shang period and later, some profile, relatively tall narrow neck, form would be feasible for have handles (Ma 1980, small base holding fermented 1986:199-200); varieties of beverages shapes

Hu jar with long neck, constricted Container for "wine" or other None Shang period and later, specific orifice, maximum body diameter liquids term (Chang 1981:161, Ma at midheight 1980); but also can refer ~ generally to many long-necked vessels (Ma 1986:197-198); ~ some Shang ones have lids ~ Jia tripod with globular body, Various possibilities: None Solid legs in bronze versions; s:! hollow legs, wide orifice, shape "wine" serving or drinking Erlitou period (Rawson ~ r..os of base varies vessel, or vessel for heating 1987:11); also Shang period ~ water to mix with "wine," and later (Ma 1980, 1986:39, ~ or simply a vessel 195; Li 1980, 1995); generic for heating term for wine-serving vessel ~ (Chang 1981:162); post-Shang ~ texts suggest heating water Q to mix with "wine," and some tIS related form jue tripod (Erlitou period) examples have soot (Childs-Johnson 1984:212, 185) He tripod vessel with hollow legs, "Wine" container or water Possibly the bronze he tripod Erlitou period (Rawson 1996: may be short and wide or tall container for blending or developed from the 252); also Shang period and and narrow, distinctive tubular diluting "wine" Neolithic ceramic gUi later (Ma 1980, 1986:200-201); spout pitcher (Childs-Johnson varieties of forms from Shang 1984:206-207) sites Gu tall beaker, distinct flaring shape Drinking vessel for "wine" None Shang period and later; from mid-body generic term for a vessel to warm wine (Chang 1981:162) but others call it a specific form (Ma 1986:195, Childs-Johnson 1984) Bei small vessels with constricted Individual-sized drinking None None orifice, many shape varieties; cups for many liquids; may have handles, feet, or long stems small-capacity cu ps or elaborate cups possibly for "wine" (Li Jianmin 1984:66, Fang 1%4) Pan basin, very wide but shallow Sometimes used as ritual None Shang period and later (Ma dish, on pedestal; often called water container 1980, 1986:201); used with he quanzupan, ring-footed pitcher before middle Zhou ~ baSin; another variety is period (Li 1980:19, 1995); \.It Table A.I. (Continued) ~ 0'\ Early Bronze Age counterparts, Ceramic form (generic terms; mostly inferred function on often several varieties and Inferred primary Direct evidence, the basis of texts from sizes at sites) function Neolithic period more than one period sanzupan, basin on tripod generic term for water legs container (Chang 1981:162) Yu relatively short, Bowl, general container, None Shang period and later (Ma wide-mouthed vessel, bulge may be used for serving 1980, 1986:192), Zhou at lower body, wide base food examples with inscriptions mention cooked rice Bo relatively short, wide-mouthed Bowl, general container, Pig head, other bone inside three- None vessel, sometimes bulges at may be used for serving footed bo, burial M2005, Dawenkou mid-body, somewhat wider food site, early Dawenkou period, base than for wan, several c. 3800-3500 B.C. (Shandong varieties Province Institute 1997:227) Wan small vessel with narrow Usually individual-sized None, but commonly used in None base, short, out-flaring walls; eating, drinking bowl; some rural China several sizes also could be lids Pen globular jar with narrow All-purpose container Pig limb, hoof, other bones inside None base and wide orifice pen basin, Yedian site, burial MIS, middle Dawenkou period, c. 3250-3000 B.C. (Provincial Museum 1985:170); head of ~ cattle inside three-footed pen, ~ burial M2005, Dawenkou ~ site, early Dawenkou period, c. 3800-3500 B.C. (Shandong s: ~ Province Institute 1997:227) r"j Pingdipen vessel with wide, flat Basin, all-purpose container None None ~ base and wide orifice, relatively ~ straight walls ~ Let-bo (usually) narrow base Mortar for Ethnographic None and flaring rim, wide grinding tuberous analogy in rural ~ orifice; distinctive wide plant materials China (An )iayuan engraved lines radiating for preparation of 1986:345) B upward from the food or medicines interior base up the sides Lou-qi or deng lu straight- Strainer, filter None None walled, tube-shaped vessel with a few small, scattered holes in the midsection Gang large jar with very wide All-purpose container None, but commonly used in None orifice, no shoulder, narrower rural China for holding base water, etc. Weng jar with wide shoulder, Form would be feasible for None May contain ''wine,'' as at moderately constricted but holding liquids Taixi site distinct neck, small base; may be short and wide or tall and narrow Ping vessel with short neck, Form would be feasible for None None relatively wide orifice and base holding liquids Zuo wide-mouthed vessel with A stand or support for None Found in later Zhou period no base, flaring walls other vessels (containers) (Guo 1981:136) Gat lid, often with handle(s), Covering for many forms, Directly covering many forms of Also true for bronze vessels may be flat or shaped small or large: cups, jars, etc. vessels in burials or other contexts like an upside-down dish ~ ...... 298 APPENDICES

Appendix A.2. Count of Single Burials by Period and Grave Kind, Dawenkou and Yangshao Periods

Early Middle Late

Cemetery Grave type 2 3 2 3 2 3

Central Yellow River Valley Longgangsi Pit 138 123 Unknown 16 Fulinbao Pit 32 12 Xiawanggang Pit 173) 114 85 Dahecun Pit 37

Western Shandong Dawenkou Coffin 3 3 Pit 8 29 56 14 17 Earthen ledge 8 8 3 Earthen ledge, 3 4 coffin Stone coffin Xixiahou Pit 7 15 Wangyin Pit 108 336 345 Yedian Pit 4 17 17 3 15 Earthen ledge 2 13 Inner/outer 2 coffins ]ianxin Coffin 2 2 5 Pit 12 27 22 Wucun Pit 8 60 Unknown Liulin Pit 52 90 Dadunzi' Pit 27 15

Eastern Shandong

Sanlihe Pit 6 24 15 Earthen ledge 2 Unknown Chengzi Pit 6 Earthen ledge Coffin 20 Dazhujia Coffin 3 8 2 Pit 1 5 8 Lingyanghe Pit 4 14 28

'Data provided are from 1967 and 1965 reports. The 1981 report lists 171 early period burials and 115 middle period burials. Appendix A.3. Early Regional Phase, Dawenkou Period: Major Forms (and Total Varieties) of Ceramics ~ Present by Phase in Graves, Western Shandong Area ~ Site/Phase/Number of graves present ~

Yedian Dawenkou Wangyin Dadunzi Liulin ~ ~ Vessel form 1/4 IV17 IIJ/Zl 1/10 11/45 1/121 11/376 IIJ/402 1/26 1/54 11/45 '" Cooking Small ding tripod 10) 1(2) 1(1) 0 2(2) 1(3) 1(7) 1(4) 0 0 0 Ding tripod 3(5) 6(12) 9(12) 1(I) 9(4I) 6(11) 6(25) 6(32) 3(12) 3(8) 3(12) Fu stove 0 1(1) Serving Food Dou stand 0 1(2) 2(4) 0 1(6) 1(4) 1(1) 1(2) Gui shaped bowl 1(1) Wan bowl 0 1(I) 0 1(I) 1(6) 1(1) 1(3) Small bo bowl 0 1(1) Bo bowl 0 1(3) 1(4) 1(1) 3(21) 0 1(I) 1(I) 1(4) 0 1(1) Pou bowl 1(3) Die plate 0 1(6) Pen basin 0 1(6) 0 0 2(8) 0 1(4) 1(5) 1(3) 1(1) 1(1) Small pen basin 0 0 1(1) Serving Liquid Gu tall cup 1(3) 1(5) 1(5) 0 1(23) 1(6) 1(15) 1(4) 1(3) 1(4) 1(4) Small cups 0 2(2) 1(1) 1(1) Other cups 1(2) 0 3(4) 0 4(12) 1(3) 1(4) 7(10) Liquid Containers Small hu jar 0 1(1) Hu jar 0 0 1(1) 1(1) 1(9) Other Lou strainer 0 1(1) 1(1) 0 1(1) Guan jar 0 1(2) 2(4) 0 3(9) 1(1) 1(3) 1(5) 1(2) 1(1) 2(5) Small guan jar 0 2(2) Pan dish 0 1(1) 0 0 1(1) Gang jar 0 0 1(1) 1(1) 1(I) Qizuo stand 0 1(4) ~ Gai lid 0 1(2) 1(1) 0 1(2) 1(2) 1(I) 1(I) 10) \0 300 APPENDICES

Appendix A.4. Dawenkou Period: Major Ceramic Forms (and Varieties) Present in Habitation Contexts

Site/Phase

Wangyin Dawenkou (997) Yedian ]ianxin Xixiahou Vessel form I-III I-II I-V I-III I-II

Cooking Ding tripod 5(38) 3(42) 6(8) 8(9) 1(1) Bi grate 0 0 0 1(6) 0 Small ding tripod 1(5) 1(3) 0 1(1) 0 Yu steamer 0 0 0 1(1) 0 Seroing Food Dou stand 1(1) 1(2) 0 2(6) 1(1) Gui shaped bowl 0 0 0 0 1(1) Wan bowl 1(1) 0 1(2) 1(3) 0 3-footed wan bowl 0 1(3) 0 0 0 3-footed bo bowl 0 1(4) 0 0 0 Bo bowl 1(5) 1(3) 1(3) 1(1) 1(1) Bo bowl with handle 0 0 1(1) 0 0 Pen basin 1(5) 1(8) 0 2(6) 1(1) Small pen basin 0 1(1) 1(1) 0 0 Small die dish 1(3) 0 0 0 0 Yu bowl 0 0 0 1(1) 0 Seroing Liquid Gu tall cups 1(13) 1(5) 0 0 0 Tall-stemmed cups 0 0 0 2(2) 1(1) Other cups 1(3) 1(3) 2(2) 1(3) 0 Small cups 1(2) 0 0 0 0 Liquid Containers Gui pitcher 0 0 1(1) 1(1) 0 Hu jar 1(5) 0 0 0 1(1) He pitcher 0 0 0 1(1) 0 Zun jar 1(1) 0 0 0 0 Weng jar 0 0 0 1(3) 0 Beihu flat -backed jar 0 0 0 1(1) 0 Ping jar 0 0 0 1(2) 0 Other Ye ladle 0 0 0 1(1) 0 Luo strainer 0 0 1(1) 0 0 Gtlan jar 1(4) 0 0 1(21) 1(1) Small guan jar 0 0 0 1(1) 0 Gang jar 0 1(7) 1(1) 1(2) 1(1) Pan dish 1(3) 0 0 0 0 Qi ZtlO stand 1(1) 0 0 0 0 Gailid 1(2) 1(4) 1(1) 1(8) 1(1) APPENDICES 301

Appendix A.5. Middle 1, 2 Regional Phases, Dawenkou Period: Major Forms (and Total Varieties) of Ceramics Present in Graves by Phase, Western Shandong Area

Site/Phase/Number of graves present

Wucun Yedian Dawenkou Dadunzi' Vessel form lI8 IVl9 III174 11/15

Cooking Small ding tripod 1(2) Ding tripod 1(1) 9(16) 3(10) 3(11) Serving Food Dou stand 1(1) 3(8) 3(15) 1(5) Gui shaped bowl 1(1) Wan bowl 1(2) 1(1) Bo bowl 2(6) 1(2) 1(1) Pou bowl 1(5) Pen basin 1(5) 1(1) 0 Serving Liquid Gu tall cup 1(4) Tall-stemmed cup 2(2) Other cups 2(2) Liquid Containers Gui pitcher 1(1) 2(2) He pitcher 1(5) 1(1) Beihu flat -backed jar 1(1) 1(2) Hu jar 3(4) 2(8) 2(2) Ping jar 1(2) Zun jar 2(3) Weng jar 1(1) Other Lou strainer 1(3) Guan jar 1(1) 1(2) 4(11) 1(6) Yi ewer 1(2) Gang jar 1(1) 1(1) Qizuo stand 1(3) 1(1) "General's Helmet" 1(2) Gailid 1(6) 1(3) 1(1)

• Data for Dadunzi in Appendices A,3 and A,5 are from 1967 and 1965 reports. 302 APPENDICES

Appendix A.6. Later Middle and Late Regional Phases, Dawenkou Period: Major Forms (and Total Varieties) of Ceramics Present in Graves by Phase, Western Shandong Area

Site/Phase/Number of graves present

Wucun ]ianxin Yedian Xixiahou Dawenkou

Vessel form 11/66 I115 11/27 III/30 V/32 1/7 11/24 IVl19 Vl25

Cooking Small ding tripod 0 1(1) 1(1) 1(2) 1(4) 1(16) 0 0 Ding tripod 1(6) 1(9) 1(12) 1(8) 4(5) 1(2) 1(10) 3(10) 3(12) Seroing Food Dou stand 1(4) 0 1(4) 0 2(7) 1(5) 1(8) 3(6) 3(7) Small dou stand 0 1(1) 1(1) 1(5) 1(6) Gui shaped bowl 1(4) 1(5) Wan bowl 1(1) 0 0 1(1) 1(1) 0 1(1) Bo bowl 1(1) 1(1) 0 1(1) 1(1) 0 Small yu bowl 0 0 1(1) Pen basin 1(2) 0 0 1(2) 1(1) 1(3) 0 1(1) Small pen basin 1(1) Seroing Liquid Tall-stemmed cup 0 1(16) 1(20) 1(7) 1(1) 1(5) 1(4) 1(6) Other cups 1(4) 2(3) 3(24) 3(37) 8(20) 3(3) 3(20) 3(5) 3(6) Small cups 0 1(1) 1(1) 1(1) Liquid Containers Gui pitcher 0 1(4) 1(7) 1(5) 1(2) 1(7) 1(2) 1(3) He pitcher 0 1(3) 1(1) 1(6) 1(2) 1(4) 2(2) 2(4) Beihu flat-backed 1(2) 1(10) 1(11) 1(2) 1(7) 1(9) 1(1) 1(4) jar Hu jar 1(1) 1(5) 1(7) 1(10) 1(4) 1(2) 1(7) 2(3) 3(16) Ping jar 2(3) 1(1) 1(6) 0 1(3) Zun jar 1(2) 1(1) 0 1(2) 1(2) 1(6) 1(1) 2(4) Small zun jar 0 1(4) Weng jar 1(1) 0 1(1) Animal-shaped 1(1) 0 vessel

Other Guan jar 2(4) 1(8) 1(13) 1(14) 3(10) 1(3) 1(6) 4(9) 4(16) Small guan jar 0 1(1) 1(1) 1(6) 0 1(6) Yi ewer 1(1) 0 1(1) Gang jar 1(1) Gailid 1(2) 1(2) 1(7) 1(6) 1(1) 1(7) APPENDICES 303

Appendix A.7. Later Middle and Late Regional Phases, Dawenkou Period: Major Forms (and Total Varieties) of Ceramics Present in Graves by Phase, Eastern Shandong Area

Site/Phase/Number of graves present

Chengzi Sanlihe Lingyanghe Dazhujia

Vessel form 1/26 1/6 II Al25 II B/17 1/4 11/14 III/27 1/4 11/13 III/IO

Cooking Small ding tripod 1(6) 1(8) 1(10) (No varieties reported) Ding tripod 1(2) 0 1(1) 0 1 1 1(5) 1(4) 1(2) Seming Food Dou stand 1(1) 1(3) 1(7) 1(4) 1(5) 1(4) 1(4) Wan bowl 0 1(1) 0 Bo bowl 1(3) 1(6) 1(6) Pen basin 1(2) 1(1) 1(2) 0 1(3) 1(4) Seming Liquid Tall-stemmed cup 1(6) 1(7) 1(6) 1 0 1(6) 1(6) Other cups 1(1) 2(3) 2(3) 1(1) 0 1(1) 1(2) 0 LiqUid Containers Cui pitcher 1(1) 1(6) 1(6) 1(4) 1(1) 1(2) 1(2) He pitcher 1(1) 0 1(4) 1(3) Beihu flat-backed 1(2) 1(5) 1(1) jar

Hu jar 1(1) 1(1) 1(1) 0 2(2) 3(8) 3(9) Small hu jar 1(4) 1(5) 1(4) Ping jar 1(2) 1(5) 1(1) 1(1) 1(2) 1(1) Small ping jar 1(1) 0 0 Zzm jar 1(3) 1(4) 1(3) 0 1(1) 1(1) Weng jar 0 1(2) 1(1) Animal-shaped 0 0 1(1) vessel Other Cuan jar 1(6) 1(3) 1(5) 2(7) 2 1(2) 1(13) 1(8) Small guan jar 1(2) 1(3) 1(2) 0 1(1) 1(1) Yi ewer 0 1(1) 1(1) Pan dish 0 1(1) 0 Cailid 1(1) 0 1(1) 0 304 APPENDICES

Appendix A.S. Yangshao Period: Major Forms (and Total Varieties) of Ceramics Present in Graves by Phase, Central Yellow River Valley

Site/Phase/Number of graves present

Longangsi Fulinbao Xiawanggang Dahecun

Vessel form II/162 III/241 I/32 III/12 II e/316 II m/157 II 1/105 IV/37

Cooking Ding tripod 0 0 0 0 0 0 1(1) 1(3) 0 1(0 Sewing Food Dou stand 0 0 0 0 1(1) 1(3) 1(2) 0 Bo bowl 1(6) 1(5) 1(1) 0 1(9) 1(4) 1(2) 0 1(5) 1(6) 1(5) Wan bowl 1(5) 1(6) 0 0 1(2) 1(3) 0 1(1) 1(3) 1(5) 1(4) Small wan bowl 0 1(1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Yu bowl 1(9) 1(3) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sewing Liquid Other bei cups 0 0 0 0 1(3) 1(2) 1(1) 0 1(1) Liquid Containers Ping jar 2(12) 0 1(1) 0 1(1) 0 0 0 Small hu jar 1(5) 1(6) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hu jar 0 0 1(1) 0 0 0 0 0 Beihu flat-backed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1(1) jar Other Guan jar 8(35) 6(34) 3(4) 0 0 0 0 0 1(3) 1(4) 1(4) Small guan jar 0 1(16) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pan dish 0 0 0 0 1(1) 0 1(2) 0 Qizuo stands 0 0 0 0 1(9) 1(5) 1(3) 0 Gai lids 1(4) 1(3) 0 0 1(1) 0 0 0 0 1(3) 1(3)

Note: Boldface numbers indicate possible spirit vessels (mingqi). APPENDICES 305

Appendix A.9. Yangshao Period: Major Forms (and Varieties) of Ceramics Present in Habitation Contexts

Site/Phase

Longgangsi Fulinbao Dahecun

Vessel form II-III III IV

Cooking Guo cauldron 0 0 0 1(1) Ding tripod 0 0 0 1(5) Fu cauldron 0 1(1) 1(2) 0 Zao stove 0 1(1) 2(3) 0 Zeng steamer 0 1(1) 1(3) 1(1) Seroing Food Dou stand 1(1) Bo bowl 1(3) 1(4) 1(6) 1(1) Wan bowl 1(2) 0 1(28) 1(1) Pen basin 2(3) 1(13) 2(13) 1(3) Yu bowl 1(2) 0 1(2) 0 Die dish 0 0 1(4) 0 Seroing Liquid Other bei cup 1(3) 0 1(10) 1(2) Liquid Containers Hu jar 2(2) 0 1(1) 1(2) Ping jar 2(3) 2(4) 1(5) 1(1) Small ping jar 1(1) 0 Weng jar 1(1) 1(3) 1(4) 1(1) Zun jar 0 0 0 1(1) Beihu flat -backed jar 0 0 0 1(2) He pitcher 0 0 0 1(1) Other Guan jar 8(13) 1(10) 9(32) 1(6) Small guan jar 1(5) 0 1(5) 0 Qi zuo 1(1) 1(3) 1(11) 0 Pan dish 1(3) 0 2(26) 0 Gailid 1(1) 0 1(8) 1(1) Small pan dish 0 0 1(1) 0 Gang jar 0 1(3) 2(13) 1(2) Luo strainer 0 1(1) 1(2) 0 306 APPENDICES

Appendix A.tO. Variation in House Style and Floor Area (m2) at Wangyin, Early Dawenkou Period

Floor area (mz) by house shape

Phase Square/rectangle Round/oval Unknown Total

Phase III 9.1 5.6 7.6 5 5.6 11.6 Phase II 1 size? 22 0 3 29.7 Phase I 0 7.9-30.7 4

Appendix A.H. Variation in House Style and Floor Area (m~ at Dawenkou (1997 Report), Early Dawenkou Period

Phase/shape Floor area (mz) by house style

Semisubterranean Shallow pit Ground level Unknown Total

Phase II Rectangular/square 0 0 16.8 2 3 Round/oval 0 0 0 0 0 Phase I Rectangular/square 0 0 15.9 0 Round/oval 3 (4.5-6.2) 4 (5-10.1) 0 5 12

Appendix A.12. Variation in House Style and Floor Area (m~ atJianxin, Late Dawenkou Period

Floor area (ml) by house shape

Phase Rectangular/square Round/oval Unknown Total

Phase III 8 (5.6-38.1)' 10 phase II 5 (8.9-22.7)t 9.9 10 Phase I 3 (9.4-47.5) 24.8 0 4 Unknown date 4

Note: Not included in the data: • one of unknown size,! three of unknown size, * one of unknown size. APPENDICES 307

Appendix A.13. Variation in House Style and Floor Area (m:!) at Fulinbao and Dahecun, Yangshao Period, Central Yellow River Valley

Floor area (m2) by house style and shape

Semi- Semi- subterranean, subterranean, Ground surface, Shallow pit, Site/Phase rectangular round/oval rectangular rectangular Unknown Total

Dahecun IV 10 (30.8) 0 2 unknown size 12 02.2-24.0) Fulinbao III 9.1 1 unknown 1 unknown 6 1 unknown size size size 6.9 Dahecun III 1 unknown size 9 8 (6.3-20.8) Fulinbao II 13.5 6.7 3 7.1 Fulinbao I 8.5 2 unknown 3

Appendix A.14. Count of Single Burials by Period and Grave Kind, Longshan Period

Early Middle Late

Cemetery Grave type 2 3 2 3 2 3

Central Yellow River Valley Dongxiafeng Pit 11 Unknown 7 Xiajincun Coffin 9 Pit 42 Dahecun Pit 5 2 Western Shandong Dafanzhuang Earthen ledge 2 Unknown 24 Yinjiacheng 1 coffin 7 12 3 4 Pit 10 7 4 Unknown 2 Inner/outer 4 coffins Eastern Shandong Sanlihe Pit 12 22 9 Earthen ledge 2 8 Unknown 1 Chengzi Pit 8 7 3 Earthen ledge 1 Earthen ledge, 6 2 2 coffin 308 APPENDICES

Appendix A.I5. Longshan Period: Major Forms (and Total Varieties) of Ceramics Present in Graves by Phase, Western Shandong Area

Dafanzhuang Yinjincheng Zhufeng

Vessel form 26 117 III1 IIII1 IV/29 V/10 VI/8 2

Cooking Ding tripod 1(6) 1(2) 0 1(1) 1(3) 0 0 X Van steamer 0 0 0 1(1) 1(2) 0 0 0 Serving Food Dou stand 1(7) 1(3) 0 0 0 1(3) 1(1) X Wan bowl 1(3) 1(1) 0 1(1) 1(2) 0 0 0 Pen dish (deep) 1(4) 0 0 1(1) 1(5) 0 0 X Gui bowl 0 0 1(1) 1(1) 0 0 0 Yu bowl 0 0 1(1) 1(1) 0 0 X Ping di pen (shallow) 1(1) 0 0 1(5) 1(1) 1(1) Pen basin Quan zu pen ring- 0 0 0 1(1) 0 0 footed pen Serving Liquid Tall-stemmed cups 1(6) 1(2) 0 1(1) 1(3) 0 1(1) X Other cups 1(3) 3(3) 0 0 2(7) 3(3) 3(8) X Liquid Containers Gui tripod 1(4) 0 0 0 2(4) 1(1) 0 X Beihu flat -backed jar 1(6) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hu jar 1(10) 1(1) 1(1) 0 1(5) 0 0 0 Ping jar 1(5) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Weng jar 0 0 0 0 1(1) 0 0 0 Lei jar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X Other Yi ewer 1(1) 0 0 1(1) 1(2) 0 0 0 Guan jar 1(1) 1(1) 3(3) 3(17) 1(1) 1(1) X He box 0 0 0 3(8) 0 0 X Gailid 0 1(1) 1(2) 4(14) 1(1) 0 0

Note: Zhufeng varieties were not specified in the report. APPENDICES 309

Appendix A.16. Longshan Period: Major Forms (and Total Varieties) of Ceramics Present in Graves by Phase, Eastern Shandong Area

Site/Phase/Number of graves present

Chengzi Sanlihe

Vessel form IllS 11/9 III/30 1/14 11/32 III/10

Cooking Ding tripod 1(1) 1(2) 1(2) 0 1(2) 1(6) Small ding tripod 0 0 0 1(2) 1(5) 0 Yan steamer 0 0 0 0 1(1) 1(1) Sewing Food Dou stand 1(2) 0 1(2) 1(1) 1(5) 1(3) Pen dish 1(1) 0 1(1) 0 1(2) 1(3) Yu bowl 1(1) 0 1(1) 0 1(1) 1(2) Wan bowl 1(2) 1(2) 1(2) 0 1(3) 1(2) Sewing Liquid Bei cups 2(2) 0 1(4) 1(5) 1(7) 1(6) Tall-stemmed cups 1(1) 1(2) 1(1) 1(3) 1(5) 1(2) Small bei cups 0 0 0 0 1(1) 0 Liquid Containers Gui tripod 0 1(2) 1(1) 1(2) 1(3) 1(2) Zun jar 1(1) 0 0 Lei jar 0 0 1(3) Hu jar 1(2) 1(3) 0 1(1) 1(5) 1(1) Wel1g jar 0 0 1(1) Ping jar 0 1(3) 0 Other Pan dish 0 1(2) 1(1) 0 2(4) 0 Gang jar 0 1(1) 0 Guan jar 1(1) 1(1) 1(1) 1(6) 3(11) 2(8) Small gual1 jar 1(3) 1(12) 1(3) Gailid 1(1) 0 1(2) 310 APPENDICES

Appendix A.17. Major Forms (and Varieties, by Shape and Size Classes) of Ceramics Present per Phase at Hougang, Habitation Contexts

Vessel form Early Middle Late

Cooking Yan steamer 1(1) 1(1) 1(1) Li tripod 1(1) 1(1) 1(1) Jia tripod 1(2) 1(2) 1(2) Ding tripod 1(1) 1(1) 1(1) Zeng steamer jar 1(1) 1(1) 1(1) Bi grate 1(1) 1(1) 0 Total classes 7 7 6 Seroing Food Dou stand 1(2) 1(2) 1(2) Quan zu pen ring- 1(2) 1(1) 1(1) footed pen Bu vessel 0 1(1) 0(0) Si zu min four-footed 1(1) 1(1) 1(1) basin Wan bowl 1(3) 1(1) 1(4) Bo bowl 1(1) 0 1(1) Pen dish 1(2) 1(1) 1(1) Ping di pen shallow 1(1) 1(2) 1(1) pen basin Zheju pen (bent belly) basin 1(1) 1(1) 1(1) Total classes 13 10 15 Seroing Liquid Bei cups 0 1(1) 1(2) Total classes 0 1 2 Liquid Containers Gui tripod 1(1) 0 1(1) Weng jar 1(1) 1(1) 1(1) Ping jar 1(1) 1(1) 1(1) Hu jar 0 1(1) 1(1) Total classes 3 3 4 Other Guan jar 1(3) 1(3) 1(3) Deep belly pen jar 1(1) 1(1) 1(1) Gang jar 0 1(2) 1(1) Gailid 1(3) 1(4) 1(2) Zuo stand 1(1) 0 0 Total classes 8 10 7 APPENDICES 311

Appendix A.IS. Major f'orms (and Varieties, by Shape and Size Classes) of Ceramics Present per Phase at Baiying, Habitation Contexts

Vessel form Early Middle Late

Cooking Yan steamer 0 0 1(1) LI tripod 1(1) 0 1(1) Jla tripod 1(2) 1(1) 1(1) Ding tripod 1(1) 1(1) 1(2) Zeng steamer jar 0 0 1(1) Bi grate 0 0 10) Total classes 4 2 7 Serving Food Dou stand 0 0 1(1) Quan zu pen (ring-footed plate) 0 0 1(1) Wan bowl 0 1(1) 1(2) Bo bowl 1(1) 0 0 Ping di pen (flat-bottom basin) 1(2) 1(1) 1(3) Shuangfu pen/double belly basin 1(1) 1(1) 0 Qufupen (curved body basin) 1(1) 0 2(2) Pan plate 0 1(1) 0(0) Pan-like dish 0 0 1(1) Total classes 5 4 10 Serving LiqUid Bei cups 1(1) 1(2) 1(4) Small zun (cup) 0 0 1(1) Small pitchers 1(1) 1(2) 1(1) Total classes 2 4 6 Liquid Containers Gul tripod 0 1(1) 1(1) Weng jar 0 0 1(1) Total classes 0 2 Other Guan jar 1(1) 1(5) 1(6) Lei-bo grinding bowls 0 0 1(1) Gailid 1(3) 1(3) 1(7) Zuo stand 1(1) 0 0 Total classes 5 8 14 312 APPENDICES

Appendix A.19. Variation in Construction Material and Floor Area (m2) for Round Houses at Hougang

Average floor area (range) (m2) by phase

Type of wall material Early Middle Late

Mud/earthen (tu) 1 unknown 2 unknown 9 2, 10.2 03.6--20.7) 3 unknown 16.5 (6.3-20.9) 12.3 Wattle and daub 0 1 7 (mu gu duo ni) 15.9 01.2-18.8) 16.5 Adobe Ctupi) 0 2 2 00.2, 19.6) (23.7, 20.4) 14.9 22.1 Unknown 0 3

Total 2 14 24

Appendix A.20. Variation in Construction Material and Floor Area (m2) for Round Houses at Haiying

Floor area (range) (m2) by phase

Type of wall material Early Middle Late

Earthen (shengtu) 4 (4.9-28.3) 1 0 21.1 30.2 Mud and straw 1 unknown size 5 (5.9-11.3) 3 unknown size (caD jin ni) 8.5 32 (5.9-20.1) 11.7 Wattle and daub 0 2 (6.9, 12.6) 1 unknown size (mugu ni) 9.8 8 (5.7-21.2) 11.2 Adobe (tupi) 0 0 1 15.9 Unknown 4 0

Total 9 8 46 APPENDICES 313

Appendix A.21. Variation in House Style and Floor Area (m2) for Rectangular and Square Houses at Yinjiacheng

Floor area (m2) by house shape

Phase Semisubterranean Ground level Unknown Total

VI 0 V 0 2 (24.0, 9.0) 1 3 IV 0 3 00.2-27.5) 4 7 III 0 II 3 (7.6-15.6) 1 00.0) 5 9 0

Appendix A.22. General Shape Classes of Bronze Vessels Present in Graves by Hypothesized Function for Early and Middle Regional Phases

Site/Regional Phase

Early: Erlitou Middle: Taixi

Bronze vessel form BA.El BA.E2 BA.E3 BA.E4 BA.M1 BA.M2

Cooking Ding tripod x x Seroing Food Cui bowl x SenJing Drink Cu beaker x x liquid Containers jue tripod x x x X jia tripod X X

Appendix A.23. Characteristics of Single, Dated Graves at Taixi, Regional Phases Middle I, 2 (BA.MI, BA.M2)

Grave kind BA.M1 BA.M2

Earthen pit 4 2 Coffin 8 20 Coffin, waist pit 3 23 Coffin, waist pit, earthen ledge Coffin, earthen ledge 1 0 Child jar coffin 0 1 Total 17 47 314 APPENDICES

Appendix A.24. Human Sacrifices in Single, Dated Graves at TaW, Middle Phase

Number of human sacrifices per grave

Regional Phase o 2 Total graves

BA.M2 40 6 47 BA.Ml 15 17

Appendix A.25. Characteristics of Single, Dated Graves at Guojiazhuang (Anyang)

Grave kind BA.Ll BA.L2 BA.L3 BA.L4

Earthen pit 1 1 0 Earthen pit, waist pit 0 0 1 0 Coffin (1) 0 12 9 10 Coffin waist pit 10 36 19 14 Coffin (1) waist pit, earthen ledge 3 5 7 5 Coffin, earthen ledge 0 2 0 0 Total 14 56 36 30

Appendix A.26. Human Sacrifices in Single, Dated Graves at Guojiazhuang (Anyang)

Number of human sacrifices per grave

Regional Phase 0 2 3 4 Total graves

BA.L4 29 0 0 0 30 BA.L3 34 1 0 1 0 36 BA.L2 51 4 0 0 1 56 BA.Ll 14 0 0 0 0 14 APPENDICES 315

Appendix A.27. General Shape classes of Bronze Vessels Present in Graves by Hypothesized Function for the Late Regional Phase

Guojiazhuang Liujiazhuang Tianhu

Bronze vessel form BA.El BA.E2 BA.E3 BA.E4 BA.E2 BA.E3 BA.E4 BA.El BA.E2 BA.E4

Cooking Ding tripod X X X X X X X Yan steamer X X X X Se17Jing Food Cui bowl X X X X Se17Jing Drink Cu beaker X X X X X X X X X Zhicup X X Liquid (Alcohol) Se17JingiStorage Jue tripod X X X X X X X X X Jia tripod X X X Jiao tripod X He pitcher X Lei jar X Zun jar X X X You jar X X X X Water/Cleansing Pan dish X

Appendix A.2B. Characteristics of Single, Dated Graves at Liujiazhuang (Anyang)

Grave kind BA.L2 BA.L3 BA.L4

Earthen pit 0 0 o Coffin (1) 3 1 5 Coffin, waist pit (2: inner, outer) 0 0 1 Coffin (1), waist pit 9 10 6 Coffin (1), waist pit, earthen ledge 0 0 2 Unknown 0 Total graves 12 12 15 316 APPENDICES

Appendix A.29. Human Sacrifices in Single, Dated Graves at Uujiazhuang (Anyang)

Number of human sacrifices per grave

Regional Phase 0 Total graves

BA.L4 14 1 15 BA.L3 12 0 12 BA.L2 12 0 12

Appendix A.30. Characteristics of Other Dated Graves from the Early Bronze Age

Number of human Regional Phase/Site Grave kind sacrifices

BA.L4/Shandong Qianzhangda M4 2 ramps, inner/outer coffins, earthen Uncertain ledge, waist pit, postholes indicate structure on top of grave Qianzhangda M3 1 ramp, inner/outer coffins, earthen Uncertain ledge, waist pit Qianzhangda M119 Inner/outer coffin, earthen ledge, waist pit Uncertain BA.L2/Shandong Sufutun Ml 4 ramps, inner/outer coffins, waist pit, 48 earthen ledge BA.Lj/Anyang, Henan M269 Inner/outer coffins, earthen ledge, waist o pit BA.L2/Anyang, Henan Fu Hao Lacquered inner and outer coffin, waist 14 pit, 4 earthen ledges, postholes indicate (4 known men, structure on top of grave 2 women, 2 children) M18 Lacquered inner and outer coffins, 5 earthen ledge, waist pit APPENDICES 317

Appendix A.31. General Shape Classes of Bronze Vessels and Quantities Present by Hypothesized Function for Key Single Graves, Late Regional Phase

Site/Regional Phase

BA.E2 BA.E3 BA.E4 Anyang Sufutun Anyang Qianzhangda

Bronze vessel form Fu Hao M160 M18 Ml M269 M119

Cooking Ding tripod 31 6 3 4 4 2 Van steamer 10 2 Seroing Food Gui bowl 5 Pou bowl 4 Yu bowl Serving Drink Gu beaker 53 8 5 3 2 Zhicup 2 liqUid (A/cohol) Serving/Storage jue tripod 40 5 2 jia tripod 12 3 2 jiao tripod 10 He pitcher 6 Lei jar 2 1 1 Zun jar 10 3 2 2 You jar 2 Yi jar 5 Gang jar 8 Hu jar 4 Other Guan jar 2 Pan dish 2 Ring-footed container 1 jiscoop 1 Dou dipper 8 Separate gai lid Square vessel 318 APPENDICES

Appendix A.32. Quantities of Pottery Vessels for Dated, Single Graves at Early Bronze Age Sites

Site/Phase 0 1-5 6--10 11-15 16--20 26--30 Total graves

Qianzhangda M119 BA.L4 X M3 BA.L4 X M4 BA.L4 X Tianhu BA.L4 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 BA.L2 1 5 0 0 0 0 5 BA.Ll 0 5 0 0 0 0 5 M269 Tomb BA.L3 X MI8 Tomb BA.L2 X FuHao Tomb BA.L2 X Sufutun Tomb BA.L2 X Liujiazhuang BA.L4 2 12 0 0 0 15 BA.L3 1 11 0 0 0 0 12 BA.L2 0 11 0 0 0 12 Guojiazhuang BA.L4 9 21 0 0 0 0 30 BA.L3 5 30 0 0 0 36 BA.L2 15 39 0 1 0 56 BA.Ll 3 9 0 0 0 0 14 Taixi BA.M2 46 0 0 0 0 47 BA.Ml 16 0 0 0 0 17 Erlitou BA.E4 7 3 0 0 0 0 10 BA.E3 10 3 0 0 0 0 13 BA.E2 0 12 0 0 0 0 12 BA.El 0 4 0 0 0 0 4 APPENDICES 319

Appendix A.33. Quantities of Other Bronze Objects and Jade Items per Dated, Single Graves at Early Bronze Age Sites

Bronze items Jade items

Site/Phase 0 1-5 6--10 11-15 >15 0 1-5 6--10 >10 Total graves

Qianzhangda M119 BA. L4 X 23 M3 BA. L4 (88) (17) M4 BA. L4 (63) X Tianhu BA. L4 0 3 0 0 2 0 1 3 BA. L2 4 0 6 0 0 6 BA. L1 2 2 5 M269 Tomb BA. L3 (38) (12) M18 Tomb BA. L2 (19) (11) Fu Hao Tomb BA. L2 (250) (714) my my count count Sufutun Tomb BA. L2 (14) Liujiazhlwng BA. L4 9 6 14 1 15 BA. L3 9 3 12 0 12 BA. L2 4 8 11 12 Guojiazhuang BA. L4 24 5 1 0 27 3 30 BA. L3 25 10 0 M160: 32 4 36 250 BA. L2 33 20 2 0 46 9 M160: 56 33 BA. L1 3 11 0 0 12 2 14 Taixi BA.M2 39 8 0 43 4 47 BA.Ml 15 17 0 17 Erlitou BA. E4 10 0 9 1 10 BA. E3 10 3 8 5 13 BA. E2 12 0 12 0 12 BA. El 4 0 4 0 4 ~

Appendix A.34. Characteristics of Pit Kilns from the Early Bronze Age

Site/Period/ Number of Entire kiln size Diameter of Size of firing kilns (Y) (preserved) kiln room chamber Size, nature of flues

LateSbang Anyang site: Xuejiazhuang One kiln Pillar supports kiln room Gaolouzhuang Y1, 2.58 m· Bi grate present Xiaotun Y1, possibly 0.63-D.7 m Diameter Main flue 0.22--0.30 m wide, 5 Yinxu I height 1.1-1.2 m flues, no hi grate Bishagang, 2 kilns New form of hi rack/grate, with Zhengzhou site 5 "fire eyes" in willow shape for more efficient heating Middle Sbang Yuanqu site 4 kilns - Y3 1.6 m Width 0.60 m Bi grate, 1.5 m diameter, 37 small holes (7.0--8.0 cm wide) Zhengzhou site Ming Gong Road ~ area, 14 kilns (houses nearby ~ with production ~ debris), S! 1 kiln 1.16 m 10 small holes in hi grate (10 cm wide) "l~ Erlitou site, 1 kiln 1 m Several small holes in ~ Phase IV hi grate (5 cm wide) ~ In Yl, Area V close a. 1.5 m Bi grate has 21 small holes to house Fll (various sizes) ~ Erlitou site, Y12 (broken) 6 X 3 m ~ Phase III ~ r"j Y3 0.52-.046 m Bi grate present (holes 4 cm wide) Y2 0.98-0.79 m Trace of a structural post to support floor of kiln room (yao zhu); hi grate present, 10 small holes or "fire eyes" (5 cm diameter) Y2 0.84m Early Shang Erlitou site, 2 in Area IX Phase III 3 in Area IV Erlitou site, Y12, in Area IV, Bi grate present (partial) in top Phase II broken, 0.6 m' of firing chamber

• Only one dimension reported. Sources: Shangraw 1977; Cheng 1960; Museum of Chinese HislOry 1997; Institute of Archaeology, Cass 1999; Xu et al. 1982; Department of Archaeology, National Museum of Chinese History 1996.

~ .... Index

Adobe housing, 196, 312 Animal sacrifices, to ancestors, 162 Adzes, ben, 189, 191 Anyang site burials, Henan, 17,208 Africa, food and craft exchange systems in, ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 220- 60 221,222 Age, as social status indicator Fu Hao tomb, 208, 213, 215-218 during Dawenkou period, 95, 96, 124, 143 bronze vessels and objects, 213, 215- during Yangshao period, 129 218, 220, 225, 239, 255, 317 Agricultural implements, Shang period, 237 human sacrificial remains, 213 Ai (duke), 76 jade objects, 226-227 Akha, 57-58 grave M18, 208, 211 Alcohol abuse, 77 grave M160, 209, 215 Alligator hide drums, 136 grave M269, 208, 212-213 Alligator hide items Guojiazhuang section, 26, 208 Dawenkou period, 136, 137 bronze vessels, 208-210, 225-226, 315 Longshan period, 188, 192 coffins, 208 Alligators, 44-45 food remains, 209 Amphlett Islands, 53 human sacrificial remains, 208, 314 Ancestor cults, competitive, 243-244 Huanbei section, 27 Ancestors human sacrificial remains, 208, 213, 314, communication with 316 during Dawenkou period, 126 Uujiazhuang section, 26, 208, 21O-2U, during late Neolithic period, 37-38 314 role of fermented beverages in, 83, 126 bronze vessels, 315 during Shang Period, 28-29, 86 coffins, 315 food gift-giving to, 58, 69, 70-71, 74, 243 human sacrificial remains, 316 human and animal sacrifices to, 29, 162, location, 22 205, 208, 213 location, 22 power of, 160 map of, 207 - 208 social relations with, 13-14 number of graves excavated, 202 Ancestral rituals, 30-31 Xiaotun section, 26 Anhui,25 Xibeigang section, 26, 206, 208, 218, 220 323 324 INDEX

Anyang site burials, Henan (cont.) BI vessels, 293 Yinxu West section, 208 Bo bowls, 172 Anyang site habitation remains, Henan, 17 Dawenkou period, 95, 100, 102, 299, 300, as bronze vessel production site, 2, 220, 301, 302, 303 229, 236 function of, 296 as ceremonial center, 26 late Neolithic period, 296 economic organization of, 237 Yangshao period, 102, 132, 304, 305 occupation phases of, 26 Book of Documents (Shu ling), 72, 76, 77 as prestige goods production center, 26 Book of Etiquette and Ritual (YI Lf), 72, royal bronze foundries, 220 74,76-77 Archaeology, in China, 19 - 21 Book of Songs (Sht ltng) , 72, 75, 78 Architecture, monumental, 64 Bowls Ashanti,7 bO,I72 Axes, fu, 138 Dawenkou period, 95, 102, 100, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303 Baiying site, Henan, 32 function of, 296 ceramic vessels, 175, 174-178, 198, 293, late Neolithic period, 296 311 Yangshao period, 102, 132, 304, 305 diversity of, 251 gut, 205, 209, 221, 299, 300, 301, 308 large, 156 guixinqi footed, 116 housing, 194-195, 312 pou, 299, 301 location of, 22 wan, 172, 175-176, 179, 182, 299, 305, pottery production tools and kilns, 182- 308, 309 183, 184 yu, 302, 304, 305, 308, 309 residentiakontext feasting at, 249 Bracelets, bihuan, 138 Baligang site, Henan, 142-143 Brass objects, possibly of Longshan period, Bamboo Annals (Zhu Shull Ntan), 72, 76 37 Bancun site, Shanxi, 132-133, 178 Brewer's house, Taixi site, Hebei, 205-206 Banpo site, Xian, 39 Bronze Age: see also Early Bronze Age Bara, 57 in Near East, 7 Basins vertical social inequality during, 17 -18 pan, 295 Bronze metallurgy, Erlitou period, 25 pen, 95, 102, 172, 178, 299, 300, 301, 302, Bronze objects, as prestige mortuary goods, 305 during Shang period, 225 - 226 plngdipen, 179, 182, 297 Bronze ornaments, Longshan period, 37 Beakers, gu, 295 Bronze tools, Longshan period, 37 Beaters, paizl, 182-183 Bronze vessel production, 123 Beer, 51 at Anyang, Henan, 2, 220, 229, 236 Beicups, 304, 305, 309 attached specialization system in, 245 Beihu jars, lll, 112, 113, 120-121, 300, 301, elite control of, 254-255 302, 303, 308 during Erlitou period, 254 Bemba, 51-52 during Longshan period, 36-37 Ben adzes, 189, 191 relationship with political centralization, Beverage containers: see also Fermented 254 beverage containers during Shang period, 26-27, 227-235, Dawenkou period, 111, 113 236, 254-255 Bianxianwang, 32 small-scale, 225 Bihuan bracelets, 138 at Zhengzhou, Hubei, 227-229 Bishagang habitation site, Zhengzhou, Bronze vessels, 11 Hubei, 232, 234 Erlitou period, 253-254 INDEX 325

Bronze vessels (cont.) Centralization, political (cont.) functions of, 315, 317 economic resource control-related, 254 inscriptions on during Longshan period, 198 Shang period, 28, 29-30, 31, 81, 72 effect on mortuary rituals, 86 Western Zhou period, 72, 78-79 rate of, 2 Longshan period, 174 relationship with bronze production, 254 as mortuary goods, 2-3 relationship with prestige goods ceramic substitutes for, 221, 226 production and consumption, 241 early Shang period, 203-206 social inequality associated with, 7 from Fu Hao tomb, Anyang, 213 Central Plain, China, 24-25 functions of, 315, 317 Ceramics production tools, Longshan period, from Guojiazhuang burials, Anyang, 182-186 208-210 Ceramic vessel production late Shang period, 206-215 attached specialization in, 256 quantity per grave, 319 in complex societies, 8-10 Shang period, 242 correlation with food production, 14 Western Zhou period, 79-80 during Dawenkou period, 45, 100-104, Shang period, 254 133, 144-145, 247, 252 large vessels, 82, 206-218, 220, 238- in eastern Shandong, 126-129 239 in western Shandong, 119-123 lead and copper content of, 220 in eastern Shandong, 126-129 as power symbols, 238-239 during Eastern Zhou period, 235 as prestige mortuary goods, 203-215, during Erlitou period, 256 242 intensification of, 10 production of, 26-27, 227-235, 254- during Longshan period, 35-36, 198 255 in western Shandong, 157-162 social demand for, 201 during Neolithic period, standardization Western Zhou period of, 252-253 as gift exchanges, 79-80 organization of hoarding of, 80-81 spatial, 65 Burials temporal changes in, 62-63 of children royal households' control of, 234 during Dawenkou period, 98 during Shang period, 231-235 early Bronze Age mortuary rituals during Shang period, 256 associated with, 202 specialization in, 9-10, 256 during Longshan period, 313 standardization of, 9, 64, 65, 252-253 during Yangshao period, 98 in state-level societies, 8-9 as indicators of changing economic of utilitarian ceramics, 242, 252 relations, 15-16 in western Shandong, 119-123, 157-162 during Yangshao period, 132-133, 248 Cahokia, 6 Ceramic vessels: see also specific types of Cattle, domestication of ceramic vessels during Dawenkou period, 45 Dawenkou period during Longshan period, 35 consumption patterns of, 92-100, 123- Cattle bones, from Anyang burial site, 126 Henan, 209, 211, 212, 213 diversity of, 103, 245 Cauldrons, 305 from habitation contexts, 247 Centralization, political Late Dawenkou Regional phase, 104- attached specialization associated with, 5 119,246 during early Bronze Age, 254 standardization of, 144-145 326 INDEX

Ceramic vessels (cont.) Ceramic vessels (cont.) early Bronze Age as prestige mortuary goods (cont.) standardization of, 221 Taosi, Shandong, 156 as substitutes for bronze vessels, 221, Wangyin, Shandong, 92-95, 97-98, 99, 226, 256 100, 101, 103, 104, 300 "hard" wares, 221, 223-224 Xiawanggang, Henan, 129, 131, 132, 304 late Neolithic, functions of, 291-297 Xixiahou, Shandong, 106, 107, 111, 112, Longshan period, 36-37, 178-182 116-117, 118, 119-120, 122-123, 302 consumption patterns, 186-194 Yedian, western Shandong, 95-96,100,101, diversity of, 197, 245 103, 136, 291, 293, 296, 299, 301, 302 from eastern Shandong, 162-171 Yingjiacheng, western Shandong, 148, eggshell-thin, 158-160, 161 151-156, 157, 308 from habitation sites, 196 Zhufeng, western Shandong, 308 labor-intensive nature of, 159-160 proto-porcelain, 221, 223-224 large-size, 249 with proto-writing inscriptions, 42-43 as prestige mortuary goods, 147, 148, Shang Period, utilitarian nature of, 27 157-174, 185-186, 196, 197, 308-309 Yangshao period production of, 252 consumption patterns of, 129-132, 248 production tools for, 182-185 habitation-context, 305 standardization of, 178-182 as mortuary goods, 157 from western Shandong, 148-162 painted ware, 248 painted production of, 248, 132-133 Dawenkou period, 245 Chang fermented beverage, 83 Yangshao period, 132-133 Chan shovels, 138, 136, 139, 140, 191 as prestige goods, 61 Chengzi, eastern Shandong, social inequality as prestige mortuary goods, 2-3 in, 166 Anyang, Henan, 220-221, 222 Chengzi site, eastern Shandong, 32, 42-43, Central Yellow River Valley, 171-174 162,298 Chengzi, eastern Shandong, 124, 162, ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 42-43, 164, 168-171, 303, 309 162, 164, 303, 309 Dadunzi, western Shandong, 95 - 96, consumption patterns, 124 298, 299, 301 eggshell-thin cups, 162, 164, 168-171 Dafanzhuang, western Shandong, 148- coffins, 193 151, 160, 308 Dawenkou culture phases of, 123 Dahecun, Henan, 129, 298, 304, 305 location, 22 Dawenkou, western Shandong, 104, nonceramic prestige mortuary goods, 188 105, 109-110, 119, 120, 291-292, 296, pig bones, 193 299,301 types of graves, 307 Dazhujia, eastern Shandong, 124-126, wealth-associated spatial arrangement of 126-127, 128 graves, 194 Lingyanghe, eastern Shandong, 125, 126, Chengziyai, 32 303 Chicken, domestication of Liulin, western Shandong, 96-97, 100, during Dawenkou period, 45 101, 103, 299 during Longshan period, 35 Longgangsi, Zhufeng, 129, 130, 131, 304, during Yangshao period, 41 305 Chiefdoms, craft production in, 7 quantity per grave, 318 Children, burials of Sanlihe, eastern Shandong, 123-124, during Dawenkou period, 98 126-127,141,163,164-167, 166, 168- Early Bronze Age mortuary rituals 171, 198, 298, 303, 309 associated with, 202 INDEX 327

Children, burials of (cont.) Cups, as prestige mortuary goods (cont.) during Longshan period, 313 differentiated from cups for use by living during Yangshao period, 98 persons, 123 Chinese interaction sphere, 38 diversity of, 158 Chou Li (Rites of Zhou), 72, 76, 235 eggshell-thin Coffins from Eastern Shandong burial sites, 162, from Anyang site, Henan, 208-210, 315 164, 168-171 Dawenkou period, 104, 106, 107, 108, exchange networks for, 168-171 109-110, 124, 125-126, 298 gift exchanges of, 250 from Guojiazhuang site, Anyang, 208-210 Longshan period, 35, 148-149, 157, Longshan period, 162, 164, 193, 313 158-160, 161, 167, 168-171, 174, 187, from Taixi site, Hebei, 205 248-249, 250-251 from Yingjiacheng site, western Shandong, production of, 35, 250-251, 252 152-153 gaoblngbei,110-111 from Zhufeng site, western Shandong, gU,21O 158, 159 Dawenkou period, 92, 93, 94-95, 96- Conllict 97, 100, 101, 102, 103, 143, 299, 300, during Dawenkou period, 42 301 during Yangshao period, 39 Shang period, 209, 213 Cong tubes, 139, 140, 189 from Taixi burial site, Hebei, 205 Copper content, of bronze vessels, 220 Longshan period, 148-150, 178, 308, 309 Copper mines/mining eggshell-thin, 35, 148-149, 157, 158- Shang period, 229-231 160, 161, 165, 167, 168-171, 174, 187, Yueshi period, 231 248-249, 250-251 Copper ornaments, Yangshao period, 41 labor-intensive nature of, 1591-60 Copper tools, Yangshao period, 41 tall-stemmed Craft goods Dawenkou period, 119-121, 144-145, food surplus exchanged for, 59-60 246, 247, 300, 301 surplus of, 1 Longshan period, 167 Craft production production of, 247 regional control of, 64 thick-walled, Dawenkou period, 120, 125, relationship with social competition, 60- 128 65 thin-walled, Dawenkou period, 120, 125, Craft production specialization 128 during Dawenkou period, 45 from western Shandong, 157-158 in jade working, 36, 136 Yangshao, 304 during Longshan period, 35, 36 in non-stratified societies, 4 Dadunzi site, western Shandong, 95-96, spatial scale of production areas for, 256 298, 299, 301 effect of status competition on, 5 Dafanzhuang site, western Shandong, 32 in stratified societies, 4 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 148- in turquoise working, 136 151, 308 Cups, as prestige mortuary goods, 209, 299 cups, 148-151, 160 bel, 304, 305, 309 ping jars, 149-151 Dawenkou period, 245, 299, 300, 301, quantity per grave, 149 302, 303 location, 22 Early Regional Phase, 92-95, 97-98, 99 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods, 186, gaobingbel cups, 110-111 188, 192 quantity per grave, 93 types of graves, 307 standardization of, 247 Daggers, bronze, Shang period, 225 328 INDEX

Dahecun site burials, Henan, 32, 39, 41, 130, Dawenkou period (cont.) 171, 298 standardization of, 144-145 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 129, ceramics production during, 45, 100-104, 304, 305 133, 247, 252 location, 22, 40 in eastern Shandong, 126-129 types and numbers of graves, 307 in western Shandong, 119-123 Dahecun site habitation remains, Henan, 307 coffins, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109-110, 124, Danke tao gaobingbei, 157 125-126,298 Dantu site, eastern Shandong, 22, 189 Early Regional Phase, ceramic mortuary Dao knife, 186, 189, 190 goods, 245-246 Data sources, on Chinese Neolithic/early economic systems, 44-46 Bronze Age social and economic grave MIO, 144 changes, 19-46 housing, 141-143 Central Yellow River Valley, 21-25 jade items, 187 Dawenkou period, 41-46 kilns, 133, 134, 135, 248 Early Bronze Age, 25-28 Middle Regional Phase, mortuary rituals Late Yangshao period, 39-41 of,246 Longshan period, 31-37 mortuary traditions of, 39 Shang period, 28-31 feasting, 125-126, 150-151 Dawenkou site burials, western Shandong, during Late Regional Phase, 143-144, 246 138, 141, 298 settlements, 47 Dawenkou site, western Shandong, 298 social change during, 245 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 104, social change model of, 17 105, 291-292, 296, 299, 301 social differentiation during, 39 quantity per grave, 109-110 social inequality during, 47, 143-145 tall-stemmed cups, 119, 120 social mobility during, 247 coffins, 104, 106, 109 -110 social organization during, 41 earthen ledges on graves, 109-110 Dawenkou period burials, 41-44, 298 grave MIO, 109-110, 136 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 42-43, grave M35, 291 121, 157, 160, 302 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods, absence of, 108 109-110 eastern Shandong area, 303 jade items, 136, 137, 139 later Middle and Late Regional phases, spatial arrangement of graves, 119 302, 303 Dawenkou culture, 39 major forms of, 301 Dawenkou culture sites, map of, 40 quantity per grave, 121 Dawenkou habitation remains, western western Shandong area, 301-302 Shandong nonceramic prestige mortuary goods, ceramics, 104, 300 136-141 housing, 306 number of graves, 298 kilns, 134 types of graves, 100, 298 Dawenkou period, 2, 41-46 weath-associated grave arrangements, 144 age as social status indicator during, 95, Dawenkou period habitation remains: see 96, 124, 143 also Dawenkou, ]ianxin, Wangyin, ceramics consumption during Xixiahou, and Yedian sites in eastern Shandong, 123-126 ceramic vessels, 300 in western Shandong, 92-100 Daxingzhuang site, Shandong, 22, 28, 214- ceramics of 215, 247 diversity of, 103, 245 Dazhujia site burials, eastern Shandong, 42- for domestic use, 247 - 248 43, 208, 298 INDEX 329

Dazhujia site burials, eastern Shandong Dongxiafeng site, central Yellow River Valley (cant.) (cant.) coffins, 124, 125 mortuary ceramics from, 171 Dawenkou culture phases of, 123 types and numbers of graves, 307 grave M17, 127 Dongyi people, 25 Dazhujia site, eastern Shandong, 43-44, 208, Dou vessels/stands, 171, 172 298 Dawenkou period, 104, 105, 116, 117, 118, ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 44, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303 124-125,126-127, 128 production system for, 122-123 consumption patterns, 124-126 standardization of, 121-122 quantity per grave, 124 -125 functions of, 293 Deer, Pere David's/river, 44-45 late Neolithic period, 293-294 Deer teeth, from Sanlihe site burials, 166 Longshan period, 308, 309 Deng lu vessels, 297 Shang period, 293 Descent groups Yangshao period, 304, 305 competition among, 86, 138, 243-244 Drums, of alligator hide, 136 competitive feasting among, 244 fragmentation of unity among, 144 Early Bronze Age, 201-239; see also Erlitou social relations among, 30 period; Shang period Die dishes, 299, 300 ceramic production during, 202 Dinggong site, Shandong, 22, 37, 148 complex societies of, 25 - 28 Ding tripods, 92, 172, 217-218, 220 economic competition during, 85 Dawenkou period, 103, 116, 117, 118, 120, Earrings, jue, 227 122-123, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303 Earthen ledges (ercengtat), on graves, 101, standardization of, 128-129 106, 151 early Bronze Age, 291 Eastern Shandong functions of, 291 ceramics production in, 126-129 late Neolithic, 291 Chengzi site burials, 32, 42-43, 162, 298 Longshan period, 308, 309 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 124, Shang period, 82, 215, 217, 291 162, 164, 168-171, 303, 309 standardization of, 80 coffins, 193 from Taixi site, Hebei, 205 Dawenkou culture phases of, 123 from Wangyin site, western Shandong, location, 22 299 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods, Western Zhou period, 80 188 Yangshao period, 304, 305 pig bones, 193 Yedian site, western Shandong, 299 types of graves, 307 Zuo Zhuan references to, 77 - 78 wealth-associated spatial arrangement of Ding vessels graves, 194 Shang period, 239 Dawenkou period in symbols on, 30, 31 ceramic consumption patterns during, Division of labor, 2, 256 123-126 Dog, domestication of ceramic production during, 126-129 during Longshan period, 35 Dazhujia site burials, 42-43, 208, 298 during Yangshao period, 41 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 124- Dongguan site, Shanxi, 178 127, 128 Donghaiyu site, eastern Shandong, 22, 163 coffins, 124, 125 Dongxiafeng site, central Yellow River Dawenkou culture phases of, 123 Valley, 26, 32 grave M17, 127 location, 22 Hangtou burial site, 44, 123, 127 330 INDEX

Eastern Shandong (cont.) Erlitou site Lingyanghe site burials, 42-43, 127-128, ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 318 298 location, 22 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 125, nonceramic prestige mortuary goods 126,303 bronze vessels, 203-206, 319 Dawenkou culture phases of, 123 jade items, 226 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods, turquoise items, 226 138, 140, 141 size of graves, 203 mortuary vessels from, 162-171 Erlitou habitation remains diversity of, 168 ceramics production tools, 231, 232 exchange networks for, 168-171 kilns, 232, 233 Sanlihe site burials, 32, 37, 42-43, 298 Erlitou period, 2 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 123- bronze mortuary vessels, 238, 253-254 124,126-127, 141, 163, 164-167, 166, bronze vessel gift-giving system, 80 168-171, 198, 298, 303, 309 ceramic vessel production during, 245 Dawenkou culture phases of, 123 political authority during, 11 deer teeth, 166 political development during, 21 gender differences in mortuary goods, prestige goods, 25 155 social status-prescribed mortuary rituals grave M17, 141 of, 201 grave M302, 141 state-level society during, 25 grave M2110, 124, 138 utilitarian goods, 25 - 26 jade items, 138, 187, 190, 248 Ewers, yi, 302 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods, Exchange systems 138, 187, 190, 192, 248 for food and craft goods, 11-12, 60, 62 pig bones, 141, 166, 193 of elders, 245-246 turquoise items, 192 gender-based, 146-147, 246-247 types of graves, 307 food sharing as, 11-12 wealth-associated spatial arrangement of for jade and jade objects, 135-136, 198 graves, 194 competitive control of, 244 Eastern Zhou period during Longshan period, 189-191, 198 ceramic vessel production during, 235 for mortuary vessels, during Longshan food gift-giving during, 73-74, 75-78 period, 168-171 food-social relations association during, 71, for painted ceramics, 133 72,73-74 Economic competition, through mortuary Feasting, 6 rituals, 243-244 competitive, 49, 61 Economic support networks, 54 during Dawenkou period, 246 Economic systems by descent groups, 244 Dawenkou period, 44-46 "diacritical," 55 early Bronze Age, 237-238 during Eastern Zhou period, 75-76 Longshan period, 34-37 "entrepreneurial;' 53 Yangshao period, 41 ethnographic studies of, 50-55 Egypt, ancient, cemeteries of, 16 effect on food and craft production, Elders, craft-goods exchange networks of, 49-50 245-246 in modem China, 68 Elephants, 41, 44-45; see also Ivory; Ivory as mortuary rituals, 55-56 items relationship with social inequality, 53- Elites, control of prestige goods by, 4 -6 55 Ercengtai, 100, 106, 151 relationship with storage technology, 52 INDEX 331

Feasting (cont.) Fermented beverage containers (cont.) competitive (cont.) Shang period, 205-206, 209-210, 214 in socially-mobile societies, 243 Yangshao period, orifice diameters of, 133 during Song dynasty, 68-69 Fermented beverages as craft good exchange setting, 49 chang, 83 elite, during Shang period, 82, 212 - 213 consumption during feasting, 50 ethnographic studies of, 50-55 fruit-based, Shang period, 205-206 large-scale, 243 gift-giving of as life-<:risis ceremony component, 50 in Africa, 51 during Longshan period, 17 to ancestors, 83, 113-114, 204 as mortuary rituals, 197 during Dawenkou period, ll3-ll4 small-scale, 177, 249 to political supporters, during Zhou for social relations negotiations, 177 period,204 use of large vessels in, 251-252 during Shang period, 204 as mortuary ritual, 14, 58-59 lao, 83 commemorative, 55, 56 1i,83 as competitive feasting, 55-56, 57-58 millet-based, 83 during Dawenkou period, 100, 1l0, ll5, use in mortuary rituals, 83 125-126, 150-151 during Dawenkou period, 113-114 during Eastern Zhou period, 77 during Han dynasty, 73 ethnographic studies of, 55-59 during Shang period, 83, 204 versus food interment, 57-59 during Western Zhou period, 77 during Longshan period, 197 during Xia period, 83 in modern China, 70 during Zhou period, 83 during Shang period, 212-213 as prestige beverages, 61, 246 "patron role," 52 privileged access to, 246 as power negotiating strategy, 12, 177 of Shang period, 82-83 relationship with social inequality, 53-55, brewing vessels for, 205 - 206 242-243 use in mortuary rituals, 83, 204 during Shang period, by royalty, 82, 215- use in social negotiations, 239 217 of Zhou Period, 82-83 small-scale, 242-243 Food during Longshan period, 177, 249 as display of elite power, 49 social relations role, 48-49 group integration function of, 49 Females privileged access to, 244 mortuary goods for, 93-94, 95, 97, Ill, sharing of, 11-12 ll2, ll3, 114, 115, 144 social competition role, 49, 60 mortuary rituals for, 246-247 social relations role, ll, 67 -68 social status of during late Neolithic period, 84-86 during Dawenkou period, 144 during Shang period, 239 during Longshan period, 192 Food gift-giving, 67-87; see also Feasting Fermented beverage containers as display of social exclusiveness, 71 Dawenkou period, 112-ll3, 120-121, 125, in early and historic modern China, 71-85 127, 128 during Eastern Zhou period, 73-74 gender differences in, 115 ethnographic studies of, 51 pictographs on, 126 during Han dynasty, 73-74 role in communication with ancestors, 126 in late and historic modern China, 69-71 as social status indicators, ll3-ll4 in mortuary rituals as gender/social status indicators, 113-114, for deaths of rulers, 74 144 to deceased kin, 58, 69, 70-71, 74, 243 332 INDEX

Food gift-giving (cont.) Fulinbao habitation remains, Shaanxi (cont.) in mortuary rituals (cont.) housing, 307 during Longshan period, 197 kilns, 134 to mourners, 69-71 Funnels, lou dou, 205-206 effect of social inequality on, 70 in residential contexts, during Eastern Gat lids, 175-176,299,300,301,302,303, Zhou period, 75 - 78 304, 305, 308, 309 in social relations negotiations, 48, 242 Gang jars, 297, 299, 300, 301, 305, 309 during Warring States period, 74-75 Gansu province, 24 Food production Gaobingbei cups, 110-111 correlation with ceramic production, 14 Gaojiabao site burials, Shaanxi, 80 during Longshan period, 34-35 Ge clan, 80 Food specialists, of Eastern Zhou period, 77 Gender differences Food surplus, 1 in grave goods, during Dawenkou period, display of, 174 93-94, 95, 96-97, lll, 112, 113, 115, elite's control over, 6 144 exchanged for craft goods, 59-60 in mortuary rituals, 246-247 Food vessels: see also specific types offood during Dawenkou period, 110 vessels during Longshan period, 197 as display of social exclusiveness, 71 "General's Helmet," 301 labor-intensive, as prestige goods, 1-2, Ghonja,51 52-53, 62, 242 Gift-giving large in ancestral rituals, 31 labor-intensive nature of, 52 - 53 of bronze vessels, during Western Zhou of Maori chiefs, 54-55 period, 79 for mortuary ritual use of fermented beverages during Dawenkou period, 143-145 in Africa, 51 during early Bronze Age, 85 to ancestors, 83, 113-114, 204 during late Neolithic Period, 85 during Dawenkou period, 113-114 production of, 11 to political supporters, during Zhou proto-writing on, 37-38 period, 204 relationship with social competition, 61- during Shang period, 204 62 of food, 67 -87; see also Feasting relationship with social inequality, 48 as display of social exclusiveness, 71 Fu axes, 138 in early and historic modern China, 71- Fu cauldrons, 305 85 Fu Hao tomb, Anyang, Henan, 208, 213, during Eastern Zhou period, 73-74, 215-218 75-78 bronze vessels and objects, 215 - 218, 220, ethnographic studies of, 51 225, 239, 255, 319 during Han dynsaty, 73-74 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 318 in late and historic moderm China, 69- human sacrificial remains, 213 71 jade objects, 226-227, 319 in mortuary rituals, 58, 69-71, 74, 243 Fulani,1O in social relations negotiations, 48, Fulinbao site burials, Shaanxi, 129, 130, 298 242 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 304, during Warring States period, 74-75 305 Gold objects, Shang period, 227 nonceramic prestige items, 140 Grain production, control by Shang royal Fulinbao habitation remains, Shaanxi, 39, 40, household, 236-237 41 Grates, bt, 300 INDEX 333

Grave goods: see also specific types of grave Han dynasty (cont.) goods food gift-giving during, 73-74 labor-intensive vessels as, 2 - 3 food/social relations association during, as social status indicators, 16 71,73-74 Guan jars, 221, 224 Han ethnic group, 20 as brewing/fermentation vessels, 205 Hangtou site, eastern Shandong, 44, 123, 127 Dawenkou period, 120, 127, 299, 300, Hawaii, 55, 60 301, 302, 303 Headpieces, jade, Longshan period, IB9 functions of, 292-293 Hebei, 24-25 Longshan period, 172, 175-176, lBO, 309 )iangou site, 22, 34 standardization of, 17B, 179, IBO-IBI Taixi site burials, 27 Yangshao period, 131, 304 bronze prestige mortuary vessels, 204, Gu beakers, 92, 221 205 Gu cups, 210 coffins, 205, 313 Dawenkou period, 92, 93, 94-95, 96-97, human sacrifice remains from, 205, 314 100, 143, 299, 300, 301 human sacrificial remains, 205, 314 decorative variety of, 100, 101, 102, 103 as lineage burial ground, 205 Shang period, 209, 213 location, 22 from Taixi site, Hebei, 205 Henan, 24 - 25 Gut bowls, 205, 209, 221, 299, 300, 301, Anyang burial site, 17, 20B 302 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 220- Gut pitchers, 300, 301, 302, 303 221, 222 Gut scepters, IB9 Pu Hao tomb, 208, 213, 215-21B, 220, Gut tripods, 30B, 309 225, 226-227, 239 Guixtnqt footed bowls, 116 grave MIB, 20B, 211 Guo cauldrons, 305 grave MI60, 209, 215 Guojiazhuang site burials, Anyang, Henan, grave M269, 20B, 212-213 20B,314 Guojiazhaung section, 26, 20B-21O, bronze vessels, 20B-21O, 225-226, 315, 225-226, 314, 315 319 Huanbei section, 27 bronze weapons, 225-226 Uujiazhung section, 22, 26, 20B, 210- ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 220 221, 314, 315, 316 coffins, 20B, 314 map of, 207 - 20B food remains, 209 number of graves excavated, 202 human sacrificial remains, 20B, 314 Xiaotun section, 26, 206, 20B, 21B, 220 jade items, 319 Xibeigang section, 26, 206, 20B, 21B, location, 22 220 Gu tall beakers, 295 Yinxu West section, 20B Gui tripod pitchers Anyang site, 17 early Bronze Age, 291 as bronze production center, 2, 220, functions of, 291 229, 236 late Neolithic, 291-292 as ceremonial center, 26 economic organization of, 237 Habitation contexts, mortuary ritual use of occupation phases of, 26 ceramics in, 160 as prestige goods production center, 26 Haidai,25 royal bronze foundries, 220 Hairpins, 13B, 139, 140, IB9, 236 Baiying site Hampton Court Palace, England, 220 ceramic vessels, 156, 175, 174-17B, 19B, Han dynasty 293,310 child burials during, 9B housing, 194-195, 312 334 INDEX

Henan (cant) Housing (cont.) Baiying site (cant.) Longshan period, 176, 186, 194-196, 197, location of, 22 253 pottery production tools and kilns, 182- Shang period, 205-206 183, 184 as social status indicator, 86 Baligang site, 142-143 Yangshao period, 141-143, 253, 307 ceramics production in, 252 Huanbei site, Anyang, Henan, 27 Dahecun site burials, 32, 39, 40, 41, 130, Huan rings, 136, 138,140, 227 171,298 Huating burial site, Jiangsu, Shandong, 42- ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 129, 43, 138 304 Huaxia people, 25 location of, 22 Hubei, Bishagang habitation site, 232, 234 types and numbers of graves, 307 Hubei Longshan culture, 186 Dahecun habitation remains, 307 Hu jars, 38, 83 early Bronze Age sites, 25 Dawenkou period, 113, 120-121, 299, 300, Hougang site, 32 301 ceramic vessels, 174-176, 177, 178-181, from Dazhujia site, 127 198, 251, 310 functions of, 294 feasting, 249 late Neolithic period, 294 housing, 194, 195, 312 Shang period, 294 jade objects, 192 Yangshao period, 304, 305 location, 22 Human sacrifices pottery production tools and kilns, 182- during Longshan period, 162 183, 184 by Shang kings, 29 Tianhu site, 27, 213-214, 224, 314 Human sacrificial remains bronze objects, 225, 315 Fu Hao tomb, Anyang, 213 location, 22 Guojiazhuang burial site, Anyang, 208 tin and lead mines, 231 Liujiazhuang site, Anyang, 316 He pitchers, 300, 301, 302, 303, 305 Taixi site, Hebei, 205, 314 He tripods, 291, 295 Xibeigang royal burial site, 208 He vessels, 224 "Hypertrophic" goods, 4 Hong Kong food-related mortuary rituals in, 71 Imported goods lineage solidarity banquets in, 68 elite's control of, 5-6 Hougang site, Henan, 32 as prestige goods, 4 ceramics, 174-176, 177, 198, 310 symbolic value of, 5 as evidence of social mobility, 251 India sizes, 178 feasting in, 50 standardization of, 178-181, 251 household pottery industry in, 10 feasting, 249 Indus Valley, 6 housing, 194, 195, 312 Interaction sphere, Chinese, 38 jade objects, 192 Ivory, 44-45 location, 22 as craft material, 136 pottery production tools and kilns, 182- Ivory items, as prestige grave goods 183, 184 absence from Longshan period burials, Household industries, in pottery, 10 188, 192 Housing from Dawenkou period burials, 137 adobe, 196, 312 brewer's house, 205-206 Jade and jade items, as prestige goods, 63-64 Dawenkou period, 141-143, 306 early Bronze Age, 133, 135, 239, 319 INDEX 335

Jade and jade items, as prestige goods Jars (cont.) (cant.) ptng (cont.) Erlitou period, 25 functions of, 297 exchange networks for, 135-136, 198 Longshan period, 308 competitive control of, 244 Yangshao period, 133, 304, 305 Longshan period, 186 weng, 205, 297, 300, 301, 302, 303, 305, from burial sites, 186-193 308 exchange networks for, 198 as brewing/fermentation vessels, 205 from habitation sites, 192 you, 214 production of, 198 zeng, 292 Shang period, 226-227 zun Western Zhou period, 81 Dawenkou period, 44, 300, 301, 302, 303 from Yangshao period burial sites, 140, from Dazhujia burial site, 127 248 functions of, 294 from Zhufeng burial site, 158, 159 late Neolithic period, 294 Jade production/working Longshan period, 172, 309 early Bronze Age, 135-136, 236 pictographs on, 126 Erlitou period, 256 Shang period, 213, 294 late Neolithic, 133 Yangshao period, 305 Longshan period, 36, 192-193 Jiangou site, Hebei, 22, 34 Shang period, 256 ]iangsu, 25, 42 Jade weapons, 226, 227 Jiangzhai site, Central Yellow River Valley, 39 Jar burials, of children, 98, 313 ]ianxin site burials, western Shandong, 43- Jars 44, 298 bellJU, 111, 112, 113, 120-121, 300, 301, ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 104, 302, 303, 304, 308 105, 119-121, 302 gang, 297, 299, 300, 301, 305, 309 ping jars, 115 guan, 221, 224 tall-stemmed cups, 114, 119, 120 as brewing/fermentation vessels, 205 coffins, 108 Dawenkou period, 120, 127, 299, 300, spatial arrangement of graves, 119 301 Jianxin habitation remains, western functions of, 292-293 Shandong Longshan period, 172, 175-176, 178, ceramics, 300 179, 180-181, 309 housing, 142, 306 Yangshao period, 131, 304, 305 kilns, 134 hu,38,83 Jiaochangpu, 32 Dawenkou period, 113, 120-121,299, Jta sha (coarse ware), 182 300, 301, 302, 303 Jta tripods, 205, 213 from Dazhujia site, 127 functions of, 294 - 295 functions of, 294 Jingyanggang, 32 late Neolithic period, 294 Jining City Museum, 155, 157 Shang period, 294 Jiu vessels, symbols on, 31 Yangshao period, 304, 305 Jue slit earrings, 227 kuan jian bU,l11 Jue tripods, 210, 213, 221, 235 kUixingqi, 205 Jue vessels, 82, 83, 204, 254 let, 83, 294, 308, 309 Shang period, 82, 83 pen, 296 symbols on, 31 ping, lll, 149-151 Dawenkou period, 114, l15, 300, 301, Kava, 55 302, 303 Kexingzhuang site, Shaanxi, 184, 185 336 INDEX

Kilns Liujiazhuang site, Anyang, Henan, 26, 208, Dawenkou period, 133, 134, 135, 248 210-211, 314 early Bronze Age, 320-321 bronze vessels, 315, 319 Erlitou period, 321 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 317 firing chamber size of, 65 coffins, 315 Longshan period, 183-185 human sacrificial remains, 316 Shang period, 232-234, 320-321 jade items, 319 Kings: see also Royal households location, 22 kinship obligations of, 76 Liulin site, western Shandong, 42-43, 298 Wu Ding, 84, 213 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 96-97, Yi,76 299 Kinship relations, during Shang Period, 29 gu cups, 100, 101, 103 Kuanjian bu jars,l11 serpentine huan rings, 140 Kuixingqi jars, 205 Lt vessels, symbols on, 30, 31 LoDagaa,58 Labor-intensive goods, 1-2, 52-53, 62, 242 Loess Plateau, Yellow River Valley, China, 24 social demand for, 85 Longgangsi burial site, Zhufeng, 120, 298 Lao, 83 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 129, Laquer objects, 158, 224, 239 304, 305 Lead content, of bronze vessels, 220, 226 quan jars, 131 Leadership strategies, wealth- and power- quantity per grave, 130 related, 5 nonceramic prestige items, 140 Lei-bo mortars, 297 Longhouses, 142-143 Lei jars, 83, 294, 308, 309 Longshan burial site, large ceramic vessels, Lt,83 155-156 Liangchengzhen site, eastern Shandong, 22, Longshan period, 2, 31-34 163, 191 ceramics, 174-186 Liangzhu culture burials, 138 consumption patterns, 186-194 Liangzhu culture, 42 diversity, 197, 245 Lids, gai, 175-176, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, from eastern Shandong, 162-171 304, 305, 308, 309 eggshell-thin cups, 158-160, 161 Ltlt (Book of Rites), 72, 73-74, 75 habitation-context, 174-178 Lineages: see also Descent groups labor-intensive nature of, 159-160 definition of, 29 as prestige mortuary goods, 147, 148, of Shang Period, 29 157-174, 185-186, 196, 197, 308-309 Lineage status, importance of, in mortuary production of, 252 ritual, 74-75 production tools for, 182-185 Lingyanghe burial site, eastern Shandong, role in social relations, 196-199 43-44, 127-128, 298 standardization of, 178-182 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 44, from western Shandong, 148-162 125, 127-128, 303 coffins, 162, 164, 193, 313 quantity per grave, 125, 126 craft specialization during, 248 - 249 Dawenkou culture phases of, 123 jade ornaments production, 36 nonceramic prestige items Early Regional Phase, 248-249 pig bones, 141 social change during, 252 pseudojade items, 138, 140 economic systems, 34-37 Ltqi vessels, 185 feasting during, 17 Liquid serving vessels, 299; see also Cups; food production during, 34-35 Bowls housing, 194-196, 197, 253, 312 Lt tripods, 291 jade working during, 192-193 INDEX 337

Longshan period (cont.) Males (cont.) Late Regional Phase, 198 social status of, during Shang period, 83 social change during, 252 Mambila, 51 Middle Regional Phase, 249-250 Maori, 54-55, 59-60, 63-64 housing of, 253 Marble objects, as grave goods, 138 millet cultivation during, 35 Maya, 53 mortuary rituals of, socially-competitive, Meat, as prestige food, 61; see also Pork 248-252 as mortuary ritual food gift, 73, 76, 82 nonceramic prestige goods Meishan site, Henan, 181, 183 consumption and production of, 186- Melanesia, 52-53, 56, 57 194 Metallurgy, relationship with political in habitation context, 192-193 development, 235-236 occupational specialization during, 31 Mexico, Classic Period Ejutia, 10 phases of, 171 Miaodigou I phase, 132 pottery production tools, 182-186 Miaodigou II culture, 39 power relations during, 197-198 Miaodigou II period, 178 rice cultivation during, 35 Miaodigou site, 184, 185 settlements, 32-34 Military officer, Shang period burial site of, social differentiation during, 34 209,215 social inequality during, 47 Millet, cultivation of food surplus displays as evidence of, during Dawenkou period, 45 174 during Longshan period, 35 regional differences in, 173 during Yangshao period, 41 social mobility during, 197 -198 Mingqi ("spirit vessels"), 74, 123, 131, 144- social stratification during, 31, 162 145,157, 185-186, 221 warfare during, 34 Monkeys, 41 Longshan period burial sites Mortars, lei-bo, 297 absence of ceramic vessels from, 249 Mortuary rituals: see also Feasting, as ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 308- mortuary ritual 309 for child burials, 202 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods, Dawenkou period, 100 249-250 food gift-giving bronze vessels, 313, 315 for deaths of rulers, 74 number of graves, 307 to deceased kin, 58, 69, 70-71, 74, types of graves, 307 243 Longshan period habitation sites, ceramic in early historic and modern China, 71- vessels, 310 - 311 85 Longshan period sites, classification of, 20 in late historic and modern China, 69- Lou dou funnels, 205 - 206 71 Lou-qi vessels, 297 during Longshan period, 197 Lou strainers, 299, 300 to mourners, 69-71 Lujiakou site, eastern Shandong, 22, 163, 182 social change model of, 13-15 Luojiabailing site, Shijiahe, 22, 193 effect of social inequality on, 70 Luojiazhuang site, Shijiahe, 22, 220 gender differences in, during Longshan Luo strainers, 300, 305 period, 197 implication for craft production, 15 Males effect of political centralization on, 86 mortuary goods for, 93-94, 95, Ill, 112- Shang period, 255-256 113, 114, 115, 144 social relations role, 15-16 mortuary rituals for, 246-247 Mourners, social goals of, 15-16 338 INDEX

Neolithic period, late Pigs (cant.) Chinese interaction sphere development domestication of (cant.) during, 38 during Yangshao period, 41 economic competition during, 85 as gift exchange item food-associated practices and beliefs in Melanesia, 56, 57 during, 12-13,84 in New Guinea, 54 social change model of, 13-15 Pig skulls, as wealth items, 136 proto-writing of, 37-38 Ptngdipen basins/vessels, 179, 182, 297, 308 vertical social inequality during, 17 -18 Ptng jars, Ill, 149-151 New Guinea, 53-54 Dawenkou period, Ill, 114, 115, 300, 301 New Zealand, 54-55 functions of, 297 Nt zhi (fine ware), 182 Longshan period, 149-151 North China Plain, China, 24 Yangshao period, 133, 304 Pingliangtai habitation site, Henan Opal objects, as grave goods, 138 housing, 196 Oracle bone inscriptions kilns, 184,185 Shang period, 19, 28-29, 72, 81-83, 84, 237 location, 22 Western Zhou period, 72 Ping vessels, functions of, 297 Pitchers Pain ted vessels gut, 300, 301, 302, 303 Dawenkou period, 245 gut tripod, 291 Yangshao period, 132-133 he, 300, 301, 302, 305 Patzt beaters, 182-183 Political development, relationship with Pan basins, 295 metallurgy, 235-236 Panda, 41 Political economy, of early states in northern Pan dishes, 299, 300, 303, 304, 305 China, 235-237 Panlongcheng, Huebi, 230 Political power, prestige goods-related, 5 Pan trays, 178 Polynesia, 60 Peacocks, 41 Population, during Longshan Period, 34, 177 Pen basins, 95, 102, 172, 178, 299, 300, 301, Pork, as prestige meat 302, 309 consumption during feasting, 50 Pen dishes, 309 use in mortuary rituals, 76, 141 Pen jars, function of, 296 Potlatch, 57 People of the Earth (Fagan), 20 Pottery wheels, late Neolithic, 252 Peru, feasting in, 50 Dawenkou period, 45 Phalli, ceramic, 41 Longshan period, 35-36 Philippines, 50-51,62, 121 Pou bowls, 299, 301 Pictographs, Dawenkou period, 126 Power Pig bones, presence in burial sites food as indicator of, 49 from Dawenkou period burial sites, 100, leaders' display of, 5 125-126, 137, 140-141 Power relations, role of feasting in, 12 gender-related variation in quantity of, 247 Prestige goods from Longshan period burial sites, 172,173 definition of, 4 from Sanlihe burial site, eastern Shandong, in development of complex societies, 4 166 elite control of, 4-6 from Yangshao period burials, 140 labor-intensive food vessels as, 1-2, 52- Pigs: see also Pork 53,62, 242 domestication of political centralization and, 241 during Dawenkou period, 45 production by independent craft during Longshan period, 35 specialists, 7 INDEX 339

Prestige goods (cont.) Sacrifical offerings (cont.) social change and, 6-8 human sacrifices (cont.) social competition for, during early Bronze during Shang period, 29 Age, 89 by Shang royal household, 29, 81 social heterogeneity and, 241 Samoa, 54, 55, 60 social stratification and, 241 Sanlihe, eastern Shandong, social inequality Proto-porcelain vessels, 221, 223-224, 239 in, 166 Proto-writing, 37 - 38, 42-43 Sanlihe site, eastern Shandong, 32, 37, 42- Pseudojade, 138,140 43, 298 Puebla, Mexico, 56 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 123- Pueblo people, 136 124, 126-127, 141, 163, 164-167, 168- Pyromancy, 37 171, 198, 298, 303, 309 absence from some graves, 166 Qianzhangda burial site, western Shan dong, consumption patterns, 123-124 28,316 eggshell-thin cups, 164-167, 168-171 bronze objects and vessels, 220, 225, 317 quantity of per grave, 124, 141 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 318 Dawenkou culture phases of, 123 jade items, 319 gender differences in grave goods, 155 location, 22 grave M17, 141 Qtzuo stands, 299, 300, 301, 304, 305 grave M302, 141 Quanzupan vessels, 196, 308 grave M2110, 124, 138 Qufu City, Shandong, 121 jade items, 187, 248 location, 22 Raiding, during Dawenkou period, 42 nonceramic prestige items Rhinoceros, 41, 44-45 deer teeth, 166 Rice, cultivation of jade items, 138, 187, 190, 248 during Dawenkou period, 45 pig bones, 141, 166, 193 during Longshan period, 35 turquoise items, 192 during Yangshao period, 41 types of graves, 307 Rings, huan, 136, 138,140, 227 wealth-associated spatial arrangement of Rites of Zhou (Zhou Lt), 76, 235 graves, 194 Royal households Sanzupan basin on tripod legs, 296 ceramics production control by, 234 Scalping, 34 Shang dynasty Scepters, gut, 189 communication with ancestors by, 28- Serpentine, 138 29 Settlements control of grain production by, 236-237 Dawenkou period, 39, 42, 47 feasting by, 215, 217 early Bronze Age, 237-238 sacrificial offerings by, 81 Longshan period, 32-34 utilitarian goods production for, 237 Yangshao period, 39, 47 textile production control by, 236 of Yuanqu basin, China, 133 of Western Zhou period, gift exchanges Shaanxi, 24-25 by, 79 Fulinbao site burials, 129, 130, 298 Ruichang, Jiangxi, 229-230 ceramic grave goods, 304, 305 nonceramic prestige items, 140 Sacrificial offerings Fulinbao habitation remains animal sacrifices, 162 housing, 307 human sacrifices, 205, 208, 213, 316 kilns, 134 during Eastern Zhou period, 76 Gaojiabao site, 80 during Longshan period, 162 Kexingzhuang site, 184, 185 340 INDEX ihamans,83 Shang period (cont.) ihandong: see also Eastern Shandong; competing cults of, 84 Western Shan dong craft goods production and consumption Daxingzhuang site, 22, 28, 214-215, 247 during, 202 Dinggong site, 22, 37, 148 descent groups during, 244 environment of, 24 elite control of bronze vessel production Erlitou site during, 236 location, 22 feasting during, 82, 215-217 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods, food-social relations association during, 71, 203-206, 226 n size of graves, 203 Middle, Shang-style material culture Erlitou habitation remains during, 214-215 ceramic production tools, 231, 232 mortuary ritual, 255 - 256 kilns, 232, 233 political authority during, 11 tin and lead mines, 231 royal household's sacrificial offerings Xixiahou site burials, 43-44, 298 during, 81 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 106, social stratification during, 255 107, lll, 112, 116-117, 118, 119-120, textual data about, 26, 28-31 122 -123, 302 Shang period burials, bronze vessels from, earthen ledges on graves, 106 203 grave M12, 293 Shang royalty grave M13, 293 communication with ancestors by, 28-29 grave M15, 293 control of grain production by, 236-237 grave M22, 293 feasting by, 215, 217 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods, sacrificial offerings by, 81 116-117,138 utilitiarian goods production for, 237 Xixiahou habitation remains Shang state ceramics, 300 economic organization, 237-238 kilns, 134 size and structure, 27 - 28, 238 Shandong site, mortuary-context ceramic Shanxi, 24-25 vessels, 174 Bancun burial site, 132 -133, 178 Shang dynasty, capitals of, 27; see also ceramics production system, 132 Anyang, Henan Taosi site burials, 37 - 38 Shang period, 2 alligator hide items, 192 bronze vessels, 3 jade items, 189 from Anyang burial site, Henan, 208- large ceramic vessels, 156 210, 213, 215-218, 220, 225-226, location, 22 239, 315 wooden food vessels and objects, 171- elite's control of, 236 In, 173 gift-giving system for, 80 Sheet metal technology, 36 inscriptions on, 81 Shijiahe, Luojiabailing site, 193, 220 large, 215-218, 220 Shijiahe site, 28, 186 as prestige mortuary vessels, 203-215, Shiling (Book of Songs), 75, 78 242 Shovels, chan, 138, 136, 139, 140, 191 production of, 2, 220, 229, 239 Shuang, 231 ceramic vessels Shu ling (Book of Documents), n, 76, 77 as prestige mortuary vessels, 203 - 215, Silk,77 220-224,. 242 Social change production of, 48, 231-235 during Dawenkou period, 245 communication with ancestors during, 86 role of prestige goods in, 6-8 INDEX 341

Social change (cont.) Social status (cont.) role of surplus goods in, 2 of females (cont.) systemic study of, 16 during Longshan period, 192 during Yangshao period, 245 gender differences in, during Longshan Social change model, 13-15, 243-244 period, 165, 167 Social competition Social status competition, effect on craft for jade, 135-136 specialization, 5 relationship with social inequality, 60-65 Social stratification Social demand fundamental elements of, 3-4 for craft goods, 2, 10 during Longshan period, 31, 162 for labor-intensive goods, 85 rate of, 2 for prestige goods, 241 relationship with prestige goods Social differentiation production and consumption, 241 during Dawenkou period, 39, 97-98, 117- during Shang period, 255 119 social inequality in, 7 during Longshan period, 34 Song dynasty, sociopolitical importance of during Yangshao period, 39 food during, 68-69 in Yellow River Valley, 45-46 Specialization, occupational Social heterogeneity, relationship with attached,S, 6, 7-8, 234, 254, 256 prestige goods production and by lineage, during Shang period, 234-235 consumption, 241 sponsored, 7-8 Social inequality "Spirit vessels" (mingqf), 74, 123, 131, 144- during Dawenkou period, 143-145 145, 157, 185-186, 221 development in northern China, 48, 59 Steamers increase in, 7 yan, 172, 174, 215, 217, 293, 308, 309 during Longshan period, 47-48, 249, 250 YU,300 food surplus displays as evidence of, zeng, 292 174 Storage technology, relationship with regional differences in, 173 competitive feasting, 52 effect on mortuary food gift-giving Strainers practices, 70 lou, 299, 301 relationship with feasting, 53-55, 242- luo, 300, 305 243 Subsistence production, elite control over, 6 relationship with food vessel use, 48 Sufutun burial site, Shandong, 28 relationship with social competition, 60- bronze vessels, 214, 317, 319 65 bronze weapons, 227 during Shang period, 255 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 220 Social mobility jade items, 319 during Dawenkou period, 247 during Longshan period, 197-198 Tahiti,60 Social organization, during Dawenkou Taicheng, 174 period, 41 Taiwan, food-related mortuary rituals in, 70- Social relations 71 within descent groups, 30 Taixi burial site, Hebei, 27 role of food in, 11-13,68-69 bronze prestige mortuary vessels, 204, role of mortuary ritual in, 15-16 205,319 Social status ceramic prestige mortuary goods, 318 age-related coffins, 205, 313 of females human sacrificial remains, 205, 314 during Dawenkou period, 144 jade items, 319 342 INDEX

Taixi burial site, Hebei (cont.) Tripods (cont.) as lineage burial ground, 205 jta (cont.) location of, 22 Erlitou period, 294-295 Taixi habitation site, Hebei functions of, 294 - 295 brewer's house and brewing vessels, 205- Late Neolithic period, 294-295 206 Shang period, 213, 294-295 lacquer vessels, 224 jue, 210, 213, 221, 235 Taosi site, Shanxi, 37-38, 173 Ii alligator hide objects, 192 Early Bronze Age, 291 jade items, 189 functions of, 291 large ceramic vessels, 156 Late Neolithic, 291 location of, 22 Shang period, 291 wooden food vessels, 252 yan wooden objects, 171-172, 173 early Bronze Age, 292 Textile production, Shang period, 236 functions of, 292 Thonga,51 late Neolithic, 292 Tianhu site, Henan, 27, 213-214, 224, 314 Shang period, 292 bronze items, 225, 315, 319 Trobriand Islands, 52, 56, 102 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 318 Tso Chuan (Zuo Zhuan), 76, 77-78, 234 jade items, 319 Thrquoise, sources of, 136 location, 22 Thrquoise objects Tianwang site, western Shandong, 22, 32, early Bronze Age, 136 156, 174, 251-252 as grave goods Tikopia, 51, 52, 56 Dawenkou period, 137 Tin, as bronze component, 226 Longshan period, 186, 188, 192 Tin mines, Shang period, 229-231 Yangshao period, 140, 248 Tlingit, 57 Longshan period, from habitation sites, Tonga, 54, 55, 60 192 Tonglushan, 229-230 Shang period, 226 Trays, pan, 178 Thrquoise working, 136 Tripods dtng, 92, 172,217-218,220 Violence, during Longshan Period, 34 Dawenkou period, 103, 116, 117, 118, 120, 122-123, 128-129, 299, 300, 301, Walled settlements 302, 303 Dawenkou period, 42 early Bronze Age, 291 Longshan period, 32, 33 functions of, 291 Yangshao period, 39, 143 late Neolithic, 291 Wan bowls, 172, 175-176, 179, 182, 299, Longshan period, 308, 309 302, 303, 304, 305, 308, 309 Shang period, 82, 215, 217, 291 Wangchenggang site, Henan, 36 standardization of, 80 bronze vessel production in, 174 from Taixi site, Hebei, 205 jade objects, 192 from Wangyin site, western Shandong, location of, 22 299 Wangjiazhuang site, Shandong, 42 Western Zhou period, 80 Wangyin site burials, Shandong, 44-45, 92 Yangshao period, 304, 305 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 299 Yedian site, western Shandong, 299 cups, 92-95, 97-98, 99 Zuo Zhuan references to, 77 - 78 gu cups, 95, 100, 101, 103 gut, 308, 309 painted vessels, 95-% jta, 205 quantity per grave, 96-97 INDEX 343

Wangyin site burials, Shandong (cont.) Western Shandong (cont.) grave M2384, 94 Dawenkou site habitation remains number of bodies per grave, 98-99, 100 ceramics, 104, 300 Wangyin site habitation remains, Shandong housing, 306 ceramic vessels, 104, 300 kilns, 134 housing, 306 Liulin site, 42-43, 298 Wangyoufang site, location, 22 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 96- Wan vessels, 296 97, 100, 101, 103, 299 Warfare, during Longshan Period, 34 mortuary-context ceramics, 148-162 Warring States Period Early Regional Dawenkou phase, 99, food gift-giving during, 74-75 92-100 food/social stratification relationship Late Regional Dawenkou phase, 104-119 during, 73-74 Tianwang site, 22, 156, 174, 251-252 Water buffalo, 44-45 Yedian site, 42-43, 298 domestication of ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 95- during Dawenkou period, 45 96, 100, 101, 103, 136, 291, 296, 299, during Yangshao period, 41 301,302 Wealth coffins, 104, 106 leaders' displays of, 5 grave MIS, 296 mortuary ritual-based display of, 16 grave M22, 136 Weapons grave M2005, 296 bronze, Shang period, 225-226, 228-229, jade items, 136 255 Yingjiacheng site jade, 226, 227 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 148, symbolic, late Neolithic, 136 151-156,157, 160, 161, 308 Yangshao period, 39 coffins, 152-153 Weng jars, 205, 297, 300, 301, 302, 303, 305 gender differences in mortuary goods, as brewing/fermentation vessels, 205 155 Western Shandong jade items, 155, 190 ceramics production in, 119-123, 157-162 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods, Dadunzi site, 95-96, 298, 299, 301 186, 188, 192 Dafanzhuang site, 32 pig bones, 193 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 148- wealth-associated spatial arrangement of 151, 160, 308 graves, 194 location of, 22 Yingjiacheng site, housing, 196, 313 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods, Zhufeng site, 32 186, 188, 192 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 158, types of graves, 307 308 Dawenkou site burials, 298 coffins, 158,159 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 104, jade objects, 158, 159, 189 105, 106, 109-110, 120, 291-292, 296, location, 22 299,301 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods, coffins, 104, 106, 109-110 186, 189, 250 earthen ledges on graves, 109-110 Western Zhou period grave MIO, 109-110, 136 bronze vessels grave MI0, 141 gift-giving system of, 80 grave M35, 291 hoarding of, 80-81 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods, with inscriptions, 78-79 109-110, 136,137, 138, 139, 141 food/social relations association during, spatial arrangement of graves, 119 71,72 344 INDEX

Western Zhou period (cont.) Xixiahou site burials, Shandong (cont.) gift-giving economy, 12 earthen ledges on graves, 106 White ware, 224 grave M12, 293 "Winter Offices Record of Crafts' (Dong grave M13, 293 Guan Kao Gong fl), 235 grave M15, 293 Wooden food vessels, 252 grave M22, 293 as grave goods, Longshan period, 171-172, nonceramic prestige mortuary goods, 116- 173 117, 13S ring foot dish, 172, 173 Xixiahou habitation remains, Shandong Writing: see also Bronze vessel inscriptions; ceramics, 300 Proto-writing; Oracle bone kilns, 134 inscriptions Xuan pel ornament, 190 development in China, 2S-29 Xuegucheng site, location of, 22 Wucun site, western Shandong, 43-44, lOS, 298, 301, 302 Yangshao culture, 39 Wu Ding (king), 84, 213 phases of, 130 Yangshao culture sites, map of, 40 Xia dynasty, 21, 25 Yangshao period, 2 Xiajincun burial site, central Yellow River age as social status indicator during, 129 Valley, 32 ceramics ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 171 consumption patterns of, 129-132, 248 nonceramic mortuary goods, 186, 187 as mortuary goods, 157 types and number of graves, 307 organization of production of, 132-133 Xiang ritual, 82 painted wares, 248 X/an tripods: see Yan tripods production of, 248 Xiaotun section burials, Anyang, 26 housing of, 141-143, 307 Xiaotun habitation remains, Anyang, 236, Late, 39-41 237 economic system, 41 Xiawanggang site burials, Henan, 41, 130, settlements, 47, 248 298 social change during, 245 ceramic prestige mortuary goods, 304 social change model of, 17 painted ware, 132 social differentiation during, 39 quantity per grave, 131 social inequality development during, 47 as social status indicators, 129 walled settlements, 143 nonceramic prestige items, 140 Yangshao period burials, 298 Xiawanggang site habitation remains, Henan, ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 304 39,40,41 graves with multiple burials, 132 housing, 142 nonceramic prestige items, 140 kilns, 134 number of graves, 298 Xibeigang royal burial site, Anyang, Henan, types of graves, 298 26, 206, 20S, 218, 220 Yangshao period habitation remains, Xikangliu site, Shandong, 42 ceramics from, 305 Xingzhuang, 103 Yanshi habitation site, 27, 227 Xishan site, Henan, 39, 143 Yan steamers, 172, 174,215, 217, 293, 308, 309 Xixiahou site burials, Shandong, 43-44, 298 Yan tripods ceramic prestige mortuary goods, 106, early Bronze Age, 292 107, lll, 112, 116-117, 118, 119-120, functions of, 292 122 -123, 302 late Neolithic, 292 quantity per grave, 106, 107 Shang period, 292 tall-stemmed cups, 119, 120 Yan vessels, symbols on, 30, 31 INDEX 345

Yaowangcheng site, eastern Shandong, 22, Yinjiacheng site burials, western Shandong 42-43, 163 (cont.) Yazhang, blade, 187 nonceramic mortuary goods, 186, 188 Yedian site burial remains, western alligator hide drum, 192 Shandong, 298 jade items, 155, 190 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 95-96, pig bones, 193 100, 101, 103, 291, 296, 299, 301, 302 types of graves, 307 quantity per grave, 136 wealth-associated spatial arrangement of coffins, 104, 106 graves, 194 grave M15, 296 Yinjiacheng site, western Shandong, grave M22, 136 housing, 196, 313 grave M2005, 296 Yinxu site: see Anyang site jade grave goods, 136 Yinxu West burial site, Anyang, 208 Yedian habitation remains, western You jars, 214 Shandong You vessels, 82, 83 ceramic vessels, 104, 300 Yuanjunmiao site, 39 kilns, 134 Yuanqu basin, Shanxi Ye ladles, Dawenkou period, 300 ceramics production system, 132 Yellow River Valley, central region, 244 settlements hierarchies, 133 cultural development in, 21 Yuanqu site, Central Yellow River valley, 27 cultural phases in, 23 - 24 white ware ceramics, 224 early Bronze Age sites in, 22 Yu bowls, 302, 304, 305, 308, 309 environment, 35 Yuchisi site, Anhui, 142-143 Erlitou period in, 2 Vue battle-axes, 138, 186, 189 geographic subareas, 24-25 Yueshi period Longshan period in, 2 bronze and copper item production map of, 3 during, 225, 255 mortuary ceramics from, 171-174 copper mining during, 231 political development in, 21 Yueshi site, Shandong, 28 Shang period in, 2 Yu steamers, 300 social and economic change in, 15, 21-25 Yu vessels, 296 social differentiation in, 45 - 46 Yangshao/Dawenkou periods in, 2 Zao stoves, 293, 305 Yi ewers, 301, 302, 303 Zeng jars, 292 Yi (king), 76 Zeng steamers, 292 Yi Ii (Book of Etiquette and Ritual), 72, Zhengzhou, Hubei 74,76-77 Bishagang site, 232, 234 Yi-Luo River Valley, 143 bronze food vessel production in, 2 Yinjiacheng site burials, western Shandong, economic organization of, 237 32, 308 Zhengzhou city, Hubei, 39 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 148, Zhengzhou site, Hubei, 232, 234 151-156, 157-158, 198, 308 bronze vessel production workshops, absence from some graves, 155 227-229 diversity of, 151-152, 158 bronze vessels, 218 eggshell cups, 153-155, 160, 161 ceramics production tools, 231-232 large ceramic vessels, 155-156 kilns, 232 quantity per grave, 151, 153 location, 22 coffins, 152-153 map of, 219 gender differences in grave goods, 155 Zhou court location, 22 ceramics production for, 235 346 INDEX

Zhou court (cont.) Zu lineages, occupational specialization of, specialized crafts workers of, 234 234 Zhou Li (Rites of Zhou), 72, 76, 235 Zun jars, 172 Zhufeng, western Shandong, Longshan Dawenkou period, 44, 300, 301 period sites in, 148 from Dazhujia burial site, 127 Zhufeng site, western Shandong, 32 functions of, 294 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 158, late Neolithic period, 294 308 pictographs on, 126 coffins, 158,159 Shang period, 213, 294 jade objects, 158, 159, 189 Yangshao period, 305 location, 22 Zun vessels, local production of, in Ju nonceramic prestige mortuary goods, 186, county, 128 189,250 Zuo vessels, 297 Zhui plummets, 138,140 Zuo Zhuan (Tso Chuan), 76, 77 - 78, 234 Zhu Shu Ji Nian (Bamboo Annals), 72, 76 Zuxtngqt, 138, 140