Scientific ins trument Sot ie! y
Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society No. 47 December 1995 Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society 0956-8271
t~ For Table of Contents, see inside back cover [
t President 1 Gerard Turner Honorary Committee L Howard Dawes, Chairman Stuart Talbot, Secretary John Didcock, Treasuwr Willem Hackmarm, Editor Michael Cowham, Adt~eTtising Manager Trevor Waterman, Meetings Secretary Gloria Clifton Jane ~ey Arthur Middleton Alan Morton
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The ~ntific Inset Society 1995
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Fig.l Trade card of W" leu,itt & Co. of Limro, a. Fig.3 Multi-prism table spectroscopefrom the collectionof the Royal Dublin 5ocie~. By Instrumental Evidence Howard Grubb of Dublin, purchased in 1871. Inventory no. 0129. "Language is only the instrument of science, and words are but the signs bibliographies. Hemming Andersen vis- ideas: ! wish, however, that the ms~t nught be k~ apt to decay, and that signs Red about fifty collections over a two-year might be penman,'it,like the thinllp which Fig.2 Comp,,nd mlcr,)sct,pe J?,,m Russ- period. The descriptions of instruments they denote." borough House, Co. Wicklou,. By Angelo up to the mid-2Oth century are, generally, Oohnson, Dictionary (1755), preface). Gozzi of Parma. Reputed to be a wedding briefer than those by Charles Mollan, but present to Marie Antoinette. Inventory no. include essentials such as location, func- tion, dimensiorm, material and, where This has been a very satisfactory year for 1425. the scientific instrument community not possible, the maker He recognizes that least because of the appearance of three this work is more of a listing,but as such important works of reference. The long- instruments. Earlier entries, too, have will form the basis towards a tully est in gestation was the Directory. of British been upgraded following further re- comprehensive Danish national inven- Scientific Instrument Makers 1550-1851, the search. Details are also given of Irish- tory. It will also feed the discussions that fruits of a decade of work on Project signed instruments located outside must take place concerning the ultimate SIMON, which is reviewed in this issue. heland, with a separate chapter devoted form and contents of such inventories We now have, at last, a solid foundation to those exported by the Grubb family of began in the late 1950s under the auspices for future research on the structure of the Dublin. The entries are lucid and, apart of the International Union of the History instrument-making trade of the British from the matter-of-factdescriptions, give and Philosophy of Science (IUHPS). Only Isles. Being of a visual turn of mind, I some indication of provenance and key a few and rather unsatisfactory national made one intriguing observation while references. The reference section at the inventories were compiled, followed by a leafing through the Directory: the orna- back has a somewhat haphazzard Biblio- gap of twenty years. The endeavours by mentation depicting a "horn of plenty' of graphy whose most useful feature is the Mollan and Andersen are the results of instruments in the trade card of J.D. emphasis on publications of Irish renewed interest in historic scientific Potter (working 1851-1880) of London is sources, and indexes by name of instru- instruments striven for by an active identical to that of W. Jewitt & Co. of ment, and by name of maker or supplier. Scientific Instrument Commission of the Liverpool (Fig.l), the successors after As the compiler notes in his Introduction, IUHPS, and in which the Scientific 1851 of Edward Meiling & Co. H.R. it would not have been possible to Instrument Society, and its Bulletin have Calvert, in his monograph on scientific include any significant number of photo- also played an important part." Of trade cards, gives the example of Joseph graphs because of cost, and there seemed particular concem in Hemming Ander- Linnell taking over James Ayscough's little point printing just a few. However, sen's fieldwork was the preservation of trade card as well as his business, he assures us that photographs (of written ephemera such as catalogues. His changing only the name in the car- varying quality) can be supplied of instrument descriptions are based on touche, but in the case of Potter and virtually any listed instrument. Figures straightforward visual examinations, Jewitt there appears to be no link. I Is this 2 and 3 are to wet your appetite and and nearly all instruments have been a case of simple pictorial piracy, or were indicate the range of instruments to be photographed and the negatives num- there a set of stock designs similar to the found in Irish repositones. bered for reference. Hopefully, these can carte de visite which could be obtained be used by serious researchers. He had from printers off the shelf?. I am sure that Charles Moilan claims that his is the first most problems with determining dates. we can still learn a great deal from comprehensive national inventory to be Of particular interest is the brief survey of pictorial evidence such as scientific trade published for any country. The stress is, of (selected) Danish instrument makers. The cards. course, on 'comprehensive'. Mary Hol- emphasis of local makers was tm naviga- brook's Sc~we Preserved is more of a tional instruments, in particular com- The second reference work is the final delightful ramble.' Shortly after the Irish passes and compass accessories. It version of Charles Mollan's Irish National Inventory there has appeared the Danish would be truly surprising if no mistakes Inz~mtory Of Historic Scientific Instruments one by Hemming Andersen under the had crept in even though both compilers (Dublin: Samton Ltd, 1995).2 Interim auspices of the Royal Danish Academy of were most willing to consult specialists. reports of this work were published in Sciences of Letters.* This consists of 2447 Not only should the compilers be 1989 (2051 entries) and 1990 (3355 entries, two comprehensive indexes, the congratulated for their meticulous inven- entries). The present volume has brief first (as before) by name of instrument, the tories, so should those institutions, descriptions of a staggering 5104 entries, second by name of maker, followed by an toundatkms, and societies whose finan- many of which contain a number of index of location codes and the briefestof cial support made this work possible.
Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society No. 47 (1995) ! FC.,: ,
B,'natkv had liz,'r,,u where lilt~to Brahe staved in !o~-1o01. Fig.5 ..Dn,zt,'z~r miner, o,t,!dc Itra,h'l~ castle nou, turned into a mining mu.,q'lmL It was undoubtedly such a z,itm, that inspired XIV Scientific Instrument Symposium, Fig.o cl,,,m; addres* by Robert/~n,h'r,lm Prague 23-28 September Walt Dism31. u'ith our host/an,slav Folta h,okin,q on.
]'his was held in the comfortable lecture theatre of the National Technical Paris on an equal altitude instrument where intrepid participants went down Mu.~,um in Prague under the auspices developed in Prague and the main values an old mine after donning suitable of the Scientific Instrument Commission obtained by Gauss. clothing (Fig.5). Alas, no silver was of the Divi.~m of History of Science of the found. This was particularly sad for IUHI~ The programme was put to- The sessions were not grouped in themes. RiP,eft Ander~n who had hoped that gether by Jar~lav Folta of the National Even' .,~sion had its own mi.~ellanv and this would have been a quick way to Technical Mu~um and Gudrun Wolf- some surprises. Surveying the pro- augment the coffers of the British schmidt of the Deutsches Museum gramme, a number of categories do Museum Perhaps he will have more Rt~,earch Institute for History of Science emerge. 1here were single instrument luck with the National Lottery. On the and Iechnology, who also compiled the studies, such as Jaroslav Folta's ancient return journey the group split into two: .,,ympostum brooklet ably assisted bv reckoning device from Moravia the astronomes to visit an observatory Helen Turner. The 31 "papers were (although one participant displayed while the gastronomes returned to divided over five sessions. It was extreme cynicism by wondering Prague. The institute in question was decided by the organi.,,ers, quite cor- whether the 5~ notches on the wolf bone Ondf'ejov Observatory, about 40 km rectly, not to have an overall theme. were not h~r nonverbal reckoning but south-east of Prague, established in PaD;rs covered .,,uch diverse topics as gnaw marks), and Amparo Sebastian- 11498, and today the observatory of the an analv.,,is of the Champlain Astrolabe Caudet on a fine Flemish astrolabe in the Czech Academy of Sciences. The instru- (Randali Bn~k~, National Mu~um of Mu,~'o Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia ments date from the 18¢g)s, but most are ~-ience and Technology, Ottawa), the (Madrid), studies of collections, such as of this century. It was getting rather late lenses by Christiaan Huygens (Anne Jaroslav ~mmar's history of astronom- so one can excuse the question by one van Helden, Museum Boerhaave, ical instruments in the Prague Observa- participant: 'Why is there a little white Letdenl, the l~th Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society. No. 47 (1995) have to do some last minute juggling of 5. RG.W. Anderson, 'National Inventories Museum's Blythe Road premise. We the programme, but left time for some of Scientific Instruments and the British would like to give our sincere thanks to fuller discussion and for an ad hoc Contribution', Bulletin of the Scwnt~c Instru- Nell Brown, gevin John,~m, Alan Morton meeting on digital technology arranged ment Society,No. 4 (1984),pp. 9-11. and Jane lnsley, for making this visit by Bruce Stephenson of the Adler possible. Planetarium in Chicago. The Sympo- sium was closed by the Plenary session The Oughtmd Society of the Scientific Instrument Commission which will be fully reported in the next As we advance deeper into the computer Erratum Newsletter of that august body. This was age, we tend to forget the pioneers whose followed by a sumptuous buffet at Villa insights facilitatedmathematical compu- Lanna of the Czech Academy of Sciences tation before the age of the computer. The The articlewritten by A.R. Constable on (Fig.6), generously supported by the history of the slide rule began when John 'The Birth Pains of Radio' in the previous Council of the Czech Learned Societies. Napier (1550-1617) invented logarithms Bulletin (No. 46, pp. 6-11) had a few described in his Canon Mirific us or Canon of typographical and other errors which the This all too brief report cannot do justice Logarithms (1614). The 1885 edition of the author has asked me to point out. The to either the scholarly contents of the Encyclopaedia Britannica devotes nine dates 1892 and 1896 on pp. 8 and II respectively were rendered as 1982 and Symposium or to the wonderful bospit- pages to him, but the 1993 edition only 1986, but such misprints would have alty we were offered. All i can say is two-thirds of a page. In 1620, six years caused little confusion. More impor- 'thank you Jaroslav, Zdislav and the staff after Napier's milestone contribution to tantly, the figures and their captions of the National Technical Museum, for mathematics, Edmund Gunter (1581- could not be checked by the author and your generosity and friendship'. 1626) devised a straight 24-inch scale which could be used for multiplication this has resulted in misleading captions in particular for Figs. 2 and 5. The No4es and References and division. He inscribed the numbers of his scale logarithmically rather than apparatus illustrated in Fig.2 was a arithmetically as numbers appear on the highly specialized piece of apparatus 1. H.R. Calvert, Scicnti~c Trade Cards in the designed by Hertz for his experiment, ,Scwnce Museum Collecta~n (London: HMSO, common ruler. Thus a pair of dividers or a 1971), p. 8. compass was all that was required to add 'On Electromagnetic Effects Produced by or subtract segments on the rule and Electrical Disturbances in Irmulators',in 2. Hardback, 501 pages, A4 s~ze, limited thereby multiply or divide them by which confirmation of Maxwell's di~ edition of I00 copies. ISBN I-I¢;~7064}5-0. reading the resulting numbers on the placement current was achieved. The Order ~m Charles Mo[]an, 17 Pine Lawn, scale. William Oughtred (1575-1660)posi- caption should have said so and been Newtownpark Avenue, Blackn~ck,Co. Dublin, tioned two Gunter scales to slide along to at the point in the text where [re]and. Tel: (+353-I) 289 6186, fax: (+353-I) each other which eliminated the use of that experiment was mentioned - to- 289 7979, e-mail: cmo~iol.ie. Price: IR£ or dividers to perform computations, and the wards the bottom of p. 7. From the Stg£55 or US$90 which includessurface mail caption to Fig.5 the reader will under- p&p. Cheques etc.payable to Charles Mollan. slide rule was born. Over the three centuries that followed, the slide rule stand that Hertz was responsible for moving the radiator and receiver n~s 3. Mary Holbrook, with additions and evolved into an increasingly sophisti- cated instrument, and these are of interest from the true focal line at the rear of the revisions by R.G.W. Anderson and D.J. wooden supports. However, it is very, Bryden, Science Preserved. A Directory of to members of the Oughtred Society.If you Scientific Instruments in Collections in the would like to know more, please contact likely that they were moved by some United Kingdom and Eire (London: H~, Thomas S. Wyman, 546 Washington museum curator to improve their visibi- 1992),was still a mammoth task and essential Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA. lit),. Finally, in the central column on p. 7 reading for those wanting to locate instcu- it is stated that 'Throughout 1888 he merits, even if some have moved on during the developed his n~st advanced system of Jnten~um. apparatus (Figs.2-5)...' - the brackets Visit to the Science Museum's Reserve should have said (Figs. 4 and 5). One of 4. Hemming Andersen, Historic Scientific Collection the pitfallsof even the simplest publish- Instruments in Denmark. Matematisk-~siske ink errors is the danger of propagation Meddelelser 641:2 (Copenhagen: The Royal into the pages of history - a point Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, About twenty of us spent an enjoyable 1995), 446 pp. Price: DKK3~. ISBN 87-7304- evening examining astrolabes and early referred to by Dr Constable in the 262-5. Address: HC. Andersens Boulevard 35, mathematical instruments, X-ray tubes Bulletin of the British Vintaee Wireless DK 1553 Copenhagen V, Denmark. and apparatus, and telescopes at the Soc/ety, No. 6 (December 19q5). Back Cover Illustration I could not find a suitable seasonal illustration so this one will have to do as on first sight it reminded me of our visit to Prague. In fact, it is, of course, of Johannes Hevelius and his wife, Katharina Rebeschke, operating an astronomical quadrant together at his (or should it be their) Danzig observatory, taken from his Machinae Coelestis (Danzig, 1673), PI. 0. This plate is an~mg the earliest representations of women using sophisticated scientific instruments. Perhaps this year I shxmld cook the Chnstmas turkey, but ! know ! would make a mess of it. Wishing you all a very happy Christmas and New Year. Bulletin of the Scientific ~t Society No. 47 (199S) ~gdlhw, 19th Century French Scientific Instrument Makers IX: Louis Joseph Deleuil (1795-1862) and his son Jean Adrien Deleuil (1825-1894) Paolo Brenni to obtain the maximum stability and symmetry of the instrument, and for reducing friction. In about 1839 he was able to present a balance which could weigh up to 10 kg with a precision of a milligram. Louis Joseph Deleuil participated in the National Exhibition of 1839 (he won a silver medal), of 1844 (silver medal), and of 184q (gold medal). At the time his reputation became international. Apart from the balances he was prL'senfing several other instruments such as pneu- matic pumps, cathetometers, and demon- stration devices. Around 1840 Deleuil opened a pbotographic studio in quai de ConE. In 1843 the French chemist Jean Baptiste Andr~ Dumas (1800-1884) wanted to reproduce a series of experi- ments concerning liquid and solid carbonic acid which had been proposed Fig.2 ]ean Adrlv, lh'lcml lira,m: Mus~ by Thilorier' in c. 1835. Unfortunately Fig.l l.,~m,],,'.cl,tl l)ci,'ml. ~I r, mta C,'l'y ~!t retrospecfif de la classe 15/l I'exposition Yhilorier's apparatus was very danger- ous. One of them exploded in 1840 and a daguerr~,t.~e, which had been kindly giz,cn universelle intemafionale de 1900 ¢Paris, killed a preparateur at the gcole de to me by. Madame Taisne. The portait had to 1900L pharmacie. The apparatus was modified be "cleaned' eh'ctronically.) and improved in the Deleuil workshop Adrien (Fig.2) ~ In 1823 Louis Joseph and was then used in several physics The French scientific instrument industry, patented a medical apparatus with a COUP. '~ during the 19th century largely built up small glass bell connected to a small its reputation on phil(w,~phical instru- vacuum pump and enclosing a scarifi- In 1839, at the age of fourteen, Jean ments. But it has to be remembered that, cator (Fig.3). This d~,ice was supposed Adrien Deleuil, the son of Louis Joseph, from the end of 18th century onwards, to replace medical leeches.' In 1827 he started his apprenticeship with the many French makers became famous bv showed this instrument at the French famous maker Henry Prudence Gain- manufacturing the weights and measures National Exhibition in Paris. His address bey (1787-1847). His day time was and related apparatus, necessary for the at the time was 22 and 24, rue Dauphine dedicated to the workshop practices recently introduced metric system. One and 8, rue Pont de Lodi. In 1832 he while he spent part of the evenings of the most significant firms in the above patented a portable hydraulic syringe- improving his knowledges of physics, mentioned fields was founded by Louis pump with continuous let." At the 1834 mathematics, chemistry and mechanics. J(~seph Deleuii and it was subsequently Exhibition, Louis Joseph Deleuil pre- In 1844 he constructed his first precision developed bv his son Jean Adrien. The sented a wider series of apparatus, balance. After 5 years he left Gambev's Deleuils not only produced hundreds of including philosophical instruments, bal- workshop and he travelled in Germany different physics instruments but also ances as well as an instrument for during 1845 and 1846 in order to visit were much appreciated for their sophis- extracting gelatine from bones. He was the most important German balance and ticated balances and metrological stan- awarded a bronze medal. At this time he instrument makers. Finally he returned dards/ already was official supplier of balances to Paris. in 1847 he became director of for the French mint. in 1836 he published his father's workshop and in 1852 his first catalogue of 48 pages. It was not owner of the firm. Deleuil p~re contin- Louis J~seph Deleuil (Deleuil pi're) was illustrated but it described 747 items ued to work with his son until about born in Aix en Provence in 1795 (Fig.l). including mathematical, physical and 1857 when he retired because of poor His father was a corset maker. Almost chemical apparatus, precision (Fig.4) health. '° Louis Joseph Deleuil died in nothing is known about the early years of and common balances, standard weights 1862. Louis J~eph apart from the fact that, in and measure, as well as a few surgical 1814, he was a soldier in the Napoleonic instruments and various apparatus such Electricity also attracted the interest of army.: At the time he was a tvmer. The as the one for preparing soda water7 the Deleuils. In the 1840s Deleuil /x~re biographical dictionaries give the image Finally, by the mid-1830s, Deleuil's conducted some pioneering experiments of a young talented man, who, inspire of business was well established and he on electric lighting. In fact, during the poverty of his family and thanks to already was one of the most appreciated December 1844 the French physicist his force of character, was able to open a Parisian instrument makers. Louis J 4 Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society No. 47 (1995) \ I t '. Fig.4 Deleuil's precision balance. (From: "Balances de pri,cisam prdsentd et construites par Deleuil', Bulletin de la societ@ d'encouragement pour i'industrie nationale, ii Series, Vol. Xlll, Fig.3 Louis Joseph Deleuil's glass bell with vacuum pump and 1866, pp. 321-325, Fig. 339). scariticator. (From: Patent 1446, 9 March 1823, Deleuil, "Pour un instruments propre ~ replacer l'opdration de la pose des sangsues, matic coin weighing machine." This appdld scriJicateur', Christian (ed.), Description des machines et device, which was later adopted by the process consign~ dam les brevets, Vol. XVI, 1828, pp. 144-146). French mint, was able to do 50,000 weighings a day with a precision of about 2 rag. In 185~, following a project of the physicist and chemist Henri Victor Re- gnault (1810-1878), he developed a preci- sion balance for weighing in vacuum or at various reduced pressures. This instru- ment was used for comparing the French standard kilogram with several Prussian standards. The apparatus was enclosed in a cast iron bell with four windows. The operating pressure could be maintained for several hours at a constant value of 3 mm/Hg." In the same year the firm successfully participated in the lamdon Exhibition. For this occasion Deleuil published an interesting historical and technical not/ce concerning his firm and his activities. '~ D•I -- - IIII I ~ ,, Fig.5 A large laborato~ balance. Because of Fig.6 Deh'uil's "free piston" pneumatic In 1865 Deleuii was awarded a gold medal the special form of the plates it was ai~ pump. (Fn~m: "Machine pneumatique nou- by the S~'i~t~ d'encoura~ement de I'mdustrle possible with this balance to uwigh long-neck relic de MDeleuil', Les Mondes, 7 (1865;, mltionale for his apparatus h~ determine the chemical flasks. (From: E.O. Lami, Diction- p. 638). power of illumination of gas flames." A naire encyclopedique et biographique de series of experiments had been undertaken I'industrie et des arts industrieis, Vol. I, in theearly 18(~)sby Regnault and Daumas (Paris 1881), p.44D. At the 1851 Great Exhibition Deleuil's for the municipality of Paris and the local firm displayed some of their best balances gas company in order to test the quali~' of as well as several other apparatus. They gas. This research led to the development cells. The experiment was repeated a few were awarded a Council Medal, and in of a special apparatus which enabled the days later near Deleuil's workshop. A the same year Louis J(vseph became compari,~m, with a photometer, of the few years later an important location in Ciu'T~iier de ia Li~ion d'ttonneur. intensi~ of a gas light with the one of a Paris, the Docks Napolf~m, was illumi- standard Carcel lamp." At the same time it nated by Deleuil's electrical equipment." Jean Andr6 continued the efforts of his was i~ssible with this device to measure Furthermore, they improved the Bunsen father to improve balances. He was able to the exact quantity of gas which was battery, and around 1855, they pmp(w,ed manufacture an impressive array of necessary to obtain the same constant a series of lightning protectors with analytical, hydrostatic, assay, coin, ~ewels light produced by the Carcel lamp platinum points, following the instruc- and bullion balances as well as weighing burning 10 g of oil. Deleuil invented a tions of the Acadf'mie des Sciences. Finally, machines and balances for special pur- special 'automatic hammer' balance which in 1857, they pre~nted a modified poses (Fig.5)." Around 18~, he manufac- could weigh the lamp (with a precision (d version of the electrotherapy device of tured for the scientist and inventor Pierre I/ItR) of gm on 3 kg) and stnke a bell Duchenne de Bouk~ne, '2 Armand Sdguier (1803-1876), an auto- exactly after it had burned 10 g of oil. Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society No. 47 (1995) -.dlll~ Many standards of weight, length and he presented his bestbalances and weights S~guier, the vacuum balance of volume were also manufactured in as well as several other instruments, such R~gnault, as well as several metroiogical Deleuil's workshop. In this field the as a Thilorier machine, a pneumatic standards and other devices. ingenuity of these makers resulted in pump, a photometer, etc?~ In the same some important developments and inter- year, Deleuil started to go blind but, Next to come: Richard esting trials. Deleuil made standard nevertheless, he did not stop work. In meters with a cylinder of agate at each fact, in 1878, he participated in the third Not~ and References end. By using agate,which was commonly Paris Universal Exhibition.22 On this employed for the planes of balances occasion French instrument makers had 1. I am particularly grateful to Madame supporting the knife, the meter's end to answer to specific questiims on work- A.M. Taisne of Rtmen. As a descendant of could not oxidize nor be deformed by the shop practices." From this we know that, Louis Joseph Deleuil, she was able to give me at the time, Deleuil's workshop was some precious information as well as a copy of touch of a mechanical comparator. An- a dalz~erreotype of her ancestor. Apart of a equipped with an Otto and Langen gas other innovation introduced in the De- few short notices in the most important 19th ieuil's workshop concerned weights. engine of 1 hp which drove about ten century bibliogaphical works, some informa- Some of the precision weights at the time machine tools such as lathes, milling and tion concerning the lives and the activities of were gilded and than filed off to adjust planing machines, as well as a pneumatic the Deleuils can be found in their publications them exactly. Deleuil inserted mstead in pump. Thirty-five workers were em- about their participation in the universal his best brass weights a gold peg before ployed by the firm which exported '/a exhibitions. For Deleuil ills see also the hand- the galvanic gilding process. This made it plus grande pattie de la production'. Deleuil written note "Note concernant Monsieur DH~iI', possible to adjust the weight simply by was also proud to state that: "L'organisation Archives Nationales in Paris, file F'25124. it is sometimes difficult to distinguish with exacti- filing the peg without touching the gilded nouz~lle de rues ateliers ripond au plus haul tute the activities of Deleuil pt~reandfils, in fact brass, in this way no oxidation could degr~ ~ tout ie bien tire que peut ddsirer la they are almost always mentkwwd as Deleuil occur. Deleuil also manufactured stan- clas~ ouvriime'. Furthermore, the workers without any christian names. dards without using any type of soft who fell ill could profit from the financial 2. This information is given by a document soldering as this,too, could easly oxidize support of a common fund, which had concerning Jean Adrien Deleuil (Archives and thus damage the standard. The pieces been established by the firm in 1864. Nationales in Paris, F'~5124). Louis Joseph was were held together solely by thermal enrolled under Napoleon for a short time. He dilation and contraction. In 1881 Deleuil was present at yet was born in 1795and he was only twenty years another exhibition, this one the famous old at the time of the battle of Waterlon. In 1857 After 1848 Jean Adrien Deleuil (probably Electricity Exhibition in Paris. He dis. be was awarded the Saint Helt'ne medal for his service in the army. A few year later he received with his father) also worked to improv- played, among other instruments, a a second medal (Croix de ]uillet) for his ing pneumatic pumps. He devised a special chronograph for measuring the participation in the revolution of July 1830. special air pump which was called a speed of proF,-tiles. Finally at the 1889 3. See Deleuil in E Grimal. Dictionnaire des 'free piston' pump ffig.6). It was, in fact, Universal Exhibition a last gold medal bi(~raphies (Paris,1958). a double-acting pump with a single glass crowned his fruitful activity, in 1893 two cylinder with a long metallic piston, engineers of the {icole centrale des Arts et 4. See the documents '~ d'Honneur- whose diameter was 1/20 mm smaller Manufactures, Jules Velter and Andr~ Deleuil',711116, Archives Nationalesin Paris. than that of the cylinder. Deleuil wanted Pillon, succeeded Deleuil who died 5. See Patent 1446, 9 March 1823, Deleuil, to avoid the problems caused by the almost completely blind in 1894. Piilon 'Pour un instruments propre A replacer friction of the piston and by grease or oil died in 1899, while Velter participated at l'op~ration de ha pose des sangsues, app~l@ (u:,~t for lubrication) which often ob- the 1900 Paris Exhibition with the name scrificateur',Christian (ed.), Description des machines ¢t proc~,d~ consignt~dans /es brevets, sructed the valves and pipes of con- Maison Deleuil Velter & Cie, Successeurs. z~ Vol. XVI, 1828,pp. 144-146. temporary mechanical pumps. In his Veiter died in 1903 and finally in 1911 the apparatus the piston was 'lubricated' by firm became Soci~t~ industrielle d'instru- 6. See Patent 3446, 27 June 1832, [.)eleui], the gas (air) and a series of small circular 'Pour une seringue portative A jet continu', merits de prdcision which survived with ibid.,Vol. XXXV, pp. 246-247. grooves which hindered the flow of gas this name until the early 1950s. n between the internal wall of the cylinder 7. Larger and illustratedDeleuil catalogues and the piston itself. With the most appeared in 1856 and in 1863-1865 (in two Deleuil p~re and ills improved and parts). This hast one listed more than 2.r'~0 sophisticated pump of this type, which invented many apparatus, which were different items. Probably the Deleuils also could also act as a compression pump, it often presented by themselves or by a retailed instruments which were manufac- was i~sible to achieve a pressure of leading scientist at the Acaddmie des tured by other makers. The catalogues are about I mm/Hg. This type of pump was Sciences in Paris.z~ Their collaborations mentioned in R.G.W. Anderson, J. Bumett, B presented for the first time at the 1855 with famous physicists and chemists, Gee, Handlist of Scwntific instrument-Maker's Trade Catalogues (National Museum of Scot- Paris Exhibition and was subsquently such as R~nault and Dumas, was close improved/" Many of the above-men- land Information Series No.8, Edinburgh, and fruitful.For almost three quarters of 1990l. I was not able to locate any other tioned instruments and standards were a century they constantly worked to catalogue published at different dates. presented at the second French Universal produce better balances, which were Exhibition in 1867, where the maker was 8. No biographical information could be adapted for different purposes, both in ftamd concerning Thilorier. again awarded with a gold medal. lal~ratories and in industries. In their later catalogues they presented one of the 9. See P.A. Daguin, Trait~ dlimentaire de In 1872 Deleuil reorganized and enlarged largest and most interesting arrays of physique, 3 vois (Paris, 1861, 2nd ed.), II, pp. 353-355. his firm which, at the same time was instruments produced in France in the moved from 6, rue Pont-de-Ltxii% to 42, second half of 19th century. 10. It seems that the association between the rue des Fourneaux (today rue FalguiereJ. two Deleuils was not always idyllic. Becau~ of this time consuming restructur- Today many apparatus, which bear 11. See L. Figuier, Les nouvelles conquHes de ia ing, Deleuil's instruments could not be Deleuil's signature, are preserved in science, (Paris, 1883), Vol. 1, pp. 8-12, a-Lso'Les shown the following year at the Vienna several collections.The Conservatoire des progr~ de I'~chairage electrique', La Nature (1884), part I, pp. 155-157 and 'Note de MM. Exhibition. However, in 1876, Deleuil Arts et M#tiers in Paris has some of the personally went to Philadelphia i:or the Deleuil', Cosmos, Vol. VIII, 1856, pp. 30-31. finest instruments made by Deleuil, such Deleuil also improved the Bunsen cell (see American Centennial Exhibition, where as an automatic monetary balance of note 26). Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society No. 47 (1995) 12. Guiilaume Beniamin Armand Duchenne Pont-de-Lodi, 6', ibid., pp. 533-541 and J.A. and in Santiago in 1875. de Boulogne (1806-1875) was a famous Deleuil, Catalogues des appareils ef utensiles physiologist and neurologist. Around 1845 he nlcrssaires pour la v~rification du pouvoir 2.3. Archives Nationak~ F'~3363. In this ques- invented a special medical induction coil. ~clairant du gaz, et de sa puret# utiles aux ~mnaire Deleuil ale stated that he inmwluced municipalitis ef aux usines ~ gaz (Paris,1879). for the first hme (in France?) the use 04 hard 13. See 'Rapport hit par M.V.de Luynes, au rubber for the plates04 e~tic machines. nora du comit~ des arts ~conomiques, sur des 18. Bertrand Guillame Carce] (1750-1812) balancesde prcSciskm,prtSsenttSes et construites proposed around 1800 an oil lamp which 24. See L'industriefranca~e des instruments de par M.Deleuil, rue du pont de Lndi, 6, i Paris', was constantly fed by a clockwork mechan- pricision, Catalogue (Pans, 1901-1902) (repnnt Bulletin de ha soci~tt d'encouragement pour ism. This lamp, which was later Improved, by Brieux in 1980),pp. 84-86. I'industrie national¢, !I Series, 13 (1866), was used as a photometric standard [or many pp. 321-325, and 'Deleuil's genaue Wagen', decades. 25. See leaflet Doc. 3029 (not dated but Repertorium flit physYmlische Technik, 2 (1867), around 1941) at the Centre de [X~cumentation p. 312. 19. See J.A. Deleuil, 'Nouveile machine pneumatique ~ piston libre', Annales de chimie d'Histoire des Sciences et des Techniques 14. I (1850), pp. 188-190. ef de physique, IV series, S (1865), pp. 174-176, (CNAM, Pans). The Socil,t~ industr~elle d'mstru- merits de pr&~sion also absorbed in the 1940s 'Machine pneumatique nouve,le de M. 15. This and others Deleuil's balances are the firm 04 Pellin which had been found illustrated in E.O. Lami, Dictionnaire ency- Deleuil', /2s Mondes, 7 (1865), pp. 637-639 and also Deleuil. 'Neue Luftpumpe mit hx.iem originally by Soleil and whose successors ciop~dique ef bu~xraphique de I'industrie ef des wen~ firstJules Duboscq and than Philihert arts industriels, (Paris 1881), VoL I, pp. 440-444. Kolben', Repertorium f~r physikalische Technik, 1 (1866), p. 334-335. Pellin and his son. 16. See J.A. Deleuil, Notice historique sur 26. Deleuil's instruments were often des- I'ifablissement ef sur ie produits qui furent soumis 20. The firm was located at 6, Pont-de-Lodi since about 1850. Before that time we find the cnhed or mentioned in the Comptes Rendus de I'apprtciation du jury inti~national de I'exposi- number 8 04 the same street. I'Ac~ie des Scwnces: Pneumatic machine, 23 tion unit~,rselle de Londres 1862 (Paris, 1862). (1841), p.731; Electric piles, 28 (1849), p. 672; 21. See 17. See 'Medeiiles decern6~ pour des inven- J.A. Deleuil,Notice sur les instruments Improved Bunsen cell, 30 (1850), p. 451; tions ou perfectionnement industriels, sourais ~ l'appr&iation du jury intonational de Lightning protectors, 40 (1855), pp. 520-523; Balances de precision et appareils photo- l'expositam unit~-rsellede 1867 (Paris 1867).This Improvement 04 magneto-electric machine 04 publication, as well as the abstract 04 other Duchenne de Bouk~gne, 44 (1857), pp.152-153; rmS~ques par M.Deleuil', Bulletin de la socii~ repom, are at the end 04 d'encouragement pour I'induslrie nationale, 11 generally reproduced Precisam balance, ibid., p. 922; Vacuum bal- 186,3-1865 Deleuil's catalogue. series, 22 (1865), pp. 352-353; 'Rapport hit ance, 4S (1862), p. 511; Note on a polarizing par M.F~lix Leblanc, au nora du comitts des art 22. See J.A. Deleuil, Note concernant it,s prism of Hartnack and Pratzmowski, $4 6conomiques et chimiques, sur la construction instruments sourais ¢) I'appr~ciation du Jury (1862), pp. 149-150; Pneumatic pump, ibid., des appareils photom~iques de MM.Dumas International de I'Exposaion de 1878 (Paris, p.151; Pneuma~ pump, 64 (186;0, p. 666; et Regnault, et en particulier sur une balance 1878). Deleuil also participated in two other Precision balance, 711 (1874), p. 351; Electro- marteau automatique par MDeleuil, rue du k~s important exhibitions, in Porto in 1866 magnet, 79 (1874),p. 960-961. Scientific Instrument Society's Annual Visit Nuremberg - Munich 20-27 March 1996 We are pleased to announce our next year's Annual Visit. Members will find an application form enclosed in the Bulletin. For thorpe wishing to participate, application forms must be received no later than 22 December 1995, and payment in full no later than 10 February 1996. The Society will be financially commited to both airline and hotels there4ore it is imperative that members return thie application forms as soon as possible. We have an extremely full programme which includes flights from London to Nuremberg, returning from Munich. There will be three days accommodation in Nuremberg for visits to - - -v.~ the various museums and collections both in the city and the surrounding areas. At the end 4F J of the three days we will depart for Munich by coach visiting Regensburg, arriving at ~|'.-s ~ Munich late afternoon at our centrally located hotel. "~ , There will be a buffet reception hosted by the kind courtesy of Christie's Munich office and ....2 ~', we hope to have a further reception at the Deutsches Museum. " - -~]~ '~k"~ ' There will be 'hands on' opportunities at the various wonderful collections and a chance to - I ~" seebefore.manyobjects which even seasoned members will not have had the opportunity of seeing /~="~ ___ ... !,a~- As always, the visit will end with the Society Dinner and the final day will be a free day with .---,- -" .,, - a late ahernoon flight back to London. A complete itinerary together with suggested concerts, opera, sightseeing, etc., will be available to participants somewhat closer to the time of departure. Costs for participants wishing single room accommodation is £64$. Double room occupancy, is £565. This includes flights hrom London to Nuremberg, coach travel from Nuremberg to Munich and return flight h'om Munich; hotel accommodation in Nuremberg and Munich; and the Society Dinner. Members will, of course, understand that the volatility, of sterling against the strong deutschmark has made it difficult for us to arrive at an economic cost. Cheques should be made payable to the Scientific Instrument Society and sent to the MeetinM Secretary at 7$A Jermyn Street, London SW1Y 6NP together with an application. New Index to the B,,llefin The Scientific Instrument Society hopes to mark the publication of Bulletin No. 50, in September 1996, by producing a consolidated index to the first fifty issues. But for this to happen we need volunteers who have access to a computer with word-processing softwane. If we get enough willing helpers, each person will have to index only two issues. Full instructions will be given. If you think you can help, please -send your addre-~ to Mike Cowhaat, The Mount, Tort, Cambridge CB3 7RL, marking your envelope "Bullet Index'; or fax 01223 263948. Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society No. 47 (1995) 7 The Vitreous Globe: An 18th-century Novelty A.J. Turner Of all the materials that can be thought of The great growth of interest in natural it aix~ut that nowadays the art of glass- for use in gl,~e-making glass, by rea.,~m philosophy, and particularly in the cutting is no kruger a strenuous task, but of its fragility.,seems the least suitable. mechanism of the heavens combined, rather a pastime,..'Y' Yet no material approaches more ck~sely during the later 17th century, with to the crystallinesphere of the Ptolemaic improvements in the technical abilities The inventions to which Sandrart refers heavens and one might therefore expect of clockmakers and instrument-makers, were those of the treadle-operated attempts to use it in celestialm~dels as a to stimulate innovations in the produc- engraving-wheel and the application of replacement for the solid rings or armillae tion OF mechanical cosmological models. water-power to drive it. By the end of the used to represent the primum mobile. Although rather different these new 17th century these could be applied to From early times this seems to have machines were not seen as constituting the new lead crystal invented by George occurred. Whatever the exact nature of any break with the earlier 'Archimedean' Ravenscroft and developed by him at the 'glass chamber' (cubiculum holovi- tradition of artificial models. Indeed not Henley from 1673 onwards. Because it trum) built, probably in the late 3rd only was Archimedes' name freely has a high refractive index and is century AD., to show 'the learning and invoked in their context, but Claudian's relatively soft to work, lead crystal is the science of the stars',by the father of epigram was also pressed into service. particularly suitable for engraving. Now, the Prefect of Rome, Chromatius, the William Derham in 1696 employed the perhaps for the first time, it was possible designation (~ the material seems un- poem to prove that clockwork was to engrave the complex constellation ambiguous.' That glass was employed by known to the Ancients, and supplied figures on the curved surface of a glass Archimedes (c. 287-212 BC) in either of both the original Latin text and a free sphere with relative ease. And a demand his celestial nuxtels is doubtful,: but the translation OF it in his popular treatise on so to do, born perhaps OF a desire to later poet, Ciaudian (c. A.D. 400) horology." John Hams, in the context of realise the Archimedean sphere referred assumed it, affirming in the first line of John Rowley's "orreries' which became to by Claudian as well as to produce a his gentle satire on the instrument well-known in early 18th century L¢m- commercial novelty, was not slow in don, was led to a more radical reworking appearing. Jupiter in parvo cum cerneret of the ~rn in which Archimedes' name /ethera a g,itro... was replaced by that of Rowley. ~ In From the middle decades of the 18th (When Jove looked down and saw the France, the maker of the most elaborate century m England a few glass celestial heavens figured in a sphere of glass...)' clockwork driven sphere of the peri(~ globes have survived. Signed by John not only invoked the name of Archi- Cowley (ft. 1752-67) and Thomas Heath, Archimedes and his sphere became medes m his published description of his or Heath and Wing, or not signed at all, I~tent sym~)is in the Eurt~ean tradi- new sphere but according to an anecdote they follow the design of Roger Long tion of fine technology and particularly retailed by his daughter, was himself (1680-1770) of Pembroke Hall, Cam- so during the Renais~nce. Jost BiJrgi referred to by Louis XW as 'an Archi- bridge, who conceived his globe in (1552-1632) was referred to as 'the second medes'.~ about 1720, although he did not publish Archimedes' probably as much because it until 1742." From the mid-century also, he produced automatic celestial globes as If in the making OF cosmological models but this time from France, date a pair of because of his general mechanical skill. ~ the modems, as in so many other things, 6 inch diameter glass globes by Didier The geocentric model OF the soil-lunar now rivaled even that greatest OF the Robert de Vaugondy, the celestial one system produced by the Polish Jesuit Ancients, Archimedes, and Claudian's having the engraved constellations /i, lexius Sylvius (1593-c. 1653) was verses were rem(delled to honour the picked out in ink or paint. ~2 When (the explicitly described by Claudius new artists, it cannot have escaped globes are not dated) and why Vaugondy Clemens as a sphere similar to that attention that Claudian insisted (m a pnduced these globes is unknown. Since produced by Archimedes.' At the same ~lass sphere, it was in the provision of they do not appear as a stock item in any time glass spheres were generally em- this that new technical developments of his catalogues they were perhaps ployed in models such as those by played a r61e. Glass-engraving is an produced to special order. To con~'ture Comelis Drebbel, Francis Line, Athana- example OF inter-medium technical trans- that such an order could have been sius Kircher and Gaspar Schott which fer, from natural hard-stone to artificial, stimulated by knowledge of Long's attempted to imitate the perpetual but softer, glass. Practised from before work is tempting but unpmvable, if motion of the heavens by the use of the end of the 16th entury, glass- Long did have any influence it was magnets following William Gilbert's engraving was however seriously ham- probably indirect for his b~k was not Ideas, and these ghats normally con- pered by inappropriate t~ads. Writing in translated and he did not suggest the tained the earth sphere suspended in a 1675, Sandrart noted that making of a glass terrrestrial globe. liquid." Vaugondy's terrestrial globe may indeed be the earliest such known in glass, '~ Where liquids are concemed, glass has 'although these artLsts (thc~e ¢4 the 16th century) had brought to perfectkm the art although what i~ purpose could have obvious advantages and, as noted above, of glass-cuffing as far as it depended upon been apart from providing a pair to the is particularly appropriate in a c(~smolo- judgement and drawing, yet in ctmse- celestial globe, remains conjectural. gical m(dei. That in the 18th century in quence of the t~w~ i~werful and clumsy Europe, glass globes, often engraved machinery made u~ of by them, even they with star i~ysitions or with full constella- were unable to give grace and charm to Vaugondy's glass celestial globe however tion figures, came to be used as their work. When we ct~sider the big is not entirely without parallel. In later surrounds for clockwork driven plane- heavy wheels that they were fain to 18th France, and continuing through the tary models was however rather a employ turned by those still fl~mrishing Rew)lutionary and Napoleonic periods respon~ to two new developments, one weeds, their loutish assistants - we may into the 19th century, a taste for elegant well marvel at the work they tumcd out. orreries and orrery clocks was, it m~t technical, the other cultural. The latter Since that time the discovery tff more may be examined first. prevalent, at least sufficiently entrenched convement and efficient t(x)ls has brought to encourage the making of such objects Bulletin (~ the Scientific Instrument ~,.ty No. 47 (lq~) M'HI 14l I'! t' lot t ~lt I ~ t ~ *H I'l I,I I ~ ~l'tll' BI ~ I ¢,~ 3, ', /,~;__. -_2-~ t" "' ,"" .? - ., . I I ,l ,lit1, i,I" , , !," Fig.l Terrestru~l glol,c m I,h.' ,~,/,~. I,t~ :: J--:''.: ":r.- " ~l ~1 i~t Pl r v*,l i,~*l i Ursin Barbay dated An VII (1799). Mu~e des Ddcouz~'rtes, Montr~l, Canada, inf. no. Fig.2 Plate illustrating his spheres from Ursin Barhav, Trait~ ~lementaire sur 1993-48-1 abc. I'astront~aie, la g6ographie et la g~m~'ie, spheres et gk~'s de verre,... ¢Paris, 1817). by leading craftsmen such as Antide On 7 prairial year Xll (= 26 May 179q) rempii d'eau pris sur I'~pect paral~lle. Janvier and Zacharie Raingo. Among Ursin Barbay announced a new glass continents ~tant enluminttes, les mers the survivors of such pn~lucts are a sphere in the ]ournal de Paris) ~ The text of parai.qsent naturellement. his announcement was as follows. small number in which the planetary Un autre ayant ~ cen~ juste de h~ur, system is enclosed in an engraved gla~ assuF.ti aux nouvelles divisions qui se celestial sphere. Two examples in the Les g~graphes ont imagintt de faire en p~ncl ~ la mare ~mr tm examiner toutes National Maritime Museum, Greenwich carttm des globes terrestres et celestes, avec les part~, et se ix~e sur tan pied de crmtal, are ascribable to the late 18th century." It,s sphtres de Ctvernic et de Ptol~, suivant tel aspect que I'tm d~im. Another example, with the sphere Ix)ur repr~,senterles rn(~vemem ~lestes. sup[x~rted on a white marble base by La spht~re agnomonique~, suivant la M. Barbay d'Andely, arctutecte-g~mt~re, lalitude de Pans, marquant au st~eil Its three figures, probably dates from the et maitre de verrerie A Montmirail, final decade of the century as does a ancwnnes heures et nouvelles, avec Its departenwnt de la Sarthe, vient d'imaguwr signes et mois. contenant le pr|ncipe similar example now in the Smit "hsonian de faire ces ~ globes et spheres en univetsel des cadrans solaims. Institution, Washington) ~ The tradition crmtaux; rien de plus naturel que le verre continued into the 19th century, although pour reptSsenter I'univers, puisqu'on peut La sphere systttmatique, ou les deux an example from the mid-century has an voir dens I'intt~rieur d'un gk~be c~leste, et systt~nes du n~mcle, vu~ dans une Ix~mbe unengraved gk~e adorned only with [aim sortir avecla roue du graveur les d'eau, [aL~nt I'effet de I't~]ne. paper stars pasted to its interior." ctmstellations avec leurs ~qoiles, ainsi que les plan#tes,san.,; empt~cher le transparent. Toute les pttc~ faites pour n~xi~les strut ,~ ia ver~ne de M(mtmlratl; elks I.~'uvent II vient donc d'ex#cuter une spht~re devenir precieu.se~ et servlr pour les From these examples it seems clear that, universelle, coml~tSe de plus~eurs gk4~es d~monstrations astrom)mique dans les if not exactly common, vitreous globes renfermt~s Vun dans I'autre, qui re- ~cxdes centrales; dies [acditent I'tqude de prtSsentent It's plan~es tournant sur leurs had a certain vogue, in England and h, g~raphie: ~ant rntmtee, die strut tr~ orbites, et It's constelhti(ms avec leurs solides, et ~ I'abri des acctdens; dies France, from the second quarter of the ~oiles toumant aussi suivant ia i:~e ctmtnbuent au perfecfi~mnemtmt de I'art 18th century onwards. Their production de 25 mille ans: it, tout ren~q'lrntt cLarLs tin de la verrerie, par la difficulM de le~ made possible by technical renovations globe sphttriqne sur lequel est gravtt le ex~cuter; elles sonl en mt~me temps in glass-making, their cultural position Zocliaque, divi~ en signes, nnoLsanciens et cuneuses el uhles~'.' validated by integration into a literary nouveaux, avecla route de chaque plant~ and mechanical tradition derived from suivant sa d~linaLson, It, tout rnt~nttt d'une (Geol~raphe~ have thouKht o[ making Antiquity, they represent an unusual nouvelle manit~re, darm une coupole en terre'stnal and celestial gh4~e~ m card- verm bleu, trar~sparente, qui rWr(~sente hl board, together wilh Copernican and commercial product for the luxury pattie mf(~-ieurede l'horiztm, dans laquelle trades of the period and as such, as in Ptolemaic sphev~ Io show the celestial la machine toume sur les poles du monde n~wementy,. being associated with the very fashion- et sur le m~ridien. On peu [aim sur cette able orrery, could be presented as sph#re universelles routes les M. Barbay of Andelv. ardutt~-tural sur- novelties. And novelties they perhaps d~monstratkms et tT~s'ations quektmques, veyor and master glass-maker at Montmi- remained. Fragile and no doubt expen- suivant it,s deux syst/'m~. rail, (Dept. ~ the Sarthe) ha~ n~.'enllv sive, they were surely never very widely thought of making these same gk~ and distributed even if some of the surviving II a aussi ex#cut~ plusieurs gk~es terres- sphen~ in cry.sial. Nothing L~ more natural late 18th century orrery clocks with tres, dont tan de nq~r~e diannt~e que la than gia~q to Ix~rt-yent the universe as tww unprotected ornery mechanisms might sph#re ci-dessus, montt~ de m~me, et can see into the celestial globe, and with the servant de pendant. gravmK wheel bnng out the oms~llat~ns be thought to have once been enckr,ed with their stars, as well as the planets. in a celestial sphere of glad. But that Ce globe est en verre couleur d'eau; les without maklnK it any le~s transpan,nt vitreous globes, whether celestial or parties terrestres strut colltt dessus, enlu- terrestrial, had relatively littlecurrency mincses et vernies; les mers restent en verre, He has themhne lUSt had a universal .~nns to be confirmed by the fact that at leunt n~wns y strut grav~, ain,t que let sphere made up of se~'eral gk~es each the end of the century they would be re- w~yages du capitaine Ctmk. Un autm en one ent'kr~ed in the ne~t which .,d~w the invented, but in a very different [orm. h~me de Ix~cal, avec ~tm pied, ix~ur c~re planets tuminK m their twbit~, and the Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument ~cie~ No. 47 (1995) .( ~'.,, -a.'~' . • ~' ° Fig.3 A set ~?f Barbav ,~lohs and st,hens: front lt~ to n cht h'rnstna! ,¢lobe, cHestial gloh', armilla~ sphen', the "unn,er~l sphere' the 'a~nomonique" gh@. Prmate Collection. P Fig.5 The arnulla~ sphere. Prmate collec- tlon. dt,'scription of them in a short treatise on cl~smography. 22 In this he tells us that the first glass terrestrialglobe of his pn~uc- . "S tion was given to a M de B~isguilhert who had placed it in his library at Pintherville. At least one terrestrial gh~e of Barbay's production has survived (Fig.l). Signed and dated in the year 7 (1799), apart from the fact that the zodiac signs are of printed paper and not engraved, it conforms ck~,ely with Barbav's descnption2 ~ With the planetary gh~' (Fig.2) in particular Barbav had indeed invented something quite new, different (as far as we kru~w), from all that had gone before. It is interesting to note however that he was Fig.4 The ceh'stial/ternstrial pair. Prn,ate collection. nonethek,,ss aware of Archimed¢,,s' glass sphere which he mentions in his publica- tionY Indited the idea of nesting spheres, ctmsteliahons wzth their stars turning also Another has a circumference of exactly ~) each one representing the movements of a in the|r wn~l of 25~It) years. All are ctmtlmetre~ following the new divisions, it planet is remini~'ent of the ideas of enck~-~l in a spherical gk~" Cm whk'h the may he held in the hand to examine all the Eudoxus, and makes one wonder with ,,¢~.|lac, divided into signs and the old and parts, and can he placed on a crystal fi~t what other ancitmt astronomers Barbay the new months;", is engraved with the according to the [~ition that ~e wants. may have been acquainted. court, of each planet according to its dethnation The whole L~ mounted in a 1-he dialling fi~r the lahtude of Paris, sphere Of Barbay him~lf nothing is known new way m a cupola of transpanmt blue marks the old and new hours:~ together K[a,,s repre~,entmg the part ~,low the with the zt~liac signs and the months. It beyond what he tells us. A n)val surveyor horlzon, m ~hich the machine turns Cm ctmtains the universal principle of sun- from 1766 onwards, he hacl become a the ]'ole~ and the meridian With this dials. master glass-maker at Montmirail where um~ er>,al sphere all operahons and demon- he invented his globes, and where his stratlons whatever can be efftx-ted, accord- The systematic .,,phere where the two land~urveying skills were aim useful for the two ~vstems mg to .,,ystems of the world, ~en m a sphere of in 1784/5 he drew up a map of the lands, water, make an optical effect. |orest and glass-works of Montmirail, and Fie ha~ al~ pn~luced ~,veral terrestrial another in 1809/11, of the neighbouring gl¢~ mdudmg one of the .,,,amediameter All the pieces made as m,~lels are at the property of M Dulant?~ At Montmirail a~, the '~pherede~'nhed at~ve, mountt'd in Montmirail glasPworK,~.They may become the .~tme way and ~,nmg as a pair to it. therefore Barbay worked I:or at least fifteen Important and .,~,rvefor making astnmom- years finding there a congenial envinm- Jcal demon.~trations in the Ecoles centrales. lh=s gk~he ,s made of glass the colour of They make the study of geography easier. ment m which to develop his astronomical tsater, the parts of the earth art, glued to it, being mounted they are very sturdy and instruments and apply his mastery of coloured and yam,shed The ~.as remain as ~fe from accidents. ["hey contnbute to the glass-working to them. For Montmirail glass, their namt's arc, engraved as are the art of gla~s-making by the dilficulties they was not a standard glass-works pn~lucing track~, ot Capta|n (-'~k's voyages. pn~,ent in their manufacture. They are at everyday hou.~hold gla~s but a manufac- trace cunous and u,~,ful.) tury specialLsed in .~ientific glass-ware. In Another gk~e =sm the form of a cCmsen,e 18(16, the proprietors, Pc'sant and M~eil, lar with a toot ~1 as to he filled with water Ursin Barbay may have had some success exhibited the products of their manufac- m a ,,,mflar way. [he continents being with his gk~. I~ighteen years after their tory at the Exl~sition dt~ pn~uits de coloured, the seas appear naturally. invention he published a more extended I'industrie fran~aise receiving a 'mention 10 Bulletin of the ~ientific Instrument ~ciety No. 47 (i~5) honorable', in the official report it was noted that they supplied 'in large part' the chemical laboratories and 'cabinets de physique' of Paris with well-designed, gland-quality instruments. ~ Barbay's activities then, which he states him~lf were carried out in isolation,:' resulted from a rather unusual set of circumstances. If the globes that he pr{Muced in glass have virtually no resemblance to those few comparable items produced by main-s'tream gk~,e- makers in the capital, this is because they were entirely independent of that tradi- tion and were intended h~r more utilit- arian purp~es. At the same time his inspiration to produce such ghg'~es may have derived hx~m that long tradition of literary culture which ascribed the making of a glass cosmological model to Archimedes, the symbolic paradigm- maker {~ cosmological instruments. II T I ~ Note Fig.6 The "unit~'r.~l sphere" c,,m~'d (~ Fig.7 The 'agnomonique" gh~e. Priz~te Since the above was wntten my attention .rims separate ~lass spheres n,~ting (me inside colh~'tk)n. has been drawn to a full set of Barbay's the next. Prit~te Colhvtkm. gk~es (Figs. ,';-7). They derive by descent directly from Barbay himself and are illustrated here by courtesy of their • r he Old Man of Venma' was traRslated by Collectam (~k~ catak~gue), [)n~Nuet Richelae.u 4 Abraham Cowley, and full Kh~larlv editions Juillet i~. [awnmce Caimeh, Hen'~ Char- present owner. of his works were pniduced bv J.M. Gesner erie, lot 171. A similar gk~be containing a and Pieter Burmann mslx,ctively m 175q and manually t~Jerated planelanum t~ to be/ound Nott~ and References 1760. m the Na~mal Museum t~ ~-ttmoe & Technol- ogy, Milan. See Ora,,io Curti, II ,~,lu~et, I. John Beckmann, A titsh,rv of imwntams, O. Jean I'tgeon, L)escr#ption d'une sphere Nazk,na/e della Sta,nza e della Tn'nwa Le,~rdo l_~.,~'oeerws and Orlgtns .... 4th ed; revL,~ed & nmu~ante par h" rmwen d'une pcndule, d'un sh~be d~ Vinci (Milan, 1972). p.i16. enlarged by William Francis & J.W. Gnffith, tmmtt~ d'un faOm parlwula~'e & d'un mmeeau 2 w~Is (hind(m, 1846), I, p.341. plantsphOce pour les dlslane~ & ,¢ros.~urs des 17. No 247. plam"fes.... (Pans, 1714). Mine de Prem~mtval, 2. For inm)ductory orientations to these see Le m~'anlste phlh~phe (]he Hague, 1750}. 18. Not a m~pnnt su~'e I~rha v uL,w~ the .,,arm, Henry C. KinK k John R. Millbum, C_,ecredto the w~rd ehewhere m his b~kiet (eg. p25) and Stars. the En~lutton of Planetariums. Oreenes and 10. Joachim vim Sandrart, L'Academ,~ ~des,'a aim the form 'agrmn~mie', he presumably Astnmomical Chwks (Bristol & l'onmto, 1978, delia ArchHecture, Scallura a pittura: oder invented the wta'd himself by cx~mbmmg,~ and 3-4). For their context, A.J. runner, Mathemalical Teut~'he Academic des edlen Bau- Bdd- und ~m~mmatue. Mahlerey.-gunste, 2 vols (Numberg, 167~7~}, Instruments in Ant~luity and the Middle A,¢es:an 19 Ursm Barbav, Trast~ elementalre sur I'astn,- Introduction (L~mdon, I~M), pp.3~7. quoted from R.J. Charleston, 'Glass', in Charles Singer, E.J. Hohnyard, A.R. Hall & m~mw, la ~ttNraphw rt la ,¢evmetrw. ff~'es ef 3. C_~rmtn~ mmori..., II p.4g My italics. l'rt~'or I, Williams (eds), A H~shn'V (~. Tech- xh,brs de zw're....(Pans, Igl7). pp.0-ll note. 4. For BUrgrs work .see JH. Leopold, & K. noh~,~. III, p.2Z3. 20 I.e. he had un~'orporated the m,mths of the Pechstem, Des Kleme Himmels,qlobus !.594 t~m !1. For L~mg and his gla~ globes see King & new Fre~'h Revolu~ma~' calendar akmgsl~k~ lost Burgi (Lucerne, 1977). JH. L~pold, Millbum Op tit. (n.2, pp.175-6. For a surviving traditional n~ Astwnomen Sterne Geritte, Landgraf Wilhelm IV example, Alan Q. Momm & Jane A. Wess, und seine sick sell,st bru,ex, enden Gh~ben (Lu- 21. I.e the tO d~-,mal hours each ct~mlr~.ed Public and Prlt~te ~'lence, the King C~woe III of ILl) mmu~ ¢~ the X~'olu~narv day cerne, 1986). C(gh~'tam (Oxford & Lc~nd(m, P~q3), pp.2.22-3 5. KinK & Millbum, Op. tit (n.2),p.97. and refen~ces then. given. 22. Ab~we n. 19 6. Ibid., 98-100. On ~I see now the 12. Mary Sp~mberg Pedk.y, Be/ el' aide, the 23. It m m~w m the Mu.,~e chs De~'ouvert~. comprehensive study by Jennifer Drake-Bn~k- Work of the R(~'rt de Vau$ondv Family t~ M~mln~al, Canada. What L'~ pmbabh' the .,,an~, man, 'The Perpetuum Mobile of Comelis Mapmakers (Tnng, I~2), pp.47-8 gk~be LS descnb~t in le~serad, Catah.~ue 2~ [.h't-'bbel'm W.D. Hackmann & AJ. Turner 13. It is doubly unfortunate themfi~r¢ that it Is (Summer I~), no.4. (eds), Learmng, Language and inrentum, Es~ n~w mi,~ing ~rom the Newport News Mar- 24. (~. dr. (n.l~).p.g presented to Francis Maddi.~m (Aldershot & mess' Mu.,~um, Virgin,-,, where it and its Pans, 1904), pp.124-47. celestial pair are k~cated. Pedley 2.'k~m).4. 25. [bid, pp.4~-7, 4q. 7. W(illiam) D(erham), The Artificial Chwk- 14. An lnt~'nhwV. ,~ the Navt,qatton atai Astnm. 26. Exposit~m de I1~ ga~n't du lurv ~ur les maker. A T~ti~ on Watch and Chwk-a~rk... omv Collrrtams in the National Maritime Mu- prod,,ts de l'Industne tran~au,e.. (lhns, l{~l, ([xmd~m, l~i~), pp.87-g ~um, Greenu,wk, 3 vols lGreenwich, n.d p.188 8. John Hams, Astmm~mcal Dmh~ues be- (c. 1971), il, pp.23-3 and pp.23-4 mvenh~'y 27. (.~. cir. in I~), p.~l tueen a Gentleman and a Lady ... with a numbers Pg/.'k~-376and P6/36-303. descrlptam of the famous Instrument, cail'd the 15. P~th are illustrated in lardy, Fre~ah Chwks Orre~ (hind(m, should ai~ be I~m Author's addrl~s: 1719}. It the World O~..., II, 5th edit. 19~I, pp.15~-204 in mind that Claudian as the last great Roman 24. rue du iims.~m Rtclmn,nd p~ was particularly tamiliar in Augustan 16. Now in a private collectkm, Paris. lllu- 78t~) Ix Mesnd-le-Roi culture. His parc,dy of Virgil's C,o~k.'s [V, 125, strak,d and briefly de~'nbed in Horh,~erw de France Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument SociHy No. 47 (l~,;) I! Pietro Patroni, an 18th-century Milanese Optician Alberto Lualdi On .%1~emher Isl, I~4 it was the 250th anniversary of the death of Pierre Patnmi, an ~qptician ~m Milan who worked fn,n the sect~l to the third decade of the lSth century. He is known for ~)me existing telesct~ and micn~'Ol~, sometime~ emhel. li:~l by declarative 'chinoi~erie' In~ tive~ and k~dings; the signature "'POrus optk'us M,'dr~lani" (i~'. bekmgmg to the Holy Catholic Roman Empire) is c~nn~n. He had als~ been an~mg the few (.~4,e my article on F. Bailkm in S/S Bulh'tm No. 441) who constructed bin~x'ular f(~rm of instruments in his century. A recent study about his activits; during the ixx~t-,~anish age in the [-)t~'hv ~ Milan (at the m(~ent in press for Nuncms) led me to review his Fig.I A bmcxular h'k~~" !~. Pi,'fn~Patnmi. L),'ut.~'hesMu~'unt. Munich, ira'. m). {N.) 047. C,,l.,yn,~ht l)¢ut.~'h~ Afu,~'um. known signed instmn~,nts and to di~ cover ~,'en new trees, Im~stly kept in private c~dlectkms. D~pite ¢~r the tlrt~uent mentkm in the literature of the name of Patnmi, owing to the fact that he was a follower t~ the Cherubin d'(.)rleans optical bim~'ular theL~,; little inh~'mati(m tm his pn~luc- tk,rl is available. ]'ek,,scopes and reich)- scopes scattered in museums Ihn~ughout the world (Leiden, Fk~r- ence, l'aris, Chicago, l~mdon, Munich) .s~w a wide varify, of s~les, ace(re.ling to purl~ses, magni~icalk~nL~ and d~ina- tkm (Figs. I and 2). As a matter ~ fact, Patroni's optical pn~luction clearly reflects the spirit 4~ his times. Instru- ments were ~Rten purcha~,~d by rich m,blemen n~)re to ~(nv thtnn off in conversation than to u~ for their specific pur~)se. Hence the elab~rate gold-k~dings of the b~ly tubes, the highly decorated micro.~'ope ba.,~s (brightly coloured flowers, birds and human figures painted ,~n lacquered w~l) and the bra,~ tw silver fittings wen, applied only for the sake of ornament. Individual details on certain of tht~,~ iRstruments can he found in different works.' lk.h~re this research, Patnmi's dated instruments were kn~nvn h~,m 1714 (a bim~:ular tek..scope in the [)t.ut.~hes Mu~,~um) to 1726 (a coml~mnd In(~m)- cular micn)sclq~e in the Mu.~,o di Storia della Scienza of Florence). "h~iav, a hmr- draw tube cardix~ard and yell'urn tele- I ~c~ dated ]7ll (private coll.) and a tig.2 I)¢tatl ,,~ th,' tc/~'.~,,l,¢ ~,'l'/~'cttz'c ~.h'k ('ol,~irt~,ht l)cut~'hcs Afu,~',,n. " ' similar but n~re tnnhellished tek.~'t~e dated 17.36 (Dmuot ~k,, Pans 7.6.19N2 and m~w m the Beltrame c~dlectitm in Vicenza) allow us to extend his pnxtuc- tkm. 12 Bulletin ~d the ~ientific Instrument .~cK,W 15k~.47 (iV~) circles - i.e. Accadem~ dei Cai~li,'r~ Table I - Chrom~k~,ical list of Patroni~ instruments (1702-17Utl), Arcadia (1704-c.172.~), A,','a- demia dei Vi¢ilanti, fawietd Palatma - 1711 l~m~x-ui~r teie~Tse l~vaW etdl. where scientific m.,~ruments played an 1714 Bevx-uLtr teies~spe I.)euL,*che~ Mta~um, Munich (N. b471 iml~wtant ride a~ in.qruments tff ~wno, 1714 IEnot+ui~r Deutsche~ Mtmeum, Munich (N. 421h2) h,t ~ dec~wahve items as well. Hence 171,'; Cmnp nmevwuL-r mk'wecop¢ Must~m I~wdutave, ~ (N 71102) we find the c~mtra~ing features sh,wn 1710 Bim~lar h,h,s~, Ren¢ Mady coll., Paris by the innovative and experimental 1721 I~ma~cular te4es~pe Private coll. c/~aracters of his instruments and the 1722 Comp. bim~cular mk'm~q~e Ctmservak~ Na~mal Am M~tiem, Paris elaborate as much a.~ unnecessary (N. 7.2,1111 embellishments of them. ]'his type of 1726 C,~ap. m(mocular micn~-tqx. Mtmeo St(wia Scitm~, Fkm,nce (N. 320t,-512) instrument ctmtinued in the Milant,~e 1726 Comp. numocuiar micn~oq~e Private c,dl. optical tradition for alm¢~t half a 1736 M~mocularteleso~. Giancark~ Beltram¢ coll., Vkenza century, with Franf,~L~ Baillou, Pietn, n.d. I~mecular lek,s~pe Adler Ranetanum, Chkago (N. M42h) Beltrami" and flew others. To witness a n.d. l~mocular telesctT~e Sckm~ Museum, Ltmdtm [N. Ig40-2g) radical change toward a nna~p essential n.d. KEmoculartek.sct~e instrument we mum wait till the la.qt n.d, Monoculartek.scope Private coll. decades of the century with the founda- n.d. Momwulartetesct~ Chm~'s Mle 29~.v4, bt 2.tl tkm of the Brera A~nmomical Olw4~'a- hwy (1765) and the Giur~. M~ele w¢wk,d~p (f.177~1816)? Nothing was kmwvn about the life of can deduce from his micnw:ope kept in Nett~ a~l Refem Pammi. Research m the archives of the the Science Museum, hm&m (ex Nachel City of Milan led to the di,,~wery that he coll., N. 43). In the Naci~ catak~gm, this I. A. N~het, Col~'ta~ N,,,'her Inserumen~ died at 67 or 68 = - on September I~, system is calk,d milanais. The small scwm~t/qaesel lit,~s ~ma,ns (Paria, i~2~), pp25- 1744 - m Milan; that he had a wife and a compound microscope in Museum ikw~r- b and p.3q, m~. 36 and ~0; M Daunu~. Les bn~.r (Bemardo); and that he kept a hakave' is in the Campani style and ,,d~ws Instrameat Scamhf=qws aa~ XVII et XVIII ~'le~ shop m~ far from the Duomo. He was tanv opticians wen= still mflta.twed by (Paris, 1¢53), pp,324-5, tig, ~1; B. Brag't.~pl~llo popular amtmg the ctmteml~waries , even this great 17th century maker. The (ed.), Beads~V XI~: Leeuwenl~ek..., 1~3, p.eO: in England, whe~ both ~ames Mann (c. intermediate p~titm uccupied hy Pa- G. L'E. Turner, C~t~u~ ~ M,'m~ol~. Mu.qm 1685-1750) and his succes~w Samuel di S~,m d,.Ib S,-,m,- (Fkmmc~. I'~11. p..'~: tnmi between the 17th traditkm and the E Mady, $1~t~les ,,ad Sp~/~.,~es (Paris, I~1. k~hr~m (1724-1772) invited cust~maers desire to he innovative is abo cleady p.144. to axnpare their telesctq~=s with "those indicated by the bim~cular instruments he of the celebrated Pietro Patrone at made. Milan") 2. l,h" was ~7 ac¢oedmg W Ihe I'aru~ churt'h archive (S. Pn~io ad I~n~'m, de~nwed m Although his telesct~ were the e~tct I,).10 and then p,uwd to S FeddeL and ]he dec~ative appearance of ma~t of his copies of the emt~ figured in the a¢xxx~lmg to the reg~ t~ deattm m the ('ay. imtruments could lead one to ctmskler Chembin d'Odeans /~ v~s/,n partite,' archive. Patroni as an ob#cts 4e s~km maker, but a Patroni applied the ctmcept of the number of innovative characteristics bimwular viskm also to quite inmwa- 3, C. MazzuLx'hegi, N,~:a, ~,,,p,-he mhmm mum be pointed out to allow kw a rive micn~t'~es. The results m term of ~/l'qa~ea.,, de~,li ,,m~h h~,ml m~.rb, m'll'~,~ prt~er evaluati~m of his work. He practicality and ¢q)tical res~dulkm were 17,L5 .... (Milan, 177~): HR Calvert, ~-a'nnfw trade csrd.~ m the f~'a~ Mw~,~m C~l~'ta~n tolk~ved the Yarwell and Marshall turn- not so enttmragmg, as we have to wait (Ltmd~m, IgTl). Ph 21¢ and ~1. of-the-centu W traditkm m microscope for 150 years to see n~m~ suc~l making, nevertheless he mtrodu~,d a attempts, nevertheless it pnwes the 4. K. Hemnwding & H. ~, H,~,ewhe substage p/am, mirror tram 1726, and • originality of this inslruatent maker. peculiar fine titus adjustment, acting ~m mlknw~,ff ... Guaiesmuseum t)m,mseait. I~.I. The adju~ment for the bim~'ular vL,~on p.$ and Fi~.ll. an iron nd with a king bra.~ slmng was made by a parallek~ram system inside the pillar. acting on the eyepieces and ,~ctives 5. M Daumas, =~ cir,, pp.324-,~; M. RL~m.- separately. On telescopes there are L~xwn, Ma'r0~',~,,m (leyden, I~-~s); B Brat~ The adoption of a plane mirror da~ adjusting screws with four (I-Illl) t~rdk' (ed.I, op cir., p.~ back to Hertel (1716) as we can deduce la~dble settings. F~w better viskm a fn~n an attributed m~ve in Darm- pair of silver square wings are hinged ~. P Cherubin d'(h'leam, i~ ~,,.~a,. /w~ae stadt.' On the Continent, it became at the extremities. On the eyeph,ce side (Pans, I~7- l~ell 1. comrmm after the 17?Ak with the m- is written "VISIO PERFECTA" (i.e. called French •nd German 'box micro- '~ viskm') while tm the ob~ctive 7. 1~ It, It E~htbttkm Catak~gue, ((;e,nq~, scopes'. The concave mirror appeared "AGrr IN I~JNCTO" (i.e. 'it w~wks in t~ttRt, pp73 and 81. anmnd 1725 when Edmund CulpepeT fi~cus') inside a carh~ache with anthro- find introduced it in his mk'rosct~=s. IX~n,wphic &~a~rathm. 14. E. Mk~Ito. G. Tagllah,m. P l'u(<1, la ~trliRltN|aT.Ione N~'[~d ~./ofld drll'()~,r~ah,ra, The fine flwus control applied to Pierre Patnmi was unthmbtedly a mirror ,~n,~,ma~, d, 8rent (Mthm. I~'~1 Patroni's microscopes is a peculiar of his times; when the end of the system that differs from the tree ath~cl Spanish role m the Duchy of Milan by Marshall m that it is ias/~h, the pillar, was leading to am~her thmainalhm, that Aut&w's ad,lrr~: with a king spring controlled hy an of the Augsburg family. Achve groups Dq~lrtimento di Y~'a'n~" della Term octagtmal lum~b at the end. The (rely of m~blem~ and early scientL,~ts (am,rag lhm,e~dd di Pm~a follower of such a system was the the othent, A. Yalli.mieri, G. Saccheri, E V,a ANnategras..~, 217 Milanese Francois (De) Bailkm as we Frisi) began to create small cultural 2711M~ P~n~u - Italy ButletmottheScientific~Society No. 47 (iV'~) 13 A Princely Piece from Friesland The 'Trigonometrical Instrument' of Wytze Foppes Peter de Clercq Fig.2 I hc ~,t,,'~.~t,,,t,fl h'z'cl I hv ,lu,~,h',ml ~, h~,r~z,,.tal t(, all(,m the ruh'r to shd¢ ~lon,£ ~t~ hmh. Thr exh'nsrm on u,hich thr quadrant may I~" plac,',l m uPr~,~ht tk~ttton l~'ars tile nl.~'rtption "W. Ft~t.~ 1751 l.~'uu~rdrn'. l:i K I 17u" m,trum,'nt m OlVnat,,nal t~tt#,,n u'tth th," hd arn'sh'd tll lCCIIIIIII,~" I~)-Ith~ll SI-"¢ Of the h)t ;fill'It ch~l: h,'t~ht 2.t,5 cms. w~dth .:~t, ,ms tn~lu,h~1.~ nut wln.~s, d,'pth .lO,'m~,~fus,'um i~'rt1,t,l~" In~v,toru numh'r ~,q,q {h~rnh'rlu A ~J In the Mt.,~,um I~x,rhaave m ! ~,lden there index ann and a nder which can slide the box. Then the distance to A was Is a tomPhcated ~e~letlcal IllMrum~qlt along one limb: three ,~'ulars; a divided determined to know the length of the Ilhlde bV ~:~,'tl¢' l:op|x'~ tn~m h,euWar- ruler along the whole ~ldth ot the box: .,~,cond side of the triangle. Here, the den, the Inalor lo,.s n II1 th, [ )tilth Pro~ Ince and a compa~. To make n~tes in the two tx'ulars on the sides, corresp~mding o! I r=~.land [t:=~ I) Nonnallv cm dk~Plav held. the inside of the lid holds a slate with obiective lenses looking out Ill the Itlli",,,¢'Lllll"St~,rnhll~,nt ~alh'nes. this and attachments h,r a slate-pencil and a through slits in the back of the I~)x, o|~le~t ',~ ,1~ shol~n i11 oLIr n,¢tqlt tem|~rarv wiping .,,ponge When the board is came into Play. As th,,'se L~ulars are .~,t ¢'xht|~tllOn alnotl~ courtly In'.trtlments rvmos¢s.|, the working parts helow deck apart, A is seen slightly different borrot~cd Irom VIenna and I)rvmlen' an, n'~eak'~| (Fig3). through each of them. ]'his allowed the •%t,.Irt hum a short bind hardl,¢ comPn'- dlstance to he determined by what is hen.ibh') exi~lan,ltor~ note by th, maker If En~herts" interpn.tatlon is com'¢t, the known as the 'parallactic methcxi'. For hm~sell there are no COllte111porar~" machine was intended to ~. u~'d to these measurements to be carried out d,,,,~ tlrtIOIl,, Ot the IlIMrtllllent A Iom~er n~.asun, a land area. by reduclng that with prt~isitm, a hori/ontal arrow was , olle,l~ue at tl'." 111tl,-4'tlnl. l: |:lll,~'rt~, has an.a into a numher of tr=.in~les,of each of .,~,en in both tx'ulars. [-his arrow was |rlt%~ |o LIIIT,I~ t'l the s arlolls ol'~.'r,ltlons lor which the surface, had to be determined tixed for the right ix'ular, bl=t could be ~ h~,h the in-trument V~,lS equiplx~.| lb.,, In normal triangulation, a surveyor brought fons'ard and backward in the [l'|'~rt ltOt to t!1~ 1111nd alt~ ,|~, S a Intl.|el ot would hrst measure the ba,~ of his one on the left, where it can be .seen , I..~lx ts a- t'ut'h~hcd m a ['~dch Ioumat triangle over the ground, and then entering as the tip of a brass strip/The for [,tlld ~,tlr~ t'~, or'~ ' I'erhal~ ¢~. da~ a measun, the angh~ to an ob~,ct tar al|eld .,,un'evor first kx~ked at A through the re~,.~.d nes~ ed~hon ~dl apl'~.ar svah tr~m both ends of that ba.,~, lira'. FopWs right ocular, lie then h,)ked at it mon" .iet.,h'd |.holograph. and cxplana- es=dentlv ch~ an alh'mahve metht~|, thn~ugh the one on the left, dir[~L'ting t~,v'~ ,tt,~ssln,~,, t, rvh,rabl,, In Fnghsh vil ks detem~lne two sides and the angle the hori/ontal arrow into view by Mc,m~xh~k, I shall Para|.hra,.e t:n~lx'rt~ at ~h~ch the,~, are .,~'~ ! surest that he tumln~ the divided pointer over the te[,,ort to ~lS~' ,In ltll[,,rt, sslon Ot the dld ~ [~,cau,~, it requzred k.~'~ s~alklng to circular phlte, which through a gearwork ~,ml~'h'x~t~ ot the Ina~'h|tlt' and then and tro ~vlth the hea~v anti costb, is connected with the brass strip |'[.l~x" tht' dex I<~' I11 14 Bu|letm ~d the,.~entlh¢ In,,tnlm~t!.~welv No 47 [I~)~[6) Fig.3 Tile u~)rk, N parts und,'r th,' idl~kJt't! I,~+r+t lh,' rotat,d,h ° teh'm'otw ha~ks aut through a slit on the rtght. Fig.4 DIc IIl-trllllh'll/ ..~'Ctl ~&~lll /~'tlllht. i£'ltll t/h" [o:l,,'rmo~.t "q'tth'~l r~'ah'J. The he.;a~on,d bra~ plah'~ on lhc h~.l co+,er llu' hoh'~ u,tn, h corn.~/'~nd uqth the tu~ ~cul~r~. the use of the other pointer on the km~wn to have survived," the one under circular plate. By means of a rack-and- di.,~'ussion here is bv far the most unusual pinion mechanism this cau:,~d a ruler to piece of engineering, lo the question, to slide along the quadrant's limb The what extent Foppes may he considered its quadrant was then placed in upright inventor, even Zuidervaart providps I~n position to complete the operation, definite answer. As it is, with all its using a sinus division engraved into its gadgets - or rather, prtx'i,~ly becau,,~e of reverse. its attempt to clutter ,several |unctions into ~me machine Foppps, ' device was not To ,~ Foppes play his last trump, we very functional. Worst of all, it was may u~" the two wing nuts on the side to impreci~,. The small distance hetween lift the entire top over hinges on the mint, the two oculars would never allow a revealing a rotatable weaken circular reliabh, determlnatkm of the distance to plate covered with a paper disk (Fig.4). ~fint A, and this in fact reduced all While the machine was in normal ck~,~ed further cah:ulating and plotting of co- [~sition as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, the ordinates to a ,,~mt, what polntk,,s,~ ex- kn,ah protruding near the central ocular cerci.~,. Why did Foppps take the tmubh, could be u,~'d to push down a needle, of constructing this white elephant? which is attached to the rack-and-pin|era mechanism d¢.=scribed abawe, in this way, The answer must be ~ught in its minute holps could he punched into the provenance, which is revealed by a disk as a crude system of ct~)rdinatps, a commemorative bra.~.+ plate attachet't to preliminary drawing of a map while out the lid (Fig.5). It is inscrihed 'Her Royal in the field. Highn~,,s*+ ANNA Princ¢.,ss of ()range, (;ovemt,~s Of the United l)utch Pro- Fig.5 /he I'r,#,,'. /,late t,,m.:c,,l¢,p,:tzpl< t/I, = A Splendid Gift vmcps in the name of her Ekwated ~+n ,~l~ Of the m.~trum,'l'lt to l.,'hh'tl lhn~'r~ttu it! WII.I.IAM V, &c. &c. &., has given to 1752. Wytze Foppps (',,~m of Fopw') was h+m I~,yden University this trigonometrical in 17(17 in the Frisian village [~mgjum as instrument in the year 1752'. lhe the ,~m of a carpenter, and died in university archivi+,s for 3 Janua~' 1752 I'rinces., Anna (170~-17~q), elde,,t daugh- la,euwarden in 1778. From a recent study give ,~+me more background: ter of King t;eor~e II of Fngl,md, had of his lift, and work by Zuidervaarti' been married in 1734 to lilt' I)uhh Fopp,.'s emerg~.'s as an ambitious but not Pndt.,s...or Allamand ,.. mlorn~a,d the .~,nate slat|holder Wdltam IV of ()rallge 1171 I- exceptionally brilliant mathematical prac- that tti~ ihghne~s Prince [Wdham IV| had 1751). At that time. Wdham IV w a,, titioner and instrument maker. Although m,'~tn~'ted a |:rP.lan methanw to con~.truct .i stadhohh, r in the northern |~roxlnce., he received ,~me practical instruction geometrical machwa., ~.petialh' d~,igned only, n.,"MdiDg in l,,euwarden Ill Frle~- from a land-surx'eyor named ClaPs Ottps for gt'~l,Hical and trig;n)ometrh-al ol.~,ra- land. In 1747 he was appomted hert'd- Jelhema, and from Willem Andris Lore, a tion.~ l'h[, original |nh,ntl~,~rl 1,*,,1~ to P4,rtd itarv stadholder in the entire Repubhc of thi~ machine to the Royal .~wwtv m geon~,ter attached to the nearby Uni- the Unlto.| Netherlands alu.| moved hi** |:ngland ! Iowever, ! ler Royal | hgne~,, the versity of Franeker, t~.ntiallv I:oppps (;oven~,+-Widow ha~ Riven the ah'*n~ud court to Ihe llague th, re. Wdl,am V was a ,,~,lf-taught man. ~,tween 1755 and machine to the Univer~ltv lot l~'idenl, in (1748-1~0~) was born. who wa,, to 1761, he published four treati.,~ps of a on.|er that it might be u.,<,d for tl~, general succeed after hi~ mother's death A~ natural phih~+phical naturey Of the nine benefit, a~ physical m~truments whwh betttted rulers of the age, [xdh stad- instruments made by him premently .,wn'e public weltaw ....* holders had what I think was a lairlv BullHm of the .%-icmtifi¢ Instrument ~'wtv No. 47 (I~.~) genuine interest in the arts and sciences. de-Jvrce might have been shown before a 7. Apart from the 'trigonm~rical instru- One expression of this interest was their Society meeting, where it would prob- ment', Zuidecvaart lists four telesct~es, a cabinet of scientific instruments and ably kave prow~ked some di~ussion, microscope, a stone sun-dial, a Holland circle models of useful machines." William IV perhaps even have been deemed worthy and a magnetometer. begun to senouslv collect these from of an illustrated de~ription in the g. My translatkm (d the passage quoted by about 1745 onward. After his death, his Philo.qv~hical Tran.~ctions, and would Engherts [nnn published excerpts. The original s(m extended the cabinet until the French have ended in the Society's repository archives further inform us that the Leiden invaskm of 1705 forced him to flee. The (and now, probably, have been lost). engraver J. van dec Spyk was charged with stadholder's various collections were Instead, for rea.~ms which we can only preparing the brass plate (Leiden University confiscated and carried to Paris, where guess at, his widow decided differently. Library Department of Western Manuscripls the instruments and models were As a result, it has been prese~,ed in its AC l 49 (instructi,m) and AC I II0 (invoice 'v,mr 't snyden en k(a)per van een trig(n~- irretrievably lost. country of origin as a rare souvenir of the metricum p[aatje', Hfl I0)). Van dec Spyk's stadholders' inter~t in scientific instru- name appears under, among others, the An inventory list of the instruments at mentati(m, t: engravings in Petrus van Musschenbroek's court, drawn up after William IV's death B~:¢m~len der Natuurkunde (Leiden, 1736) and in 175l, shows that these included 'A Notes and References l~erhaave's edition of Swammerdam's Biibd graphometer made by Foppes at Leeu- der Natuure (Leiden, 1737). warden m an oak box'; later inventories I. Her koperen kahmet. Sclu,tkamers eun de 9. Peter de Clercq, 'Science at Court: the dt.'scribe it (with minor incorL,~istencies) as u¢ten.~'tuzp 15,~-1950. On this exhib=fitm and Eighteenth-century Cabinet (~ Scientific In- 'A graphometer of new invention, the acctanpanying catalogue see Bulh,tm of the Scu,nt~fic Instrument S~'u'ty, No. 43 (i)ecember struments and Models of the Dutch Stad- equipped with tele.~opes, made by 19~4), pp. 8-11. h~Iders', Am~als ~ Scwnce 4S (19~), pp.I13- Foppes at Leeuwarden' (1759) and 'A 152. A Dutch adaptation, 'Her kabinet van graphometer of very singular and 2. 'Plan tot het Landmeten', signed W. weten~happelqke instrumenten en n~ellen complicated construction, with its com- Foppes 4 November 1751. Mu~um I~er- van stadhouders Willem IV en V', was pass, water-levels, alidades, telescopes haave Archive 46q. published in Oranje-Nas~u Mu~um ]aar&a4c and adiusting screws, all contained in a 3. Ir. E. Engberts, 'Een Nederlands "trigo- 1991 (1992), pp. 55-08 nometri~h instrument" uit het laar 1751', mahogany box and resting on a stand. 10. My translati(m fr~an the French inven- Titd~hr!fl z,oor gadaster en Landmeetkunde, 82 This machine, which appears to have tories, "which are pnnted in extenso in I~)th nr 6 (December 1966), 314-330; issued sepa- been made with care, must have cost versi(ms d my paper (see note % rately as Museum Communicati¢m no. 131. much money' (1795); 0 4. These oculars could also be used to I1. J.H Les~dd, 'Some rares on Benjamin measure the elevati~m ~d ~int A. ]'o that Ayres', in RG.W. Anders,m, J.A. Bennett and William IV was instructed in mathe- effect, vertical arrows were reflected into lmth W.F Ryan, eds., Makm~ Instruments G~unt. matics and the art of fortification and oculars, the one in the right ocular being fixed, Es~vs on Historical Sca,nt!fic Istruments Pre- had an interest in m¢~ern professional while the one in the k,fl ocular could be moved sented to Gerard L'Estrance Turner (Aldershot, instruments. Thus, his cabinet also in and ~mt of view. 1993), pp. 395-402. contained several pieces, including a 5. Earlier, Zuidervaart wrote several 12. The ~m]v other tangible souvenir is an theodolite of new invention and a thorough studies on 18th-century amateurs in special plane table, made by Benjamin orrery, si~ 'Made by I". Wright & B. Cole at his hi)me-province Zeeland and their instru- the Orrery in FleetStreet', now in the Museum Ayres, an Englishman who around 1743 ments. The Eeckhout planetarium in the 't Cm~pmanshEs in Franekec, a Frisian tmvn settled in Amsterdam, and who in 1749 Z~seuws Museum in Middelburg is discussed near Leeuwarden. It was presented to the kx:al earned the official appointment of in H.J. Zuidervaart & H. Hoitsma, 'Een university when it celebrated its bicentenary in Mathematical Instrument Maker to his Zeeuws planetanum mt de tweede heift van 178g by William V. in my papers (see ra)te 9), HighnessY In this context we may view de ]gde eeuw', in Archio¢ ~un her K(mmkli/k p. 1M and p. 78, respect/vely, I argue that this that, probably while still residing in Zeeuu,q'h Ca'm~t.~'hap der Weten.qhappen (I 983), instrument, which was c~mstructed several Leeuwarden, he had the complicated pp. 6q-148. His later studies deal with J(~'~an decades before the occasi(m, was probably Adriaen van de Perre (1738-17~}), who owned surveying instrument made by the local originally in the I~¢,esskm of Princess Anne a large collection of instruments, and (m Jan de and had been inherited by her s(m William V. m,~trument maker Wytze Foppes. Evi- Munck (1087-1768) and his private ob~rva- denth' he was pleasecl and impr~sed tory in Middelburg. Author's address: withhis Frisian graphometer and in- 6. Huib J. Zuidervaart, Speculatie, u~etenshap Mu~um Boerhaea¢ ,~tructed Foppes to make a similarly en wnmft: fy. sica & astnmomie 1~dx,ens W~ze Lance St A emetenstraat I0 complicated device, with the intention Foplvs Don ejuma ¢1707-1778L mstrumentmah,r P~rstbus 11280 of sending it to the Royal ,Csocietv. Had te h'euuurden, Fryske Histoaryske Rise Lib- 2312 WC Leiden Fopl.~-,,_ fini_,,hed his job in time, his tour- rary, XI! (Leeuwarden, 19~5). The Netherlands Conservation Weekend at West Dean College on 11 and 12 May 1996 A weekend course to follow from the one in May this year. The 1996 weekend will include some practical 'hands-on' experience in the field of metal colouring. The course will be led by Mr Christopher Wheatley of West Dean College, and will include contributions from Mr Lawrence Bimie, Head of Inorganic Conservation at the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, [~mdon. The course is residential, covering all meals from lunch Saturday through to lunch Sunday. Numbers are strictly limited so early b(~king is advisable. Please teleph(me Mike Cowham for availability. The estimated cost is £110 per person. B,K)kings with a deposit for £30 are required as s(~m as possible to:- Mr. M.J. Cowham, The Mounl, "loft, Cambridge CB3 7RL. Tel: 01223 262684. Fax: 01223 263948. E-mail: [email protected] 16 Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society No. 47 (1995) Diamonds in Instrument Making Randall C. Brooks Diamond tipped h~ols have been used in precision machining and scientific instru- ment making longer than one might imagine to finish precision surfaces and to draw the finest lines. Diamonds were first employed as tools in the mid-17th century to delineate lines on glass for micn~meters and in the 18th century for precision machining such as finishing and polishing precision screws for dividing engines. In the 19th century diamonds were used to engrave plates for illustrations and to make threads on glass I~ttles where the cutting tool was a 'metal disc revolving rapidly on fixed centres and having an angular edge fed with emery and water; in some rare cases a diamond is used as the cutting toni'.' Diamonds were also used to drill holes in rubies or sapphires for pivots of watches and chronometers. Holes were polished using a steel wire and diamond dust Fig.l Ram.~len's screw cuttinl¢ lathe with which he n~de the us~rm ~re~s for his linear suspended in olive oiU Scientific instru- dividin~ encine (1774) and circular di~,idiny, engine ( 1775L ment makers thus pioneered techniques which became important for industrial processes. mircometer screws were polished with i~ard of ~mgitude Prize, we learn of pitch, charged with diamond dust, which his method for pn~ucing and using Beyond their use in jewelry, most of us deformed to fit any thread profile. screws and diamonds."' Success of his probably next associate diamonds with However, it was only towards the end dividing engine depended on a tangent their use in the pickups of recond player of the century that the technique was screw or worm and to make it, Ramsden tone arms or in industrial equipment recorded. The methods adopted by made a screw lathe (Fig. l ) incorpora ring utilizing their hardness such as drilling Taylor, Taylor & Hobson beginning c. a lead screw mounted on a triangular bits. But they are commonly used as 1888, to make threads for optical bar. A triangular shaped, diamond cutters for light work on high speed components were adapted to make tipped h~l was advanced by the lead turret lathes where high pn~uction rates bench micrometers, camera lens mount- screw by tuming a hand crank acting are necessary for shaping hard rubber, ings and, later, high precision binding through change gears. Two worms were bakelite, pressed carbon, aluminium or screws for the aircraft industry. Several cut - one with teeth to act as a cutting brass. They are only capable of light cuts standard meth~s originated in the t(~.~l to form the thread on the edge of the but, by the beginning of WW II, could be Leicester firm for production of fine wheel and the other to be us~! in the run at speeds in excess of 5,000 surface screw threads including use of diamond dividing process. Ramsden made the feet per minute! ~ Other modern uses dust to maintain the shape of cutting screws of steel which were then include dressing grinding wheels and tools. hardened. To correct the errors caused diamond gauging l~ints used to deter- by the hardening process he 'finished' mine whether dressing is, in fact, On the spindle used t¢~lav fi~r milling the thread by recutting it with the necessary.' accurate ~'rew threads, there are two little diamond tipped cutting tool." This circular cutters with the Whitworth thread technique was aL,~ applicable to micro- Tools and Machining Processes form lapped at their edges, which are meter screws since the hardening pro- rK~tched radially to present cutting edges. cess often rendered such screws The lapping is d¢~e on a special machine distorted and with irregular pitch. It The high degree of polish and finish on by means of a diamcmd.-charged rotating many adjusting and micrometer screws annulus with an eccentric moti¢m ~, that it became common practice to return on scientific instruments made from the maintair~ i~ surface in a true plane. This hardened screws to the original lathe mid-18th century confirms that there was annulus grinds the sides of the thread and refinish the thread with a grinding a final stage of pnRiuction beyond cutters perfectly straight and to the correct disc tool to remove errors due to cutting on a lathe with a steel cutting angle, and rounds the crest in a circular arc hardening. tool? Henry Hindley used such a technique to grind and polish the worm John Barton was able to turn a cylinder and wheel of his scale dividing engine in Such equipment was the pn)genitor of down to an accuracy of 1/ 12,t~KI inch [or 17397 A piece of soft wood was charged the m~xtern thread grinding machine to Edward Troughton u.,,ing diamond with a grinding powder held against the manufacture precision screws on a tipped tL~ds. In 1805 Barton al~ turned thread. The wt~, being soft, deformed routine and rapid basis? the deferential threads l'~2.7 and 102.3 to the thread form and the dust became TPI) for his 'Atometer' with a diamond imbedded in the grain of the wood The first person to use diamond tipped tipped h~l, according to a letter to (similar in principle to the use of pitch metal cutting t¢~ls was Jesse Ramsden Matthew I~dton which is in the Library and optical rouge for lens polishing) while constructing his linear dividing of the Science Museum. l~urrell stated thereby polishing the thread. By the engine (1774)? From Ramsden's descrip- that diamond tipped t¢~ls were always early 19th century, very fine pitched tion, produced to fulfill conditions of a used in conjunction with slide rests on a Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument S~iely No. 17 (1995) 17 1.,11 his micrometers is somewhat variable and the lines are about 0.02 mm wide (Fig.2). Under magnificati,ms of 500 and 2{X)0 times they show striations from the cutting tool which was an unfinished diamond?" The striations are 0.002- 0.004 mm wide and 0.001-0.002 mm deep. These glass micrometers were often made in sets and were used on telescopes, microscopes, surveying levels and distance finders. Brander's ruling engines do not appear to have survived, but are de~ribed and illustrated in Brachner. 1.1 I , t • 0.0 10.0 10.0 The Duc de Chaulnes' microscope UNE NIAIIER micrometer (c. 17t~5) was mounted on a frame which held samples for inspection; 1Jl'tl the frame incorporated a second micro- meter for moving the stage for direct measurement of the sample. '~ This arrangement was u:,~l in conjunction with a small gla~ scale scribed by a diamond to test one micrometer screw against the other and to set up a table of errors for the screws - a noteworthy About 1774 John Coventry displayed several of his grid micrometers to the Royal ~ciety. Tht.,~e were primarily tutti intended for use with micr~,copes and 0 10 10 SO appear to have been the most frequently LINE NUMBER referred to microscope micrometers of the late 18th century. His early versions Fig.2 Measun'nu~its ~. lme stucm.~s ~ tz~, y,lass micrometers rule d had ~ lines to the inch but Coventry t,u Brander. TIl~y are illustrated m Bnichner 11983. p. 178 and p.313). proceeded to improve them to 1(~ and Brachner al.~ illustrah~ ¢p.379)~ Brander's diridiny, apturatus. then to I(X)0 per inch. Nothing has been found describing Coventry's ruling en- gine but it is known that he used a fine diamond for the ruling?" lathe and were capable of turning Ruling Glass for Micrometers hardened steel with facility.': Ezekiel Walker published a description of a grid micrometer conceived about 1805; Applications of diamonds in the aid of these were made for him by William Dividing ~cales on circular dividing science may be traced to the mid-17th Car), of London and by Miller & Adie of engines, where the bearings of the century. The first recorded u~ (1649) was EdinburghT' Brewster de~ribed them wheels are not perfectly circular or by Eustachio Divini who employed (1813) erront~usly indicating that lines concentric, rt.~ults in scales that reflect diamonds to rule a net of lines on the were on mother of pearl. Walker th,~.~' errors, in several engines, rollers curved surface of a convex eyepiece lens published a correction indicating the .,,upporting the dividing wheel ran on intended as a micrometer. Petite, Baltha- lines were in fact drawn on glass and m~,t .,,reel rings and it was common for ~r and Pierre de LaHin., u~,~'d diamonds claiming to have made examples with a Path centu~' .,,teel to have 'knots' of for preparing grid micrometers. '~ Nicho- grid of lines 0.tX)l inch apart and drawn las Bion described the replacement of abnormally "hard material; instrument at right anglesP He settled on lines makers were advi~,d to use a diamond wire crosshairs in telescol~,~s: "Note, separated by 0.01 inch for use with these lines must be very lightly drawn I~*int to finish th~.-~, surfact.~. Similarly, microscopes or telescopes. Walker's upon the Glass with a small diamond non-circular bearings or non-flat bearing engraving metht~ was not dt~scribed. .~urfa(es in astronomical or getMetic wh¢~e I'oint is very fine". ~ A succession circh~ cau~-=d obse~'ational errors. The of other makers followed the~, leads A link between Brander's glass micro- 5-f,~*t mural circle at Arrnagh, made by including Benjamin Martin, Georg Bran- meter and the superb micr~rscope test Thorns,, Jones when installed in 1832, der, [)tic de Chaulnes, John Cuff, John plates of Nobert a hundred years later had a 20" error of eccentricity. Jones went Barton, J~'ph Fraunhofer, Alfred No- to Ireland, removed and reground the bert, Lord Rayleigh and Henry Rowland. was the net micrometer of Joseph Fraunhofer. L~igned to be an improve- pivot and rtMivided a segment of scale ment on the 'rhomboidal' micrometers of which was al.~ in error. However, in George Brander used a ruling engine in c. November 1834, Jones again had to Bradley, LaCaille and Wollaston, it 17~1, though crude by later standards. consisted of a glass di~ divided by regrind the pivot but this time he u.,,ed With this machine he was capable of many parallel lines with a second set a diamond tt~fl and redivided the circle making quite finely drawn scales in a in .,,itu al~, with diamond-tipped tt~ls? ~ engraved obliquely to them. u Th~~e were number of patterns.'" The line spacing of illuminated with a small lamp. Accord- 18 Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society No. 47 (i~) and were used for engraving and h,r ruling metals. For rulinR on glass a rounded natural edge was found best; 'Photometric' Photometer I these "split" the glass rather than .,~'ratch it and left a very fine line; a sharp-edged diamond left glass splinter~ and a line with irregular edges. To rule the .~'alt~ of astronomical and similar instrument,,. Turrell found diam¢md splinters with a fine acute edge better than the obtu~, angles of natural diamonds. He also supplied diamond slivers to Andrew Ross for use with his dividing engine. Ross was able to divide 10 circk~ on lum~ on T.sa. opec~ w~ ~ f6nav platinum to ~o with one diamond pit~'e naed k~ with 0.Tz~. before it was accidently broken. A steel point might have divided a third of a circle according to Holtzapffel. ~" Fig.3 Nobert s glass grid "photometcr" micrometer u,hich incorporated bands of ch~ely spaced lines. It could be u,,k~d to measure the co/our and brightness of stars by, adjustin~ the an~le and brightness of its illuminating source. Mayall de~ribed Friedrich Nobert's method of cutting diamonds and even this great craftsman had difficul.ty with points breaking. N(~ert used a ruling ing to Pearson, Fraunhofer devek,ped a Shaping the Diamonds ruling engine with which to rule lines h)rce of only 3-,';0 grams depending on with separations as fine as 0.0001 inch the number of lines required per inch." We know something of the form of He used fragments salvaged from a and with which the angle could be set at diamond points used by John Barton any desired, z~ diamond cleaver ch(~sing chips which and Peter Kier from the extensive review would allow a 1/16-I/20 inch long edge of diamond use by Turrell. ~ The shapes to be cut where chosen. One face was A related instrument made by Fraun- are illustrated in Fig.4. David Brewster ground to an angle parallelto a cleavage- hofer was his concentric circle micro- requested that Barton make a grating face. The chip was then cleaved to create meter which was used by J. yon Soldner with 2000 lines/inch but the diamond the other face of the i~)int rather than for timing stellar transits. The di,~cs were stylus broke after a large portion was grinding it since that procedure left the made by drilling a small hole in a piece of completed. Brewster's ruling was never point rounded. N(~=rt wanted a per- glass and drawing several concentric completed and Barton did not attempt fectly sharp point for ruling gla~ and circles about it. They were engraved on another? ~ Barton had observed that the replaced diamond points when glass a lathe with a diamond-tipped t,x~l interior of a diamond was softer and fragments began to appear around the mounted in a cross slide. A number of more susceptible to breaking and he had ruling point. After l~ he used 'mild' ¢~servers had used circular diaphragms, used long oval shaped diamonds to tip (i.e. soft) glass, to help avoid this but Fraunhofer extended the usefulness his turning tools. -'~ But, with this problem. Later in the century, a simple by including II circles Cm the same glass experience, he switched to natural, hand operated device was described bv di~. 2' This form became very popular on rounded, uncut diamonds, it has been the Rev. DW. Smith which had betm the Continent. The main problem was suggested that ruled specimens (5000 exhibited before the New ~brk Micro- lack of an eyepiece which could focus lines/inch) by Robert Bate may actually scopical SOCU.-~, (Fig.5). ~ To rule lines over a sufficiently large field to include have been made on Barton's engine c. finer than ,llb.g0 per inch he concluded all of the engraved circles. 1826. that the selection of the diamond point was more important than the machine, a Turrell described the properties of natural perspective few instrument makers The most clever glass grid mocrometer diamonds noting that those which had would have agreed with was that of Alfred Nobert made in the been ground cau,'~ glass to splinter but mid-19th century (Fig.3)? ~ It consisted of that he had made rulings on crown-gla,~s N(~ert mounted his diamonds in a notch lines drawn in 5 bands of II lines with with natural diamonds with great suc- in the end of a pio,-eof brass wire. About each band separated by 15" when viewed cessY Conical shaped diamonds were the ~me time, Holtzaptfe[ described how through a telescope. Each band was made on a lathe using another diamond diamonds could be mounted in a .~plit l/~)0 Paris inch (7.52~m) wide - the width of a common micrometer filament. The line separation was 0.736,m A special property of this arrangement was that tilting the angle of illumination changed the colour of the bands, i.e. Nobert made use of the diffracting properties of the ck~ely spaced lines. This colour changing property could be employed to measure the relative colours of stars by measuring the angle of the Front View Side View Front View Side View illumination or, by altering the distance Kier's Diamond Points of the illumination, a simple photometer Barton's Diamond Points was al.~ crcated. Hence this instrument could perform three functions with some Fig.4 Shape of the duunond tips u,~'d by, Barhm c. 1820. He pn~'rred rounded natural tq,s simple adjustments. but these gate' u~ay to the shape i~ tips used by. Kh'r and N~'rt. Bullehn of the ScientificInstrument Society No. 47 (199S) resolutiem of spectra of their spectro- graphs. Fraunhofer was able to take the division of glass a step beyond th~se of /" D his predec~sors by controlling the depth, breadth and symmetry of the angles of the grooves. Samples with upwards of E ~),t1110 lines per Paris inch were made but Sir John Herschel found that examples with more than 8,200 per Paris inch did not yield pure spectra due to uneven spacing of the gn~w~.,s. Brewster found / that Barttm's examples of 1{1,|11111lines per inch provided excellent spectra but he was still envious of Fraunhofer's gratings and the a.,search he was able to carry out with them." Fig.5 5m#h's "rulm~, ='ngme' u~s a model ,~/ simt,lici~ comlun,d to the impn~sizs" gnai,g One of the most talented makers of the ot,¢tm, of goa,hlnd. Smtt/i's a,as to rub" grids of 40-~) li11~ p'r inch and he fl~und the 19th century was the German, Friedrich Adolph Nd'~ert. The s~m of a clockmaker, sharl,~t='s~ oftile dl=lt~to~ld tir to Iv mon" critical t/tan the pn'cision d. the scn'z~, - the n'wr,q'.h~r gnitmgs a'lttt up to 43,01X) lim'~ lk'r inch. Nd'~ert t~a~k up this professkm aspiring to greater heights by designing various watches and chronometers surpassed in wire or in a hole dnlled in the end of a the engraving process." A 20 TPI ~rew Germany only by tho~ of Kes~ls. thin brass rt~ with the hole pinched was used h~r the longitudinal motion, Ntff~ert ~ff,tained a bursary to attend the an~und the largest part of the diamond and was controlled bv a 5(11)t~x~th ratchet Technical Institute in Berlin and in his and beld in place by shellac or brazed wheel providing a maximum rt.~iution first week learned dividing techniques. into position; the latter technique is still of 0.1.11101 inch excluding screw errors of With this knowledge he made his own u,,~,d. He ai.,a~ noted that the outside 0.4"~,Y This machine was not intended dividing engine which is believed to be laver~ of a diamond produced superior for precisely dividing equally spaced the one he u.,~,d to cut chronometer gears rt~ults compared to chips or "diamond divisions and the buttons created diffrac- and to rule diffraction gratings, test bort'." The best of all were carbonate tion phenomena even if lines were not plates and ruled ~ales for astronomical diamonds from Brazil which were used equally spaced, though the quality and instruments. After his training in i~,rlin, for turning emery wheels and grind- brilliance of spectra was reduced. An N~ert became technician and instru- stones: indeed diamonds are still em- optical analysis of extant Barton's but- ment maker at the University of Greifs- ph~yed to dress grinding wheels to tons would'provide useful inh~rmation wald (1835) but returned to Bath after his maintain their forms fl~r precision work." on the functioning of this machine. father's death in 1846. He is perhaps best known for making the gratings used by Origins of Spectral Gratings Angstrom in his imfx~rtant studies of Fraunhofer began making gratings on spectra. glass (c. 1820) first covered with gold-leaf Barton, Comptroller of the Mint, was and then great, or varnish. The max- Nd~ert turned his interest towards tests acquainted with Henry Maudslav imum number of lines he could obtain of micn~'ope optics in 1845 when it through their business activities h~r the with the gold-leaf covered glass was occurred to him that dividing engines Mint.'" In 18111 they each made a ltX10/inch above which the gold-leaf could be used to make test objects precision ,,,crew of exat:th" the same pitch was ~raped off. Double that number engraved on glans. The idea was drawn and 15 incht~ in length Tht.-~e were could be formed on glass coated with a from Fraunhofer's gratings. In 1846 compartM and "were found exactly to thin film of grea~ but this was still short Nobert made his first a test plate agree throughout their length and were of the number he wanted. Fraunhofer consisting of l0 bands with line spacings con~.idered perftx't." Holtzapffel statt~l h~und that gnxwes made in the surface of ranging from ! / 111111)-1/411111) Paris line that Barton u~'d a diamond tipped tta~l glass with a diamond i~int best pro- to execute his. '~ There is a machine in the duced the phenomena he sought. The (225¢~-0.5Mlam) in a geometrical progres- sion. This was the first target with known ,q:ience .Mu,,t.um associated with Barton maximum number of lines he was spacing for testing the quality of micro- for making "Barton's buttons' which eventually able to pn~uce with equal scope optics; telescopes had been tested utilized gratings to produce spectra fl~r spacing was ~. 82till/inch. He achieved by ob~rvation of ch~e double stars for det-orative purl~ The workmanship line spacings as small as 3.3-1blare but no of the machme is certainly consistent de~ription of his dividing or ruling many years but no equivalent existed for with .'~laudslav having bet.ninvoh'ed. engine has been h~und. micro~opes. Over the years Nobert made 7 different test plates culminating with the 'new' 20-band plate of 1873 Alter Barton had tkhtaint~t| a patent fl~r Fraunhofer ob~,rved that one grating which amply dem,mstrated his talent. hi,, reflecting buttons, c. 1822, the gave brighter spectra on one side of the The lines of the finest band were machine was m~dified to carry several primary image than on the otherY He separated by just llt)0-2100A. This blank,, in order to produce more buttons interpreted this to indicate that one side resolution was beyond that of optical to fill the commercial demand. Barton of the gn,wes was sharper or inclined micn~copes but was finally resolved in al~ made buttons in steel duplicating more than the other due to the form of 1965 by Bradbury and Turner using an them with stamping technology familiar the diamond point. Tests with grea~ electron micnx,,cope. ~2 tn the Mint. '~ The 'button' machine could gratings proved the latter to be the ca~. engrave 6 samplt~ simultanet~ush/ and This was the origin of 'blazed' gratings The basis of Nd~ert's ability to make dlamond~ found in its drawer suplm~rt used by astronomers to maximize these test plates was his circular dividing Barton's u~, of diamtmd tipped tta~l.~ h~r efficiency for a particular order and engine and his use of a diamond point. 20 Bulletin of the ~'ientific Instrument S~ety No. 47 (1~)5) The dividing engine Nobert used for engine screw. The screw for Henry 7. William raylor, "'[he Manufacture of most of his career is in the Smithsonian Rowland's ruling machine was made by Optical Elements', Pnweedm.¢~ ~# the ()pt,al Institution. The dividing plate is 12 his university's instrument maker, Then- G~nz~,ntam ([,undon, 192b), pp.~H4~)2 An inches in diameter and Lq ruled to 5' on dore Schneider,~ and was, according to analysLq and illustratams t~ the rrspective a silver scale imbedded near the limb Rowland, accurate to 0.00001 inch with qualily o( ~nall screws made by h'~ing dies, dies, thread n)lling and grinding Although it Ls a circular dividing engine, no detectable periodic error. Rowland cutting techniques is given in P.R Bnerley, 'Small Nobert could use it to produce his produced gratings with 43,000 and straight line test plates and gratings by Screw Threads', Hon4~ical Journal, 9¢I (1~7), 2%0(}0 lines per inch and with a total of p.701. using the radius of the dividing plate as a I60,0(X) lines! *' Contemplating the cost to ~ver arlflll. make telesctq~s for use with such large 8. Fcsr20th century devek~ments ~@ the~, gratings, Rowland realized that the machines see Robert S. Wcaidhury, Studies m The arrangement for carrying and adjust- grating could be made on a curved the ttishn~, of Machine To~ls (Cambridge, Masq, ing the diann~md ta~/nt is specially mge- surface to focus the spectrum directly. 1972) ~us. The questions to be solved were - (1) Modified to make curved gratings, this to provide means to adiust a dian~md edge machine could prt~uce gratings of 6.25 x 9. Jesse Ram.~en, Descnptara of An Eneme to any angle within required limits; (2) to fl~r Dw~#n£ Mathemahcal Instruments (i,ondon, balance it truly so that the weight-pressure 4.25 inch (instead of 6.25 x 6.Z~ for flat 17771. Repniductions of some of the iilustra- for ruling could be perfectly controlled;(3) gratings) capable of splitting ~,ngstrom's tiaras may be found m industrml lhamond It) raise and k~ver it strictly in one plane - line 1474 of the solar spectrum. Rowland Re~,/e~, 4 (19441, pp.22~,-2.2q W..'~eed~, (A that is to say, mechanically tee ~mm lateral was also able to blaze the rulings for a H~sh~ry of Machine T~ds. 17{~-1910 ((hh~rd, play, so that the c~msecutive divisk)ns of specified spectrum order, e.g. the grating 1969), p.19) claims that Ramsden used the ruling depended solely on the m~ion he made for Langley's study of inh'ared dian~ tipped cutting kx~ls ~m his screw- imparted to the glass plate by the dividing spectra which had a more concave cutting lathe of 1773/74. His source h~r this engine; (4) to cause the diam~md to ~cillate surface than usual. Rowland found that was not given though the implication is freely in one plane; (5) to contnd the length Ramsden's descnpth~n of the machine. the diamond cut differently on different the lines to be ruled; (6) to connect the whole mechanism to insure an even rate of parts of curved plat~. It is a fortunate 10. The methnd used h~r his first dividing speed in the ruling nmvement of the coincidence of nature that the lines engine of 1766 is m~ km~wn. diamond. required on a curved surface are straight otherwise Rowland would not have II. Q.V 'Graduatkm', l~hnburxk En,~'h~r~lia, Nobert divided his test plates and succeeded m this enterprise:* (Edinburgh, 18301 Vul. X, p.3~. Holb,apffel, diffraction gratings by using micrometer op. cir. (I), Vol.2, 64~n, noted that he had microscopes and the graduations on the Instrument makers had used diamonds inctmrectly a.~-nhed the first use of diam(md divided plate of the engine and adjusting tipped tools to Sir John Barkm (see Vol.l,p.42 to impn)ve machining tolerances for flat and Vo12, pp.14-15). the position visually for e~,~ line cut. surfaces, round shafts and precision Mayall continues: screws. But their most indispen~ble use 12. Edmund Turrel|. 'On Splimng and Polish- was to rule the finest lines. From the mg Diamonds,' Gdl's Techmcal R,'l~sm,~., ! Imagine the task of adjusting the diviskms simple glass mica)meter of Divini in Ib49 (18271, pp.l-13, b2-73, 129-35, 193-7, 257-¢~0, under the micnwn~er-micnwcc~e, winding to the perfectkm of Rowland's gratings 321-30. up the train of wheels, lowering the two and a half centuries later, diamonds dian~mcl on the plate, starting the train, had provided the means. 13. T.R. Robimam, 'Description i~ the Ar- watching for a p(x,~ble vibration in the magh Mural Circle, and Examinahon ~r its mercury bath during the actual ruling, Divk,~kms', Abstr~'ts Of tke Mcmmres ~r the Rml. which might ruin the scientific value of Notes and References Astro. ~'., Z (1833-6), pp.lll-3 the plate, then li~ting the diarmmd by the excentric roll~ preparatory to re~,nmen- I. CharlesHtdt/apffel, Turnm.~ & hh~-kanical 14. Father P. Petit, "Nouvelle machine i~ur crag the whole t~:~'atkm - 12,000 times in Nlmupulatk~n (London; Vol. I, 18~2, Vol. 2, measeure exactemer~ les diam~tres des astre~', successkmP ~ 18~, Vol. 4, 1879). Vol. 2, p. 614n. Journal des Sa~wnts. No. ~ (16 mars, 16~7), p.103: Thes)dor Balthasar. Micmmetrm, h,~" est, Lord Rayleigh (1874) carried out some 2. Ibid.,V~d. 2, pp. I052-3. de mlcn~melmrum tuns opt,cis, .~'u tele~'~,U~ ef experiments in making reproductions of ma'ns'opiis applicandorum rwrm strmtura .... gratings using a callodio-chloride process 3. i.)ian~mds are brazed (ink) a steel tool bit lChnshan-Erlangae, 171111 l'ierre de [aHin,, 'Constna'tion ~ u~ge d'un nouveau rHicle in which he used gratings of 3(X)0 and with the diamond's tip exp~-d; lapping angles fl~" the bit an, the same as fl~r carbide pour ks (~'atitsns dr.'s echpses du ~)leil el 6(}00 lines on a square of one Paris inch de la lune el pour servir de micnm)etre', made by Nobert and ~me by Rutherford cutting bits. J.R. [xmgstreel and W.K Bailey, Lathe (Pittsburgh. Histmre de I'Academie des Sl,'nc,'~ ct h'~ of 6(}00 lin~ to the inch. He found Turret Optr~hw's Manual 1940), pp. 50-51. Menanres de Math el Physique (Paris, 171111, Nobert's much superior though the 3/X)0 p.IIg. line version demonstrated three distinct 4. L.T.C.Rolt, Tta4sfl~r the lob (Ltmdon, 19~), 15. Nichadas Bitm, translated bv Edmund zones attributed to use of three different p.121. diamond i~dnts. Visible to the unaided Stone, The G~nstructa~n and I'rmcapal H~4"s ,# eye, he also found that these three zones Mathematical Instruma'nt~ ... t~ N./~,on. (l,~a.i~m. 5. Randall C. Bnx)ks, Precision Screu,~ in 17"23). p.l~. l'he first Engli.,,h edmon was were reproduced in the copies. Rayleigh Scienti.fic Instruments ~f the 18th and 19th ba.,~,d ~m Bkm's first French editi~m cd 17(~ was able to obsewe almost all of the lines Centuries: with Parlk'ular Reference to Astn~m~m- Angstr6m had plotted in his solar a'al, Nautical and Surveym¢ Instruments. (PhD 16. Alto Brachner, G.F. Brander. 1713-178t~ spectrum with both the 3000 line thesis, Leicester University, lg~q) (British (Munich, 19fl3) see pp.~}7-160 M'~ff, and ill original and its copy; he also noted that thesis no. D792~8). Randall C. Brta~ks, pp.37~-.~2. the third order spectrum was the bright- 'Origins, U~ge and PnKiuction of Screws~ est. An HistoricalPersp.,ctive', History. and Tn'hm#- 17. Brta~ks, op. tit. (m~, 5), IL~'~, p.140 and o~/.,II (19911,pp51-76. Fig. 4.2.3. With the techniques of diamond ruling 6. John Smeaton, 'Observation on the 18. Duc de C'haulnes, 'Memoim sur Qm, lqta,s largely perfected, the limiting factor in Graduation of Astnn~mical Instruments by Experiences Relatives .~ la l)loptrique', thst d," achieving optimal spectral grating per- Hindley's Melh(~l', l)hd(~ical Tran.~a'tams, l'A,'ad, des .~'a'n,-,s (l'aris). (1767}. pp423-70 h)rmance became the quality of the 76 (17861,pp.147 (see p.20). (.see p.428). A (.haulnes micn~ter cm a Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society No. 47 (1995) 21 mi*+n~'tVe ~-a.~ .,dd at Christie+ m t41Tl. I~] llll' an' t'l'll,llillV lit tlnl'~, though niit the the .,if~'trum. A grating without bh/ing and purt-ha.+d k" the .Yu~'um i~ tl~, lii~,It~'V he~t. thn,ao% mrountert, d ~m a machine tt~l prllducei a highi a,ntral ,,f~+trum ill mxk, r) of ~'lt~'(,. tkh~rd. It Lm dt~'ribvd i11 (;. i'I:m hw quiW a king hme. wflh pairs ,~ taln~..r .',l~'dra with pn)Iz~e~.dy [urner. iltlllil'tll? Of t/It .i~(h'tltl(lt" I,Istrum,',lt grPak.r di.~m on edheT side ll~ the c-entral l~-Ietl. No. J~l lib'. I++.l). pp+'J~-~ll ,~ hrrell, t,p. oil. Int., 12). p.~. sp~rum Iq. lit'tails apl~,ar In Cm'mtr,l"s ob4lual'v h" .tit H,,it,,ap$,l, ~. tit. Iniite I), %'d. I, p.ltt 41..~ia, hit o, lmple. Ji~,l~ Fraunh~e 'A W. Ihcknt, ll. I.;l+lth'ma,i s .%la+,l:im" R,1 I ISl3i. Short account d the Rl,~ulh of Recent p.ll40. .Ii. h~hn Mas+all, Jr 'N,i~l,+t's Ruling I-~ngme'. Ex[~nwnt.~ upon the hlw's o# I.ight and it~ I ++ .'4~lcfl ,# Art~. lliitl+/llltil). [~.707-1.! [h~mrv', Edinburv, h Ioum+~l ill .%'lr'~'e. ? (112~), ?ll. f,,~'klvl l~i',llkvt. 'lh'~'nptkm ~ an Im- ]hm weight Lq ¢t'~llt~rable to th.lt uwd on pp.101-11h. pn~l,d ,Ylcn,mder, I'llih,~,i,hl,al ,t, la,¢a:im.. 311 ll,~~rd player tone arm~. tin Adam ttilgar's I It'll I ). pr 127-.t0. grating t'ngine (1514) thP ruling hm.-e varil,d 42. ruwtr, op. tit (ni~tl. 2.~). pp.~tti, 30-4: mm It5 to .~ g but was ni~muik' I Io 2 g. tin Warner. op. tit. (niitz, 2=,). p.12~. 21 I)a+id BrPwsirr, h'atl~" ,in X,~,' Phih,- this t.ngme the dlan~wld cutter wa.q rt'pklred cpIn,'al I,Istrl,.t,'nts Ifdinburgh. 1813). Ezekiel when any shards wire ¥islble tm the grating. 4.1. FA, N,~erl. 'Ue~er Kre~sthelung im l%alker On .~|icn,meler h,k.~tq~ °, Phil,+. The atTearance t~ debris il~li~atwl that the •q,hl,al .'~taca:l,l," tlot~t,m). 4"# (l141h). pp.14- L'llgemeim,m und ...', V~'rb~ldlun.v,,,n d,~+ dhlmtmd was cuffing rather thin scratching i~','l:'+; -"UP llilSillirdt'rl,i.i ~'~ (~i'tlil'Irli~l,lS.tl~i m 11, the glad. Pr,'u~,~'~l, 11144~), pp.2112-1,t. Maya]l, Olp. ¢it (ni~te 31), p.711. ~. Randall C Bn~,ks. '~hods I~ Fiducial 32. D.W..~nith, 'Simple Machine br Mk+m- Fabrication for 17th-lOth Ct'nturv Micro- meter Rulings', h,u,lal ,,f the ,%'ez,' tork 44. ~-hne~ter had pm'imsly wtwhd I~w W. mder¢, tli,llttln d th; ~,u'~ltz#i," I~i~trlim~'nt Afil.'PI.l~l/|ll~l'at .~lllf+. |$ (ll,lil~. pp.5~55. k E. (;urh" in ln~; New ~orlt. lle ah~ twersaw the adual ruling d gratings whik, .t't tt, dt,,apttel, op. tit., InPf. I) l,'d. 4. p.347. I~wland did the lelting. 23 Rt'l,'. t%illiam Pi,ar~lm. A,1 Introdmtl,,n tl, lie niitt,d that the hrglsl dlam~md drill to that Pm, tt,al .4~trimomU Vol 2. (hlf~km. lt42~1). date, was 2:{ inl'ht~ in diameter wlih pill diamorld~ and was u.,,¢d for drilling well.,+. 4.q. Ihe tTtical Ilal~ used by. Rmvhnd were made by John Br,1~hear m I'itt+urgh. see k~hn 24 ibid., p 147, .t4. Roll oft cir. Ini~l~"4), p.221. ~nmg. "Row'land's i)dfracti~m-(;rating Art'. I,'~tas in A~trom,m¥. 2q Illilitl), IT.13741. Brash~r aL,,o handled the dl,~lribu~m which 2:~ G ['F lurrli, r, 'The Contribution to .'t5. Samuel Smiles led.), blmes Nasmvth ."~l-il,lll+p i.it Frledrk-h Adolph Nd,l, rt', fli, ll. E,i??zq#r: A~i Ai,tobl~raph!#, (hlndtm, 1141411), h' lanm+" II)! had amt~rlll,d to 2~l-.tllll l,i,t ,,r l'hi~t,s & Phv~,'al .~'.. 18 I I~l~7). pill, I.!l+ gratings with a value o~ $1.'t,llllll nil including pp 3~-414 that, given away (Waml, t', tip. tit (nil, 2"7), p.12~). .'k~. itoltzapt#d, lip. ¢it. {mitt, l), %'ol. 2, 2o her, an enginl,vr, was a.,,t~'hitt, d thn+ugh bu-,Ine,,, with lam¢~ ~,ail. Th~nas (.;ill. '(In •1~. Rowlanit built Iwo i,Iher mi'hinl,~ (IS11, .~rrw-..t~ks. Dit'~. hl~ anti ~-rew Iqate¢. 37. ~y Bn~,h op. oil. (re# 5. I~l~t) a~t lt~4), ihe later wa~ damaged bv fir~ after t;z#, fi'+'ll,il,,# R4~.ito~ I 1183~), pp. lt42-;. Warnl,r. i~'i. cir. (ni~IP :27), p.12~ h~r di,,cu.v, km Ro~land's rz4irvrrwnt but wa~ rl~lilt with .%,u,rdmg lo Turn41 ~V. tit. tniite 121. Wihln o# the origir~ of th~ machine. It i.~ im~ibh, lhat miprmeimqit,, by John Antietam whi reed it Im~rv Itl_'4 II,II2) was the tirol Ill u~e $~'illiam tlarri,~m andit~" Maud,+lav were to pnduo, rulings ironl I++I0. t4t+ l-bract, W. di.lmtmd~ to t.ngraxl, platl~ for publications, a(tuall+," thr makel~ of th, machine. Baht~L '[)lffraction (,ratings at the Mounl in parti(ular iho,,i, for Abraham Rel,s' i~i'ilNiln ()l~t~ah~'f, Vist~ Itl li~tri~lllmi#, il+i~), ppl~.l-74, rhi~ paff, r dPiail.~ ~nlt, o# t'~, ~,,l'~'di,1 ,,r iJ~iz~'r~ll liz~tl,,Phlrl ,'t thr ,+iris "~t E t;nd/in~i, 'A Ruling Engine U..*d by ,i, i,'~l,('- ,m,t I lt~'r,ltl+rr ( [ .onitlm, l II IO). ~r John Ihrt, m and Its Pmduds'. /'r+,,~it-tlo+i+ thl, adva~-vml,nl~ in the U.S. in thi' tir~t da-adls o# thl, 2111hrmtu~. ,,f tt~" .%',mo,l~n .%~-, 26 (Iq47-~t), pp.7~i-ti,t,I. 27 l}vbr,! Jt,an l%arm.r. Ro~land's (,ratings: tt,iltrmpl+rary h'~hnologv', t},hl~ m A~trl~l. tq. I~n,)k~ i~. l'it. Inote 5), pp.lt+-It@l. AFT'. Al#h,,r's address: ,',:~ 2~ iI+~t,i, pp.12g-tO. E l~lmpIts .~.%fl-~a/b in the diving t'ngini, N,itiollal Mu~um ,~f -,,l~'tion). ~'a.n,',. ~ /k'hm,i,~/ 2S I hi' ikn,ad form of thl, x-rim,, im it,lrl~m's R) l~,.r 9724. ~'rm. 'r .\tt,mt.trr' of lt41i'~ haw mumk,d rim+t,, and -IO. rkis i.~ tht, origin *~ 'hla/ing' a grating hi ()tt,m~i, Ont. iwrr proklblx' ,'ut U, lth a dlam,md tippl'd lid (tmct, ntralP thl, eni'rl¢l into a ~,pl,¢ific llritl,r lit RIG 5A.i 'The Meauem'. l"hi.~ is th, .~nall oil p,.nting (525 x ~3 ram) that is at tt~, hPari of th, l:k'mi,,h image of math'- mattes in thl, sixtt'~'nth-~-L,nturv (,xhibi- lion at (Nflmt, and the 5ubil,ct ,# a rt,vit,w by Jam, inslt~' in this Bttlhqin. Why .~hoizld an anmvmous Fk'mish artist hart, givm .~u(h a ffominma, to ever,,'-day matht'matical pra,'tict.'~, m unlih, th, instrun~,nh in the ¢olirtk' .~'tiing of llan.~ ihdk,in'.~ 'lht, Amhas- ~l~h~r~' ( 1533)7 "" ilulk4in o# thP .%wntitic In~Imml,ni .~rii,l~ No. 47 (IN~lii) Jean-Daniel Colladon and his Audiophones Jane insley problems i~,sed by running trains lhnmgh a tunnel under the Channel.' ~* why were the s~mnd experiments carried out? The impetus was a prize. oife~ed by. the Acack~k, ek~ .~ienct.,s in Paris, for invesligatkms of the ct~nnpr~d- bility, of liquids. Colladim embarked on a hmr ,,dage .~n'ies of experirm, nts with the l'wlp of hi.* friend the mathematk'ian Chark.,~ ~urm. The first three .,dages were lab~wattwy-based and carrwd out ~ntly; the last was a fk4d exlm,nrmmt, designed tO tt,~ the thet~tk'al ctmnectkm hetwt~m the ctanprt.,ssibility of watt~r (km~wn to be rdatwdy .~nall) and the vek~city of .'~mnd Fig.2 Portrait ,~f Iran.llamel Colhidon through it (known to I~' relatively large). ll8O2-93). ~,urce: J. ih'mblu, Des Savan~ Ctdladtm was aware td earlk~r attt, ml~ to Genevois I'Eunq'~e lntellectuelle l(;enez~. i measure the vt, kwitv of .'~mnd in sea 1988). (.'ot~r~,,ht: Assotultlon I'titstom" d~." Fig.I (bu' ~#" h'an-Daniel G~lla~A,n~ tus, watt, r, but it had n~'er been done in fresh audr~mnes ta tram|tilt' tbrm ,~ hydn~- Awn,',~ el h' Mus=~"d'ttzstolr¢ d,~ .'~'U'no'~ d watt~" befi~,. Leaving ~urm in I'aris, he G'ni'zv. Idmm') u,.~'d in his unden~at,'r ac, n~sti,'s returrwd honw to Geneva in .~q~temher e~tvrinwnts ( ), the plate anvrmg the lwrn 1826 with this as his goal." ts recorded the tmme Iu~ by. Collation and the hdlowmg day. He immediately his frietld Charh~." Sturnl d¢:,~'ribill~ I/U.'~" A family |m,nd, M de Candolk., owned a ¢ommi,,,si¢~,d a king metal tube ek~ed ,'xlwrim,'nts. hw mt 9.1. Court,~ Mu~' at ~me ~md fiw the formal cxl~,rlnwnts, d'lti~tmre d,'~ ~a'uc,~, C,en,~. villa two kikmmqt.rs outside Gera, va, and offered not only hospitality for the and when it was ready, made m~'a.~ure- duratkm t~ the t;~perill~,nt, but the UL~, merits up to a di..,tance of ~NIII n~,tt,r~ On the first t],~w of the Mu.,~e d'Histoire td two mmall boats and a d~wk, and the with the help of de Candolk,. l'his was .~ des ~-ience~ in Geneva, two unusual .,~en'k't.~ ,~ both hi~ .~m and his gardener succ,.'~shd he decidtM to attempt the ~'cts sland in a "s~wca~ It, the k'ft td as a.~i~ants. An tdd lx, II weighing O~ distance l~twt',t,n Rolk' tm tree .,,kit" ol the stairs (Fig.It. The casual visit, w ctmid kilogramm~ was ['~wrtm't'~| from the l.ake Geneva and l+honon, al~,ut 14 easily belk've they aw ,~t~m vt~rskms of am.hal, a~.t m~unted tm Ore' Ot the kiltmlaqers away ol~)~ite (Fig.3). the AIpim, Htnn, but they art, chad at boats. As a prt'limina W tt.'~l, ~, Candolk, the h~wn end. rhese two ctm~tructhms .~ruck the hell, rai~,d a ~ignal and started (~n thi~ ~'¢askm, Collad,m's father wa~ art, indeed hmsed in the ctwreeq mu- a stopwatch; ('olladon, in the other boat called uptm to help lhe exwnment~ .~,um, as they were used m experimen~.~ a~mt Ill(N) meters away, phmged his would he carrk,d out at mght, wht'~n thew tm the vek~'itv td mt,und in water, by h'an head in the water when he ~w the was k~s traffic ~m the lake and .~ignal~ Daniel Coll,~don in 182~ and 1841.' signal, signalled when he heard it, and de could t~, .,~vn n~m, ck,arh'. ik,catc,~= ot the IlluMratkms of the apparatus in u.,,e Cal~hdle shaped the watch curvature of the earth, light .~ignal~ acrt~,s apl~.ar in his autobiography:, whk'h the lake couM md be .~m dir~'tlv, am! was publi.,d~,d in 18q3, the year he dit~|, This was rmt compleh,ly ~ti.~factorv. the two Collation.., experimtmted tir~t and sh~s them attach'd vertk-alh' It, That night, Colladtm h,g| the bright idt;a with ma~t-mounted lamps and then the skk, of a .~mall l~at. They alk~wed of using a watering can a~ a ~mndmg with r,~'kets (despite the nquctance cd+ a him to liMen fiw the underwater chimes chamP, r, am| was delighted at the rt.~ult customs tWficial to allow gunl~wder of a bell, ~rm'k bv an a,~istant in am~ther mmall boat, m,~,d .,~mw distance, away. But who was lean-Daniel Coiladon (Fig.2)? lie was hmn m 18(~, into a (+;erk,vois family with its r~ts in the 10th tt'~turv. Ht' was tdm'attM in C,em,va' and I'aris, wht~, he studk,d with An=go am| I'k'tel, and travelled widely in Eurl~,. I k, invented a dvnam~mneh;r balark~ ,° ior u.,~ in .~tean~lts, whk'h was te~ted by the British I~ls of th" Admiralty at W~dwich d=wkyard in 11¢44, and in which he al,~ tricM to intert~t the Ru.,~ian Navy. tli~ many other writings im'lude wports tm the ~ Go, hard and Mtmt (.'enis tunm4s, the t'h~'i.~,~entrit.,~ to the (treat Exhibitkm t~ IS~I and Paris of Fig.3 l~ke t~'ncva..~l,,wm,¢ the 6~'at,m ,!f Ill,' 182o CllWrmlcnt, Academw Lit-, .~,t.nc~.. 11~7, atrm~,ric ek'ctrkitv and watt, r- Savants etrangers. S 11827l, I'I. IV. Credit: The .qci,'m¢ Mu~'um~c,'m-¢ and .';,vu'/u I'~,lurc spouts, and even, in tht, 187Its, the l.il,rarv. Bulk,tin t~ the ."k-mmt|tk- Instrument ~a'ietv I~,, 47 (In) 21 acn~,~ the border). Finally Colladon his devised a way of .,~etting alight about halt = . a pound of gunpowder at the ~me :~' .¢ moment of striking the bell. lhe glow fn~m this was bright enough to be .~.n above the horizon. For the final .~,t ot experiments, held in November, Colla- \ ' don was able to tire a signal r~'ket for the bell to be .,,truck three times, start the watch him,,~,lf when he ~w the gun- powder flash, listen for the .~)und in comparative comfort, and stop the watch when the first of the three underwater chimes could be heard (Figs.4-6). /; Fig.4 .Stril~m?,. ttw ~vii ,'1 t;t,lh',tm. [e The average result from three evenings' Fig.5 L~.,tcm,~ h,r the citron'. Althou£h uot monde physique, translated bu Mrs N. work was q/14 .~onds, from which ~m~,t; clear hen', the horn mas chad by a l.~~er as The Forc,s ~,f Nature. 2,d ed. Collation calculated the velocity of membrane. The ~me b(~,k, p. 136. Credit: fhmdon. 187.]1. p. 135. Cn'dit: The Science sound in fresh water at 8 degrees The Science Mu.q'um/Scu'nce and S,,'iety Museum~Science and Society Picture Cenhgrade to be 1437 meters per Picture L:bra~. . L~bra~. .~ond. At the time, he was ~tisfied that this was within the limits of experimental error of the theoretical value.' Jean-Daniel Colladon and Charles Sturm won the prize. -/ 4" Pmi~rip~ In 1841, Coiladon returned to his results to take issue with contrary results reported by the American Professor _I fhmnycastle, from the L'niversitv of Virginia." He conducted a similar .set of experiments, this time with the help of M Muller, professor of physics at Nvon and attached to the C,eneva tg'~,ervati~'. He borrowed a church bell weighing ~)0 kilogrammes, and the audible distance was mcreased to 35,(XX1 meters, using Fig.6 Schematac arrany, ement ~. the apparatus. Academie h~th the 182~ audiophone and a new des Sciences, Savants etrangers, 5 ¢1827L PI. i11. Credit: one. He commented that neither he nor The Science Mu~um/Sc(ence and Society Picture Libra,. Muller had detected echos from the lake bottom, but the number of experiments was small, and therefore he felt he could 2 ~,uzs'mrsel Memom'~: auh~buNraphu, de J- 6. ~ story L,~taken fn)m a translation of the not sav that this would be a g~xx:l meth~l l)amel Calladon (Geneva, 18q3) description of the experiments in ~,uz~,mrs et to measure water depth. Memoire~ in RB. Lind.~z~; Acou~hcs. itistorical 3. .%.,e the Colladtm corrt,,sponde,~.e m the and Pluh),4,phical Det~,h)l,menl (Stroudsburg, ~S,hen mt~.tern theon, and dimensions are B~blioteque I'ublique et Universitalw, C,eneva, P.A, iq73), pp.l'~4-20]. taken into account, his 1826 rt.'sult is Ms fr 3741 remarkably ck~,e to tt~iav's value. This 7. ]he published version of the ~ries of expenm¢~ntsappeared in Annah's d; thrum" et de mx~tlgahon is generally taken as the 4 M'~ fr 3743, tolio 1.~ Letter to Colladtm in Paris from l:~nkin and Co, Aug. 30th 1844. physique, 36 (1827). pp.113-1~ and 225-257, It ~,tarting l~nnt for the m~.tern histo~, of was neprmted in Memoires pn~'ntes Fur du~'r.; underwater acou~,tics.~ explammg the dynamometer is nearly ready. and is being built from plans sent from I'aris. sa~,ants a I'A, ademie rat/ale des see'noes de Ms fr 3747 to 10ILl02, h, tter from Colladon in FInstltute de france. 5 (18,~.1) Acknowledgements London to Mr G. Rennie, 22 Oct. 1844 d¢.'~-nbingthe dynamometer experiments; Ms 8. His letter was pnnted m Ammh's de chlmie My grateful thanks go to Margarida fr 3743 fo 153 from Colladon to the Russian et de physlqu,', 3rd series, 2 (1841), pp.525-531, Achmard. for fulsome h~pltality during Ambas.,,ador ¢,n 23 (~'t. 1844. al.~ Ms fr 3746 and in Campt,'~ rendus hebdamadmres d,~ .N~ances my visit to her mu.,~,um, and to Mr VK. to 52-72 Irom (.;era,va, 24 Jan 184~, giving de I'Academie des Scwnces, 13 (1841), pp.43(L 443 L hew, distinguished Research Fellow many details, and an, ference to Camptes rendu at II N~w. 11444. the .'A'ience Mu~.um, who knew instantly tshich picture I meant from my excitecl 9 W. ttackmann, Seek and Strah' - Sonar, garbhxt d¢~-ription ~. Ms fr 3748 |o 99, 15 Feb. 1877, letter to R. Anti-.,ubmarme Warfare and the Raval Navv 1914-1954 (l~mdon, 1~84), p.3, and note 18, Dural announc|ng the publication of 'R~un~ p..'~) historlque d(~, etudes geologiques el des Notes and References travaux d'excavatlons entwpris en Angleh, rre el en France de I~',6 a 11,~3 en rue d'un Author ~ address: I Mu-,eum numbers ~3 and 2il3 Ihe therein de fer ~)u~-rnann de~tin6 ,~ n~unir It,s Science Mu~um aud~ophor,..,~ were donato.| h) the mu~,um voles ferres de ces deux pays', M,~oir~ de/a ~mth Kensmghm by the Institute of Phv,,ics in (~eneva. ~ u;t,~ des mgenu.urscwds, Geneva, 1883. Lvndon SW7 2DD 2-I Bulletin of the .~'ient|fic Instrument .~cietv No. 47 (I¢V'/5) From the Collections Marconi Instruments from 1897 in Teyler's Museum in the Netherlands Bob C. Caron , ,4' t~ .0 .h~. .... I C 1"" 'HARIIIs IltltO--~..* ~ ~ ... T- 4t¢.'~, " ...x -..1,.. t ~ ~.~- !. • ~,~__ i I Fig. ! Inz~lice by. Matins af Utrecht, dated 15 December 1897, fl~r the Marconi instru- ments from Ferdinand Ernecke. (G~py. nght T~. h'r~ Mu.q, um). Fig.2 Iltc tt,'rt:tan wa~,c o ~trmrn'nts of 18'C a'tttt the Rt.k'/ll tr, m,mzttcr tm t/n" r:~,ltt th,' electric bell unit m the fi~n',¢round, and the induction foil IH the background ¢Copyrt.¢ht T~h'r's Museum). Introduction The Museum al.~ p~,esses a manual bv According to Ern~'ke's manual, ck~ing Erich Ernecke, 'lngenieur', dated 18t~7i, the primal, circuit of the inductiCm coil The first steps in wireless telegraphy and entitled th'ber Eh'ktrische Welh'n und ihre telephony were keenly fl~llowed by Dr gives rise to large sparks between outer Anu~'ndun¢, :ur Demonstratam der TEI.E- and middle spheres, and at the ~me time Eli~ van der Yen, the Curator of the GRAPHIE OHNE I)RA/tT nach MAR- Physical Cabinet of Teyler's Mu~,um at to smaller 'crackling' sparks in the gap CONI." 1"his contains Ernecke's lecture between the middle spheres. ]'hese Haarlem in the Netherlands from 1878 to demonstrations held in Berlin for the pnMuce the wanted electromagnetic 191~? He often acquired foreign instru- 'Science Vacatkm Course' on 20chg~er waves. The ~,haviour of the sparks ments through the agency of Dutch 18~7 and hw the '~)cietv to prnmote instrument makers. For instance, Tev- Physical Tuition in Berlin' "on 18 (k'tober let's Museum was a customer of J.C.Th. 1897. Marius' 'Warehou~, of Scientific Instru- ments' at Utrecht. Marius regularly im~)rted instruments from the Berlin The Hertzian-waves Instruments instrument maker Ferdinand Emecke.: from 1897 In the archives of Teyler's Mu~um there are several invoices made out bv Marius. ]he transmitter and receiver h~r the Two of these are important" for this demonstration of Hertzian waves are particular story. The first one, for 122.20 each mountecl in the focal plane of an guilders is dated 19 November 18q7, and oblong parabolic mirror, 45 cm in length is for 'lnstrumt~ats elucidating Hertzian (Fig. 2). These are much smaller than waves', packed in two cases. The ~xond those of Gustav ttertz who u~'d para- invoice, dated 15 December 18~7, is for bolic mirrors of 2 m length, ~ 'Marconi-instruments', al~ packed in two cases, and costing 175.25 (Fig. !) The spark-gap transmitter is a RL~hi guilders. transmith.r consisting of four metal spheres, with a diameter of 15 mm, I:k~th sets of unique and original instru- mounted (as stated above) in the focal ments are now exhibited in the Mu~,um. plane of the mirror. 1hey are secured in They carry the signature 'Ferdinand an ebonite frame to pre~:ent sparks fn~m Emecke Berlin S.W. 46. Agent: I.C.Th. lumping to the mirrur. The ~pace between Marius Utrecht'. As they were small and the middle sphere,s" in the frame L,~ filled lightly constructed they were obviously with vaseline oil (a gla~,~ tube whk'h intended for lecture-n~)m demonstra- allows the oil to expand sticks vertk'alh/ tions Probably, Ferdinand Ernecke had through the mirror). "lhe outer sphen.~ Fig.3 Kt.~'hl t,,,s,,mttc, ot l,~,t" ,'ah an agreement or a licence from Marconi are connected by means of insulated Ruhmkor~ In,luctu,n cod m hlck,x,roun,l to manufacture instruments according to wires which pass through the mirror to and contact k,~ m .h~re.¢nmn,! ¢(.',q,yrLcht the latter's design) a Ruhmkorff-type inductilm coil. Teyh'r s Museum). Bulletin of the ~'ientifk Instrument Sotaety No. 47 (19951 25 ,7 ...... 2 ial c-, " , Fig.5 l)iagram Of A|arc,,nt-tylw n.c,'i~,er act',,rdm¢, h, .c,t,i,~, with It,t~ coherer and its eh~'tr,,magneti," ta1,lwr, and Mor,~'-z|,rtter connected into the circuit by. an eh,ctn,magneti," n'lat/. (Copyricht fi.a/ler~ Mu~um). '-.".lrm Fig.4 Encr,wm¢ of Afarconi-type n't','izw ,g 1897 as supplied by. Erm'cke to Tvvh'r s Mu..~'um. (Col,ur~ght ~a/l~'r's Mu.~'umL between the middle spheres can be The Marc,mi Morse Wrttmg Teh'graph extra resistors to prevent sparking, ~ ob~,rwo.| through a little window. R,vens'r (Fig. 4) has a slightly modified needlessh,, making the apparatus more Marconi c,~,'rer. In this ca~ there is a complex.'Emecke, fidlowing the example [he ret'eiver m the Hertzian arrangement ~mewhat greater distance between the of Dr Spies of Urania, Ih,rlin, avoided is a Br,mlv ,ohen'r impruxed by Marconi. two electrodes, .~ that in the middle these pmbk, ms by connecting the Morse- In Ernecke's instrument tht" Marconi there is na~m for a small .,~did silver writer circuit in 'rest current condition' to tPlh'rt'r conMsts of a small glass vacuum cylinder, creating two spaces of between the coherer circuit (Fig. 5). tuN, (diameter about 5 mm), containing 1 and 2 mm flw the metal powder The coherer is put in a circuit which consists two large dtx'tn~les with a spark-gap in Lecture and Demonstration in 18q8 the middle. They are made of silver of a batten, an electric clapper (similar to ¢~linder~ which till the entire .~)ction of that of the electric hell), and a relay Van der Ven held a lecture demonstration the tube. [he small gap of about 1 mm connected bv means of a ~,cond circuit to in l'evler's Mu.~,um on Ig January. 18q8, betwot.n the~, electrt~lt.~ is filled with a a Morse-writer The electric clapper was continued on 2~ lanuary, of that year. The nuxture of very fine mckel and silver es~.ntial to stop the current tn the circuit title of the Dutch lecture ~'h'graferen partwle,, to tsfiich is added a trace of as .,a~m as the electn,magnetic wave z,mder dnaad mlgens het st,'l~q z~n den mercury Ernecke remarks that this ended, and this was achieved by it Italiaans,'hen technicus Marconi ('Tele- Marconi coherer is much more sensitive tapping the coherer thereby distur[~ing graphy without wire according to the than Branlv's original device. Ltowever, the metal powder and changing its system of the Italian technician Marconi') in the parabolic mirror of the Tevler's resistance. The relay switcht~t in the was obviously ba~| on Ernecke's Ger- tnstrument there is a slighth,, m~:lified second circuit which "prevented eh, trical man ih,rlin lecture of the previous year Marconi coherer mounted just as de- interference during receipt of Morse ct~le Van der Ven's lecture was rel~)rted in .~nh,d below for the Marconi Morse by the Morse-wnter It was with such an detail in the well-known local newspaper h'h,graph Insulated wnres pass through instrument that Marctmi was able to ( )]'n't'hh" tfi~arh'm~h,, Gq, rant (established the nurror and connect the coherer to a dot.~ and dashes of the Morse c(~e and in 1656) of 22 and 2q January 18q8. We battery and eh'ctric bell was hailed the 'inventor of wireless telegraphy'. The Mor~,-writer of Tey- h,am that the intn~luctory part of the ler's Mu.,~,um is of light construction as h.cture dealt with .~*me practical, chiefly The Marconi lnstrument~ from 1897 it was intended for h'cture demonstra- (k, rman efforts on wireh.~s telegraph~,. tions and not for heavy duty service. Emicke placed the work of Hertz and Marconi in contemporary scientific l'he spark-gap tram, mltter of this device theory, di~ussing the existence of an n~ al,~ a Rt¢lu tr,m.,utter (Fig. 3), except The proper function of the coherer could aether which made the transmission of that m thL~ ca~, the two middle sphere~ be di.qurbed bv sparks from the electric electromagnetic waves possible, and have a diameter of about 10 cm. Onh," clapper and "relav. To prevent this describing the properties of these the mMdle ~phert-. art, .,~xured in an Marconi i.~dated his apparatus by plac- wavt,~. The main part of the lecture t'[~qatte trame, and the gap betwt~'n ing it in a metallic box which behaved in (and undoubtedly the mi~t exciting for tht'~t' ,phere~ is again hlh'd with va~,- the same way as a Faraday cage.' the lay audience)was his demonstrations hne oil [hen, is a ~milar gla,,,~ oil Imtiallv, ob~,r~,,ers were intrigued by of |iertzian wave~ and Marconi's wire- expansion tt, be, and the sparks can Marconi's mysterious box until its func- less teh,graphy experiments with Er- again Ix, ch~txkt,d through an ob,,erva- tion became underst~t. According to tlon window necke's apparatus. Initially, his Emecke, Marconi had to mount ~me demonstrations did not work, but all 2h BullHin of the Scientific Instnlment ~t'ietv No. ,17 (I~) Matm f Instruments Count (Vantwum: Alder- shot, 1~3), pp 278-2~L The mstrument~ an" lgsted by Van der Ven as hdh,w~: itt-,~ 8r'~4 Transmitter and receiver tor HertTtan wav~, by Ernecke, item t~l: Radio teh.graph necewer, after Marctmi, by Ern~-ke, and it,ma tks2: l'ransm,tter with 861. alter R~ghi (see p 2s~. ~..~,a-.-- /... I ,. 2. Fnmn an adverlz.,~ment: 'F~rdinand Fr- ne~ke, H~lK~ferant ~. ]Vialed,Mr de~ [)eut~'heql Kaiser.~, Berlin SW. Mechanische lh'a/isionswerL,~tatten BegrundH 18~. Neue Pretsliste, Uh~r 4000 Nummem und lid10 Abbildungen enthaitend, erschwr~m', In Dr. J. Frwks, i)h~ltah~'he fi~'hnA, I, I. (Braun~-h- WeZlt,, 1~)4) "* C) ( 3. J.A Fleming. The t'rmcxple~ of Electra Wine fi'l~'r,,phy. (I.,mchm: hmgmar~. Gm~. and Co, I~)o). makes no reference to Emecke. On p.42q he d,~ ment~m Dr A Siabv, tW1,e t~ the Engineering I~t.'ss~ m the ]-echnk'al Iiigh Sch~xd at Chark t Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society No. 47 (PI~M 27 Market Place- Christmas 1995 Arthur Middleton Fig.2 A fragment of Babbage~ D!~en'nce Engine, tara, resident in Australia. When it apas mad(', Britain n'garded that count~, merely as a penal cohmy (until gold uus di~ot~,'red). often two un-married sisters or a lone batchelor,have lived for many decades in the same spartan conditions. The 1930s car in the garage has probably done no more than a few hundred miles, and the Fig.I ]i~ / r,i-mt,- 1t,~t'.'~,~cl ,z~ttolal,c. ~to;= rc~l,h'~tt onto more t, contents of the domestic medicine chests northern Eun~pe. remain unopened or scarcely touched. English Heritage, the official body now charged with the preservation of our "The Castle had a round tower, with a with familiar faces and old friends to be Ancient Monuments, does not just weathercock on it. In an upper met. i hope it continues. restore Castles and Palaces. They have chamber were two living beings, a just accepted responsibility for a small Queen and a cat. Both had black hair It has been some time since my lastreport. semi-detached house in Nottingham. The and blue eyes." The seasons turn in England, bringing wall-paper, linoleum, oil-lamps and with them the Spring auctions, a lull fixtures,even the tradesmens receipts in Terence Hanburv White, The Once and during the Summer, followed by Autumn the kitchen,all date directly back to 1925. Future King (1~.~) activity leading to Christmas.At any time A dealer once remarked to me that she during the year there could be a house considered Shropshire, where she was My Castle, or Chateau in this case, lacked sale in the country: amongst the ordinary based, 'was still living in the 18th the raven-haired Queen and her siblings, brown furniture, table-ware and garden century.' l have always thought that but the resident cat puffed himself up tools might be a littletreasure. A pocket much of rural France is stillin the same when confronted by visiting dogs. We globe was recently found nestling in state. ~ere at the small town of Orsav, half-an- folded bed-lined in a cup-board of one hour bv train south-west ~m Paris. The house; a rare carriage-clock was discov- That statement takes me conveniently to Fair was sl~n.,~red bv the local Town ered under the floorboards of another; Paris. The opulent antiques centre, the Council. I say 'was', because they have and in a third, the mechanical parts of an 'l.x)uvredes Antiquaires', is housed in a now withdrawn their support, it had early orrery were seen l:x)kingup through fine building across the road from the grown from 12 to 25 exhibitors during its the beaten earth floor of the hen-house. Museum. After it had opened, fourteen short existence, and Orsav was chosen From a ham in Surrey came a large years ago, shop leases changed hands for becau~ it is the "silicon vailey' of France. celestial gl(~e, except that the top was a high premium. The onus was on the There is a net, d, or an opening for such a covered with a thick white layer of pigeon shop-keeper, not the management, to Fair, and a group of dealers there are droppings. (Carefully cleaned, it is now find a replacement tenant, and that was con.,,idering re-activating the event some- re-installed in an English mansion. The not a problem - until recently. These where in the citv centre. It was, or might top is covered by a plastic hemisphere to days, business has declined to such an be, never any threat to the London prevent further damage by the sweaty extent that 80 out of the 250 tenants wish .'Science Fairs, but more of a pleasant fingers of un-thinking visitors.) week-end away with the chance of to move out but cannot find anyone to replace them. They are collectivelytaking making a modest profit. The selection Every Auctioneers dream is a 'time- on offer is very different to ~mdon, but the management to Court, on the warp' house, where the late occupants, grounds that the rents are too high and 2~ Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society No. 47 (1995) the 'replacement' clause is unfair. Con- sidered opinion is that the rents will remain at the same level, but the clau~ may be removed so allowing one-third of the shops to be vacated. Should that happen, the centre will be like a morgue, just as the ill-fatedand similar centre in Manhatten was, until it finally closed down three years ago for the same reasons. The Head Lease of the Paris building was originally purchased by British Telecom Pension Funds, but Fig.3 (_,,,zt,,~,,c,/,tl L/zrz.,t=~l,hcr N= tn,,,Icr Nm, t~t,zJ L,q 3.1 3t/. ,m,t m,a' I,,~¢£ m t/zt'zt , .,imtl ~ having Ixmght it they were undecided o/ or~c,in. as to what to do with it, since office rents there were low at the time. A bright lady suggested that an antiques centre might pn~uce more income, and so it did, but now the pendulum has swung the other way and office rents are much higher. It will be sad if the centre ckw,es, but it reflects the present state of business there. Otherwise, the dealers that 1 know are not down-hearted. They work hard, and travel far. Every so often there is a 'fluke' sale. Ten years ago it was the contents of a private Museum of Natural History, established in 1875 for the students of a Catholic University. For weeks after- wards the shops on the Left Bank were Fig.4 A reflectin£ circle by. Edu~rd Troughton, serial number 74. full of mounted animal skeletons, i I:a~ught some, and wished that 1 had bought more - around me, as I write, is a Two people, therefore, considered it to be signed and dated 1798, for £13,8(X), a panther, two curling boa-constrictors worth about half a million i~mnds, and under glass domes, and a seal. Cuff by Cuff for ~,.~}0, and a very rare rightly so. example by John Marshall dating to 1710 at £18,tX)0.The last lot was another rarih,' By far the best instrument offered in signed 'Francois Baillou a Milan L'Annee l.xmdon for some years was the astrolabe The previous week had seen Christie's 1738', but for some strange reason n~me by Erasmus Habermel, offered by general autumn instrument sale, which bid any more than ES,0(X) and so it sold Chrisfie's on llth October. It was sold was al~ held at King Street simply on the very edge of the reserve. Cheap at as a single lot, with its own catalogue; becau~ South Kensington had so many the price. this ran to 30 pages and had taken other sales that same day. There were two Gerard Turner three weeks to compile. star items. The first was a section of the Jeremy Collins had done as much home- Difference Engine Number One by Prior to the sale Mr Collins had come in work as ~vssible. it had been on view in Charles and Henry Babbage, and during for considerable criticism fn~m different Europe: he had shown it to a number of the view the interest in early computers buyers. The date was to be (.k't~,r 4th It specialist dealers, hoping that one of us attracted three diffenent television crews ai:~ happt~-M to be Yore Kippur. "'But would have a private buyer, but right up and reporters. The estimate was 'Refer to we cannot work on that day", they until the 'off' he was a worried man. No- Department', and so 1 did, and the complained; "how can you do this to one had indicated positive interest, and muttered reply was 'well, it might make us?'. It was explained that sale dates are all he knew was that there were three £.50,000, and my answer was that it was fixed months in advance, and frequently telephone bidders. In the event, two of equally capable of making £1~U}00. It the department is given dates rather than these never bidThe price crept up slowly wasn't a bad guess, as an Australian cht~sing them them~h't.,s, in the event, at first, and then gathered pace, between Museum paid £16/),000 plus premium. such buyers were then, in spirit, if not in one telephone and an Italian dealer There wasn't much to h~k at (Fig.2), just pe~m. sitting at the back of the room. Finally it some numbered drums and cogs sup- made £495,000, plus 10% buyers [xwted by platforms and pillars, but it Sothebv's autumn sale was more routine, premium 'to a private buyer from the was 'Very Important'. Equally ,,~, mid- although it dkt have a gl~d .,,election of Continent'. Afterwards a euphoric way through the sale, was a pair of Victorian brass micrl~.'Ol~'S, which in- leremy presided over a merry gathering dividers by Christopher Schissler (senior) cluded a large Ross radial m~.h,I at in the wine bar on the other side of the and dated 1587. They were sumptuous. £18,0(}0. Jon Baddeley admits that it was road. The price justified the instrument The estimate was a timid £15,000 to not one of his better offerings, .,~ there is (Fig.l). it was large, 37 cm in diameter, £20,tX)O, but they were always going to no need to dwell on it. What had caught and (unusually) 12-sided, with the make more, and duly did, at £74,0(}(1 plus the attention - to some of us. that is, - engraving still crisp. It had been made premium, l.x~ok at Figure 3, and you will was their enormous salt, in (~.,rmany, of for Alessandro Famese, Duke of Parma, see why. The buyer left with a smile and property selected from various castle~ between 1588 and 1592 - not that he lived the dividers tucked into the inside pocket owned by the Margrave of Baden. On the long to enjoy it, since he was mortally of his ~acket. There were some gtw,d 18th first morning then, was a fine pair of wounded in battle during the latter year. century micrtvs,copes, including a lucemal globes by Willem Jan.~am Blaue, no less, Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society. No. 47 (1905) 20 fllu.~trahxl by a full ¢olot, r page m the mon, all in silver, l)id I cons=der that tatak~ue .";hortlv ~,tore the ~le [~'gan, £3,20(I was t¢~ much? later I .~lw the the Margrave de~'~d~x| that they were t~x~ photograph (Fig..% ! suggeskxi that in a race to .,,ell. and aller all he had never proper London sale, with the right i-'ig.b ,,~ Fr, uM Al,~tc~ /'t~t ,l'hc~c ~, th," ,'~'tm them hetore, and .~ they were publicity, the price could have tx,en ten ,£pld ¢hrptlomHer thnt he z~u~ al~ pre~'nted w~thdrawn |'hi,, intormation somehow hint .'s higher. ~etth ~ (l'hoto,,craph I,t/ , ourh'~v of Couvltr~' dld not tilter down to one of our I,~fek nlenll~,r~. ~'ho travelled to l~lden to Peter Delehar's .~'ience Fair has now h'en huv them. A taxi from the nearest held twice more. last .~prlng, a new a=r~rt takes al~ut or~'-and-a-half hot,r~ exhibitor |n,m I'an,~ pn~|uctx| by far the standard mid-Victorian ,~,xtant in its and would ct~t a~ut £1(~). ore" ~'av m~t interesting table ~t,n fl~r a long ca.,~', a ladder-frame by Henry ilughe~ lhere ~ere no gloW',,, an~ ~ here. and a v, hlk,. F~er~thml~ he had ~as unu~,ual of Fenchurch ,~treet, I,ondon - hut im, ide cn~,~ and tn~trahx| dealer made his way and earh', ,ndudmg a ~ellum tek~'ope the lid was a .~,pla photograph of a [~'- hack to I ondon, lhe next day, succt,'x,~- trom them~d- I~th centt,~, that pulhxt out whi,,kered and frock-coated ,,,hip's tulh ox enom,ng h~s natural n'k~i~-,tv, he to o~er three metre~ long. Uhis was .~m Captain proudly holding the same complamtx| bflterlv on the telephone. taken away hv a happy Continental in~,trtlment (although upside down) lhe t~ell-bn'd ~,oung lady at l~md .~trt~t,t collector U'fiesame dealer was here again (Fig.h). A newspaper cutting pasted headquarter,, ~a,, (to her) trlghttullv thi,, autumn, hut wflh not qude such a [~'side it, dated II~q, gave the details: •,~ mpathehc and under~,tand,ng, hut (to comprehen,,~ve ~,leetion Another French oil the coast of We~t Africa, returning to h,m) h,tall~ u~eh',,~ The ,',ale ~as couple, encouraged by the h|r¢~,,tar train England, the cn.w of thi,~ large three- •,ummed up b~ my colleal~ue Anne and the lack o! (.u,,tom., h~rmalities masted ~ e~.,~,l had betm struck down by L rane. ~ho ~rote for her nt,~paper [~,tw'een our two countries, tri,x| the Fair fever or h~t-l~l..~mmg, leaving only the it ,,atP, hed the ~endor. h,s credflor,,, for the first time and ~dd ~'~ items. One Ma,,ter and the two ships i~n's to work },o-,tent~ and the man m der ~,tras~, ' ,,oung American couple ~lx,nt E25,11(111on the ~.e~,l, but this they did, and brought b*~ks and as,,,~rted instruments and h~' her home to Devon (A waggish Iriend of A h'~ prett~ thing,, ha~e come oft of h.ncht.me had [yen driven hack to thei'r mine a~,ked what the Ma,,ter and the two re=nor "~lle*, in the countr,, %Idt', In(ludlng ,,u=te at (landge,, Among their colkx't,m cabin [~w~ wen, doing or eating, that the a rctkxtm~ c.rcle h~ hhkard ln,u~hlon wa,, a rt'fl,s.ling tele~ol~, by John Bird rest of the crew wen, not) Nevertheless, Xumh'r 74 ll'~g41 t~dh original ca~,. (dit~l 177,t,l, and an early lqth cenhlrv the .~h,pplng (ompany was ~ plea~'d lltlln~ ~. and ac.:t"~,~orle.., and from a French dip cmle. Midw.w through the that they pre~,nted the .,~'xtant to the ~dlage hall m the nuddh, ol Ik.rb~,,hire morning one exhibitor ,,,l.lddenlv remem- M,e, ter, '..As a token of I-.,,teem |or .~q;nal a lar~;e ~oncaxt. m=rror on an adlu~tabk, [~'n'd an item that wa,, ,,till in a ~:ardl'~ard .~,rvlce,, Rendered.' For LqO(t, the ~torv t'honl,,et| lllaho~anv ',tall(|. h~ cm In b~x under hi,, lahh,, and l~nm~ht it out was worth it. dhlmt'h'r and I~17~,1131h.>:h ~l~,~t of u,,. Ih=rtv ,~,cond~ later an arm ~lretched out though, mi~,,ed the l~',,t ,,k'elx,r" of the and t~,k it up It was a rare comb,nation My next report will I~, in ,~,ptemi~,r st.ar, from a ~mall authon in (om~all, nucn~opeltelt.,~ope, dating tn~m Clrta next year, the ~0th is.~ue of our Ihdh'tm. run h~ a hrm lhal I had nes er t.s en ht'ard IPI20, in original condfl~on, and wa~ In the meant=me, the kid~, cats, ,,,keletons of lh,' llr~l l l,,nt'~s wa~, sshen a Ir,,nd ~t.ght by a privah, Iondon colleclor In anti I wish you all the Seasons h'h'lqloned to a,,k =f the name l'l,a~ Alkm all, the recenl Fair .~,emed Io N, more (. ;reetmg,, meant ,in,, thln~ to me ~udd,'nh I woke a[tP,e than tilt, prt, viotl,~ one t,p It ,,et,m,, that the =tt,m. the ~h| Author's mldn~s: t)ne flem that pa,,~,d thnn=~h our hand,, 12 N,~, R,m' tun~'d ~on. ~flh a hnel~ pu'ned and thl., ~e,lr gave me more ph.a,,ure and ('o~'ut ( ;artier! cn~ra~ed hour ,.~ak. and lokhn~ ~no- Intere,,t than mo,,! It W,l., a fairly' I~m,lon WC2 N41.F Bulk,tin ot the ~,q~hfic In,,trumen! .~wwtv .No 47 (1~) Exhibition Reviews lions, otten touching Lm asl~'tts o1 the histol3' of N¢'II,ncI~.: t *+ 4 ,,. lql .+, 'reading lh'ads & Kul.ng l'aN,,lOm,' ~s,l', orgam/ed by )ulian llolland. ,n conlunC- lion with a group O| ltl~torv and I'hilosoph~' ot N'ience sludenl,+ An t'xlt, nsivt, colh,~'t,m ot phrenologtcal b~ks vv*s acqu,red in !~4 hv the IM~er l.lhrarv of lhe L;n~er.,,~tv 0f N~dnev. '-/LI :3' "/~ ~'onsl~tln]~ Oi book.~, p,lmphh,l,, and .-- , \ ; /I ephemera datIng from the earl;' ntm,- lt,t, nlh lhrotlgh to thv mld-lWel)tit, lh t'vnlur+v (Fig I ) lhls has t~,t,n um,d as the backhme tor theexhibltlon iha~ks, ilh)nLi- m'ripts, phrt,nologlcal dehnt,atlons, busts and talil'~.,r~, hart" l~'t'n gath,n'xt tram other .~+l.lrl.'t'~iin SxdnPv It+ augmt,nt the Fi.,,l~,r I.,Iwa~' colh'~'tion, to pn~,nt an vxhlbihon on tl~, n~' of phrvnologv m Fig. I Cramom,'ters.~n~m (;~,r(,' ('0m/~'. Elements of I'hrvnologv ( 18281 (L'i,urtes#l ol Ran" l:+urt+l+Vand its sl+'~n,ad to the I~;nited .~tatt'~ and Au~.traha. I'hwnoh~v was an attempt to ¢la.,+,ltv human Ivt~,, by nll,aM.Irt.mt,nt ot the cranlun~. By divldmg tl~' .,,kull land by Im|+Ik,ItlOn. the brain beneath) into .~,~'tions which wen, ~,uprq~4,d to i-vflc~-t V,lrlOtl,~ dttrll~tltt~..,,Ll~'h as 'agn't,ablt,lN,,,s' of 'nllnlt,ra,.'v'+ the. phrvnologisl a Itt.ml+h,d It+t'l,l.~'+ItV dh~ractt.r by the dt,x elol+mcnt ol tht.'~.e Ionc~ l'hn.i~+h~v ms now n~o K- m,,~! a5 a p.,~'udo-s~wn~,, and lx,rhap, oI~, ot its morP Mnl~.tt.r a.~ix,~-tswas that it wa~ an ancestor ol t'Llgt'I11t'.~. ~ahlch had mort, o~ t'rl rd Ihi,, exhibition hr,,t .,~,ts Iq~n.l~ologv m its I:urol~.',ln ~onh.xl: (;all. his d,~ qqe. I(.; .~l'~llr/heim. and .Nt'qlr/helm'~, o~.vn pUt+ll. Ihe Fd,nt~uq~h-ba~,ed t;eorgt, Loml+e It,~ la~t-nan~ed elh~.hx ely placed t,hn,n+ illl'+~++ into the ,~etwork ol ,.,i~'ntttz~alls, - minded m~ddh,-da.,., n,H.~,~tal~d~Iv and thtl,~ ,is Cooler I~.rlte~.. l+hr~.noh,gv became .I l, ract,al and ,h'olog,cal re,,ourcl, Ior the v..talql..hmerd of a hl~l'r.ll+lx~urgvol,, ~.lwlal order m Ihe lle~ tlrb,ln Illdtl'+llhli t'lt~ IlOllnlt'llt' ' Iarlx i:urol~'an h.xl,,, i~arh~t,larl~ Iho,,~, pro Fig.2 R,,l~'rl i%l.t,' ~ I,'; ,I I'~1 "~ I,hr,'n,,l,,~,lst In N,rl' 5,,uth Wal,'~ dtlCed In Fdml+urgh. Ilgtlrl, iq'om,~entl+. and New/,'a/and. c, l~ilO I I'Ir,t,, ,ourt,'~v ot Mr lam,'~ White) in thl'~ vxhlbtliolL .Ind Ih~'~' I', t'xh't)'~l~ t' cox er,lge ot lah,r Inah,rhll h~ 'Reading tlead+ & Ruling Passions': is much mon, hi..torlc.il m,,Ight to ix, I'l~renologv ~a.. inlthlllx ,,polt~'d to an e~hibition on phrenology at the gained from h~kmg at the ~4~ml history Amerl~a tl~rough I un~l~..m i~,iql~.mon.. Macleay Mu~um, Universily of ol phn,noh~v. and I~rollght honll' bx IIl|t'l'l~.tl'~l .~ttltl'r Sydney, 2 March - 30 November 19q.*t It'alltN llqiho had alh.ndt,d h'~ltlrt,s lit I'he Ma~h..p." Mu.,~.uin, h,unded m the l;urol~t' Bolh .~t~ur/h~.lm .rod I, omb,' l'hn'nologv has more than a whiff of the 1141411,.. i... primarily devoted Io natural li~l'l'llt On ~tl~l.l.'~,'~ltll it,lltlrl 0 totlr'~ Io unrt~l+et'tabh, ah~t,t it and .~ ha.,+ olten history and ethnography I! hokh colh.c- AIItt'rlt'a dtlrlllg the' 114hi,, I~tll Iht' bet.n onlltt¢'d tn~m "n..sPl~.'t,lhh,' history. lions O| hi,,toric l+hotogral+hs...m.'it,l+hti~ Anlerll,tn ,,Ime ~shlch is linked ~ilh 'Rtslding lh,ads & ruhng I'assions', a illstrllnll,nl~, ,Ind n'lic5 ot unlvl,rMtv lib" phr,'nologv tnm~ the 1841N I,, thai of tt'mJ~rary t.xhihltion at .~vdnev Unlvt,r- For nhlnV yl,,ll'~ it has nhlinhlint~.| aR i;o~'h'r, dnl.| dg,lln, the t'lllrt'l+l~l,nl,tlr...hl P sitv's Mach,ay Mu.~,t,m. sfiowsthal then' at'live programme ot h'ml~wary t, xhlbi- ot lhe I,owh,r lamilv I11 I~k.,, t+llbllL a Bulb.tin of tlw ~'wntdw In.qtmma.nt~a'a'tv Fig4 t,~',i,u,I I,l,:i,- ,~l lzl. ,1,',/ ~,l~.~,lltl,h',t I'tt m~trl, mttlk ,l~l.t il~,d,,, tr0etl Arithmetlt'at, prat'tk'ae methtxius tat'ills p.r t~t,mma J:risiunl mt'dlcum ac mathematlnm~ (A,tzl~.rlt 1~40} .~kl I.d,'i (Metikht.n, N I .%an,rn,w I'r~.~.,. Fig ,; ' ~'.':' "':.:'*" ." : ':,"';.;" b:'O:': .7,": .~':.,~ / ,;Z't.a:.: .'~l,~',:izt~" 4 lhd • i,~'V,t~ ,O,: ~',u,,~r,,,~ ll~-li,'," alid l",~Tt, l' .llili.¢ll-t ,NltdI/l¢l/I ~'RUlnlng'~ Ot /llu,,tralha is to h, tollnd in ti,~, pin,it,graph and |x~n't,bin bu-.t~ - is ma,,b of two bush-ranger~, made by the i~ell tq~rt,,,ented in tht, exhlhiti~n t~e tit ~ulplor ~,%'alter .Yd;lll, of 'Captain (I ,r~hm. 1~7) their bii,t'~ dating tn~m the 1884k. Is ~lt~nlile" (Andrt, w (,~t',rge ~'ott) and di,,pla~ o,| ~ Ith Ih original trax elhng t:a~, l~ma~ Rogan (Fig J), both hanged at h thee ,,u~h t',~lln-tlon ,,,,tlrvl~,e,~ al Ihe I)arhnghur.,t (;aol tm 20 January I~). art, I k'p.,lment ol Anatomy. tlnl~t~r~lt~,, of Fdm- h.rlh ~'e M II K.~utman l~lk .~.t~..A. ~nd I'krt~x4og~ ah~ ~ent to Au-traha. ~here dl~plavd to great eth,ct l'h" exhibitilm t'ondude, hv ,~ho~mg that phrt.mtlogv l i~" .Y.i,l, .# the l*~m.'u, anJ l.t~m.'u. (Fdm- an initial lurotx, an pT~ulatltm malnk burgh, I~1~) ,oi~..t-tmg of tram, ported ~rlmlnal~, rontinlled well into the twentit,th centtlr'~' proxl~.| of t'~*mou~ interP-I to phrtm- - a hanJw-rtth~ phrt~logil-al charader Al~th,,r's addr,'~s' ,,t,~l,,t,, < l~,re t~ err" ,,thing links bet'~ elm reading' from 5vdnt, v is dah'd I¢17 - A.B. Morrn,,.hni, l-,hnburgh phrt'r~4ogl,,t~ am| Auqraha. ~hile the .,vmh~l;~m o# the phn'nobpl-al pt'rha~ in part bo:au.,e ~ man~. ambt- head i,, ~urrt~tk u.,ed in advertnng bya ('Im.,h,'~ .~tr,~t. l:dmhi, r~.h IHI l lr llOU~ ~ot'q'T~en ~ell- irilokiN~ in the ~ dnt.~ retalhng ~'ompanv nlnnlng ot l-mpln, ib~e'~t.r altlx)ugh Meaurin I Up- "The Measure. - t~ntl..h t.hre~lt~gi..t~ ~alk'd a.. eark a.. rhl~, ~a.. a ta~tlnatlng exhibition, anti A Flemi.~h Image of Mathemalie~ in ! ~,2 ~, for thr ,,~'ttlng up of a ,,tv~t't~, to a,,~,~,, ~t'n v, ell pre*.e~nted My onk' complaint the Sideenth ('entu .ry': an exhibition al ,tgx,Hn'. phn~l,,gl~alk tht' hr~t puhh~ v.a.. that I had no t-atabgue ti~ take aw,lv the Museum of the Hi~lory of Science, lit lurl', in phn'r~4t,~ ~e-n, r~t had unhl ~lth me. to Ix'mind me of wha! I had ~.~.n O~fnrd, 3 July - I~ IN |hdl,,tm .! lh,, %.,nhf. hlqlru.~..t ~tt s'k' No 47 (lt~] planning tm the topk" of the m~them•tk.al tide td the main galk,rv, and the rt~t t~ the One tl~ught tl~t cnwed my mind waq cultun, of the Retmi.,~mec m difh,n, nt exhihltkm winds aM twlst~ •n~und it tl~t them is a t~lotts prt~tu..~m ot I~lm M Europe (Fig.It l'he emphams in ]'his is i~lrtlv as 4 result t+ the ctllt.i,tra int t~ i~htving numhen in u.~' in tt~' Mtt- thi~ tree Lq tm Flemish mathfmatk.'~ in the il~twcam, klyt.it, and the numhenng si~t~nth centtlW. •s ilhtstr•h,d in the vit•l to lind your way round. The prt~'iotm t~rahwMI pradk~, anti tm the vignette~ in the p•intmg "The Me•- etthlhitlon divides inti) I!~O main |Nirt~. plus .ide •lktw.~ a ghmn~er of the ilem's .un,t~", R~rmerly •ttnbuh, d ti~ llendrik t~ dealing with the mathematicians pnw~mnt~e tit he ~ hv the vt.,,m~r Ihe van l~flen, but nt~w thought ki Ix. hv • through their prin~t works. •nd the giving t~ such e~,'ldenty tot ~'lt~titlC sixteenth century Flemish artist, the olh~ Lirl~r pirt t•ke~ e,~'h :,egn~,nt of maim,el IS nttlhlng like •s wldt~prt~ld •,~ I~inting Lq umE~l M'•u.~, t~ its emphasis the painting •nt| di.~'u.,~ the pr•ctk-•l it is in the ari world, and ~ thi.~ ~ doubly tm evervd•y •Sl~-t~ tff mlthematk.~i in ~livitiv~ ilh.~tr•h.d therem with reh.n,nty wek'ome l~e down~lde Is • CtxltinLIIng •ction; instrument re•king, weighing, It+ i~ecll~ tn~m the Mu,qeum's anti other I~*ahihtv it{ ctmhl,vlon over the e~t sun'eving, g•uging, reinsuring grain •nt| colk,clitm~, l~tt~e,ln. 47 ih'ms, 32 ot whwh hwm ot rl.h.n~v ti~ any I~lrtk'ular t~ed cloth, am1 making mtw, k'. The •It hi~tiwv ~ are instnin~.nl.~, anti ~ of which h~ve ~,en the plinlmg, •lthough knt~wn in ,~m~e l~irmw~,l ti~ t~mtplete the sIo~V, l'he rn~lt In rvln~,,l~,ct, I •m glad I h~l the char~'e tit deptlx is not the main thrust of the • rtllici•l tectitm is that tm music, when, ~'e the ht~tlket ttrst, then visit the e~hihititm. the oblt~.'ts •re Int~dem Ilt't'tun~tm'tiolrILq: e~hihtt~m, •net llni,~h olf with the Web then. is •1.-4~ • curious little ~ection •t the slh', I admire the eChwl tl~t Ilm~ gt~ antis Uimg •ll the advantagt~ ot the eit~'tnmk- 011 colk'~.'titn, which sil~ lem easily in putting tht* exhihtllt~ I~lt'kage ti~Ptht~r in age. i)r Ik,nne¢t has pr~'ti,~d n~tximum • n ethlbition than in the accttmrNinylng the time •vail•hie I k.~ tiww•rd Io m,t,lng u~ of the word pnwo~r tor both btx~klet, wl~m, the n~le ot c~dl~'h,*~' t•sle olher shows in the tieni~, while daring 1o exhibition text •nd •th'ntt•nt public•- a~ • hlti,r hw the rem•ining pte~.t,~ we have h~e that m~l h~ mt~-h ot the re~t Ot the latin, •rid evtm extended it to the virtual •v•ilahle to tu+ tod~v is di~'u.~,~,d. Mu~.um'~ dt.~play~ will be swept away ti~ tidally tff tl~' World Wkle Web tkq~en~us make r~xum hw tl~,m, as exluhititxxq iike sptm~t~hip into1 tx~th the Worshipful I heixxtkk't is in the form•t t~ •n eking•led Ibis tree lake up • k~ ot ~,i~., By lhe tin~. Company of Scientific in.~trument i~M..~'al~., with the n~ult th•t if you put it this r~'~.w is pnnlwl, the e~hlhtt,m will Maker~ (wl~ thtnmmlves an. lettutg up the right w•y up tm • Ixmtkshelf it will stk'k have alllm~t gtx~, hill the Ix~kk't n,n1~llm • progr•mme ot exhihitions at their out, •ntl if yoU put it the olher way, It will as -~ L~..,ting remintler ol the ~l•rt ot the I.~Jtm ba~) anti the FtMer•titm inter- be pu,,~led It+ the b,~'k ot the ,,~tell~ and he next l~i•se t~ ()~hwd e~,utltm, nation•h, des (;thtmtHres (of which difficult to tiM. {)lrq.niltg it out rtMuirt~ Britain nt~w holds the I'n~ident'v hw the two m~ll~ tm the train, anti the typehlce is Mu~,um: Open 12 - 1pro. h~law to next tour year~) have permitted the r~n,lt•blv ~nall. h~r Ih,~.~ like me who Saturdays productitm M ntit truly the ¢•Mk~ue have to take their gla,~t~ oil ti~ n~Id tht~, • but •Im~ l~ter and • ,ene~ t~ eminent days. llowever, the text ul ~timuiatmg *~t M~them~tlc~ m tkr .~#lt~.,tk t',',turv by slx~•ker~ tm n,lated lopk~ in the week- rl,~11d, l~Ivlng t'~ll pnmlttt~'d lx,rhalm in • lira lk~)l~,lt: I,~HN 0-~1,~.~1-07-7. (~ int" day evenings of the m,~'t~mJ week in bit of • luirry, but the typt~ h.l~e i~ Pillage tntm the Mu,,~um. or /4~1 November - this Mu.,~um i~ sun,ly tree eliminated tram the pnnt hw exhibition. bought •t the thxvr of the livelit.~t tm the Oxh~J ~'ene. NII~ of the instrunH,~ts •11' IIht.~trdltd. hilt Interntq: blip://w w w ox at" uk / dep,lrt- the photitgraphs an, ~m•lh this IS where m~nt~ / h~,ke/ m't't.~.~ to lift' Web is • great •dval)t.ige. •.q ~ what of the exhthititm? I had no the prints can he ~,een m mnt'h greater Author's uJdre~: • ppn,ci•titm •t all fn:m the catalogue just m.lgnific•tltm tlt•n is Ix~ihle evtm dLiring la.e l..I,~t I~w tiny the central painting actually is. It • visit Oust like it ,,,,iv.,+ in Sl~l~'nl. IM' .% ~'.cr hiu,~'u~ h•~ pride of plate •t the h~'tnmt of tree Mumlm's nt,w nt,w+k,llPr) l,,,~do. SW7 21)1) Book Reviews ( )pm,.,.~ e.q,n'~.~d ~ ~,,ettm ~re Ihe~r tin,., ~ml Jo .it m~',~.~rllv refhvt Ih~ v#¢r,~ ~ the l:,llt,~r ,w the .'~q wry My Own KiRht Time: An E~plmation of Philip Wt,~dw•rd prove.q hlm..~.lf a and t;nmthorlN. Ior exampk, -- .~t he, CIo(kwork Ih'tiltn |xdvmath in the i~..~t I~th o~mturv Ir•di- own prtde~,,ttm,tl otxup,ttloll a~ • Inalh I'Mh I, W,~qhmrd titm hut, unu~u•lh,., cl~,m ht tell the enlatlclan is IIV nit I|ll~AIl'¢ wllhoilt stoW td the |~tulum t'itx'k •~ • I~,r~x~ll prt~,dent Wl I.q I,Ittlti° • i rudl" t~q,nthlhlnl 17h I~, ~/i,dfl,~e~. g,{; h,e drml,lu.k~.'. Iklrrative Ot di~'ovel'y rather than •d~t thN,k, hilt .vl+rvt,,i lit inln)dtlt~l0 thl' tl~t~trv l~tlN 0 lq 8,%.5224 the ntwm•l h~ll~x~k •ppn~lch and pr,lclice of ore'ill•lion,, al~l • t/iMr L24.~ e~|Nwdlion tit 11141° t|rtMIdl,d lavhtr L)' A I1~' •uthor is well-knttwn Ior hi~ ,tl|~.rh- It~t,lti,f t.'qt atlq'ntl~ltt Waq ~ttu~h| Ior W?..,,t l'he ch~rk i~ • scientifi~ in.~trument. ly Ingt,~ms I~' |~'ntlulum ckx'k knttwn we I~,ar ,Ibout tl~t.ir de,,ign •l~! ll~,orv. llowever, l~,rhaps hec•u~e ,~.ver•l an, (~l I• I larri~:n) a~ W~ But the dt~lgn •nit and the ch,ver in~.entlontl ol John hkely to be in every hon~,, it is not c~m,qructitm of •nv torm o| met'hanic•l II•rrl~m L~r tralll~ L•n t'tlql~Ullllf • kll always thought of in thi~ way Never- chrlmometi.r Jot~q nt~ come without a of t'm'rgv..,,it I~tw ai~ttit .: gearle,,,,' theh.'.~q, the inwq~tkm •m| n,fim.mr~)t of gnat de•l of b.it-kgniulld kilowk'dge. ckwk? W.l •nil W4 ~how how the p,ndulum clock is a cla~ic c•.~. in the trial and error, ~weat and li, dr~l - evohitkm of a m'wntifi¢ in~trtin~,nt. •net synd~dltt~l by W1 hi W4t Wl~lw•rd ~L'|ll~illll~ into ernw illll,lll~l~, anti the ha~ been cwing.~tut hie an •uthor who is begins hy polrttll~g out Ih~l Ili•ny .~l~wtl ob..er~ahwV t'k~k with II~ l~'~klu sin~ullant,~,l~ly a math~.maticmn, phwi- • dvdnt't~ In homkg~v have be~rl re•de him SWlilgmg in v~t~i. I~ld hi W'~ cisl. dr•ught~man •nd skilk,d hondogical h~ thi~r, out~ide the cr•it tr~hlkm - men which in~.d l~,opk, would n~gard •~ .t cr•lt~m•n Anti mwh • |~lr•gtxl e~ist~ li~e (~ililr~, lhivgens, ll•rn.~m, Airy Intlxt e~cell~t nH'l'hanlt'al t.*lilz.k ()It Ont' l~dlHtn ol tht, ,%'wnh~" Imlrum,,nt ,~rl~ No, 47 (l~) tiM. alter alk~wtr~ hw rate. it main- rt~h, am the result ¢4 the decade ~4 lamed hn~ to within tO.5 S over a work on I'n~ct SIMON (Scientific period ~4 l~ chi~ But then. hw m~ In~rument Makm. Obse~.atam.q and apparent l~astm, t~ rate CtmM climb kl Notes), begun by the late Michael lure an error acumulahng to I minute Crawhwth (with a.q,~istance tn,m hi.~ o~er a )'ear. W~Jward and other w.tfe i)tana) and ct~mpleted hv Gk~ria pendulum buff~ wt~1"v ai~ut tht~ they Chtkm. bt~h wry'king under the dirt~'- want to know why A precision t~m and general edittw%hip ¢4 C;~rard pendulum swtngmg in air dt~'~ nt~ Turner. The m~litutilm.~ wh~wie supl~wt stem able to maintain a sh'~iv rate to made the wt~rk tx~lble have been the be|let than about 0 5 pl~rn, but e~.'k~.~ure Renaissance Fruit, the i,everhum¢ Tnmt m a high ~'acxlum can pmdtay a ten and m the hnal .,aages the Nati~mal times improsement by ehmmatmg Manflme Museum All ¢x.n~'ern,~d de- h~uvanc~' ¢~x-ls due k~ van'mg atn~- r,en~e our warm thanks hw the estra- Fig.! Fr~/,' card ,'f Ill I'oth'~ ,~ l,,ndon ordinary database of information ~1, 221) whose ,artoucke t¢ ml~'eil~neous dellven,d m this unpnHentiou~ vtdume mstrumt'nt~ u almtl,'~l h, t~t ,# W I~,~tt It dtw's appear that thr~ n'presents the Ept.~odic sttwtet an, relahvelv easy to & G,. IF. 187) t~" l.u~'r1~W. end t~ the n~Icl k~r the pendulum ck~-k. ct~truct, then~tic account~ tempting to The petal1 t~ t~ollalam t~ a s~mple engage in and exohng k~ wnle: the sklw rnakel~ or dahng ~gned instrument. perldulum m i~en by the well-kmiwn and tedit~ as~mblv t~ reliable infllr- Hem the impa~1 Lq immtstiate. The day I kwmula T= 2, x I/g so if the length i is rnat~m Is ungLarmam~u.~ and ur~um- obtair~| my copy I wa.q able to iml~a.sa held constant by esery c~mcelvable mg but h~unda~mal to any hi.,~wical an |requirer at the Mu,a, um with an me|hill then varMtams m g be~'~m~ d~c~phr~. ~l~nlt~-ant. And little g (the ac'celera~m inslrument t4 his own by sit,wing that the date could be narrowed to a due to k~cal gra~ ih" at a gt~en spt Ihdlr~, ~( lb. ~w'ml~- Imh~.~mt ~w~W No 47 (Iqa~ql Current and Future Events Until IS December Iq~, O~ford tmW enthu.,~ast~ atk.nded the it~'hirt~ by lialmml~r lilt. Montreal i~Id0ng a.,itn~m,fq al~l exhlhit~m the M,~lsuw~" ~ Fk~,~ Imbibe i~f M~t~+ lhe Nollet hhohition It.ted in th,' nt~h,'s tke S~tte~oth C~tu~. Museum m Iq February.It//30 June Iqq~, lrtdford prevlOU~ l'lulletm will now open in t~ the l|lshWy t~ .I~'WlWIP, H,l~d .~"~l't~q, Montreal m the ."~imm,~r t~ I~i~ and tNtord OXI 3AZ. Ilhn.~trated catalogue will th~ pn~bahlv go k~ k~ahon,~ m ant| tx~h,r available hw L'~ Ilk) ~,'~ ,~" ('inrm,l in tlw National North Amerwa, to he hdh~wed by a Mu~.etnm of I'hotographv Film anti Eurt~'WMIfl h~ur In 1~,"/[4 I~'tad~ tn,m Until end of December I~.% Dublin I't.k.vt~,i~m, I'ictur~'ille, I}radh~n| i'hi.~ the l)avld M .~,wart Mu.~,um I*' Fort will u~'htde him apparatus, t)n I-'a,,ter d~ I'k..~h'-Ilek'~,, L'.I' 1200. ~at~m A. in the ('ol~rlade,~ Gaik.n, it Inniff' .'~tunlav h AI,ril w111 he ~,k, hrat~t the Ml~nl~l. Canada IIK" 2,~I~I crntena~' t~ tl~" tirol him ~lown In Ctdlege, Dublin, The Mind ~mt t~" Hand, Bradtord t'xhlhlti~wl 04 the hoshwV ol ln,.~1~'lenhfic" Ikll ~Pptmvlbl~ I¢llt. OHawa instrument making (.q~e Editorial of Bulletin No 4~) 20 February I~i~, ()~ionl h,chmd~v, t)ttawa, t',u~lda, will I~t Until 28 January it~l~, O~tonl i~' t'~,~'t~. ,,f W..: An Lahd~t.,. of the XV .~vmpt~qium ~d the .~'l~.ntito~" In.~trunwnts .rod Illu,trat,,,~ 15.9)-1;.~1 at Instrument ('t~mmi~,.~n td~ the lib.ma- l he Arh~t a.d the Mt~n: An t.thdnt~nt h, the Mu~'um ~ the lli,,hwV ol .',k'wnt'e, ternal lYn.m t~ the Ih,,hwv aml I'hlk~- Mart the 2,~)fh Annmer~ry # the Birth ,~ until 25 May I~ phv td .~,,n~" It is ant~.-ipat~l that ~m' I~" ~i,~H. R A., at the Mu,~um td the ,.,~i~m~ wdl al.~ he hem m .M~ntn,~l th,~torv of ,~'it'nle. Ih, taoh nn the l',llti~ipatNm Oi per~m.q who art. not April 1~lt~, Mu,~,um's new.~letter Spkarra. No 2 II1Nl~fllt~lHr~ td thq~ (,twllnll%~11~ I~ et~t~lr- (Autumn lV~). .l~ed For Jet4ll.~ t't~l)ta~-t I)r Kand.lll I1~ lhvuh,'th Internat.~m# Ant.tin" ~u', t#i, anJ Al,~i.'al l',lr will he held at the I'ortman Ihm'l, h.~hm W1 tn~m ItitN) 1o l echmdo~v, I'O Box q724. h.rm F. lh':~4t hou~ lh'tail~' ttlPIIalN~ t~ (Ittawa. tTN, KIt; %~K. ('anad,l h.I ~vml~x,,tum will be hekt tm 2r,-10 luh 11-12 May l~l~, W~l l)~n Coll~ I~," in I.ll~'. ~,lgUlm t'on~,~,n'atton .el.k,.mt l'artwulam m tl~, 27 ()ctot~r I~, l.o~Iml l'lulletzn ~q Jump Iqql~, Am~Wrdam/R,dterdam In~trum,'.t I~,, will i~. hvhl at the I'ortm.m I k,h-I I )t.tail,. a., aho~e ~k lhe I)utch A~.~'oat.m for Marmme No~l.mbl, r l~li~. (hhml lll~h~ ha~ ,wgantted the ~'~,nJ I.tr~ Fig I I'r,,,'cti.,~ m~, n~q~l" ~/. Wrl.~kt did mm,,.,ll t'~,n,~r,'~ h~r hfar~h~" Ih,h'rV N,'whm dt thr ('hrlsti¢~ m~,l,~h' lantern .'~d~,d h~ hn~l ~xmtlm~tl~m a .~,Hunlav h~mtvd by the Netherland~ M,lrltlme WLNl'k~Lhop 'lh~" Arl o~ FIIIKIr,I~ inlK' At the' Mu..~.um at Ant~th.~l,lm 41~,1 Ihl. Mar- Mu,,eum Li the lli~h,, it .~.'~v h~ 1time Mil~,um I'nn~ lh't~Irlk at Koth,r- I~ January t~lql~, Chfladh,'l South .~tudv ~tvk'~ ai~l .~h~d~ ol ,'~xKr.~xin K I,~ Ken.inKt.n, London No 4~,) ntli'~lln.,~ti~ & can.hal t'Iill111l~ltlOlllit ll~lqih Irom the Mu.,.um'.~ ~olh.~tion. to I~. Aut'tlon of an im~wtant txdk,cti~m of ~'h'~ted by Jim Ik,nm.tt and t;eranl magic lanh,m.~, lantern ~ld¢~ and optical 2 July-31 (ktob~r Iq~. (]ktonl hirm,r A l:.,kti~al den~.~,,trati~m will tov't b~,ll~tglng to I)otig and Anita I~e~r b*" ~i~en bY the Iiriti,,h Mu,,~.um',~ I~'o highlight~ an. an t, xt~l~ti~l tnunial Thr i),'l'rl,,l,lu~ Im,,k.e. all exhibition ~xx~ult,mt lnKra~er, t hrl'*tol~her l Ih,~ lantern (est: t:la;,tkkl-25,tXNl) bV I.l| t]'k'bratloqK the inh.ratthm Ol the pl~k~- .~o:e ol party bet~e~.n .kL40 .~let~ Mvm~q~ and Mu,~'um I.,ut'~t,~ I.'o,~t Steward, at~,! an otit,~tandnlg png,ct,m Kraphic image aml ~aim,ra te~'h0~k~v, at ,'~timated at about L~ I h,tail., to t~' mit'n~'~q~. (l'lg I) by Wright and New- the Mu,,eum ~ the I ii,,h,~' ol .~-wv~.'l,. ani~uiN~t blh.r hm (t'~lt' I'4,tNNI4~,INNt) Illustrah,d t'atah~- tNto~l rhe t~'tamon will he marked by Itue available lawn mid-I)et~emher For wtwk',l~ on earh' phoh~ral+hl~' imagt'.t iiittvrmattsm ~nta¢t Mh'ha,PI I'rm.han| tm and h'dure~. Further detallq to b,' 4 i),~Yml~r I~.l~. I omlm~ 0171-321 ]27¢ A nllqll1111~'ii~I I he .~iet', ~ 4th Am~ual in~ltatlo0~ 2 and 3 February Iq~. Le0ulo~ hxtun' wdl he ~ai~en t,~ Ill I.~q~dJ 3 July I~, Ltmdon ~m M,~k,ml,,d t,'h'..t~JI 13,~'. ,,t Ik~" Iotil A~ an ext~.riment the .~ocWtv will ,u.I I..Iv |'th t,'ulu,h'., at tha. Ko~,,ll |~rtkIplh, in the Fun,t~n A~th,lP,t ~t~ Annual ~ ;e0a,ral MeHuqA ,It the .~ ietv ot In,ititution. ~1 AIt~'nMrk' ,~trv~,t. I ~.kl~.~ which will take l.lat+ in the I~e0t.~ii~Khm Antlquarll~. Ihlrllilgton I h~u~,,. I',~-adlh'. WI & t'hel~e,~ Iown llall i]~t~ i,~ btlh,d a.~ l~mdtm Wl 14~'hm'~ by t;elanl l'unu,r 'Hritdin'~ pn.m.,t a~tnw~tmy anwl ~l~ • /~i.,l the .~t~r~ aml S John,~km Arltk |}rhld~ i# futu~r ¢lvutq ~'tm£, i IhiN iI~w'. I~l,~t yl~lr rm~m than .~NNt a~tnln- /~'fflllttl~r~L I ]k'ta01~ h, he c~mltm~.d I~,n~ i~l .h, ml.I &" ,+'~t htt&" I ,~lt,. ] Ik01ketm td the ,~-~ntttk" Iowm~nw0R~'tetv No 4? (l~) .ta; Classified WANTED. Earls' Electric Motors. Advertising Charges [)xnam,~ & otherl~th Century Electro- .M~hanical Instruments HE Gr~nspan ~hole paM (I ,'.~ 2-343 M I.T.. Cambndge. Mass 0213~: Half pat~e £~0 Phone 017-2534,ag2. Fax olT-253-g'all Quarter Pal~e LSO Eighth Page f..3.~ ANTIQUE SCIENTIFIC INSTRL'- Classified £0.20 per word, MENT FAIR AT NEW BRLNS~'ICK. rain. f.5 ,~E~" JERSEY, U.S.A. EEBRL'AR~ !1. Classihed Bo~ Number £1.50 per Iq(i~. 10am - 4pro A r~,ss .,,ho~ to be held insertion at the Heart Regency 2 Albam St tn Flier. 5ingle A4 (i00 New Brunswzck NI Bt'~ -SEtt - Filet. Double A4 £125 TRADE all manner of b,~th k~'d & Other Adver~i_~ing Ask for Quotation Artwork. if required At cost Antique ~'~ent~flc & Te~hn,,Iog~cal ln- .,,truments l.~:at~on z.,, 25 mile,, .~uth of The rates rd~wn ar~ for camera ready art- Ness ~ork Cm and ~s ear, fly acce~.s~ble work. A !0 °. di~ount applies on bookintq Ior from Nessark International .Mrport For 4 or more consecutive is*ue,s. Detailed Rate ~rther dealer or attendee mtortnat~on Card a~a,lable on zx,quest. contact MAR\IN HLR~ITZ 12S01 Cop~" Date no iah.r than 4 weeks prior to Broadmore Rd ,";fl~er Spnn,¢ Mar~- publication, i.e. end January. April, July & \ '/ ~,~'. ;~,..-~'~ Oct1:~r. land l~.orw .~I &',4-13~Vl Fax ?,~H 3,'¢4- Bo~ %umber replies to the AdvertisintK 0,%''a X,':,' -;:,,:, -,;t~,J:,.c~ O, :~'rec~,N "- Manager ~ below. ,' 5:;: Ia% Pa~me~nt for ad~erti.~ing is due in advance w~th order. Pa~men! by cheque, ~,'i~ or MC accepted Foreign adverti~er~ requested to use credit card pa~menls to avoid Io~m to the .Societs on cunnmo- conversion. All payments and copy de~ails to:- Mr M.I. Cowham, The Mount, "loft, Cambridge CB3 ,"RL. Tel: 01Z7_~I263~.~2,"2~2M~4 Fa~: 01223 263()48 4 SIS BULLETIN BINDERS In Dark Blue P~'(" with (,old i,etterinlZ, holdin~z up to I0 i.~ue~. £6.IHI each. plu~ imslaRe t )r,Jl'r~ h) The Ncientific Instrument ,%o¢iel)', • ', tt:gh ~,trcc! ~.t,lnh,rd m the ~,lh.'. I ,omt'don. t)xon ~" XI I! "" Hulk'tin ol lh,' '~ u'nt~h, In,trunk.hi ~u,l~ .No 4," I1~1 Scientific and Medical Instruments, Tools and other Apparatus Ist February 1996 at 2.1)() p.m. m,ludu(¢ Ihi.~ 19th ( :enmry bt,zs~ _.~ mmm.q tln'odolitr b)' "lh,l(i,hton I:" Simm~ -7. P Scientific Instrument l)epartment Provisional Sales Schedule 1996 23 J,m,,Jry The Art of Invention, American Patent Modek 1836-1899 (At Christie~ East, New York) 24J, mu,lry Miscellaneou~ Scientific l.struments (At Christie~ East. New York) I l:rhm,rry Scientific & Medical Instrumetlts, Tools and other Apparattt~ 9/I 0 ,~ lay Maritime 30 May Fine Scientific lnstrumetlts l ~ Jum' (;lobes and Planetaria 12 Sct~trmhrr Scientific Instruments, Tools and other Appar.m,~ 14/15 Nolo'tuber Maritime 27 ,N'ol,eml~'r (;lobes and Planetaria 12 l)rremher Scientific & Medical Instruments, "Fool~ a.d other Apparatu~ Entries are now being accepted tbr the ~de of Free Scientific Instruments to be heht on 311 May For Further h~fiwmation please contact Jeremy (;ollins ES.V.A. (Scientific Instruments) on (1)i71) 321 3 ! 4~k or (~hristopher I~roudf~t (Tools a.d ()ther Apparatus) on (I)171) 321 3272 85 ()ht lln~mpton R.oad. Lo.don SW7 31.1) I;,'l: (I)171) 581 7(,11 Fax: (11171) 321 3321 CHRISTIE'S INSTRUMENT BOOKS FROM IRELAND BjOm Kambeck IRISH NATIONAL INVENTORY Microscopes OF HISTORIC SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS by Charles Motlan ISBN 1 898 706 05 0, (HB), 1995, £55 or $90 L.xmted edd~on 103 cofxes At last, the first comprohww,~ National Inventory for any country m the Wodd 5104 records, 501 pages. THE SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS OF NICHOLAS CALLAN Grolh: Barlnngc 67 ANO OTHER HISTORIC INSTRUMENTS lII171 Hanno~er Charkm Mo,an • John Up(on, ISBN 1 898 706 01 8 (HE) 1 8~706026(SB), 1994, £30orS45(HB), £20 or $30 (SO) Tel: O51 I/8(I 17 48 t 3O4 I)'~, 385 entries, 390 pho¢ogral~ B.~ appointment Catalogue of • maW Insh collection - Nicholas Callan inv~tKI the ~¢t~ co~ at M.moo(h Coaege m 1836 THE MINI) AND THE HAND INSTRUMENTS OF SCIENCE 111116.1n32 by Charles Mollan, ISBN 1 896 706 03 4, 1995, (SB), £5 or Highly dlustrated catalogue of an exhibdlon held in Trindy College Scientific Glass Blowing Dubhn throughout 1995.64 pa~s, 144 dlustrat0ons & Repairs "VULGAR • MECHANICK" - THE SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT ~'e can now offer m-house specialist scientific zlass TRADE IN iRELANO 1550-1921 replacements and some repair" s,copies of old ~.lass by John Burn~ & Ahson Mornsoc~-Low, ISBN 0 86027 026 2, 1989, instruments.experiments.one otfs or.~mall quanta'ties. (HB), £20 or $30 The last few ~ of mm hoghlyacclaimed work, Experimental & reproduction instruments & apparatus. CAMPANOLOGY IN IRELAND by Fred Dukes, ISBN 1 898 706 00 X, 256 pages, 1994, £17 or $27 PIIIII write el' telel~kene Witll feqllirenleltl re: The resuR of a hfe time's study. • datalled HB Inventory of the old l'lle Glallllleler, lhlrenetel, Wedd,Ollicklilver bells of Ireland, wvth introductory chaffers , list of bell founders, MC Ihr*.No~o,.Okokompto,.Pom.iX20 lOS All I~¢es mcltxJe p*p IR£, Stg£, US$ all acceptable Av'~lable from Tel : 01805 603443 Fax : 01805 603344 CHARLES MOLLAN, 17 PINE LAWN, BLACKROCK, CO DUBLIN AccessWISA~MastefcarchEurocard orders welcome Aneroid & Mercvrial BaromotorsRopairod by Phone (+353-1) 289-6186, Fax 289-7970, or E-m~ cmol(~.m Are You 51issing Something? ROGERS TURNER BOOKS like a back issue of the Scholarly & Antiquarian Books Bulletin. Shop 22 Nelson Road. (irccn~ich. l he Society has nox~ published over 40 I.ondon SFIO 9JB 10 - 6 daily Bulletins. each packed with infom)ation F¢I & Fax 0181-853 5271 about scientific instruments and happenings Paris e(~ce x~ithin the Society since its founding, m 24 Ru¢ du Buisson Richard. "A~) I • Mesml-le-Roi. France 1083 lhe complete set make an invaluable 1•1 I-3OI2 II ql Fax I-3q620722 Reference I.ibrarv. SELVA, LORENZO. Sei Dialoghi Man~ of these Bulletins are still available at a ,:,,st of £o00 each plus postage. Otfici Teorico-Pratici, Venice, 1787, 4to., pp xii, 4 fine folding 1;lt'~ ma~ ht' or,terc,t trom plates of instruments, later ¼ vellum, [he Scientific Instrument Society, paper boards. 31 llil~h Street. Stanford in the Vale. Faringdon. Oxon SN7 8LH. £ 1,200.00 ~,~,hcrc or;gmal Bulletms are no longer a,,atlable. 1st and only e~htion o[ this scarce photocopies ~ ill b¢ supphed work by Se[va ills. describing in the fi)rm of a diah~gue his iml)rovements to optical instruments, lhe 4 finely engraved phm's illustrate the range of Selva~ instruments and their im- provements. Riccardi il. 436. Bt,lh, tin o! th,, '~ is'll|ifh ht',|l tltlt¢'ld "~, 11"{% ~o 4" t I ~L')'%) LIBRAIRIE ALAIN BRIEUX J Earb,' ~lentlht Instrument's 48 rue Jacob, 75006 Paris. Catalogues Tel. +33 (1) 42 60 21 98 Fax. +33 (I) 42 60 55 24 TESSERACT issued quarterly History of Medicine & Science, Rare Books, ~,x 151 Autographs, Rare Scientific, Medical & Surgical | la~tml~ on Hud~,n New Y,~rk 10706 Instruments, Books of Documentation. 1914) 478-2504 Bought- Sold - Appraised I'. O. Box 25611 • Fallhrook. ('~, 921188 • (619) 728-3321 ° 728-3322 (Ans & FAX) ¢Tl r~4.~ortHe Eig/lteenth and nineteenth centttrv tnattwmati~'al. philosophical and optical instrumeiltS o.f all kinds - c,,.;an4.~.l.~. , i,l,.ludi,tg ,,li,'r,,s,'e,/,es. tele.,,',,I,e.,, gl,,t,,'.,. jt..I.c, i.~ ia orreries, sundials. ('ottlllo3.~e.L sltrrcying. navigating, drawing, cahuhttine. lrlst~menf.s ,,u.ai,.at a,,,t t,a,,,r,,,,r~" ,,pl,,,,',,t,,. Send $5.00 for current illustrated catah~g /"lflf Historically important books for colh'ctors: I,cauti/ully I.,/ l,14, illustrated and prtwtical r~ferem'e hooks .l~,r evcrvom' - ,~ a~"re including astronomy, matiletnatic's, i',,ml,utint: chentistr3.', physics, engineering, mi~'t¢,.~copy. ~5 navigation, suta'eying. Iti.~totw of science and BOO antique scietlti/ic i,lstrlom'tlt.;. Send $2.00 for current catalog "B" Bulletin of the ."wicnt,fi¢ In~,trument .%wa,tv No 47 tl~'~) 3q SCIEHTIFIC & ANTIQUE LTD Office: Shop: 47 Green Lane. 288 Westboume Grove Birmingham London WII 2PS B36 (|AY Tel: 071 792 1492 Tel: 021 384 2174 Estd. 1978 021 747 4252 Nick Webster Fax: 021 382 3132 Int. Mobile 0385 301545 Over the past 15 years we have speciali~d in locating fine instruments of ~ience and technology for our many collectors and mu~ums, here and around the world. ,,f- For a personal and confidential approach to buying or ~lling please contact me. (k'rrr,, b~, B Manta 12m OuJdr,lnl h,, ] ihrd c 17{~5 ¢. 1770 -- L ...... A ..... A ______ e are one of the largest W manufacturers of brass telescopes in the United States. A wide variety of other f'mely made Manufacturersof hand crafted optical and sciemific in- struments are produced m our 40,000 sq. ft. workshop. I00 artisans are Telescopes involved in crafting brass, silver. Kaleidoscopes wood, leather, and glass. Magni~lng Glasses ~'ax Seals In addition to our stock items, we produce limited edition pieces, and commissioned items for public and private museums and foundations. All sorts of Philosophical Apparatu+ Your inquiries are invited. I is,, ° * I / Van Cort Instruments, Inc. 29 Industrial Drive East • Northampton, MA 01060 USA • 413-586-9800 Fax 413-585-0800 A A w w 44"* Bulh,tin of the .~tt,t)tt|tt In,,trumcnt ~,etv No 47 (IqqA) Table of Contents Appropriate material will be refenqx'ed in Ph~cs Abstracts Editorial ...... 19th Century. French Scient~c Instrument Makers IX: Louis Joseph Deleuil (179%1862) and his son Jean Adrien Deleuil (1825-1894) ...... Paolo Urenni 4 The Vitreous Globe: An 18th-fentury Novelty ...... AJ Turner 8 Pietro Patroni, an 18th-century Milanese Optician ...... Alberto Lualdi 12 A Princely Piece from Friesland, The "i'rigontnnetrical Instrument' of Wytze Foppes ...... Peter de Ciercq 14 Diamonds in Instrument Making ...... Randall C. Brooks 17 Jean-Daniel Coiladon and his Audiophones ...... Jane insley 23 From the Collections:Marconi Instruments from 1897 in Teyler's Museum in the Netherlands ...... Bob C. Caron 25 Market Place - Christmas 1995 ...... Arthur Middleton 28 Exhibition Reviews ...... 31 Book Reviews ...... '~ Current and Future Events Advertisements ...... 3~ The Scientific Instrument Society Membership The Scientific Instrument Society (SIS) was formed in April 1983 to bring ttgether people with a specialist interest in scientific instruments, ranging frt~n precious antiques to electronic devices only recently out of production. Collectors, the antiques trade, museum staff, professional historians and other enthusiasts will find the vaned activities of SIS suited to their tastes. The Society has an international membership. Activities Regular evening meetings are held in London, as well as occasional one-day and week-end conferences in attractive provincial locations. Speakers are usually experts in their field, but all members are wekx~me to give talks Special 'behind-the-scenes' visits to museums are a useful feature. Above all, the Society's gatherings are enjoyable social occasions, providing opportunities to meet others with similar interests The SIS Bulletin This is the Society's Ioumal, published four times a year and sent free to members It is attractively prt~luced and illustrated, and contains informative articles about a wide range of instruments as well as ~alk and exhibition revers, news of SIS activities, and meetings of related societies There is a lively letters page, and 'mystery ob~' are presented Am~ther feature is a clarified advertisement column, and antique dealers and auction houses regularly take advertising space, so that collectors may find the Bulletin a means of adding to their collecti(ms. How to join The annual subscription is due on I January New members receive back copies of the Bulletin for the year m which they ~in Current Subscription rates Subscriptions Resident in UK f.30.00 Resident elsewhere I £35.00 I $55.O0 Please note that higher cost of overseas membership is due to additi(mal postal rates Please contact: The Executive Officer (Wing Cmdr. C_,eoff~y Bennett) 31 High Street, Stanford m the Vale, Faringdon, Oxon SN7 8LH Tel: 01367 7102Z'~ Fax: 01367 718963 p ' i 4 t t ' a t J f J .J .°.J' 1 'a TI 'l o , . - ' IJ .-'. -..,,~ • J .e • ~ " j , I O • • :.-. - ! "| L. /...m,~j,~ -'~nm, r.. (~ L *