World Refugee Council Research Paper No. 18 — November 2019 Meaningfully Engaging Youth in the Governance of the Global Refugee System
Bushra Ebadi
World Refugee Council Research Paper No. 18 — November 2019 Meaningfully Engaging Youth in the Governance of the Global Refugee System
Bushra Ebadi About CIGI Credits
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67 Erb Street West Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 6C2 www.cigionline.org Table of Contents vi About the Series vi About the Author
1 Executive Summary
1 Introduction
3 Methodology
3 Defining Youth, Refugees and IDPs
6 Youth Engagement: A Durable Solution and Necessity
8 Gaps in the Literature
9 The Case for Engaging Displaced Youth
11 Barriers to Youth Engagement
16 A Model for Effective Youth Engagement
20 Conclusion and Next Steps
21 Works Cited
26 About CIGI
26 À propos du CIGI
27 About the World Refugee Council
27 À propos du Conseil mondial pour les réfugiés About the Series About the Author
World Refugee Council research papers are Bushra Ebadi is a social innovator focused on policy documents commissioned by the designing sustainable, innovative solutions Council from world-renowned experts to help to complex global challenges using her inform the World Refugee Council and its final multidisciplinary background and skills in design recommendations. The measures and concepts and systems thinking, policy analysis and mixed in these documents do not necessarily reflect methods research. She has co-created refugee the views of the World Refugee Council. housing and integration strategies for arrival cities around the world, including Toronto and Paris. Bushra has conducted research and developed strategies on meaningful youth engagement and intergenerational dialogue and partnerships; women in leadership in the United Nations; advancing women’s interests in Afghanistan’s peace negotiations; assessing the effectiveness of UN Women’s Safe Cities for Women and Girls program; and gender mainstreaming within refugee policy making and governance, multilateral decision-making and governance bodies, and in peace, security, and development policies.
Bushra is a youth ambassador for North America and Europe for the Global Alliance on Partnerships for Media and Information Literacy. She currently serves as an executive member and youth adviser for the Canadian Commission for the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. She recently supported the World Refugee Council in developing recommendations to transform the global refugee and internal displacement systems as a Global Security & Politics Program research associate with the Centre for International Governance Innovation.
Bushra holds a master’s degree in global affairs from the University of Toronto, Munk School of Global Affairs, and a joint honours B.A. in political science and philosophy, with a double minor in French and management, from McGill University.
vi World Refugee Council Research Paper No. 18 — November 2019 • Bushra Ebadi achieve sustainable solutions for forcibly displaced Executive Summary populations and the communities that host them.
The meaningful engagement in global governance of youth — in particular displaced youth, including both refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) — is crucial to ensuring the sustainability Introduction and effectiveness of political, economic and social systems, as well as to realizing durable Images of displaced and marginalized youth appear peace and security. Young people aged 15 to 35 in humanitarian and development campaigns, in comprise one-third of the world’s population yet “feel-good” advertisements and sensationalized are largely absent from decision-making fora and news, evoking either pity or fear — pity, for a as such are unaccounted for in policy making, demographic seen as innocent victims of conflict, programming and laws. The disenfranchisement corruption, violence and natural disasters; of displaced youth is a particular problem, fear, for a demographic often associated with because it further marginalizes young people terrorism, gang violence and precariousness. These who have already experienced persecution and seemingly conflicting sentiments toward youth been forcibly displaced. While their individual exist simultaneously and contribute to the further realities vary depending on geographic location, marginalization of a population already excluded gender and sexual identity, economic status and from legal, political, economic and social systems individual situation, youth share the experience around the world. Refugees and refugee-led or of being marginalized within existing legal, focused organizations are not being systematically political, economic and social systems globally. and meaningfully engaged as partners in decision making, knowledge creation, program development Beyond consultations and youth fora on migration and policy making, despite efforts by the Office and refugees, the United Nations’ Global Compact of the United Nations High Commissioner for processes have not successfully mainstreamed Refugees (UNHCR) during the Global Compact the interests of youth or developed mechanisms for Refugees consultations (Jones 2019). for effectively engaging this population. Instead, despite their unique needs and capacities, Refugee and displaced youth face even greater displaced youth and refugees have largely been levels of invisibility and marginalization. While data tokenized: invited to participate, yet prevented is collected on displaced populations (including from influencing decisions or the design of refugees and IDPs), very little information structures and institutions, policy and reforms. is available on the numbers of displaced youth around the world. Existing refugee and The meaningful and continuous engagement of displacement research also largely focuses on the youth (displaced and otherwise) in the governance mental, psychological, health and educational of the global refugee system is critical for the outcomes of displaced youth. This paper aims to system’s functionality and to ensure that their demonstrate gaps in the current literature, while needs are being met and to address the barriers identifying key insights into the experiences of that impede them from exercising their agency. refugee and other displaced youth relating to their While programming for and research on refugee engagement in the governance of the system. For youth are sparse, this paper aims to demonstrate the purposes of this paper, Lawrence S. Finkelstein’s the importance of including displaced youth in conceptualization of global governance is used, governance and decision making; to identify key namely, “overlapping functions performed barriers to engagement that displaced youth face; internationally: information creation and exchange; and to highlight effective strategies for engaging formulation and promulgation of principles and youth. Comprehensive financial, legal, social and promotion of consensual knowledge affecting governance reforms are needed in order to facilitate the general international order, regional orders, and support the meaningful engagement of youth particular issues on the international agenda, in the refugee and IDP systems. Without these and efforts to influence the domestic rules and reforms and partnerships between youth and behaviour of states; good offices, conciliation, other diverse stakeholders, it will be difficult to mediation, and compulsory resolution of disputes; regime formation, tending and execution;
Meaningfully Engaging Youth in the Governance of the Global Refugee System 1 adoption of rules, codes, and regulations; →→ converting inputs and contributions allocation of material and program resources; into tangible or measurable impacts provision of technical assistance and development on issues or decisions; and programs; relief, humanitarian, emergency, and disaster activities; and maintenance of →→ communicating how inputs and contributions peace and order” (Finkelstein 1995, 170-71). resulted in impacts. (McCoy and Scully 2002, 118, 127; Lundy 2007, 933, 935; Wilton 2019) Meaningful engagement is not a new concept. While it has not been systematically translated This paper suggests there are six key barriers into the operations of organizations and broader to the meaningful engagement of displaced policy and decision making, Sherry R. Arnstein’s (and other) youth in the governance “ladder of citizen participation” (1969) alludes to of the refugee and IDP systems: the idea of meaningful engagement. According →→ the experience of displacement in and of itself; to Arnstein, meaningful participation that moves beyond non-participation and tokenism involves →→ broken family ties; a redistribution of power negotiated between citizens and powerholders; shared planning →→ perceptions of youth as either and decision-making responsibilities; having victims or criminals; the power to assure accountability of programs; and direct involvement in planning, policy →→ the exclusion of young people from aid making and program management (ibid.). and funding priorities and decisions;
Based on a review of literature on meaningful →→ exclusionary government policies and laws; and engagement in governance and policy making, →→ the difficulty faced by individuals and the following have been identified as conditions organizations to adopt new ways of working for meaningful youth engagement: that meaningfully engage youth as partners. →→ being aware of opportunities to participate in The sections below will put forward potential consultations or other activities of engagement; interventions or strategies to mitigate these →→ providing a safe and inclusive space barriers to effectively engaging displaced where diverse individuals’ views, insights youth, proposals that emerge from a review and contributions are sought; of the existing literature, and insights derived from interviews and consultations: →→ making connections and then developing 1 long-term working relationships among →→ prioritization of youth agency youth, institutions and political systems in all policies, programming and to work together on issues to achieve initiatives (including education); shared, mutually agreed objectives; →→ co-creation and development of spaces →→ having a sense of agency such that conducive to youth engagement at youth feel empowered and effective, all levels of governance; and with real opportunities to contribute →→ investment in intergenerational dialogue through sharing insights and developing and partnerships as a sustainable solution. processes, programs and initiatives; No one intervention can address the complex →→ deliberating collaboratively, with youth, policy challenges and barriers impeding refugee and makers, decision makers and other stakeholders, other displaced youth from meaningfully engaging and collectively discussing challenges and in the governance of the system. Improving our potential interventions and solutions; understanding of these structural barriers and →→ exercising agency, through opportunities breaking down stereotypes of displaced youth as to make a difference and realize change;
1 Agency refers to “young people’s evolving capacity to act and influence their own life [community and world] and be active and participate” (Korjonen-Kuusipuro, Kuusisto and Tuominen 2019, 554).
2 World Refugee Council Research Paper No. 18 — November 2019 • Bushra Ebadi victims or criminals are important first steps to After the initial literature review, the author meaningfully engaging youth in decision making; conducted interviews and/or consultations with policy and program design; development and nine individuals who either had direct personal implementation; knowledge creation; and the experiences of displacement as refugees or were other activities encapsulated in Finkelstein’s (1995) working directly with refugee and other youth definition of global governance. This paper also to develop solutions for the challenges facing the puts forward actions that are needed in order to system. These interviews served as an opportunity bolster research and intersectional understandings to demonstrate the potential contributions young of the experiences, capacities and needs of people (in particular, displaced youth) could have displaced youth. Without this information, the in developing and implementing sustainable development of policies, programs and so-called solutions to the complex challenges facing the solutions will continue to be ill-informed and will system. With their permission, the insights continue to fail in centralizing the agency and shared by three of the interviewees during these protection of marginalized displaced populations. consultations appear in the paper as vignettes.
The author also leveraged personal insights into the engagement of youth in global governance systems, including the development of policies, programs and structures, to inform the design of Methodology this research project. These include the author’s engagement in events including the 2017 Hult Prize This study deployed participatory research Regional Finals (developing interventions through methods. An initial desk review of the status and social enterprises to restore the dignity of refugee landscape of research relating to refugee youth populations); the 2017 United Nations Educational, engagement in the governance of the refugee Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and IDP systems (including but not limited to Youth Forum (focused on youth engagement in the design, development and implementation UNESCO’s priority areas); the lead-up to the 2018 of laws, institutions, programs and processes) Global Migration Youth Forum; the 2018 Global pointed to the scarcity of peer-reviewed research Youth Forum at the Centre for International in these areas, as will be discussed in more Governance Innovation (identifying/co-creating detail later. Much of the literature focused on community- and city-based solutions for refugees psychosocial supports, education as a service and other displaced persons); the 2019 Baku Forum provision and the resettlement experiences of on Intercultural Dialogue; and the 2019 Lisboa+21 young refugees in developed contexts (largely World Conference of Ministers Responsible concentrated on experiences in Australia, Canada for Youth (during which youth delegates and and the United States). While the past decade ministers for youth committed to a renewed has seen an emergence of literature on war- declaration on youth policies and programs).2 affected and displaced youth, most studies have been informed by psychological and psychiatric perspectives (Chatty 2009, 321-22). Sources relating to psychosocial support, health care, educational enrolment or access, and identity development were excluded, unless they explicitly related to Defining Youth, Refugees the ability of displaced youth to engage in the governance of the refugee and IDP systems. Primary and IDPs data sources, including the UNHCR’s population data set, the Refugee Convention and organizational The United Nations, “without prejudice to any youth policies for participating institutions in the other definitions made by Member States…defines refugee system (including the UNHCR) were also ‘youth’ as those persons between the ages of 15 and 3 consulted in order to better understand existing 24 years.” However, when working at a national or opportunities for engagement and protections for refugee and other displaced youth, if applicable. 2 See www.lisboa21.gov.pt/up/ficheiros-bin2_ficheiro_ en_0320254001567615761-429.pdf.
3 See www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/youth-0/.
Meaningfully Engaging Youth in the Governance of the Global Refugee System 3 local level, UNESCO adopts the definition of youth it unclear exactly how many displaced persons used by a member state or regional organization. are youth. In fact, individuals aged 18 to 59 years For example, the African Youth Charter defines old are subsumed into one category, making it youth as “every person between the ages of 15 and difficult to tailor policies and funding priorities 35 years” (African Union Commission 2006, 11). The based on the variance of age within this category. UNHCR utilizes the United Nations’ definition of The needs of an 18-year-old displaced person youth (15 to 24 years of age).4 For the purposes of differ from that of a 59-year-old, so the absence of this paper, youth are defined as persons between disaggregated data makes effective policy making the ages of 15 and 35, the most inclusive definition. difficult. The most recent figures on displaced This definition is especially relevant for refugee youth available estimate that there were eight youth populations since it aligns with how youth million displaced youth6 between the ages of 15 are conceptualized in the countries and regions and 24 in 2010 (Women’s Refugee Commission from which the majority of refugees originate. 2010). According to the UNHCR (2011), the total population of displaced persons at the time was According to the UN Refugee Convention and 25.2 million people.7 This means, using the more its Protocols, a refugee is any person who has restrictive definition of youth, that approximately a “well-founded fear of being persecuted for 32 percent of the total displaced population was reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership comprised of youth 15 to 24 years of age. Yet, of a particular social group or political opinion, despite comprising a significant portion of the is outside the country of [their] nationality and is population of displaced persons around the world, unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail youth remain an invisible population in service/ [themselves] of the protection of that country; or program design, policy making and governance. who, not having a nationality and being outside Commissioning both quantitative and qualitative the country of [their] former habitual residence as research on the displaced (refugee, internally a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such displaced, stateless and so forth) youth could fear, is unwilling to return to it” (UNHCR 1967, 14). contribute to the development of evidence-based policies and interventions to ensure the meaningful According to the “Guiding Principles of Internal engagement of these populations in the governance Displacement,” IDPs “are persons or groups of of the systems within which they are currently persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or seen as passive participants or beneficiaries. leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the The few studies on displaced youth that do exist effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized show that they have differing needs and capacities violence, violations of human rights or natural or compared to displaced children and adults. Both human-made disasters, and who have not crossed historical and contemporary examples of the an internationally recognized state border” (UN unique needs and capacities of displaced youth Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian exist. For instance, Jewish refugee youth settling Affairs [OCHA] 1998, Introduction, para. 2). in Great Britain between 1938 and 1945 were found to have needs that differed from child Since the needs and experiences of refugees and refugees’; these youth faced bureaucratic hurdles IDPs differ, we can extrapolate that the experiences and discrimination in vocational training and of refugee and IDP youth also differ. However, found it more difficult to integrate and develop while there is little research on the engagement relationships with their counterparts in Great of refugee youth in the governance of the system, Britain, compared to children (Baumel-Schwartz research on IDP youth is even more sparse. 2012, 125, 127). Furthermore, young people seeking asylum were found to be particularly vulnerable to A Relevant (and Neglected) the long-term impacts of human rights violations, Demographic discrimination, and trauma they experienced The UNHCR’s population statistics5 aggregate data in their home country, during transition and in on displaced populations in a way that makes the resettlement country (Earnest et al. 2015, 2).
4 See www.unhcr.org/youth.html. 6 Figure includes refugees and IDPs.
5 See http://popstats.unhcr.org/en/demographics. 7 Figure includes 10.55 million refugees and 14.7 million IDPs.
4 World Refugee Council Research Paper No. 18 — November 2019 • Bushra Ebadi In a study conducted with refugee adolescents experiences (Schmidt 2017, 60). For example, a in the United States, 98 percent were found to study of displaced youth from Central America have survived direct violence, with 44 percent and Mexico found that youth were motivated to experiencing different kinds of violence (Berthold migrate because of what they perceived to be 2000). Refugee youth also face specific challenges “no-win” situations, in which they lacked security, relating to educational attainment, which in educational and employment opportunities, turn impacts their ability to socially, civically and political environments conducive to and politically engage. These challenges included ensuring their well-being (ibid., 74). Without a interrupted schooling; difficulties obtaining nuanced understanding of displaced youth’s and translating educational documentation motivations, perceptions and experiences, (certifications, degrees, diplomas and so forth); it is unclear how effective interventions and balancing the need to work with attending programs can be developed to meet their needs. school; and working against age limitations in many education systems (Bonet 2018, 65). Recommendation 1 A study involving marginalized youth with →→ The UNHCR and other institutions collecting diverse and intersecting identities, including and disseminating data on displaced persons “refugee and vulnerable migrants” and “gender should ensure that age-disaggregated data and sexuality-diverse” youth, found that youth reflecting the age range of youth (15 to 24 or participation enabled young people to design 15 to 35) be made available and accessible. relevant and engaging health services (Robards et al. 2018, 377). Meaningfully engaging displaced Not only do displaced youth remain invisible as youth in developing policies, programs and regards research and data collection, but they are other mechanisms for effective governance also rendered invisible by the very institutions 8 can ensure the system functions in a manner responsible for finding durable solutions for that prioritizes the protection and agency of all them. A systematic review by the UNHCR of stakeholders. Research on socio-cultural factors its youth engagement activities revealed that that mediate, facilitate and constrain the health youth remain invisible within the organization’s and “empowerment” of refugee youth identifies structures despite its efforts to highlight their “supportive environments and relationships needs (Evans, Lo Forte and Fraser 2013, 57). The that facilitate agency, self-determination and study concluded that displaced youth were empowerment” as being especially salient to invisible within the UNHCR as a result of a lack refugee youth themselves (Edge, Newbold and of clarity on the conceptualization of youth, McKeary 2014, 37). Displaced youth, in both limited policy focus, a lack of dedicated funding developed and developing contexts, are aware of and limited comprehensive youth programming their exclusion from decision making. For example, (ibid., 58). These issues continue to persist as displaced youth along the Myanmar-Thailand evidenced by the results of a series of refugee border expressed concerns about being left out youth consultations conducted by the UNHCR of decision making, especially when it personally and the Women’s Refugee Commission (Mahoney affected them (Ball and Moselle 2016, 119). 2016). When youth fail to be meaningfully integrated into policies and programs that have Despite these findings, the unique needs and experiences of displaced youth remain absent 8 The term “durable solutions” is defined in a multitude of ways in the from research, data collection and policy making. literature. While the term does not appear in the Refugee Convention, Instead, interventions within the global refugee the UNHCR states that the concept “has traditionally been associated system rely on data from displaced children and with permanent settlement” while recognizing the nuance needed in the context of “an increasing interrelationship between refugee protection adults. This reliance can be, in part, attributed and international migration” (UNHCR 2017). In its framework on durable to the lack of accessible data from the UNHCR solutions for IDPs, the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) says that on displaced youth. Relying solely on adult durable solutions are achieved when IDPs “no longer have any specific assistance and protections needs that are linked to their displacement and logic, priorities and data to understand the can enjoy their human rights without discrimination on account of their behaviours and motivations of displaced youth displacement” (IASC 2010). Megan Bradley argues for the extension of overlooks the ways in which their differing ages, this definition for refugee populations (Bradley 2019, 4). For the purposes of this paper, durable solutions for displaced youth means solutions that levels of maturity and educational attainment, address displaced youths’ specific assistance and protection needs related and access to resources uniquely shape their to their displacement so that they are able to fully enjoy their human rights.
Meaningfully Engaging Youth in the Governance of the Global Refugee System 5 an impact on them, their needs and capacities youth thus becomes a necessity not only for their often go unacknowledged and unaccounted for. own well-being but for the well-being of their families, communities and society as a whole. While on the one hand young people are Mortaza Behboudi’s story (Vignette 1) provides rhetorically being presented as so-called change one illustration of the power of information makers by various institutions and politicians, on and of how refugees can enrich their new the other hand they are being conceptualized by communities through meaningful engagement. policy and practice as a vulnerable group, lacking agency. Officially, the important role of young people in building peace and challenging violent extremism is gaining recognition. The UN Security Council passed resolutions 2250 on “Youth, Peace, and Security” (December 2015) and 2419 on the Youth Engagement: A “Role of Youth in Negotiating, Implementing Peace Agreements” (June 2018),9 acknowledging the Durable Solution and important role young people play in global peace and security and calling on all relevant stakeholders Necessity to ensure their meaningful participation and engagement in peace processes. A study of refugee The UNHCR’s preferred “durable solution” of youth in the Middle East found that they “exhibited voluntary return often does not account for the remarkable resilience in the face of adversity, agency and interests of displaced youth who have poverty and political morasses” (Chatty 2007, 276). very little connection to their place of return, Nonetheless, political and legal systems continue having spent their formative years in another to infantilize and criminalize displaced youth. country and considering the persecution they may face upon return. In fact, so-called durable These seemingly disparate discourses can be solutions for displaced youth largely do not exist. confusing for young people, whose understanding For example, in Europe, as asylum-seeking youth of the world and expectations are being transition to “adulthood” (age 18), they frequently transformed by global communications technology see an “evaporation of rights previously accorded (White 2011, 17). These technologies can facilitate to them as children” (Allsopp and Chase 2019, 294; greater access to information and allow young Hammarberg 2010). While policies state that they people to share their experiences and opinions with are acting in the best interests of displaced youth, other people, particularly important for displaced they are based on a flawed conceptualization of youth, whose information needs and information “best interests” that is co-opted by immigration and literacy practices arise from their desire to border officials and their “bias towards enforced connect with and become established in their return as a durable solution” (Allsopp and Chase new community, learn new social rules, deal with 2019, 307). These policies fail to recognize the challenges that arise from cultural expectations inherent agency of young people and exclude them and support the information needs of other family from co-design, development, implementation members (Lloyd and Wilkinson 2016, 300). In and review processes. By doing so, policy makers fact, in some cases, refugee youth are providing render the policies ineffectual at best and harmful for their parents (Hampshire et al. 2011, 88). at worst. However, the existing faults in the governance of the refugee and IDP systems will Despite the barriers that youth face in engaging not be resolved by merely inviting displaced in the governance of the refugee system, they youth into institutions and fora as tokens. are already championing solutions at the local, regional and global levels, with limited resources. Meaningfully engaging youth differs from inviting Engaging youth through tangible investments youth to participate in processes, fora and activities and opportunities to engage and influence that have been designed by adults. Participation decision making can provide an opportunity for and engagement are often conflated in discourse solutions to be scaled up. Meaningfully engaging on the inclusion of marginalized groups within organizations and institutions. Participation is often considered as a consultation whereby 9 See https://undocs.org/S/RES/2419(2018) and https://undocs.org/S/ government and non-government agencies gain RES/2250(2015), respectively.
6 World Refugee Council Research Paper No. 18 — November 2019 • Bushra Ebadi Vignette 1: Youth Championing Change in their host countries. He found that many individuals at the House of Journalists shared Mortaza Behboudi is a journalist and the founder his experience and frustrations in not being of GuitiNews. He is also a former refugee, who able to continue their work as journalists. fled persecution in Afghanistan and arrived as He aimed to address this issue by bringing an asylum seeker in France in May 2015. He sees refugee and French journalists together through himself as a supporter, helping where he can in GuitiNews and by providing a vehicle for the global refugee system. He uses his language refugees and migrants to share their stories. skills to assist with the translation of documents for asylum seekers in Paris and worked with GuitiNews (https://guitinews.fr/en/whats-our- the UNHCR in Lesbos, Greece, where he helped story/) officially launched in January 2019 with newly arrived migrants as they were awaiting 10 journalists from Afghanistan, Cameroon, status determinations and being relocated to the Niger, Pakistan and France. GuitiNews’ mainland. Since his arrival in Paris, he has been content focuses on migration issues and meeting with the House of Journalists, a Paris- issues facing French society. Refugee and based organization that has been welcoming French journalists partner for each report to political refugees and refugee journalists. ensure that both perspectives are captured. The organization is playing an important role According to Behboudi, in an interview with in France by providing French society with the author conducted as part of this paper’s diverse perspectives on migrants’ motivations research, “access to information, learning for coming to France and sharing their stories. language, culture, and procedures is important. Many people are arriving in host countries Behboudi says that “we need to show that but don’t have access to information. When I refugees are contributing to society and that first arrived in Paris, I didn’t know anyone and they have talent and skills. Refugees had to leave slept in the street for two months and realized because of persecution; we need to understand how important access to information is for each other and help each other. In Lesbos, there being integrated and involved in the country were refugees who were helping each other.” and accessing food and accommodation.” The organization’s main activities include an In July 2018, Behboudi came up with the idea online platform to disseminate the news, media to start GuitiNews, the first refugee-led French education workshops for high school students media organization. According to Behboudi, 80 and newly arrived refugee journalists, and percent of refugee journalists who are exiled partnering with journalism schools to offer young are unable to continue working as journalists French journalists internship opportunities. insight into the views and opinions of the whole with an opportunity to participate and “influence” or specific segments of the community (Couch decision making and future planning, it does not 2007, 38). However, this conceptualization is afford them with formal decision-making roles problematic because it subverts the interests of (ibid.). The ability for them to influence policy, the group that is being consulted — in this case, programs and laws is dependent on the willingness youth — to the interests of other actors, such as of the organization holding consultations to governments, non-governmental organizations, incorporate their insights into its work. corporations and so on, and fails to acknowledge that youth also exist within these organizations. In order to overcome the tokenization that The goal behind these types of consultations is to can stem from “participation,” the language “take” young people’s ideas and opinions and use of empowerment is often used as a substitute them to advance the interests of the individual or complement. Mark W. Fraser and Maeda J. or organization holding the consultation, instead Galinksky (1997, 272) conceptualize empowerment of using the consultation as an opportunity to as a sense of control combined with the ability mainstream the interests of youth into the work to affect the behaviour of others: “a focus on and priorities of the organization. While on the enhancing strengths in individuals or communities, surface these consultations may provide youth a goal of establishing equity in the distribution of
Meaningfully Engaging Youth in the Governance of the Global Refugee System 7 resources, an ecological (rather than individual) form of analysis for understanding individual and community phenomena and a belief that power is Gaps in the Literature not a scarce commodity but rather one that can be Research on displaced (refugee and IDP) youth generated.” However, this conceptualization does in the context of governance and engagement not seem to coincide with current understandings is sparse and, where it does exist, it centres on of empowerment, which entail questionable the psychological and psychosocial aspects of power dynamics where one “gives” power to displacement among youth. In her study on another, instead of acknowledging the real displaced youth in the Middle East, Dawn Chatty barriers that prevent one from exercising their (2007, 266) found that there was very little literature power and agency.10 In some cases, those who are about youth refugees and forced migrants in able to freely exercise their power and authority spite of the fact that refugees under 25 sometimes hinder the ability of others to do the same — a represent more than 50 percent of the total dynamic especially evident in conflict-affected population. Furthermore, comparative research communities and states. Examples include militias on displaced youth was found to be almost non- and authoritarian leaders restricting marginalized existent (ibid.). Not much has changed since then. populations’ access to education and employment opportunities, such as women, girls, gender To illustrate, a quick search of the keyword and sexually diverse persons, differently abled “refugee” in ProQuest’s and EBSCO’s political individuals and ethnic minorities; politicians science databases listed 41,986 peer-reviewed restricting activists’ and journalists’ freedom of resources and 25,053 peer-reviewed resources, expression; and armed groups forcing civilians from respectively. A search11 of the keywords their homes. The language of empowering youth “refugee” and “youth” in these same databases by “giving voice” to them needs to shift to one listed 828 peer-reviewed resources and 982 in which youth voices are highlighted, amplified peer-reviewed resources, respectively. and supported instead, in order to acknowledge that they already have a voice (Iwasaki 2015, 41). Honing in further, a search of the following It is therefore incumbent on organizations and strings of key words produced these results: individuals to be mindful of the language they are using in their attempts to foster greater inclusion, →→ “youth” and “engagement” and “refugee”: to ensure they are not further marginalizing people 41 peer-reviewed resources (ProQuest political and reinforcing inequitable power relations. science database) and 40 peer-reviewed resources (EBSCO political science database); The important role that displaced youth can play and the impacts they can make — whether →→ “youth” and “refugee” and “governance”: six through informal grassroots channels or outside peer-reviewed resources each in ProQuest’s of powerful decision-making bodies within and EBSCO’s political science databases; and either the global refugee system or global →→ “youth engagement” and “refugee”: systems more broadly — provide a compelling three peer-reviewed resources. argument for concerted efforts to be made by multilateral organizations, governments, civil Of the combined 50 initial results, only six of the society and the private sector to meaningfully resources pertained in some way to the engagement and systematically engage and mainstream displaced youth in the governance of the system.
10 Heidbrink (2014, 16) defines social agency as actions and choices that individuals make of their own will, which are shaped by one’s upbringing, cultural beliefs and norms, and social status. 11 Search results as of July 10, 2019.
8 World Refugee Council Research Paper No. 18 — November 2019 • Bushra Ebadi of displaced youth in governance,12 and only three design of research and ensure that it better reflects were directly relevant to the subject of this paper. the nuanced needs, capacities and desires of displaced populations, including refugees and IDPs. The absence of research on displaced youth is a problem because it prevents the development of Recommendation 2 evidence-based policies and programs. Without a comprehensive understanding of the experiences →→ The UNHCR, the International Organization and motivations of displaced youth, targeted for Migration and other relevant agencies, services and programs will fall short. In particular, think tanks and educational institutions knowledge of the perceptions and experiences should invest in developing a research agenda of refugee youth is lacking and notable, given on displaced youth, youth engagement and the unique stressors they experience relating agency in order to provide an evidence base to migration, settlement and integration (Edge, for progressive policy making and program Newbold and McKeary 2014, 34). As a result, development and to develop a nuanced the needs and capacities of displaced youth understanding of the experiences of displaced are often subsumed under those of children youth. Particular attention should be given and adults, where youth are increasingly held to displaced youth as creators of knowledge, accountable as adults for their actions, yet deemed with substantial investments made in their to be as dependent as infants or children. capacity to conduct and disseminate research.
The few studies that have been conducted on displaced youth focus on their psychological and physical well-being, emphasizing their vulnerabilities and the need to build resilience in the population. To address the one-dimensional The Case for Engaging understanding of youth as victims and inherently dependent persons and to uncover Displaced Youth the shortcomings and dangers of current (mis) conceptualizations of youth migration, an analysis Youth, in particular displaced youth, are of displaced youth’s social agency is recommended being marginalized and prevented from fully (Heidbrink 2014, 16). In the absence of reliable data participating in the decisions that directly and comprehensive research, policies for displaced impact them, because of their age. The age-based youth are being developed based on perceptions development theories that have served to justify and generalizations of youth as a social group. this type of discrimination and exclusion have been challenged by research (Burfoot 2003, 47). The literature review also revealed an absence of And while engaging youth may entail a cost for peer-reviewed research by young scholars with organizations as they transform their systems to lived or professional experiences of displacement. mainstream youth into their work and structures, Commissioning research by young scholars with the benefits will far outweigh the costs. these experiences could address some of the challenges of access and trust that may result from As it stands, young people are disproportionately outsiders coming into camps and other settings affected by poor governance, since existing to conduct research with displaced populations. systems are set up in such a way as to make them These scholars’ perspectives can also inform the reliant on institutions for protection, access to social services and economic opportunities. The Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and 12 To illustrate, the titles of these six sources are: “How Marginalized Young Children found that youth are especially negatively People Access, Engage With, and Navigate Health-Care Systems in the Digital Age: Systematic Review” (Robards et al. 2018), “Syrian Refugee impacted by conflict and instability, yet their Youth Use Social Media: Building Transcultural Spaces and Connections specific needs and experiences are generally for Resettlement in Ottawa, Canada” (Veronis, Tabler and Ahmed 2018), unaccounted for (Lowicki and Pillsbury 2000, 4). “Refugee youth in settlement, schooling, and social action: reviewing current research through a transnational lens” (Van der Dussen Toukan Much of the focus in existing literature and policy 2019), “Transformative Learning of Refugee Girls Within a Community has been on the impacts of conflict on children. Youth Organization Serving Southeast Asians in North Carolina” (Kolano and Davila 2019), “Immigrant Youth and Voluntary Service: Who Meaningfully engaging displaced youth is Serves?” (Lee and Pritzker 2013) and “Creative Activism: Youth Media in Palestine” (Norman 2009). beneficial for displaced youth, their families and
Meaningfully Engaging Youth in the Governance of the Global Refugee System 9 communities, the impact of projects and programs, support their families. For example, in a study of and the global community as a whole. The inability refugee youth in the Middle East, youth expressed of displaced youth to self-advocate in occupational, a desire to emigrate to find work and send educational or other social settings hinders their remittances back to their families (Chatty 2007, 277). sense of belonging and can serve as a barrier to If youth assume responsibilities to contribute to their integration into host communities (Edge, the economic and practical needs of their families, Newbold and McKeary 2014, 37). Effective youth they should be involved in programs designed to engagement is a key factor for positive youth benefit them (Couch 2007, 39). Failing to involve outcomes at personal, social and community levels, them could render these programs ineffective. and for the development of their communities (Iwasaki 2015, 26; Makhoul, Alameddine and In fact, while programs for conflict-affected children Afifi 2011, 914). Settlement outcomes for youth and youth are often dictated by adults’ perceptions are also dependent on their ability to become of the impact of war on young people (Boyden valued citizens within their new country (Correa- and de Berry 2004, xix), studies have shown that Velez, Gifford and Barnett 2010, 1406). On the providing opportunities for youth to inform or co- one hand, a lack of coordinated focus specific create these programs makes the programs more to youth in early resettlement programs results effective (Lansdown 2001, 4, 23). The engagement in the inability of educational and employment and presence of young people have been shown to policies to adequately meet the needs of refugee enhance the performance of boards and committees youth (ibid., 1399). On the other hand, engaging (Office for Youth 2004). Conversely, organizations displaced youth has been found to improve their that treat refugee youth as dependent, irresponsible academic performance, enhance their pro-social and incompetent will find this approach becomes attitude, develop their self-image, and allow them a self-fulfilling prophecy (Couch 2007, 39). to acquire new skills and explore viable career Investing in opportunities for youth to engage in opportunities (Makhoul, Alameddine and Afifi decision making and governance is also beneficial 2011, 915). Providing space and opportunities for to the global community. Where societies fail to youth engagement can help youth prepare for integrate youth in meaningful ways, young people their own decision making and build connections are more likely to engage in political violence they need for their healthy development (Burfoot (Proctor 2015, 43). A failure to engage youth and 2003, 45). For example, 23 Palestinian youth aged prevent feelings of powerlessness and isolation 17 to 25 living in or around the Borj El Barajneh could increase the likelihood of their recruitment refugee camp were trained as youth mentors by extremist groups (Burfoot 2003, 49), thereby as part of the Qaderoon13 youth mental health contributing to global insecurity. Meaningful intervention project for Palestinian refugee children youth engagement is key to addressing this 10 to 15 years of age (Makhoul, Alameddine and challenge. “Where existing political institutions Afifi 2011, 915-16). The youth mentors cited four lack the capacity — or the will — to incorporate benefits they gained by participating in the new voices, youth empowerment may result in project: personal development; self-confidence expectations outpacing changes in the status and courage; ability to better articulate and quo [and] dissatisfied youth may seek alternative voice their opinions; and learning skills such as methods to express their frustration” (Proctor 2015, patience, conflict management, problem solving, 38). Thus far, discussions on youth, recruitment negotiation and anger management (ibid., 920). and violent extremism have featured prominently Besides benefiting displaced youth themselves, in global discourse and have largely focused on their meaningful engagement and opportunities preventing the recruitment of youth by extremist to exercise their agency benefit their families and groups, thereby reinforcing paradoxical depictions communities. The refugee children participating of youth as victims and perpetrators, without in the Qaderoon project benefited from youth recognizing their important role in peacebuilding, mentorship through improved social skills (ibid., state building, development and innovation. 923). Removing barriers to and creating accessible Young people’s participation has the potential opportunities for displaced youth’s involvement in to improve stability, enhance democracy and economic activities would also allow them to better support peaceful social change (Burfoot 2003, 48). It is argued that when people feel like they belong to a community they helped create, they 13 Qaderoon translates to “We are capable” in English from Arabic.
10 World Refugee Council Research Paper No. 18 — November 2019 • Bushra Ebadi are more likely to safeguard it (Stevenson and other mental health challenges, which require Sutton 2011, 139). Fostering this type of inclusion targeted interventions (Dryden-Petersen and is important because the engagement of youth Reddick 2017, 255). Even when refugee youth are (whether displaced or not) can ensure that any resettled, they risk living in poverty in the places policies or solutions developed for the effective they resettled to (Bajaj and Bartlett 2017, 26). governance of the refugee system are sustainable Therefore, displaced youth experience risk and and have the buy-in of a key stakeholder group. precariousness at each stage of their journey.
For IDP youth, residency-based registration and Recommendation 3 other identification requirements can exclude →→ Multilateral organizations (such as the UNHCR, individuals from basic social protection assistance the World Bank and the International Monetary (Hopkins, Bastagli and Hagen-Zanker 2016). Only Fund) and regional organizations (such as the one-third of displaced Afghan youth reported African Union, the Organization of American owning an Afghan identity document (Schmeidl States, the Association of Southeast Asian and Bose 2016, 75). The experiences of internally Nations and so forth) governments, civil society displaced Afghan youth are not unlike the and the private sector should commit to experiences of other internally displaced youth mainstreaming youth within their operations around the world. Without official identification and ensure that youth are being meaningfully and documentation, displaced youth are often engaged in a way that avoids tokenizing prevented from accessing services and programs. It them or undermining their contributions. is also often difficult to access IDP youth, because they have not crossed an international border.
“Refugee youth…who have been forced to resettle frequently have experienced disrupted education backgrounds that may create disadvantages Barriers to Youth and have implications for their educational and employment prospects” (Lloyd and Wilkinson Engagement 2016, 300). Refugee and asylum-seeking youth often lack citizenship and therefore the pathway Despite the myriad of benefits of meaningfully to rights that enable post-education work and civil engaging youth in the governance of the global and political participation (Dryden-Petersen 2016, refugee and IDP systems, a number of barriers 480). The disruption of youth’s education can be prevent them from effectively doing so. The social especially problematic for youth engagement, as exclusion of displaced youth, as well as youth it can prevent them from acquiring the skills and more broadly, is not only economic, but cultural connections to meaningfully engage. Education and spatial (White 2007, 244). Displaced youth and schools often serve as vehicles and space are excluded from decision and policy making, for youth to exercise their agency in a relatively program design and evaluation, and research. As safe environment, surrounded by other youth. such, this paper looks at the structural barriers experienced by youth, acknowledging that different The design and deployment of education models cultural, social, political and economic contexts need to be intentional if they are to address will influence their individual experiences. the specific needs of displaced youth and to avoid replicating models of oppression, (neo-) colonialism and persecution. Furthermore, The Experience of Being the lack of global standardization of education Forcibly Displaced can result in youth being unprepared for the Experiences of displacement are inherently curriculum in refugee camps or the country to marginalizing. The experience of being forcibly which they are transiting or being resettled. disconnected from one’s home, community, friends and family often forces displaced youth to re- Recommendation 4 establish themselves in unpredictable, uncertain and, in many cases, highly volatile circumstances. →→ To address and, where possible, prevent Refugee youth exhibit high levels of trauma disruptions in education as a result of forced exposure, post-traumatic stress disorder and displacement, governments should invest
Meaningfully Engaging Youth in the Governance of the Global Refugee System 11 in accessible and affordable education and →→ Family separation should never be used the leadership development of displaced as a means to dissuade individuals youth in partnership with educational from seeking or claiming asylum. institutions and civil society organizations. Perceptions of Displaced Youth Broken Family Ties People tend to focus on youth’s vulnerabilities, Refugee or migrant youth are sometimes forced disregarding young people’s strengths and to break off ties with their families in the process potential, especially when they hear the word of seeking asylum. The full impact of the United “refugee” (Edge, Newbold and McKeary 2014, States’ policy of separating families (Jordan and 37). The representation of displaced youth as a Dickerson 2019) seeking asylum from violence vulnerable group lacking agency and skills can and persecutions in Latin America will likely be traced back to the Spanish War, where the remain unknown for years. What is known is Basque label was used to elicit sympathy and that the loss of family ties can lead to poor long- support for refugee children and to emphasize term outcomes, since networks are a vital factor “the assumed vulnerability and innocence of the in the successful integration of individuals. refugees as children” (Myers 2009, 33). While this type of representation had short-term benefits, In some cases, youth are seen to be more mobile such as creating support for fundraising activities, than other family members and are the first ones it eventually created long-term problems, where to seek safety abroad, with the hopes that they will the “assumed innocence and passivity” of youth be able to quickly establish themselves and support did not account for their positive and political the resettlement of other family members in the roles (ibid., 43). Conceptualizations of youth as future. A study conducted with Afghan refugee inherent victims are often used to justify their youth in Perth, Australia, revealed the high value protection, care and legal advocacy, diverting placed on families by displaced youth in their advocates away from inquiring what youth view resettlement and resilience, with youth expressing to be in their own best interests (Goździak and a desire to sponsor their family members to Ensor 2010, 275). For example, in the context of resettle in Australia (Earnest et al. 2015, 7). the work of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East Family reunions are not always possible; family (UNWRA), accounts of young people’s lives are, members may be killed during conflict or for the most part, narrowly restricted to their resettled in a different place from their children, function as passive beneficiaries of its assistance while unaccompanied children may be forced to (Hart 2004, 171). This type of depiction of displaced formally break ties with their parents in order youth, and youth in general, is problematic to apply for asylum. For example, in the United because it not only risks further marginalizing States, unaccompanied minors are often forced them, but it also reinforces unequal/hegemonic to make claims that their parents abandoned, power structures (Vignette 2). In fact, Kevin abused or neglected them, in order to be Myers argues that these types of perceptions and eligible to apply for asylum (Heidbrink 2014). depictions of youth reproduce cultural chauvinism Intergenerational trauma also presents a where those who are able to “help” displaced challenge to displaced youth, even when they youth adopt an “us versus them” mentality, are accompanied by their parents or caregivers. which is central to imperialism (Myers 2009, 43). Few systematic studies exist evaluating Displaced youth are then considered outsiders in services for parents exposed to conflict, their new societies/communities, which further “unauthorized migration” or displacement exacerbates their exclusion (Couch 2007, 39). (Yoshikawa, Wuermli and Aber 2018, 197). There is a general failure to recognize young people’s agency and the invaluable contributions Recommendation 5 they can and do make to society. Perceptions of →→ Family reunification programs should be inferiority and dependence contrast with young prioritized by governments, and concerted people’s roles in familiar decision-making processes efforts should be made to ensure that families and their decisions as individual social actors are able to resettle together, where possible. (Heidbrink 2014, 15). For example, unaccompanied youth in the United States were found to negotiate
12 World Refugee Council Research Paper No. 18 — November 2019 • Bushra Ebadi narrative” that refugees are passive victims and instead make them agents who are empowered Vignette 2: “I Never Called Myself a from within instead of through traditional models Refugee” of emergency aid (Zeus 2011, 272). However, the Conceptualizations and knowledge of media and education systems are not solely to the experiences of displaced youth lack blame for these perceptions. Displaced youth are nuance, often either infantilizing or increasingly criminalized in judicial systems around criminalizing displaced young people. the world. For example, in the United States, the number of migrant children in detention, “I never called myself a refugee and many of whom are seeking asylum, reportedly hated everything about the word. increased fivefold in September 2018 from the But in the English language it means previous year, reaching a total of 12,800 detained someone who is seeking refuge in “shelters” (Dickerson 2018). In this context, or safety and that is something “engagement” with young people is heavily everyone is doing at some point in focused on their proximity to gang violence, their lives. But with the negative drug dealing and possible incarceration, instead connotations of the word and view of seeing youth as agents of change in their of refugees as disempowered or communities and societies (Couch 2007, 40). dangerous, it made me not want to be associated with this word.” Recommendation 6 — Lubna Rashid, entrepreneurship in crises →→ Youth must be conceptualized as complex, researcher and Ph.D. candidate, department of multi-faceted individuals. Language that Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management oversimplifies their characteristics or at the Technical University of Berlin assigns them rigid attributes should be avoided by governments, civil society, complex networks of actors and institutions in researchers and multilateral organizations. order to evade deportation, earn an income and contribute to household economies in the United →→ Efforts should be made by all stakeholders, States and their countries of origin (ibid., 19). including governments, multilateral and regional organizations, civil society, While it is vital that young people’s capacities academia and the private sector, to base their be acknowledged and supported, there is a risk conceptions of leadership on the qualities that increasing recognition of youth agency may individuals possess and the influence and provide justification for their criminalization and agency they are able to exercise rather than prosecution as adults within the justice system. their age, gender, sexuality, income, status For example, in France the empowerment of and abilities, among other characteristics. children and recognition of their active agency have resulted in calls for more punishment, lowering the Recommendation 7 minimum age for criminal responsibility and for retribution for offenders, and more compensation →→ Governments, multilateral and regional for victims and/or society (Terrio 2007, 166). These organizations, and civil society should examine developments mark a shift away from welfare opportunities to ensure youth are able to approaches to ones that emphasize children’s fully engage in governance (including the accountability and responsibility for their actions. development of programs, policies, frameworks and so forth) and are able to fully exercise their The representation of youth as a vulnerable agency, regardless of their citizenship status. population in need of care and support conflicts with simultaneous depictions of them as criminals and social deviants. People’s views of youth are Exclusion from Aid and influenced by sensationalized media coverage of Funding Priorities their involvement in crime, leading to exaggerated Engaging youth in the governance of the refugee threat perceptions of youth by older generations and IDP systems can lengthen the time horizon within the population (Burfoot 2003, 46). Higher in which actors operate and ensure that long- education is seen as a crucial “tool to…reverse [the] term outcomes and concerns are also prioritized.
Meaningfully Engaging Youth in the Governance of the Global Refugee System 13 Currently, most humanitarian operations have a →→ Governments should ensure their laws and strong focus on immediate needs. For example, the regulations allow refugee youth to be gainfully vast majority of the UNWRA’s and international employed or to start their own enterprises. non-government organizations’ internationally funded efforts focused on providing humanitarian →→ Multi-stakeholder financial investments relief instead of sustainable development or should be made in support of youth peacebuilding processes (Natil 2016, 81). Instead of leadership and development, education solely focusing and prioritizing immediate needs, and economic opportunities, including the inclusion of youth considerations can shift the entrepreneurship. This could take the form focus of governments, international organizations, of a global refugee/displaced youth fund. civil society and the private sector to long-term objectives, such as sustainable development, education and economic opportunities, and peace. Vignette 3: 734 Coffee
Furthermore, without youth present at the Manyang Reath Kher, a former refugee from decision-making table, they are unable to influence South Sudan who was resettled in the United budgeting to reflect their needs and priorities. States, started 734 Coffee, a social enterprise Youth face funding issues around the world as a selling coffee, in order to help send refugee result of negative perceptions conflating youth children and youth to school and provide movements with alter-globalization movements an opportunity for people to learn about in countries such as Japan (Chan 2008, 315). refugees and their stories when they drink coffee. His personal experience of living in Despite skepticism on funding for youth-led a refugee camp gave him first-hand insights organizations and young people in general, into the cycles of poverty that ensue there. He investments in youth provide a far greater return identified education as key to ending the cycle. than their upfront cost. By investing in the ideas and work of (formerly) displaced youth (such as Reath Kher, in an interview with the author Manyang Reath Kher in Vignette 3), institutions conducted as part of this paper’s research, and donors would essentially be investing in says that “we need to allow refugees to solutions championed by individuals with lived work. There’s currently no guarantee that experiences of displacement and the creativity you have the right to start a business, even and ingenuity to present innovative solutions if you have the money. Some people have to the challenges plaguing the system. resources and they’ve been displaced by war but have the means to start a business. A global refugee/displaced youth fund could be We need to give them opportunities to do developed to invest in initiatives, projects or ideas so. You rebuild countries through action. led by displaced youth. The fund could be managed If you allow a refugee to contribute to the by an investment firm or independent global system and allow them to create a business, body. In order to develop the structure of the fund, they can be successful. I wanted to show it is recommended that additional research be this by starting my own business.” conducted to identify the various models one could employ in the context of displacement and youth. Exclusionary Government Recommendation 8 Policies and Legal Frameworks →→ Multilateral organizations, governments Current policies and laws around the world and civil society should engage youth either fail to account for the experiences of in developing spending plans. displaced youth or discriminate against them. The exclusion of displaced youth as members →→ Donors should earmark funds for in any political community renders them non- displaced and host community youth in persons with respect to justice and results in their governance, development, peacebuilding political alienation, inefficacy and disengagement and human rights activities. (Fraser 2005, 77; Banks 2019, 245). For example, US immigration law does not recognize child- or age-specific persecution, such as experienced by
14 World Refugee Council Research Paper No. 18 — November 2019 • Bushra Ebadi child soldiers, youth resisting gang members and its non-voting constituents (youth under the age youth as political activists in adjudicating asylum of 18) little real political power (Kwon 2012, 739, claims (Heidbrink 2014, 80). This lack creates a 744). Governments simply fail to prioritize youth severe impediment for young people who have engagement and priorities. The absence of much- legitimate claims of persecution that are deemed to needed collaboration on youth policy programming be irrelevant by restrictive laws and frameworks. in the Northern Triangle of Central America In fact, the use of the law as a vehicle to deal can be attributed to a lack of coordination by with youth integration has been a long-standing governments (Schmidt 2017, 75). The combination challenge in advanced industrialized economies of restrictive laws and legal policies and the (Venkatesh and Kassimir 2007, 6). Legal discourses lack of prioritization of youth engagement by governing youth, whether linked to social governments and other organizations serves to justice and universal rights or associated with disenfranchise youth, especially displaced youth criminalization and law enforcement, may originate who lack protections that citizens may be afforded. in nation-states, but increasingly they circulate globally and are tied to neo-liberalism (Terrio 2007, Recommendation 9 165). Young people’s place is inherently tied to their relationship with the state and its borders — when →→ Youth should be acknowledged young people are displaced, they “lose” their place. and accounted for in national and This loss is especially important for young people international laws and treaties. who are reliant on their relationship with the →→ Law makers should consider extending state, a relationship that is in and of itself fraught voting rights to youth 16 years of age. because of the power dynamics involved and the lack of mechanisms with which youth can hold →→ Governments should adopt a “whole of their governments to account. At the global level, government” approach to youth engagement, international law makes no distinction between ensuring youth are mainstreamed into all policy children and youth (Boyle, Smith and Guenther and program development and evaluations. 2006, 256). The UN Security Council’s resolutions relating to youth, peace and security do not directly →→ Governments should make meaningful address the policies of governments in regions financial and social investments in that have sustained conflict, oppressive and youth, including in official budgets. unrepresentative governance structures, corruption and marginalization (Williams 2016, 108). When youth are invited or “given” an opportunity Difficulty Adopting New to participate, they face obstacles as a result of exclusionary government policies or legal Ways of Working frameworks. Restrictive legal and cultural Even the most seemingly well-intentioned definitions of childhood and adulthood isolate organizations, which may be responsible for youth who cannot be classified or labelled either as improving outcomes for youth, have largely failed children in the Western sense or as adults (Swaine to successfully engage youth. This failure can be 2004, 64). These restrictive definitions permeate attributed to the combined difficulty of adopting government and institutional policies. While youth new models of working at an organizational may increasingly be invited to participate through level and fears of the change youth will bring to youth councils, youth policies and initiatives, and organizations when they are able to meaningfully government youth participation strategies, they engage and exercise influence. Working in are simultaneously patronized and told to wait participatory ways is difficult and requires a until they are adults to fully engage, as a result of reformulation of adults’ roles in relation to youth regulatory and law enforcement activity (White (Couch 2007, 42). For actors in the humanitarian and 2007, 223). For example, in attempting to challenge development spaces, treating youth as individuals the US government’s deportation of Cambodian with a right to their own personal views and refugees, members of the group AYPAL — Asian/ aspirations and as active participants in their Pacific Islander Youth Promoting Advocacy and families and communities can challenge traditional Leadership — found the system to be inefficient divisions between humanitarian assistance and and bureaucratic and disenfranchising, giving political solidarity (Hart 2004, 184). It is for this very
Meaningfully Engaging Youth in the Governance of the Global Refugee System 15 reason that displaced youth should be engaged 2011, 915, 924). The following approaches to youth and mainstreamed across the work of multilateral engagement are seen to be the most effective in organizations, civil society, governments and the facilitating young people’s well-being, sense of private sector. Youth can bring new perspectives belonging, leadership and communication skills, and challenge the dysfunctional status quo and and opportunities to enact meaningful change. do not have a vested interest in maintaining existing power structures and bureaucracies. Potential Approaches There are a variety of approaches to “youth Recommendation 10 engagement,” some more effective than others at →→ Organizations should make an effort to advancing the agency of youth. For example, an promote the benefits of engaging youth equality approach expects young people to fit into in their work and dispel myths, concerns existing structures that may be inherently exclusive or fears that existing members may have (Couch 2007, 42). In contrast, equity approaches are about adopting new ways of working. seen to be preferable since they involve an analysis and identification of different levels of exclusion, →→ Organizations should develop youth engagement acknowledge issues of difference and formulate plans and strategies in collaboration ways existing structures can accommodate those with youth, and develop monitoring and who are excluded from decision making, design, evaluation programs to ensure that the evaluation and other processes (Couch 2007, 42). At strategies are effectively implemented. the national and local levels, governments need to deploy a “whole of government approach” to allow youth to move beyond “observer status” in policy cycles and actually shape and influence political outcomes (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2016, 30). At the international A Model for Effective level, the focus is often on children’s, and sometimes explicitly youth, rights. While a rights- Youth Engagement based approach can help provide legal protections for youth, it is insufficient in achieving sustainable In order to facilitate meaningful youth engagement public support for young people’s participation in the global refugee and IDP systems, it will be (Burfoot 2003, 48). It is insufficient to simply necessary to not only address the barriers that provide protections to youth without addressing prevent displaced youth from engaging but to the challenges they face and acknowledging and also invest in and implement approaches to supporting their capacities. Analysis of agency and youth engagement that champion their agency rights becomes central in migrant youth narratives, and development. Effective approaches to youth accounting for the ways they cross physical, social engagement will avoid tokenization and ensure the and metaphoric borders and reside in overlapping experiences and insights of young people translate spaces of impossibility: social invisibility, to real outcomes and change. Motivations for illegality or independence (Heidbrink 2014, 20). youth engagement are cross-cultural (Makhoul, Alameddine and Afifi 2011, 925). Refugee youth, in Approaches to youth engagement are most particular, identified the following factors as being effective when they address structural barriers important for their well-being and empowerment: to engagement, prioritize youth rights, and a sense of belonging; a positive self-identity; acknowledge and develop young people’s emotional well-being; and supportive environments capacities to meaningfully engage and lead. and relationships to facilitate agency and self- Young people should be perceived and treated determination (Edge, Newbold and McKeary 2014, as “directors” and “partners,” rather than simply 34, 37). Furthermore, youth are motivated to engage as subjects, and have accessible opportunities as a result of their personal experiences with to impact processes, influence decisions or social injustice, enhanced feelings of belonging to produce outcomes (Couch 2007, 39). In order a community, feeling psychologically stimulated, to develop the leadership capacity of youth, improved efficacy as a result of learning new we need grassroots programs that implement skills, and integrity for themselves and their principles of positive youth development and of communities (Makhoul, Alameddine and Afifi youth community organization or mobilization
16 World Refugee Council Research Paper No. 18 — November 2019 • Bushra Ebadi that sustainably harness young people’s ideas youth, are not further marginalized. Some of around the issues that are important to them these issues can be mitigated by actively and (Schmidt 2017, 75). Intersectional approaches meaningfully engaging marginalized youth in to youth engagement are therefore crucial in designing programs and systems, rather than mainstreaming youth into governance systems. merely viewing them as passive beneficiaries.
Intersectionality not only entails a plurality of Recommendation 11 disciplines being represented — such as human rights, behavioural science, development, →→ The United Nations and other multilateral economics and security — but also requires the agencies, governments and civil society inclusion of diverse lived experiences and identities organizations should adopt intersectional in order to be truly effective. The experience of approaches to youth engagement. youth as a stage of one’s life can differ based on one’s gender. In some contexts, youth can signify →→ Multilateral agencies, governments, civil society “a time when the ‘world expands’ for boys and organizations and other relevant actors should ‘contracts’ for girls” in the sense that restricting mainstream youth and gender across their social norms may prevent females from socializing work and adopt gender- and diversity-based outside of their homes and participating in various analysis to their programming and strategies. activities (Schmeidl and Bose 2016, 70, 76). For →→ Organizations should ensure that the example, a study of Somali refugee youth resettled diversity of youth needs are accounted for, to the United States found that gender plays a in particular the needs of those who are significant role in the way youth adapted to a host traditionally marginalized from governance. culture (Shepard 2008, 236). Girls were more likely to have more parental restrictions and household responsibilities than boys; these restrictions Recognizing the Agency afforded girls less time to socialize outside of school of Displaced Youth and the family environment, while boys were The capacity for youth, displaced youth in given more autonomy (ibid.). Sports teams were particular, to impact, influence and contribute also found to be more accessible to boys than to to policies and programming within the global girls (Lloyd and Wilkinson 2016, 305). While male refugee system often goes unrecognized. Refugee refugee youth expressed anxiety about being seen youth are rarely constructed as actors in the public as idle in public spaces in Kakuma refugee camp, sphere and are instead seen as a disengaged group females expressed anxiety about being forced to at risk of becoming a problem for society (Couch stay indoors and as such being further isolated 2007, 40). Adolescents are portrayed as passive from the community (Bellino 2018, 550). On the one recipients of adult agency, emphasizing their hand, female Palestinian refugee youth articulated vulnerability, helplessness and reliance on adults, a lack of social freedom regarding marriage and when in reality they define their own allegiances education, fewer opportunities relative to their during conflicts, as well as their own strategies male counterparts, and constraints within the for coping and survival (Boyden and de Berry family household and community (Chatty 2009, 2004, xv). Rigid conceptualizations of youth as 329-30, 335). On the other, male Palestinian refugee victims and criminals undermine their agency youth were found to have greater liberty and and influence the design of policies and programs were more directly involved in political activities, that are meant to benefit them. As a result, including “membership in groups, taking part in existing policies fail to recognize the resources confrontations and being imprisoned” (Chatty 2009, displaced youth bring to a new country and 335). In a survey of internally displaced Afghan miss the opportunity to develop their leadership youth, a majority of female respondents and almost (Correa-Velez, Gifford and Barnett 2010, 1399). half of displaced male respondents reported never going to school (Schmeidl and Bose 2016, 73). As The global refugee and IDP systems are currently investments are made in youth engagement, it is structured in such a way to undermine young crucial that a gender-based analysis be conducted people’s agency. For example, within multilateral to ensure that inequalities are not reinforced and organizations, donor funding requires reporting that certain groups of individuals, in particular on youth’s needs and vulnerabilities, as opposed young women and gender and sexually diverse to their capacities. Organizing displaced youth
Meaningfully Engaging Youth in the Governance of the Global Refugee System 17 exclusively according to their needs, deficiencies of support (Yoshikawa, Wuermli and Aber 2018, and vulnerabilities sets them up as victims rather 192). The presence of supportive and socially than as citizens with a stake in their community accepting environments and peers are crucial (Stevenson and Sutton 2011, 144). Structure is also for the well-being and self-determination of a challenge at the regional level. In the Middle East unaccompanied minors (Korjonen-Kuusipuro, and North Africa, youth have limited opportunities Kuusisto and Tuominen 2019, 564). to influence policy making, and generally lack adequate access to decent employment, quality Recommendation 12 education and affordable health care (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development →→ Prioritize the individual and collective agency 2016, 3). A lack of empowerment and engagement of displaced youth, ensuring that their opportunities as factors limit young people’s capacities for enacting change, for contributing involvement in decision making (Mahoney 2016, 6). to knowledge creation, and for informing and designing policies, programs and other Alternatively, by creating space for displaced interventions are acknowledged and supported. youth to meaningfully engage in the governance of the refugee and IDP systems, these young Investing in and Building Spaces people may be able to leverage their influence and ability to exercise agency in other areas of Conducive to Youth Engagement their lives (Gaventa 2006, 27). For example, in In order to realize meaningful youth engagement the United States, the DREAMers — primarily within the global refugee and IDP systems, undocumented students and youth who support structural reforms are needed. One way to enact the proposed Development, Relief, and Education structural change is through the environment for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act — are utilizing in which governance takes place. Having political participation as the vehicle for social agencies or programs with leaders and staff from change through rallies, marches, petitions, sit-ins, diverse refugee backgrounds who can relate to teach-ins and acts of civil disobedience, while refugee experiences can help create supportive publicly (sometimes through media) demanding environments and relationships to facilitate the resolution to their tentative legal status in the agency and empowerment of refugee youth (Edge, United States (Heidbrink 2014, 60, 160). Providing Newbold and McKeary 2014, 39). It is important for opportunities for young people to self-advocate young people to have space to speak about their and influence policy not only benefits them but experiences and to choose how they represent also builds their capacities to advocate on behalf themselves to their community, friends and host of other marginalized groups. For example, a country (Gifford and Wilding 2013, 561). Displaced study of Palestinian youth’s use of participatory youth themselves explicitly communicate the media demonstrates that participatory media importance of, and demand, inclusive and engaging can more actively engage youth in their local and spaces. In a study of Palestinian refugee youth, global communities, enable youth to amplify their respondents understood their social exclusion voices, raise awareness of conflict, and challenge and experience of discrimination through the dominant discourses about youth (Norman 2009, presence of a “poor physical environment 272-73). By exercising their agency, refugee youth and housing conditions…the overcrowding, contribute to social change for individual refugees the lack of privacy, the non-existence of any and for the refugee community as a whole (Dryden- ‘green space’ or playing fields, the lack of public Petersen 2006, 390; Pinson, Arnot and Candappa services, libraries, clubs, and poor sanitation” 2010). Championing and prioritizing the agency (Chatty 2009, 333). Physical space and the way of displaced youth can ensure that sustainable it is designed is clearly important for displaced and inclusive solutions and change is enacted youth who, as a result of their displacement, have for the entire community of displaced persons. lost or been forced from their space or place.
Supporting the collective agency of displaced Displaced youth need, therefore, to be partners youth can contribute to greater individual agency in designing and developing these spaces. as well. By supporting the agency of the group Active involvement in place shaping is a proven and creating opportunities to mobilize together, empowerment mechanism and a strong means of displaced youth can benefit from a peer network building citizenship (Stevenson and Sutton 2011, 137). Spaces are often reflective of power; those
18 World Refugee Council Research Paper No. 18 — November 2019 • Bushra Ebadi who help create the space are able to demonstrate important role in the settlement process for youth and exercise their power in the created space. (Gifford and Wilding 2013, 560-61). For example, For example, in Tunisia, Houssem Aoudi founded ICTs enabled Karen refugee youth in Australia to Cogite, a creative co-working space in Tunis that resist expectations of assimilation in favour of provides a platform for young entrepreneurs to more positive forms of resettlement (ibid., 572). collaborate, in order to build civic entrepreneurship Everyday socio-technical and institutional spaces throughout the country (Williams 2016, 106). allow refugee youth to improve their information Aoudi was motivated to become an entrepreneur literacy, create conducive learning environments, in order to mount a resistance against an maintain familial networks and keep up to date on “unfriendly banking system and old-fashioned global events affecting their homeland (Lloyd and government” (Williams 2016, 106). Similarly, Wilkinson 2016, 305–9). Global virtual spaces also allowing youth to co-create spaces of governance provide youth with an opportunity to develop their can help facilitate a shift away from traditional, identities alongside other young people, allowing patronizing hierarchies that disenfranchise them to reimagine their sense of being an outsider young people and other marginalized groups. in the real world by becoming an insider in the virtual world (Gifford and Wilding 2013, 569). A Providing space for opportunity, dignity and study of Syrian refugee youth in Canada revealed decent jobs is not just beneficial to displaced that social media played a role in helping them youth themselves but also central to stability and learn “about Canada, its culture, languages, and social cohesion (ibid., 105). Prioritizing policies everyday life” (Veronis, Tabler and Ahmed 2018, and services that ensure open and socially 86). However, the risks of being further persecuted inclusive structures in the host community can as a result of government surveillance and promote the well-being and effective settlement privacy breaches can prevent displaced and other of displaced youth (Correa-Velez, Gifford and marginalized youth from fully engaging. Displaced Barnett 2010, 1406). Building these types of spaces youth may self-censor in order to mitigate some should not be restricted to the resettlement stage of these risks in light of poor internet governance of the displaced youth’s experience. The ability and insufficient or non-existent legal protections. for refugees to make rights claims and service demands and to negotiate their relationships While digital spaces are important for with aid agencies and governments in camp displaced youth, efforts should also be made settings may also reshape their expectations of to invest in physical, everyday spaces, such as governance in the societies they may eventually libraries, community and faith-based groups, (re)settle in (Stevenson and Sutton 2011, 138). and extracurricular activities (sports, artistic endeavours and so forth). These spaces provide Educational spaces, when designed with agency valuable opportunities for young people to build and inclusion as priorities, can enable displaced social and cultural capital and information and youth to better engage in the governance of the other literacies (Lloyd and Wilkinson 2016, 300). system as a whole. Schools can serve as spaces These spaces can also provide displaced youth where marginalization and oppression are with information, skills-building opportunities, challenged through the promotion of “democratic mental health services and counselling, and health environments in which power is shared” (Korjonen- workshops (ibid., 308), which can remove the Kuusipuro, Kuusisto and Tuominen 2019, 11). As barriers from successful integration and meaningful these spaces are developed, it will be important to engagement in decision making and governance. account for the varied experiences of refugees, IDPs and stateless persons, whose differing statuses and Recommendation 13 unique challenges will impact the feasibility and effectiveness of institutional and program design. →→ Work with displaced and other youth to develop inclusive governance spaces and processes In an increasingly connected world, online and for the global refugee and IDP systems. technologically facilitated spaces serve as an important vehicle through which displaced →→ Create accessible opportunities for youth to youth are able to exercise their agency, especially participate and engage in program design and when they have been displaced from physical implementation, policy making, monitoring spaces. Availability and access to information and evaluation, and negotiations. communication technologies (ICTs) play an
Meaningfully Engaging Youth in the Governance of the Global Refugee System 19 →→ Ensure the accessibility and security of often play in the lives of youth, displaced youth in digital spaces for youth, while addressing particular. For example, for displaced Palestinian the particular needs, vulnerabilities youth, family is the centre of the individual’s life and capacities of displaced youth. and the “locus of transmission of identity” (Chatty 2009, 336). Effective engagement strategies for →→ Multilateral and regional organizations, displaced youth are those that connect with governments, civil society and the private families, including parents, grandparents and sector should invest in physical spaces and siblings, and provide them with information. institutions, such as libraries, community and Working in isolation from families risks loosening faith-based groups, and extracurricular activities family ties that may be a young person’s first line in order to support displaced youth’s well- of protection (Couch 2007, 41). Young people’s being and build their capacities to engage in the empowerment may also represent a major shift governance of the refugee and IDP systems. in social functioning and may be seen as loss of power and control by adults or parents, especially Prioritizing Intergenerational when they have experienced dramatic changes or Dialogue and Partnerships are unable to fully assert their own rights (ibid.). In addition to investing in spaces conducive Intergenerational role reversals that challenge to youth engagement in the governance of the social norms around authority and respect refugee and IDP systems, it is also crucial to invest may seem threatening to older people in building and fostering healthy relationships. (Hampshire et al. 2011, 83). However, when According to Mercy Corps, youth civic engagement done successfully, youth engagement should programs that are not coupled with meaningful not entail the relinquishing of adults’ power governance reforms may frustrate youth as a result and responsibility to youth. Rather, meaningful of exclusive, elder-dominated formal institutions youth engagement requires intergenerational that fail to address their concerns and create space dialogue and partnerships to ensure that all for them to meaningfully engage (Proctor 2015, 2). stakeholders are effectively contributing to the The development of interpersonal, leadership and governance of the refugee and IDP systems. citizenship skills, as well as relationships between adolescent refugees and adults, can foster a sense Recommendation 14 of social inclusion among displaced youth through improved access and participation in civil society →→ Organizations, governments and civil society (Wilkinson, Santoro and Major 2017, 215, 217). should invest and commit to implementing Positive outcomes for youth depend on listening and realizing mechanisms and opportunities to their views and developing their leadership for intergenerational dialogue and partnerships and sharing power with them in authentic ways for governing the refugee and IDP systems. through intergenerational collaboration (Schmidt 2017, 75). In order to overcome problematic and hierarchical power relations and ensure youth are not tokenized, adults should proactively seek opportunities for youth to contribute their views and suggestions to both support their capacities Conclusion and Next and better understand their perspectives (ibid., 76). Steps Recognizing the agency of youth and building their capacities may cause tension to develop between While the benefits of engaging youth, in particular young people and their families and communities. displaced youth, in the governance of the global The terms autonomy, independence and resilience refugee and IDP systems are evident, thus far most may carry the threat of further fragmentation for organizations and governments have failed to do so displaced populations who may fear losing their effectively and meaningfully. Displaced youth are youth to a new culture after having already lost further rendered invisible because so few studies their homes (Couch 2007, 41). These fears can be have been done by, with or about them, especially especially magnified when displaced youth are regarding their agency, engagement and ability to isolated from their families, and isolation alone is influence and participate as partners in decision- problematic, because of the crucial role families making processes and fora. Displaced youth face
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Meaningfully Engaging Youth in the Governance of the Global Refugee System 25 About CIGI À propos du CIGI
We are the Centre for International Governance Au Centre pour l'innovation dans la gouvernance Innovation: an independent, non-partisan internationale (CIGI), nous formons un groupe de réflexion think tank with an objective and uniquely indépendant et non partisan doté d’un point de vue global perspective. Our research, opinions and objectif et unique de portée mondiale. Nos recherches, public voice make a difference in today’s world nos avis et nos interventions publiques ont des effets by bringing clarity and innovative thinking réels sur le monde d'aujourd’hui car ils apportent de la to global policy making. By working across clarté et une réflexion novatrice pour l’élaboration des disciplines and in partnership with the best politiques à l’échelle internationale. En raison des travaux peers and experts, we are the benchmark for accomplis en collaboration et en partenariat avec des pairs influential research and trusted analysis. et des spécialistes interdisciplinaires des plus compétents, nous sommes devenus une référence grâce à l’influence Our research programs focus on governance of the de nos recherches et à la fiabilité de nos analyses. global economy, global security and politics, and international law in collaboration with a range Nos programmes de recherche ont trait à la gouvernance of strategic partners and have received support dans les domaines suivants : l’économie mondiale, la from the Government of Canada, the Government sécurité et les politiques internationales, et le droit of Ontario, as well as founder Jim Balsillie. international. Nous comptons sur la collaboration de nombreux partenaires stratégiques et avons reçu le soutien des gouvernements du Canada et de l’Ontario ainsi que du fondateur du CIGI, Jim Balsillie. About the World Refugee À propos du Conseil mondial Council pour les réfugiés
There are more than 21 million refugees worldwide. Over Il y a en ce moment dans le monde plus de 21 millions half are under the age of 18. As a growing number of de réfugiés, et plus de la moitié d’entre eux ont moins these individuals are forced to flee their homelands in de 18 ans. En outre, de plus en plus de personnes search of safety, they are faced with severe limitations sont forcées de quitter leur pays natal et partent à la on the availability and quality of asylum, leading them recherche d’une sécurité, et elles sont alors confrontées to spend longer in exile today than ever before. aux limites importantes qui existent quant aux possibilités d’accueil et à la qualité de ce dernier. À The current refugee system is not equipped to respond cause de cette situation, les réfugiés passent maintenant to the refugee crisis in a predictable or comprehensive plus de temps que jamais auparavant en exil. manner. When a crisis erupts, home countries, countries of first asylum, transit countries and destination En ce moment, le système de protection des réfugiés countries unexpectedly find themselves coping with ne permet pas de réagir adéquatement à la crise des large numbers of refugees flowing within or over their réfugiés d’une façon planifiée et globale. Quand une borders. Support from the international community is crise éclate, les pays de premier asile, les pays de typically ad hoc, sporadic and woefully inadequate. transit et les pays de destination finale se retrouvent sans l’avoir prévu à devoir composer avec un grand Bold Thinking for a New Refugee System nombre de réfugiés qui arrivent sur leur territoire, le traversent ou en partent. Et le soutien fourni dans ce The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees contexte par la communauté internationale est en règle (UNHCR) led a consensus-driven effort to produce générale ponctuel, irrégulier et nettement inadéquat. a new Global Compact on Refugees in 2018. The World Refugee Council (WRC), established in May Des idées audacieuses pour un nouveau système de 2017 by the Centre for International Governance protection des réfugiés Innovation, is intended to complement its efforts. Le Haut-Commissariat pour les réfugiés (HCR) des The WRC seeks to offer bold strategic thinking about Nations Unies a dirigé des efforts découlant d’un how the international community can comprehensively consensus et visant à instaurer un nouveau « pacte respond to refugees based on the principles of mondial pour les réfugiés » en 2018. Mis sur pied international cooperation and responsibility sharing. The en mai 2017 par le Centre pour l’innovation dans la Council is comprised of thought leaders, practitioners gouvernance international (CIGI), le Conseil mondial and innovators drawn from regions around the world pour les réfugiés (CMR) veut compléter ces efforts. and is supported by a research advisory network. Le CMR vise à proposer une réflexion stratégique audacieuse The WRC explores advances in technology, innovative sur la manière dont la communauté internationale peut financing opportunities and prospects for strengthening réagir de façon globale aux déplacements de réfugiés, existing international law to craft and advance a strategic et ce, en se fondant sur les principes de la coopération vision for refugees and the associated countries. international et du partage des responsabilités. Formé de leaders, de praticiens et d’innovateurs éclairés The Council will produce a final report grounded provenant de toutes les régions du globe, le CMR bénéficie by empirical research and informed by an du soutien d’un réseau consultatif de recherche. extensive program of outreach to governments, intergovernmental organizations and civil society. Le CMR examine les progrès techniques, les occasions de financement novatrices ainsi que les possibilités pour ce qui est de renforcer le droit international et d’y intégrer une vision stratégique pour les réfugiées et les pays concernés.
Par ailleurs, le CMR produira un rapport final fondé sur des recherches empiriques et sur les résultats d’un vaste programme de sensibilisation ciblant les gouvernements, les organisations intergouvernementales et la société civile. 67 Erb Street West Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 6C2 www.cigionline.org
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