COMSAT Pathways, July

July-August 1976 SATELLITE Volume 1 Number 6 09 iftlwt

I•jCOMT GENERAL CORPORATION C. %1^ ^IWHAT COMSA T GENERAL CORPORA TION CONTENTS SATELLITE PAGE fith zivdys Satellites in demand (luring Bicentennial month: Viking mission to Mars, NBC's Glorious Fourth, USIA's Salute by Satellite, From New York: The July-August 1976 Parade of Ships 1 Volume 1 Number 6 NIARISAT's telephone call "fantastic" I I

PATHWAYS is published every NI,\RI t provides full service over Atlantic 12 other month by the Office of Public and Pacific satellites Information , Communications Sat- Second in series of C 0,\IS'I ARS launched 12 ellite Corporation , COMSAT Build- ing, 950 L 'Enfant Plaza, S.W., ''Informational" tariffs filed with FCC 13 Washington , D.C. 20024 . Phone AC 202, 554 -6104 or 6105. Twenty-second Meeting of INTELSAT Board of Gov- ernors completes busy session 13 EDITOR John J. Peterson New 1NTELSAT traffic data base shows pattern of long-term growth for system 17

PHOTOGRAPHY People and customs of ' lhe Vague . A feature by Allan W . Galfund IS James T. McKenna Betty Paulsen

20 STAFF CONTRIBUTORS News of the Corporation

Daniel N. Crampton Allan W . Galfund Labs radio "Hams" participate in Field Day. A Larry G. Hastings feature by Joe Kasser 21 James H. Kilcoyne James T. McKenna Carter 22 Edgar Bolen , Production Books Worth Reading by Rita

23 PUBLICATION ADVISORS Network Bits COMSAT Joseph V. Charyk Labs Closeup by Shirley Taylor 24 President Lucius D. Battle Senior Vice President. Corporate Affairs B.I. Edelson Cover. On July 26 the cover photograph was Viking 1 Lander with various identifications vi- Director , COMSAT Laboratories transmitted to earth from the surface of Mars. sible: the Flag of the United States, the Bicen- Robert B. Schwartz This photo was chosen for the cover for sev- tennial logo immediately below the flag and the Secretary and Director eral reasons, one of which is that the final leg Viking symbol. The scene in the background of Public Information of the photographic journey was by satellite, is looking almost due west on Mars. The lighter Stephen D. Smoke from the Buitrago Earth Station in Spain over zone at the far horizon is about two miles from Manager . Publications the Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT IV-A to COMSAT's the Lander. The picture was taken at local Mars Lawrence Weekley Earth Station at Etam, West Virginia. Other time of 7:18 a.m., hence the relatively dark sky Manager , Media Relations reasons for using the photograph include the and the far horizon illuminated by the sun just and Information Services view of the Martian surface and a part of the rising behind the Lander. NASA photo.

COMSAT General Hale Montgomery Director , Business Promotion

A member of the International Association of Business Communicators.

©COMMUNICATIONS SATFLLIT F CORPORATION I9'6 Satellites in demand during Bicentennial month

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First color photograph taken on the surface of Mars.

Viking Mission to Mars

ails iiAS FX :i ]E > man's imagina- rotated on a north-south axis like To impress the reader with the M tion more than any other celes- Earth, producing a day that was importance of the latest scientific tial body except the Sun and the about half an hour longer than achievement of the United States Moon. Its unusual reddish color, Earth's. in space exploration , the follow- which the ancients associated with In 1666, the Italian astronomer ing article is reprinted from fire and blood, gave rise to its being Giovanni I). Cassini observed and NA,SA'% G'zkina 1'7es^ Kit. named for the Roman God of bVar. sketched the Martian polar caps. Ob- I III Eorr(ttc The invention of the astronomical servers in the early I700's noted telescope by Galileo in 1608 opened Christian Iluygens made the first changes in the surface appearance in a new era in the observation of the sketch in 1659 of the dark region. a matter of hours, probably caused planet. Instead of appearing merely Syrtis Major (" giant quicksands''). by dust storms, now known to rage as a tiny disc, Mars' surface features Able to observe a distinguishable fea- periodically. In 1783, William Her- could be resolved. ture , Huygens could show that Mars schel observed that Mars' axis of rota- JULY - AUGUST 1976 1 °'" •- `'' -r4 • ^ `.`^^'' ±• _ •, .: W`t: Vii` ^' \ !a' L "--i. ..•,.C2. ► . „ Aft ..`^^

First panoramic view by Viking 1 from the surface of Mars. The out- of-focus spacecraft component at the far left is the housing for the Viking sample arm not yet deployed. To the left of the right-hand

PHOTOS COURTESY OF NASA

Lion is inclined to its orbital plane at about the same extent as Earth's, re- part of the century. with no possibil- which the Viking sites have been se- vcaling that long-term changes were ity of an unequivocal resolution. but lected. often associated with seasons that a gradual tendency developed among The scientific goal of the Viking would result from such inclination. scientists to be very skeptical of the missions is to "increase our know- In the l7th and 18th centuries, it likelihood. The skepticism was rein- ledge of the planet Mars with special was commonly accepted that Mars forced by the results of two Mariner emphasis on the search for evidence and the other planets were inhabited, flyby missions in 1963 and 1969. The of extraterrestrial life." The scientific but the real excitement was created limited coverage of only about 10 per questions deal with the atmosphere, by Giovanni Schiaparelli and Percival cent of the Martian surface by flyby the surface, the planetary body, and Lowell between 1877 and 1920. As a photography indicated that \tars was the question of bio-organic evolution. result of extensive observations, he- a lunar-like planet with a uniformly This goal ultimately means under- ginning with the favorable apparition cratered surface. standing the history of the planet. of 1877. Schiaparelli constructed de- In 1971-72 the ;Mariner 9 Orbiter The physical and chemical compo- tailed maps with many features, in- revealed a completely new and differ- sition of the atmosphere and its dy- cluding a number of dark, almost ent face of Mars. Whereas the flyby namics are of considerable interest, straight lines, some of them hundreds coverage had seen only a single geo- not only because they will extend out' of kilometers long. lie referred to logic regime in the cratered highlands understanding of planetary atmos- them as "canali" or channels. of the southern hemisphere. Mariner pheric sciences, but because of the in- II'hrough mistranslation. they be- 9 revealed gigantic volcanoes, it rift tense focus of interest in contempo- came "canals" and the idea of civ- valley that extends a fifth of the way rary terrestrial atmospheric problems. ilized societies was propagated. around the planet's circumference, We want to understand how to Lowell's firm opinion that the ca- and possible evidence of (lowing liquid model our own atmosphere more ac- nals were not natural features but water sometime in the past. Also re- curately, and we want to know how the work of "intelligent creatures, vealed were layered terrain in the the solar wind interacts with the up- alike to us in spirit but not in form,- polar regions, and the effects of dust per atmosphere: to do this we must contributed to the colorful literature. moved by winds of several hundred know more about its chemistry, the To pursue his interest in the canals kilometers an hour. contpisitiont of neutral gases and and Mars, he founded the Lowell Ob- In short, Mariner 9's 7,000 de- charged particles. servatory near Flagstaff, :\rizona, in tailed pictures revealed a dynamic. We want to reconstruct the physics 1894, and his writings about the ca- evolving stars completely different of the atmosphere and determine its nals and possible life on Mars created from the lunar-like planet suggested density profile. We want to measure great public excitement near the turn by the Ilyby evidence. That eminently the atmosphere down to the surface of the 20hh Century. successful Orbiter mission showed a and follow its changes, daily and sea- Speculation about intelligent life fascinating subject for scientific study sonally. From these data may come on Atar's continued through the first and also provided the maps from clues to the atmospheric processes 2 PATHWAYS page, on the Lander , the low-gain antenna for receipt of commands from the earth can be seen . The horizon features are approximately 1.8 miles away. The photos together complete a 300- degree panorama.

Finally, we regard as of utmost irn- that have been taking place and de- itation , is the age of the planet. portance a knowledge of the organic termining the planet's character. One mystery that Viking may character of the planet. Whether life Of special interest is the question solve is the fate of nitrogen. So far has begun or not, it is critical to our of water on Mars. Scientific literature there has been no report of' nitrogen concept of chemical evolution to de- is sparse in data and rich in specula- on Mars. Has it been lost by outgas- termine the path of carbon chemistry. tion. It is known that there is water sing? Is it locked up in the surface as Mars offers the first opportunity to in the Mars atmosphere, but the total nitrates or in some organic form! gain another perspective in the cosmic pressure of the atmosphere (about Chemists and biologists both look history of planetary chemistry. one percent of Earth's) will not sus- upon nitrogen , among the most cos- The scientific investigations of Vik- tain any large bodies of liquid water. mically abundant of the elements, as ing were intentionally selected to cont- Nevertheless, the presence of braided vitally important because of the clues plemlent one another- The Orbiter channels suggests to many geologists it provides to the evolution of the science instruments are used to help that they are the result of previous atmosphere and of the planet itself. select landing sires for the Lander in- periods of flowing water, This idea There is the final question of life vestigations. The Lander canicras of episodic water suggests it very dy- on Mars. This niav be one of the most help select soil samples for the chem- namic planet. inlpor•tant scientific questions of our ical and biological analyses. The me- The geology of Mars has attracted time. It is also one of the most dif- teorology data are used to determine great interest among planctologists ficult to answer . A negative answer periods of quiet for the seismology because of the wide variety of features does not prove there is no life on experiment. The atmospheric data seen in the Mariner photos. Mars. T he landing site may have arc used in detertnining the chemistry, Volcanolo,gists are intrigued by the been in the wrong place, during the which in turn is used in understand- high concentration of volcanoes near wrong season , or we may have con- ing ill(- biological result. the Tharsis ridge. Scientists who ducted the wrong experiments . Many But Viking's greatest asset is its study erosion are fascinated with the scientists still think there is a low flexibility. The scientist-eniZineer great rift valley (Valles Marineris) probability of life oil Mars. teams gill be interacting, hour by that is I00 kilometers (62 miles) wide, H ow can this extensive effort to hour. during the several months that 3,0t)0 km (I,ti(IO mi.) long and 6 kill perform the search he justified.' First. Viking will he returning data. l'.verv (4 mi.) deep. Some geologists have it must be acknowledged that there day will bring new discoveries and focused on the polar region, which ap- is no evidence at present, pro or con. fresh ideas for improving the mission pears to be stratified terrain. The of the existence of life on Mars. .\n([ to extract the maximum benefit from pole resembles a rosette; it has been what we seek is evidence. the re- this effort. suggested that this is evidence of pre- nlarkable thing is that we live at a G.A. ticrt•t•t•,x, ProjecI Scientist cession (wobbling) of the poles. One time in which we can make this first (i.l)..5,vxns, Associate Project important question that Viking is not test for life, and also assemble a great .Sc a rrtrst likely to answer, due to payload lirn- store of knowledge of the planet. C. S') prat, Orbiter ,Scteuti^t JULY -AUGUST 1976 3 Camera Window Scan Mirror Viking on Mars

Objective Lens Set IUUK VIKING I almost a year to

Detector I Ieach Mars after a curving flight Array of nearly 450 million miles. 1-went)-five seconds after touchdown, facsimile camera number two began sending the first picture hack to earth from the Plains of Chryse. Twenty minutes later, the picture Functional Martian Scene Electronics sequences of the Martian surface were being assembled for release to the news media at NASA's Jet Propul-

Lander sion Laboratory in California to he Transmitter dispatched to the North American continent and around the world over the global system of communications Ear satellites and earth stations. Deep Space The final lap of the photographic Network recording of the historic event was measured in fractions of seconds in time as the first photo from the I planet was beamed through space Magnetic over an ocean-orbiting communica- Tape tions satellite to the CortsAr earth station at Etam, West Virginia, at I the speed of light. In a little more than 20 minutes after touchdown, a viewer on any Ground continent of the world could watch Reconstruction as NASA's Lander photographically Equipment began its exploration of the Planet Mars from its surface 212 million miles in space. (Q4 sc^a Never before in the history of man Reproduced Scene on Film 1_` had such a communication chain been Lander Camera System of Operation forged in support of a single (-vent matching the VIKING Mission. Never before had NASA's Deep The following message was sent hV we pass to you his personal thanks Space Network been called upon to D. L. Schmittling, Chief, NASA Com- for a job well done. By way of this direct, track and record deep space munications Division , Goddard Space message, we are happy to do so. We penetration, minus the hand of man, Flight Center, to COMSAT'S George A. also add our thanks for your excellent to such a challenging degree. Lawler, Director of Alarketing. support and we anticipate it will con- Once again, as (luring the earlier tinue through the upcoming VIKING 2 On May 21, 1976, we solicited your Apot.t.o missions to the moon, the support for the planetary phase of Mars orbit insertion on August 7 and international system of' communica- VIKING I and 2 . That support was subsequent landing. The communications satellites and earth stations outstanding on July 20 when Viking I tions challenge is and continues to be played an integral part in the year- made its historic landing on Mars. significant and vital to the success of Immediately after the landing , Mr. 1). the VIKING program. With your help, long flight, in the landing and in car- Mudgway , the 1pi Deep Space Net- we in NASCOM are confident we will rying photographic documentation, work manager for VIKING;, asked that fleet it. live, to a waiting world. 4 PATHWAYS The Deep Space Network that the rivets on the aluminum foot- tioned a little more than three feet T In- AV EN\AS of the "Big Three" pad of the Lander could be counted. apart, mounted on stubby masts that Of the Deep Space Network in According to Viking Project Man- extend about -it inches above the sur- California, Australia and Spain car- ager James S. Martin, Jr., of the face, and having a relatively unob- ried the traffic between the VIKING'S Langley Research Center in Virginia, structed view across the area accessi- Orbiter and the lPl. Control (:enter the actual taking of the first picture, ble to the surface sampler. during the nearly year-long flight focusing on the terrain on which a Facsmile cameras are fundamental- to Mars. footpad of the Lander rested, took ly different in design from televi- Spaced at 120-degree intervals approximately five minutes with the sion cameras in that facsimile cameras across the earth's surface, the remainder of the 20 minutes required use mechanical instead of electronic ''big dishes" of The Deep Space for transmission through the VIKING scanning. An image is produced by Network took their turns in focusing Orbiter and on to earth. observing the object through sequen- their unblinking eyes on the lonely tial line scans with a nodding mir- space vehicle as it penetrated deeper The Cameras ror which reflects the lights from into the solar system. T trr VIKING Lander is equipped a small element of the object being The CuMSA r-managed system of with two identical c;irncra', posi- photographed. Each time the mirror satellites and carth stations consti- Viking Lander Communications tuting I N IELSAT has constantly been in the foreground of space exploration, playing a major role in the most historic space events witnessed by man-the landing on and the probing of the lunar surface, the joint American Soviet Attot.l.u,/Suvui mission, and now a Bicentennial offering, man's first view of Mars from the planets surface. On July 20, 1976, on the tenth anniversary of the landing of the Apollo 11 mission on the moon, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at Pasa- dena, California, sent the signals through the earth station at Morce,

Australia, which eventually resulted Lander to Earth in the successful touchdown of the two-way radio link • Lando, science data Lander on the Plains of (:hryse. • Engineering telemetry Shortly afterward, the first high- • Doppler and range signals • commands speed photo sequences from the Mar- Lander to Orbiter tian surface began flowing into the one-way relay radio link • Lander science data NASA antenna at Rohledo, Spain, and • Engineering telemetry to the Buitrago Earth Station for further transmission over the At- lantic Ocean tN rEL.SAT ty-,y satellite to the CoMSA i earth station at Lander on Mars Etam, West Virginia, then on to Goddard Space Center at Greenbelt, Maryland, and lit.. The clarity of the photos appearing on the earth-sited monitors challeng- ed the imagination to realize that the images had traveled through the lens of a facsimile camera mounted on the Lander on the Martian surface 212 million miles to the earth's surface in Spain. and by satellite to the United States and a worldwide nc:A ll►ntrat4n

IIETIIER O R N O T there is life on munications challenge is tremendous. W Mars today is the question sci- Over -c distance of' more than two entists hope VIKING: will answer. The hundred million miles If't scientists analysis of data and photographs re- will have to maintain control and di- turned to earth is expected to pro- rect the research of both Orbiters and vide evidence, negative or positive. Landers.

6 PATHWAYS By KIN KAISER

On June 29 , Dave Reiser , Fred Seidel and I set out for Yellowstone Park, Wyoming, in a van loaded down with the equipment necessary to support NBC in broadcasting a segment of its Bicentennial Program, "The Glorious Fourth," by satellite, from Yellowstone. As part of the Communications Technology Satellite (CTS) experimental program , the National Broad- casting Company had asked COMSAT to set up a small transportable earth terminal for the special . A second request for it similar Tv broadcast of the Scottish Highland Games from Grandfather M ountain . North Caro- lina, on J uly 10. was also received from CTS experimenter Southern Edu- cational Communications Association (SECA). To accomplish both of these tasks within the limited time available, the COMSAT project team rented it six-wheel recreational vehicle and placed a six-foot antenna on top, Labs team supports NBC's using a specially constructed mount with all of the electronics inside. "Glorious Fourth" broadcast Eric Ackermann used it horn and or- thomode transducer designed by Bob good-quality picture and two audio Monday morning , J uly ?, making Gruner and , with the assistance of channels, one for program and the short shrift of the 2,300 miles from the Labs Model Shop, designed and other for an order wire using trans- Yellowstone, arriving at the Labs on constructed a "super " dual-polar- ponder I on CTS. The signal was re- Wednesday afternoon . On 'T'hursday ized 12/ l4-GLlz feed for the antenna. laved from NASA's Lewis Research the small four-foot terminal was On arrival at Yellowstone, the Center in Ohio to station wKVC in loaded into Fred Seidel 's station antenna was deployed in about three- Cleveland and then to NBC network wagon with Dave Reiser as copilot. and-one-half hours . Joined by Neil control in New York for broadcast- Neil Helm and I boarded the van, Heim, we participated in dry runs ing over thN NBC Network. Since and we set out for Linville, North on July 2 and 3 with NBC 's TV crew network rv is not received in Yellow- Carolina. from Ktr• I, Pocatella , Idaho. The stone, we arranged to use transponder Despite narrow mountain roads, crew was up before the sun to pre- 2 of CTS to provide two-way Tv re- darkness , and drizzle , we arrived pare for the I0-hour broadcast be- ceiving the NBC program with two at our destination ( a meadow on ginning at ij a.m. EDT on the Bi- voice channels. Grandfather Mountain ) about mid- centennial Fourth. The dual up/down-converters de- night Thursday. By 5 a.m . both ter- The transmission consisted of a signed and built as part of the small minals were set up and checked out terminals project performed well, with through the CTS satellite . We then Mr . Kaiser is a COMSAT Labs and-a-half driving the Senior Staff Scientist. all frequencies right on the mark. spent an hour - In fact, all systems worked perfectly Ill miles to our motel . It seems like and without interruption for the all mountain roads look alike at 5 entire 10-hour program. This was in a.m. in the fog! great measure a result of teamwork, Later that morning, the four-foot starting with the design and con- terminal was repacked and Dave Rei- struction of the six-foot terminal ser and Fred Seidel departed for at the Labs and including the coop- Columbia , South Carolina, where eration of the NASA Lewis c:rs Warn, that terminal was to serve as the the Rangers and others at Yellow- receiving station . It was set up on stone, and the NBC news staff, par- the parking lot next to the South ticularly Dort Kivell in New York Carolina Educational Tv building and Will Osborne, the unit manager in less than an hour. assigned to Yellowstone. On Saturday, July 111, at 3 p.m. Repacking the terminal, the CoN- a one -hour rv broadcast of the Scot- u^ thousands watch . . SAT team started for the labs on tish Highland games was transmitted JULY - AUGUST 1976 7 the tubs antenna transmits .. . live from Grandfather M ountain via broadcast emphasized the consider- two transponders with 55-`l Hz errs to the South Carolina ETV sta- able progress made by information bandwidth each. CTS is a joint t .S., tion , where it was put on the Puhlic transfer (and particularly satellite Canadian experiment with Costsar Broadcasting Network and broad- communications) in the 21 N)-year his- Labs as one of the approximately 20 cast by over 300 stations . The camera tory of the U.S. Additional experi- experimenters. This writer is princi- and film feeds were provided by mem- ments with (J5, undoubtedly not as pal investigator and Neil Helm is bers of' the South Carolina Education- spectacular but equally as important, evaluation coordinator. Time on the al rv staff . who were extremely coop- are planned for the near future. These spacecraft is allocated according to erative. include providing communications an intricate schedule and averages The most tangible result of these from a disaster, such as an earth- about three hours twice per week. exercises was in demonstrating that quake, for the American Red Cross. The spacecraft antennas are repointed small terminals can be rapidly de- On .January 1?, 1976, (:-i's was for each experiment. The spacecraft ployed in relatively remote areas to launched into a gcostatinnary orbit has performed well, with only it minor transmit good - quality Tv in the 12 at 116 degrees West Longitude. The flaw in it redundant power condi- I4-Gllz hands . The Bicentennial three-axis-stabilized spacecraft has tioning relay.

sense of international responsibility and invofvenicnt, but also appre- USIA' s worldwide " Salute by Satellite" ciation for the contributions of many cultures to the growth of this Nation. The various programs included ma- To commemorate the Bicentennial, Japan were in Washington serving terials relating to the special ties the United States Information Agency as anchormen. between the peoples being addressed arranged for a televised "Salute by Each segment of the "Salute" in- and the United States. Demonstra- satellite," broadcasting July 4 events cluded it Bicentennial statement video- tions of' ethnic music, dancing and to more than 36 nations around the taped by President Ford. In those other activities of specific interest world. transmitted to Latin America, the abroad were prepared. The foreign According to the trst:a, the "Salute President was introduced by Vice newsmen "anchoring" their own pro- by Satellite" program was "the most President Rockefeller, speaking in grams taped pieces on location at such complex ever attempted by the agen- Spanish, who also concluded the pro- historic sites around Washington as cy," consisting of 1 i separate mes- gram with a summary statement es- the White House. the Capitol, the sages of approximately 15 minutes pecially addressed to Latin Ameri- Lincoln and Jefferson Memorials each transmitted front Washington to cans. and the Smithsonian Folk life Fes- the national rv networks of' the coun- "Salute by Satellite" was de- tival near the Washington Monu- tries involved. Each of the countries scribed by USIA Director Keogh as of- ment. (feared time slots for reception on fering it unique opportunity for direct ()n July 3, the' taped on-camera July 3 and 4 in recognition of Ameri- communications with millions of commentary at the Bicentennial ca's 200th birthday. people through thousands of TV sta- parade down Constitution Avenue in Prominent rv correspondents from tions throughout the world. The pro- Washington. The July I programs Yugoslavia, Italy. Poland, France, gram was intended to symbolize, he also included, through coopera- Portugal, Greece, Israel. Brazil and said, not only a continuing American tion with NBC. such commemorative

8 PATHWAYS observances around the country as "Salute by Satellite" were Argentina, sunrise services at the Washington Bahrain, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Monument and in the Grand Canyon; Costa Rica, Egypt, El Salvador, the parade of the "tall ships" past France, Greece, Guatemala. Israel, the Statue of Liberty in New York Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jordan, I !arbor; and President Ford's par- Kenya. Korea, Mexico, New Zealand. ticipation in ceremonies at Valley Nicaragua, Nigeria, Panama, the Forge and at the Liberty Bell in Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Philadelphia. Saudi Arabia. Senegal, Venezuela, The nations participating in the Yugoslavia, Zaire and Zambia.

A "cherry picker" is used by USIA cameramen at the parade in Washington for high angle shots.

A USIA cameraman videotapes the parade for transmission overseas.

Editor ' s note. A sampling of quotes received by the U.S. In- l'EGl l(::\LP.^, IIONI)t'R.AS -"Salute by S'atellite" formation Agency after its " Salute by Satellite " broadcast ti'as transmitted nationwide directly off micro-wave at 6:00 appear in italics on this page and the next. p.m., July -1, on TV Channel 5 and repeated at 10:00 p.m. :VI'IlENS, GREECE - Would appreciate Greek 7'1 same channel. Color. video, and audio quality excellent. correspondent Evangelos Bi.sika.s being informed of the Total viewers for both transmissions estimated by TV great success of his "Salute" telecast July -1, which studio at 1,300,000 persons. Extremely favorable commen- came directly in middle of prune time nezoscast and seen lary received on special attention given to I.atin America throughout Greece. His many colleagues lauded him during by Vice President Rockefeller in .Spanish. Post thanks and Ambassador's Bicentennial reception July 5, with ulti- congratulates IAI I ' f,, excellent program. mate praise coming for Deputy Director Greek TV for both Bistikas and USIA: "Nou.w that's real television. " Kudos I.INIA, PERU-"Salute by Satellite" received. Broad- from us all. cast lice (1900 - 1915 local time). For live broadcast Post ,feels viewing audience extremely large. In addition, Post made video tape of transmission and quickly shuttled it to Ambassador's residence for showing on six different monitors scattered through the residence to the high level audience that was there for -1th of July reception.

BOGOTA. COI.ONIBIA Post received subject prograrn fine. Video and audio satisfactory . Inravision telecast program same time as satellite transmission ; nation-wide 7:00 to 7: 15 p.m. local time . Appreciate effort. Ifi.sh program could have been longer.

CARACAS. VENEZU - EI,_A "Salute by Satellite- z.,,as broadcast by all four Venezuelan television networks at 016.- am-r- either 10:.30 or 11:00 p.m. Rom Evron of Israel PHOTOS COURTESY OF USIA

JULY- AUGUST 1976 9 TOKYO, JAPAN-Post congratulated L11 V for outstanding success of July .1 satellite feed to Japan, resulting in nationwide telecasts of I *.S. Bicentennial celebrations via XIIK and all major commercial broadcast networks. ;VI1K (receiving point of feed) highly enthusiastic over excellent audio and video quality, and particularly appreciated inclusion of natural sound. A'1IK officials asked Post to convey thanks and appreciation for exceptional effort by IMV staff and all connected with "Salute by Satellite" project.

MANAMA , BAH RAIN --Program received, broadcast by QATAR-TV. Program called quote really outstanding unquote by Director Ministry of Information. Takashi Suetsune of Japan

BY STEPHEN KELLER From New York: "The Parade of Ships" Our City was proud to host two of the most celebrated events of the over 200 smaller sailing vessels from moved to their piers, and were open Bicentennial Fourth of J uly: Opera- 30 nations, including schooners , brigs, to visitors before proceeding to other tion Sail and the International Naval junks, sloops , replicas of historic ports later in the week. Review . We all had our vantage vessels, and actual working ships still Operation Sail was it treat for points to view the parade: Mary under sail . Private boatowners viewed everyone, but was especially meaning- Ward, from the New Jersey Palisades; the parade from virtually everything ful to us here in the New York Office, Ed Dooley , from the Battery; and except hollow logs. After the parade, because of our close association with your correspondent , from the Man- the sailing craft and naval ships the maritime industry. hattan side of the Iludson , aboard the New York Board of Education school- ship. Anchored along the parade route were 52 modern warships of 32 nations, ranging in size from tugs to the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier For- restal. The parade route extended from the Verrazano Bridge ( longest suspension bridge in the world) at the harbor entrance , to the George Washington Bridge up the Hudson River. Unf'orttitnately , on July 2, The U. S. Coast Guard 's Eagle winds destroyed what was for a few minutes , the largest flag in the world on the Verrazano Bridge. Escorted by New York C ity fireboats and commercial tugs, the U.S. Coast Guard training vessel Eagle led the parade of "Tall Ships" past the naval vessels . The sixteen full- rigged school ships represented naval and maritime academies of' fourteen nations . Construction dates of these New York fireboats greet the "Tall Ships" vessels ranged from 1883 to 1968, and until 1957 such vessels were still in commercial use in the grain trade . In 1776, the British fleet supporting the Battle of Long Island was comparable to the armada we saw this year. Following the "'Fall Ships" were

Mr. Keller is a member of Cost- .SA I Gt. xi.RAi.'s :Veu, York Office. The Danmark 10 PATHWAYS Seismic survey ship reports MARISAT's The MARISAT System, developed telephone call "fantastic" by COMSAT General, provides high- quality communications to the U.S. Navy and to the commercial shipping and offshore industries . Through satellites over the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the MARISAT System is capable of serving more than two -thirds of the world 's major sea-lanes and more than 90 percent of the world's present offshore petroleum exploration and production areas . COMSAT General began full commercial service via the Atlantic satellite in July and the Pacific satellite in August. The first commercial telephone call was made by the seismic survey ship, Deep Sea Explorer , the lead vessel in SEAGAP, an oil exploration consortium composed of Phillips Petroleum, Getty Oil, AGIP, and Hispanoil.

feet, winds 25 to 30 knots-some up as high as 40 knots. Channey : It doesn't sound like appropriate weather for a dinner cruise. Mr. Payne, I'm absolutely amazed at how sharp and clear your voice sounds. Payne: Yours, too, Renee. Channey : I understand that the Deep Sea Explorer placed the first commercial call via the new `'IARISAT satellite. I suppose the NIARISAr service lets you keep in close touch with your headquarters and with your family too. Is that right? Payne : Yes, rna'am. 'That's correct. Channey : Well, 1 know the Deep .l'he first commercial telephone call ported on the results: "I'm a former .Sea Explorer searches for new oil to go via MARISAT satellite was Navy man, and this is the most fan- sites, but how do you do that from placed July 9 by the seismic survey tastic communications I have ever the surface of the sea ship, Deep Sea Explorer. The 175- seen." Payne : Renee, it's quite a compli- foot vessel had been at sea for 32 days, 'I'wo weeks after commercial ser- cated process but I'll try to break it searching for possible new oil sites vice began, Mr. Payne was inter- down for you. We tow a cable sub- off the coast of Madagascar in the viewed for CctvtsA'r's "World of merged 50 feet below the water's sur- Indian Ocean. `Iusic" radio program. From Wash- face. 'hhe cable contains pressure- Using the MARtSAT System, the ington. D.C., W(;MLS announcer sensitive devices. We also tow an ar- Deep Sea Explorer telephoned its Renee Channey talked via MARISA-1 ray of air guns about 35 feet under- company offices in Oklahoma. The to Mr. Payne aboard ship. water. When these guns are trig- NI RISAT satellite over the Atlantic Channey : Good evening. Mr. Payne. gered, high-pressure air escapes in Ocean linked the 4-foot diameter an- I low far from land are you.' the form of an explosion. The energy tenna on board the ship to COMSAT Payne : At the present time, we're released penetrates down into the (i:VERAL's earth station at South- about 85 miles off the northwest earth about six miles. As the energy bury, Connecticut . From Southbury, coast of Madagascar. passes through the different densities the call was routed to Bartlesville, Channey : And what is the weather of the earth. it is reflected back to Oklahoma. like out at sea.' the earth's surface at different speeds Ronald Payne , Qualitc Control Of- Payne : Extremely rough here lately. depending on the type of formation it ficer for the Deep Sea Explorer, re- \Veve been in seas from 12 to 16 passes through. As it's reflected back.

JULY- AUGUST 1976 11

7 it causes it pressure-change which we record in the form of an electrical impulse. The impulse is fed into an on- MARISAT system now fully operational board computer where we amplify it, over Atlantic and Pacific satellites filter it, digitize it and put it on magnetic tape. We also take a plot of it on board the vessel, and from this COMSAT GENERAL. Corporation be- telex, telephone, facsimile and data information, we are able to locate dif- gan commercial service to ships at communications between locations at ferent structures capable of bearing sea via the Pacific Ocean MARISA l' sea equipped with appropriate ter- oil. satellite on August 15. The Pacific minals, and the shore. Commercial Channey : Mr. Payne, will better satellite is the second satellite to be ships and offshore facilities can be communications help the ship in its placed in full operation . COMSAT G EN- linked via N IARiSAT to the world's exploration work' ERAt. began providing a broad range telecommunications networks. Payne : Yes, it will, Renee. With the of services via the Atlantic IARiS.A r More than 20 comnercial ships and MIARISAT service we'll be able to keep satellite inJuly. offshore facilities at present are headquarters informed daily of our The U.S. Navy is leasing capacity equipped with on-board terminals for progress and we'll also be able to reat Lair frequencies in both NIARtSAT operation with the INL\RISA F System, ceive any new information relating to satellites for communications between and orders are pending for terminal our work in the area where we're sur- its own fixed and mobile stations. Ser- installations on additional vessels and veying. vice to the Navy via the Atlantic satel- on offshore facilities. COMSAT GEN- Channey : Well, a very interesting lite began on March 27, and via the ERAL maintains it network of sales and informative conversation, Mr. Pacific satellite on, June 28. and service agents around the world Payne. And if I may say so, quite an For commercial users , GmsAr to sell or lease, install and maintain accornpIishment to he able to simply GE.Ni RAi's tariffed offerings include these terminals. dial a person at sea half-way around the world. Best of luck in your oil exploration activities and I hope Second in series of COMSTARs launched the weather settles down it little bit. Payne: Thank you, Renee. We hope At 6:04 p . m. EDT , Thursday, ,July. Equator on it line roughly south of it does too. Thanks for calling. 22, the second in the series of C:ont- Dallas, Texas. STAR domestic communications satel- Unlike recent (oMSAL GENERA(. lites was launched into orbit from satellite launches, the ,July 22 cont- (:ape Canaveral Air Force Station, STAR launch took place in fair weath- Charyk congratulates Haiti Florida. Launched aboard an Atlas- er under sunny skies. Thousands. on earth station Centaur rocket by the National Aero- including NASA and (.oStSAT GENERAL nautics and Space Administration for guests, witnessed the launch. As it inauguration the C1 MSAF UF.NE.RAi. Corporation. part of its observance of the Bicenten- the satellite will be turned over to nial year, the space agency had desig- COMSAT ('resident Joseph V. A r& i and General Telephone and nated July 22 as "NASA unv." Special Charvk congratulated Haiti by sa- Electronics Satellite Corporation events that day had drawn many visi- tellite on its inauguration of the ( cSAT) after in-orbit testing. tors, significantly increasing the num- ,Jean-(:laude Duvalier Earth Station 1 he two companies are leasing the her of persons viewing the launch. in June. I)r. Charyk's remarks, in entire capacity of the CONSTAR sys- The apogee motor was fired at 6:12 French, were videotaped at the ens tem which will be composed of three p.m. t•_ur. Saturday evening. July 24. studios in \Vashington and trans- satellites. The first was launched on thrusting the coytsiAR front its ellipti- mitted to Ilaiti as part of the station's May 13. 1976, and the third will be cal transfer orbit into an essentially inauguration ceremonies. I laiti's launched in 1978 . A fourth backup circular orbit. The new satellite was ;Ambassador to Canada, His I•xcellen- satellite will he available as it spare it expected to be on station and ready to cv Philippe Cantave, traveled to needed. be turned Dyer to A r&r about the end Washington to take part in the tele- The new c osts i AR will be stationed of August. cast prepared by CONISA r. at 93 degrees W est Longitude over the

12 PATHWAYS COMSAT files "informational " tariffs with FCC; reports second quarter earnings

The Second Quarterly Report to on the basis of the "informational" SAT's computations at the time the Shareholders discusses " information- tariffs are to be set aside in an escrow second quarter results were deter- al" tariffs filed with the Federal Conn- account. The amounts in the escrow mined, had the accounting order been munications Commission in accord- account, including interest earned in effect for the entire second quarter, ance with the i tirt-ordered stay of thereon, will be subject to the possi- rather than for the final 15 days only, the FCC's rate (.let is ni;. bility of refund to (it tsAT customers. Consolidated Net Income would have Whether (:)MSA'r ultimately will been 36 cents per share. be required to make refunds and, if Including the effect of the Fcc's Rate Proceedings so, the extent of such refunds, (Ic- accounting order oti the final I5 days pends on the outcome of the Court's of the quarter. Net Operating Income On .June 16, the U .S. Court of Ap- review of the t•cc's rate decision. .\nv for the second quarter of 1976 totaled peals for the District of Columbia amounts not refunded would be in- $9,738,0110, or 98 cents per share: Circuit granted a motion for a stay of cluded in it restatement of the State- Net Operating Income for the second the December 1975 decision of the ments of Operations for the periods in quarter of 1975 totaled $9,862,11(10, or Federal Communications Commis- which the accounting order remains 99 cents per share. Operating Reve- sion (FCC) with respect to the rates in effect, and this would increase the nues for the second quarter of 1976 (:OMSA't' charges for the international earnings previously reported for such amounted to $39,436,0(10, or services provided through the INTF.I- periods. $4,866,00(1 more than those for the SAT system. Thus, at least until com- The Fee's accounting order also re- second quarter of last year. pletion by the Court of its still-pend- quires CoMSAT's carrier customers to For the first six months of 1976 ing review of the rate decision, the file "informational'' tariffs reflecting Consolidated Net Income was Court's stay of the decision enables the potential cost savings to then) un- S2 1,890.000, or $2.19 per share, CUMMSAT to continue billing its com- der "informational" tariffs, and to $2,430,1)1)0, or 24 cents per share, munications common carrier custo- keep accounts identifying amounts for lower than for the first six months of mers at the present rates rather than possible refund by them to their cus- 1973. The decrease from 1975 is attri- at the lower rates required by the tomers. COMSAT is to assume all ad- butable primarily to decreases in Fee's decision. ministrative expenses, including those Other Income as well as to increases Upon granting the stay, and as pro- of carrier customers, relating to im- in Operating Expenses, lower reve- posed by COMSAT when it requested plementation of the Fcc's order. nues from U.S. mainland-Hawaii ser- the stay, the Court directed the Fec vice and the exclusion from operating to issue it Su-called accounting and re- results of the amounts to he placed in fund order to protect the interests of Summary of Operating Results escrow pursuant to the I( ( 's account- all parties pending the outcome of ing order. judicial review of the rate decision. COMSAT reported Consolidated Net Net ( )perating Income for the first The FCC has issued such an order, ef- Income amounting to $10,849,0 (11), or six months of 19-;0 totaled S 19,862,- fective as of,June 16. S1.(18 per share , for the second quar- t p l0. or S1.99 per share, $766,000, or As required by the FCC's order. ter of 1976. 'T'his was a decrease from eight cents per share, lower than COMSAT has filed reduced "informa- 51 1,628,000 , or $1.16 per share, re- for the first six months of 1975. Op- tional" tariffs compiled on the basis ported for the second quarter of 1975- erating Revenues for the first six of the rate decision. Although COMSAT Because the FcC' s accounting order months of 1976 Were $76,732,000, or will continue to bill carrier custo- was placed into effect as of' June 16, S3,60-1,000 more than for the first mers at present rates during the time and thus became applicable to the half of last year. in which the i c c's accounting order final 15 days of the second quarter of The increases in Operating Reve- remains in effect, (:OMSAF will include this year, it portion of second quarter nues for the second quarter and the as revenues in Statements of Opera- revenues, amounting to $2,100,000, first six Months from those for the tions during such time only amounts is to be placed in escrow in compli- comparable 1973 periods resulted pri- calculated on the basis of the rates ance with the order and was excluded marily from continued growth in the included in the "informational" from the Statement of Operations. number of half-circuits that are leased tariffs. Funds amounting to the dif- The after-tax effect of this procedure full time to CoMSA is carrier custo- ference between the charges collected was to reduce Consolidated Net In- mers for overseas communications, from customers under the present come for the quarter from $1.19 to and from initiation of both MARISA I rates and those reported as revenues $1.08 per share. On the basis of and Co>tsr:\tc services. Revenues

JULY- AUGUST 1976 13

FFPV from the full - time lease of half-circuits mestic satellite system. principally attributable to costsAT's in the first half of 1976 exceeded those Operating Expenses, including in- share of operating expenses of Satel- of the first half of 1973 by $5,888,000. come taxes, were $29,698,1100 for the lite Business Syste ms (a partnership On June 30 , COMSAr was leasing second quarter and $56,870,000 for formed in December 1975 by subsidi- 4,132 half-circuits full time, an in- the first six months of 1976, $4,97(_1,- aries of COMSA T GENERAL Corpora- crease of 719 from the number leased 000 and $6,433,000 higher, respec- tion, Aetna Casualty and Surety on,June 30, 1975. tively, than for the comparable peri- Company and txM). Interest expense Revenues from the lease of a satel- ods of 1975. Higher depreciation on borrowings of COMSAT GENERAL, lite transponder ( the equivalent of charges associated with the launch of lower investment income and a small- about 864 half-circuits ) for U. S. main- INTELSAT IV-A, MARISAT and CONSTAR er allowance for funds used during land-I lawaii service were $3,350,000 satellites, and an increase in earth construction also contributed to the lower for the first half of 1976 than for station use charges were major fac- reductions. the first half of last year . COMSAT'S tors contributing to the increase in Quarterly Dividend monthly charge for the leased trans- Operating Expenses for the respective ponder service had been reduced from periods. At its monthly meeting in ,July, the $970,000 to $300,000 in June 1975. Other Income, after provision for Board of Directors declared a quar- Revenues from the leased transponder income taxes, totaled $1,091,00( for terly dividend of 25 cents per share. service will be minimal in the third the second quarter and $2,028,000 for The dividend is payable on Septem- quarter of 1976 and nonexistent the first six months of 1976, $675,000 ber 13 to all shareholders of record thereafter . The service was discon- and $1,664,000 lower, respectively, as of the close of business on August tinued on July 26 when telephone than for the comparable periods of 13. It is COMSAI ' s 24th consecutive traffic carried through !he leased last year. The decline in Other In- quarterly dividend , and the ninth at transponder was transferred to a do- come for the respective periods is the rate of 2 3 cents per share.

'76 Montreal Olympics set satellite system TV record

Tangua TTC&M Station The 1976 Olympic Games at Mon- According to press estimates from goes operational treal, Canada, became the most wide- Montreal, more than one billion per- ly telecast event in history as a result sons around the world viewed televi- of record use of the INTt•:LSAT global sion coverage of the Olympics. satellite system for distribution of The overseas transmissions from television coverage. Canada were routed through the Over 930 television transmissions Lake Cowichan, British Columbia. were sent via satellite to Asia, Europe, and Mill Village, Nova Scotia, earth Latin America, the Middle East, Afri- stations and a transportable earth ca, and Australia during the garrtes. station at Montreal, all operated by On some days, more than 70 telecasts 'I'eleglobe Canada, the Canadian were transmitted via satellite. During communications authority which I peak periods, as many as five pro- handled arrangements for the global grams were transmitted simultaneous- satellite services. Additional trans- ly across the Atlantic Ocean via IN- missions were sent through the An- TELSAT satellites. dover, Maine, earth station operated A total of 2,583 half-channel hours by COHSA•r. of the Olympics and Olympic-related The INTELSAT TTC&M Station lo- transmissions were sent by four cated at the Tangua Earth Station near Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, goes satellites in the INTELSAT global sys- Thrift and Savings Plan tem. This total is more than double operational with the acceptance of the key to the Power Monitor Com- the number of hours of the 1972 investments results puter by Donald J. Pavlack, Tan- Olympics held in Munich. Funds on deposit with the Thrift gua TCM Supervisor (center. Kai For global distribution of TV cov- and Savings Plan as of January 1, E. Rasmussen , Jr., a senior tele- erage, two INTELSAT satellites over the 1976, are reported to have appre- communications engineer from Page Atlantic Ocean were used, as well as ciated through June 30, 1976 as Northrop, presents the ke y to Pav- one satellite over the Pacific Ocean follows: Fund A-3.16 percent; Fund luck as Engineer Luercio Caltete Reis and one over the Indian Ocean. B - 17.21 percent. looks on.

14 PATHWAYS INTELSAT Board acts on INTELSAT V negotiations , permanent management arrangements and Director General appointment

The Twenty-second Meeting of timing and number of spacecraft re- isfy user requirements in the IN- the INTEtSAI Board of Governors quired, an overall cost analysis of TELSAT system, and requested the true: was held in ,July at INTELSAT Head- the INTELSAT v program including to contact Buc and sEL to obtain in- quarters in Washington, D.C. 'l'wen- analysis of any possible alternatives formation concerning the patent and tv-five Governors representing 73 to be identified. operational plans licensing situation associated with the Signatories were present. With the and the final negotiated I N rt:i SA r V production of their equipment. accession of Mali, IN i' :ISnT current- contract. • Requested the trtsc in its fur- Iv has ninety-five members. This was • Decided that the draft IN rtI - ther studies of operational plans the first meeting presided over by the s.vr v contract will provide for it involving all Atlantic INTELSAT V Board's new officers, Mr. Colino of fixed price arrangement in accor- satellite at 340.5 degrees to in- the United States as Chairman and dance with Acronutronic Ford's best clude identification of possible eco- Mr. Villarejo of Spain as Vice Chair- and final prices in their alterna- nomic benefits in both the earth seg- man. In accordance with the Board's tive proposal, performance incen- ment and space segment that could Rules of Procedure, Mr. Colino desig- tives of 33.3 percent. and space- be associated with the introduction nated Mr. Irving Goldstein to partici- craft compatibility with both Atlas/ of an inter-regional satellite in the pate and vote for the United States. Centaur and shuttle launch vehicles. vicinity of 340.5 de,grees345 degrees Among the key items at this • Authorized the Mse: to explore East Longitude, as well as identi- meeting, the Board adopted its re- with NASA the costs and proper mix fication of the advantages and dis- port to the Assembly of Parties on of Atlas Centaur and STS Vehicles advantages of each location in attrac- permanent management arrange- appropriate for the INTELSAT v pro- ting new services. ments, appointed Mr. Santiago As- gram. • Requested the Secretary (;ell- train the Director General, and • Instructed the MSC to discuss eral to examine the problems, if any, authorized the NIanagernent Ser- with the European Space Agency that could arise in effecting inter- vices Contractor (vise) to continue more definitive cost, schedule and system coordination with other sys- IN'rEiSA'r V contract negotiations technical compatibility details for tems if INTELSAT sought to locate a only with .' eronutronic Ford, and to the Ariane launch vehicle, and to satellite at 345 degrees East Longi- submit to the September Board meet- continue to evaluate the progress of tude. ing a complete draft INTELSAT V con- the program for timely consideration • Approved the study of long- Among its other actions the as a possible INTELSAT v launch ve- range forecasting techniques recom- Board: hicle. mended by the Advisory Committee • Requested the Advisory Com- on Planning, and definitions of Technical and Operational Matters mittee on 't'echnical Matters (BG;'T) short and long-term periods for IN- • Unanimously endorsed the and the Msc to expedite development TELSAT'S planning purposes. correctness of the Msc's decision not of an INTELSAT specification for in- • Approved the amendments to consider or evaluate proposals hand program audio transmission to the INTELSAT contracts for pro- submitted following July 14, 1976, equipment, in order that the Board vision of TT&c: services by EMBRATE.L the (late set by the Msc: for submis- may consider such a specification as (Brazil) and tNrELCAM (Cameroon) sion of the final price proposals con- soon as possible. monitoring stations. cerning the INTELSAT v program. • Requested the Msc: to study • Approved a contract to INTEL: • Unanimously decided that the feasibility and details, including c,si, the low bidders, for provision of effective immediately neither the costs, of a possible sidelohe measure- an additional r,rc&M antenna and as- Board nor the Msc shall accept, con- ment program of the existing INTEL- sociated services. sider or evaluate any proposals con- SAT earth stations. • Authorized the Msc to pro- cerning the provision of satellites un- • Decided to consider at its cure additional telemetry and data less they have been submitted in re- October meeting factors pertaining to processing equipment for installa- sponse to it formal request by INTEL- Standard B earth stations, including tion at the Zaniengue, Cameroon, SAT following a decision of the Board. procedural, technical and operation- earth station at an estimated cost • Decided to meet September 7 al considerations and charging fac- of $90,000. to 9 for the sole purpose of consi- tors, and adoption of an SCNC;IFM • Established a charge of $120, dering the INTELSAT v program. This specification. 000 per launch during 1979 for use meeting will consider the Nrsc's analy- • Requested the Secretary Gen- Of I N'I EISA F 'I T&C services in con- sis and recommendations concerning eral to provide to the tic; T infor- nection with RCA-AEI's launch of the total INTELSAT v program, in- mation regarding the number of pro- two Brazilian domestic satellites, and cluding launch vehicles, the space gram audio and additional cue,ecom- authorized the Msc: to conclude an segment program with regard to the mentary channels which will best sat- agreement with RCA-AEI. should they JULY- AUGUST 1976 15 he awarded a contract for launch of tick xtv (c) of the :Agreement, the Permanent NIanagentent :Arrange- the Brazilian domestic satellites, finding that on the basis of adherence nlcnts and nnanintcxrsly adopted its for the provision of Tt&c services to the conditions set forth in the pro- Report on Pernianent Management on terms and conditions similar to posed ctot no unacceptable interfer- :Arrangements for submission to the those contained in the existing Agree- ence is expected from the Brazilian Assembly of Parties and transmittal to mcnt With RCA-,yell. domestic system into the IN ri;i SAT the Meeting of Signatories and to all • Requested the Secretary Gen- system. Parties and Signatories. The Report eral and the to review the charges • Decided to tender advice to invites the Assembly to adopt the for use by other organizations of Ix- the Assembly of Parties. pursuant recommended organizational struc- Ttttx. l tr&c: facilities in connection to Article xiv (e) of the Agreement, ture of the Executive Organ con- with the launch of nun-INTFLSAT satel- that no unacceptable technical inter- sisting of the Director General and lites. ference is to be expected from the pro- three Deputy Directors General, • Authorized the >nc and the posed Japanese (;eostationary Me- respectively, for Finance, Adminis- Secretary General to negotiate with teorological Satellite Network. tration, and Operations and Devclop- (UMSAT GENERAL an amendment to • Expressed the finding that nlent, reporting directly to the Di- the present TT&c agreement for the co unacceptable interference is ex- rector General. The management provision of additional TT&c: services pccted front the Orbital Test Satel- functions are allocated between those requested by C(ms,xi GENERAL. The lite experimental net Work, based on to be performed in-house and those draft amendment. together with rec- in formation presented by France on to be contracted out in two separate ommendations on appropriate charges behalf of Germane. Belgium, Den- contracts to the same entity, recog- for such services, will be considered mark, France, Italy, Netherlands, nizing that the Director General will by the Board in October. UK. Sweden, and Switzerland, or be directly responsible for the per- • Decided that the extension of from the Italian SiRi) cxperimcn- formance of all management func- the I'.5. NIARISA r system in the tal satellite, if the networks are tions. The arrangements for contrac- Atlantic and Pacific Regions through operated and have the characteris- ting out shall be in accord with Ar- I981 will result in no unacceptable tics assumed for the interference ticles xnt and 16 of the IxTLLSAI technical interference and, based on calculations, and such characteris- ,\grecmcnts. The report indicates present plans. will not result in an tics are filed with the iFRH. The that the Board considers action by the significant economic harm to I x I ELSAT Board noted that the finding with Assembly at its second meeting to through 1981. Any material extension respect to o-rs is based on a 1977, adopt the recommendation of the of the system or widening of its scope 78 launch date and an estiniated Report will assist the Director Gen- would require reconsideration. three-year lifetime, and the SIRIO eral on his assumption of office to ini- • Decided to tender advice to finding on a 1977 launch elate and an tiate a smooth and orderly transition; the Assembly of Parties that: the in- estimated three-year lifetime. and that the Director General and the troduction of the U.S. N1.\RuSAT sa- • I)ccided to lend IN-rELSAT's Board must retain flexibility to make tellite system in the Indian Ocean re- ion thruster to NASA for research, changes in the allocation of func- gion will result in no unacceptable under it written agreement which tions within the Executive Organ at levels below those reporting directly technical interference to the INTELSAT will provide, inter n(ta: that there system; based on present plans will will be no cost or liability to IxTEl. to the Director General. not result in any significant econo- SAT; that NASA will assume risks for • Requested the Secretary to mic harm to INTFLSAT through 1981; loss or damage except for reason- convene an extraordinary meeting and Will not prejudice the establish- able wear and tear; and the data gen- of the Meeting of Signatories 23-2.1 ment of direct telecommunications erated in NASA's research will be September 1976, in Nairobi, Kenya, links through the I N t i:Lsvr space seg- made available to Ixri:t.SAT on an un- for the purpose of considering the ment among all the participants. restricted use basis. Board's report. and to add an item This advice is based upon the assump- • Approved 13 Nigerian stations to the Agenda of the Assembly of lion that any material extension of for operation with the Nigerian leased Parties. 'I'he Board requested the the system beyond 1981 or widening transponders, subject to verification presence of the management consul- of its scope would he the subject of the stations treasured performance tant, Mr. K. McKcchnie of W.D. of a new submission and coordination characteristics and operation in accor- Scott and Company, at the Meeting under .Article xiv(d). dance With the transponder leases. of Signatories and Assembly of • Requested the Advisory Com- • Approved an Italian station Parties, and authorized the Secre- mittee on Technical Matters to reat l.ario for access free of charge to tary General to make the necessary view the Board's findings that no the Atlantic major path satellite to arrangements. unacceptable technical interference conduct rain depolarization measure- • Appointed Mr. Santiago As- is to be expected from the U.S. MAR- ments from August 1, 1976, through train the Director General of INTEL- iSAT system in the Atlantic, Pacific September 30, 1977. SA t, and approved a report to the and Indian Ocean Regions. Assembly of Parties recommending Organizational and Administrative • Approved a proposed Memo- that it confirm this appointment. Matters randum of Understanding (trot) with • Decided to submit to the Se- Brazil, and expressed, in the form • .\pproved a series of recom- cond Meeting of the Assembly of of a recommendation pursuant to Ac- mendations by the Working (Troup on Part[(,,; for decision the draft Head-

16 PATHWAYS quarters Agreement , covering pri- sion to the assignment of Dr. Jona- the Board could decide to terminate vileges , exemptions and immunities than Mass, a nominee of the Signa- existing services. referred to in Article xv(c) of the tory of Israel. • Decided that INTELSAT will INTELSAT Agreement . and to recom- not institute a legal action against mend that the Assembly approve the Legal and Financial Matters General Dynamics or NASA for recov- proposed Agreement. ery of' damages resulting from the • Approved the required reports • Established a temporary Spe- INTELSAT IV (F-6) launch failure. to the Second Assembly of Parties; cial Committee on Financial Policies • Authorized the Management reaffirmed the decision taken at its and Procedures, Which is to carry Services Contractor to negotiate with Eighth Meeting to maintain the pre- out a comprehensive review of IN- interested entities draft agreements sent form of the Summary Record, TELSAT policies with particular atten- to license nickel hydrogen cell and and decided to tender to the Assem- tion to utilization and revenue fore- digital echo canceller technology. The bly the recommendation that it ra- casting; a multi-near financial plan: licensing agreements will provide for tify the agreement establishing formal financial policies for research and front-end payments from $5,000 to relations between INTELSAT and the development; depreciation, accounting $10,00(1 and royalty rates from two Intergovernmental Maritime Consul- and budgets; the Board's budget to five percent; and will he on it non- tative Organization ( Ixc:o). review process; and the terms of re- discriminatory basis among all licen- • Requested the Secretary Gen- ference of the Advisory Committee on sees and subject to final review and eral to initiate discussions with tic Finance. approval by the Board. officials With respect to the establish- • Adopted a general policy es- The Twenty-third Meeting of ment of formal relations between IN- tablishing sanctions for default in the Board of Governors will be held TELSAT and the rrv , to determine payment of utilization charges. IN- September 7-9 solely for the pur- whether the draft agreement is accep- TElS,vr will not grant any additional pose of considering the INTEISA r V table to the rrt and to return to the allotments including occasional use program. The Twenty-fourth elect- Board with its recommendations. service to any Signatory or non-Sig- ing will commence on October 27, • Authorized ttic Secretary Gen- natory allotee over 180 days in de- 1976. eral to request INTELSAT' s partici- fault, and would so inform all others pation in an advisory capacity in the concerned. If a Signatory continued The preceding report was pre- ,January 1977 rrt wAKC for the plan- in default, the Board would consider pared by Ellen D. Hoff Interna- ning of the broadcasting satellite whether to apply Article xvi(h)(ii) tional Affairs, U.S. INTELSAT service. of the Agreement and recommend Division. • Approved it four-month exten- withdrawal. If the default persisted,

New INTELSAT traffic data base shows pattern of long-term growth for system

The new INTELSAT traflic data in Washington , I).(;.: prepared it re- pairs of correspondents increasingly base resulting from the annual vised forecast of INTELSA r capacity difficult. When service began in the INTELSAT Global 'T'raffic Meeting, requirements for the five-year period Atlantic Ocean Region in 1963, it concluded in July, shows a contin- 1976-1980; noted a significant in- was possible to establish only one ued pattern of long-term growth crease in the number of international pathway at a time . Today, there are for the INTH.iSAT system with the traffic streams being placed on the over 400 earth station-to -earth sta- forecast indicating about 22,000 system ; and became aware of plans tion pathways around the globe. telephone circuits in operation in for construction of many new Stand- The traffic data base Will be the system by 1980. ard B earth stations ( with antennas used as a planning tool for devising According to INTEISA t. this approximately IU meters in diame- appropriate satellite configurations, growth represents an increase of six ter). frequency plans and carrier assign- percent over previous forecasts for The rapid growth in the number ments ; and for anticipating long- this time period. of earth station - to-earth station path- term requirements and aiding in Representatives of 74 countries, ways within the INTELSAT system has the design of future generations of 134 in all, achieved the following served to make the process of coor- satellites. results during their one-week meeting dinating service requirements between

JULY-AUGUST 1976 17

77 The 21st Meeting of the Iti'- Meeting in The Hague TEL.SAT Board of Governors was held in The Vague in the to sample people Netherlands. The following story which had at one time belonged to an runs prepared by Betty W Poul- oil company executive, but now was sen of the LV1'ELSA'1 Manage- used by the N'ri as a training center ment Division who attended the for their senior officers. A welcoming Meeting. reception was hosted there by Mr. and Mrs. Leenman. The good things The Twenty-first Board of Gover- for which Rolland is famous were nors Sleeting was held in The Hague served: herring, cheese, beer and a in the Netherlands. The Netherlands unique Dutch drink, ,Jenever. Flowers, Post, Telephone and Telegraph Corn- usual in a Dutch home, were in abun- pany provided an almost exact dupli- dance everywhere. We missed by a Bouts tied up along a canal. cation of the meeting facilities in week or so seeing the world famous `',' ashington. allocating to the meeting I lolland tulips. the entire ninth floor of one of the Holland's windmills, while not ex- Nrr buildings. A delightful added tinct, are much less in evidence. Of touch to the excellent support the the thousands of windmills once in P-rr provided the meeting as host use, less than a thousand remain, were the lovely flowers cut daily and many of which were built in the placed in the offices and conference 17 00s. room. Although the Netherlands Ad- On Friday evening, the European ministration could not claim full credit Space Agency hosted it tour and cock- for the weather, it was mostly moder- tail party at its facilities at Esrr c in ate and sunny. Noordwijk. We were shown, among At the opening of' the meeting, Mr. other things, a manned space lab to William G. Geddes, Chairman of the be launched in the 1980s. At the con- Board, introduced Mr. Ph. Leennran. clusion of the tour we were escorted the Director General of Netherlands to the top floor of Es,rt•:: to the em- PTT, who welcomed the Board to the ployee's cafeteria (overlooking dunes Netherlands. At the end of the first and, beyond, the sea) where tables clay's proceedings a bus was provided groaned under the weight of the A view of the countryside. to take the Board and various staff pate, shrimp, herring, salmon, smoked members to a lovely country mansion eel, crab, fish, and other salads,

John Welch and Bob Bourne use Rotterdam Harbor their free time to tour one of the dams in the Netherlands part of the Delta Project, a prrrject of flood control and land rec.lurnution.

18 PATHWAYS provides opportunity The highlight of the Sunday trip was a boat tour of Rotterdam harbor, and customs the second largest harbor in the world. An excursion boat took us on an breads, cheeses, fruit, relishes, pas- hour-long tour where we saw ships tries, champagne. beer and coffee. from all over the world moored wait- On Saturday, many of the staff ing either to load or unload their and delegates visited Amsterdam. The wares. While cruising through the Hague (Den Haag) and Amsterdam harbor we were served hors d'oeuvres, are very different in character: 1)en ,Jenever, beer, orange juice and bran- Haag is a city without the hustle and dy, provided by our considerate host. bustle of most modern cities; Amster- Monday and Tuesday were long dam has more people (especially working (lays and, on Wednesday young people), more cars, trolleys and evening, the PTT hosted a farewell Amsterdam scene trains, more bicycles and motor bikes. dinner in "De Klooster'hoeve" res- Den Haag is described as being the taurant in Harmelen. Not many peo- "early to bed" town but Amsterdam ple have the opportunity to dine in is a lively place even at midnight. a structure that was built in 1288. Sunday was another beautiful day This quiet restaurant had been part (the weather, of course, was arranged of a dairy farm in the 13th century. by the PTT) and we were treated to a '['here were hooks on the rafters that tour in the southwestern section of had been used to hang cheese, ropes Holland. Our guides, on two buses, now holding tables had once been were Ilans Abma, the Chief of Public part of a scale. When we arrived Relations of the P-rr press and pub- drinks were served in the part of the licity service, and his assistant, Peter barn that had housed the animals. To Odinot. The tour took us to one of the accompaniment of the piano and the sites of the Delta Project, it rec- violin, played by staff members of the lamation program affording a fresh PTT we dined on a variety of salads water supply and protection against and vegetables. chicken, baked alaska, erosion of land and the hazards of brandy and coffee. The more energetic winter storms. One such storm in guests danced, shaking the rafters of 1953 flooded a large area of the small the old barn. At midnight the buses country and claimed 2,x(8) lives. We headed "home" after a fond farewell. visited one of the villages that had Working and socializing in I)en Haag The Plaza in Amsterdam -gathering been flooded. was a pleasant experience. place for the young.

One of the towns inundated in the flood of 1953. Barge and drawbridge are familiar characteristics of the Netherlands' canal system.

JULY- AUGUST 1976 19 Labs SPEC system doubles capacity of standard PCM telephone trunk

COMSAT Laboratories exhibited representing it peak period of tele- their Speech Predictive Encoding phone usage. The simulated traffic Communications (sPEc) system at the consisted of 38 two-way conversations International Conference on Com- (supplied by pre-re(orded tapes); one munications ( icc) at the Marriott Ilo- in-band data signal at a rate of 480t) tel in Philadelphia . Pennsylvania, in bps; and a I kHz test zone for signal- .June. to-noise ratio measurements. The SPEC demonstration consisted The general comments received of a phone booth at each end of the from the participants at the demon- exhibit, which allowed the icc at- stration revealed that the SPEC circuit tendees to talk over a simulated satel- offered no perceptive degradation lite circuit with the spt•:c system dem- when compared to a standard t'ctit onstrating it 2-1 increase in the num- circuit. The quality of the SPEC cir- her of voice grade circuits . In addi- cuit was rated as good as the normal Robert Ridings of the Labs describes tion, a switch was provided in the overseas satellite circuit, while the the SPEC exhibit to one of the ICC system was effectively doubling the ca- phone booth enabling the attendee to attendees at the international Con- compare SPEC to a standard 8-hit pacity of a standard PCM telephone ference in Philadelphia while lion companded Pct. trunk. The COMSAT Laboratories' Kuenzli looks on. l':xhibit demon- The SPEC system was set up to ac- team consisted of Robert P. Rigins, strator Linda Rosata is in the fore- commodate the traffic in it rnMM capac- Jack Reiser and Ronald Kuenzli of the ground. ity of 21 Pest time slots . For the dem- Communications Processing Labora- onstration , a traffic loading of ap- tory, and \eil Helm of the Develop- proximately 85 percent was simulated. ment Applications Department.

Lockett/Lister appointed to editorial advisory boards COMSAT exhibit at NAACP William B. Lockett, Assistant Convention in Memphis Director of Personnel for Equal Em- ployment Opportunity and Iluman Resources Development, has been named to the Editorial Advisory COMMSA'T was among the approxi- Board of EEO Today, a quarterly mately 20(I exhibitors participating journal on the management of Equal in the Commerce and Industry Show Employment Opportunity programs. at. the 67th National Association for Another member of the Personnel the Advancement of Colored People Office has received it similar ap- (NAA(:P) Convention held in late pointment. Brenda Lister, Admin- ,June and early ,July at the Everett istrator of Training, has been in- R. Cook Convention (:enter- in NIem- vited to serve on the Editorial Ad- phis, Tennessee. Among the corpora- visory Board of Tratrrrn„ a maga- tions, government agencies and non- zine devoted to articles on human profit organizations from throughout resources development. Lite United States exhibiting were the Ms. Lister's appointment grew American Telephone and 't'elegraph out of her participation in the recent Company (AT&T). Brown and Wil- 1976 Annual Conference of the Amer- liamson Tobacco Corporation, the ican Society of "Training and De- Census Bureau, Delta Airlines, Gen- velopment in New Orleans where she COMSAT representative Glenda eral Motors, IBM Corporation, Lock- was elected to it second term on the Cooper greets a young visitor to the heed Aircraft, the Veterans Admin- National Board of Directors as Chair- COMSAT exhibit. istration and others. person of the Women's Caucus.

20 PATHWAYS Labs radio amateurs participate in nationwide simulated emergency test

BY JOE KASSER

While most people were spending their weekend with their families, the members of the COMSA r and IBM Gaithersburg Amateur Radio Clubs 1400115-5 along with Satellite Business System (sBs) "Hams" participated in a nationwide simulated Emergency Com- munication Test. This test, commonly known as "field day," is organized by the Amer- ican Radio Relay League (ARRL) to prepare radio amateurs for any emergency situation. Such practice events prepare hams to establish communication facilities for stricken areas within minutes of the occurrence of any disaster. In fact, when Hurricane Agnes struck the East Coast in 1972, many The AMSAT-OSCAR 7 spacecraft used for communication during the recent radio amateurs had already prepared Field Day is shown undergoing testing in the Labs Anechoic Chamber. Shown for field day that weekend and were in the photo are Amateur Radio Club operators (standing, left to right), Dave able to convert to the real thing in Weinreich (WA2VUJ), Laurie Gray (K3AK), Joe Kasser (G3ZCZ), Don Damman minutes. (WA2PAG), Dave Reiser (WA3'I'RS), all of COMSAT, and P. Klein 11(31,11.) of AMSAT; and (kneeling), Cal Cotner (K4JSI) of COMSAT. Three different radio stations were deployed on Saturday morning in the parking area at COMSAT Laboratories. one contact using a "natural" power the classroom. A slingshot was used to hurl a fish- supply (a power supply independent The oscAR equipment was set up ing line with an attached sinker high of batteries or fossil fuel, such as the in a car using a simple Citizens Band into the trees, which line was then gasoline used to power emergency style mobile antenna to receive signals used to pull long wire antennas high generators) on Sunday morning. John from the spacecraft and a transmitting into the air. Directional beam anten- Hannssen pedaled away on a bicycle antenna assembled from aluminum nas on antenna towers were erected connected to a salvaged automobile angle and plexiglass at a cost of less by the combined manpower of the generator providing muscle power than two dollars . Ten minutes before participants. Tents were put up to for a radio transceiver to make that the satellite was due to appear above protect the equipment and operators "natural" power contact with a "field the horizon , the main piece of equip- from the weather. day" station in Florida. John had ment vanished in a cloud of smoke. At the same time the Clarksburg spent most of Saturday night hooking However , a hurried lash-up of various station was being set up, amateur up and testing his generator appara- other units was effective and the sat- radio operators all over the United tus. ellite contact made. States and Canada were doing the Also on Sunday morning, contact It is fitting that the OSCAR satel- same. The result, nearly 1,400 con- was established with a field day sta- lites were used by the COMSAT Am- tacts were made from the Labs area, tion in Illinois by means of the amateur Radio Club since the club had the vast majority with other special ateur radio AMSAT-OSCAR (Orbiting been active in part of the test program field day stations in Canada and the Satellites Carrying Amateur Radio) of the AMSAT-OSCAR 7 spacecraft prior 50 states, but some also with am- satellites. 't'hese satclites were built to its launch. ateur stations as far away as Ven- by radio hams in their spare time and Field Day this year had a special ezuela and Yugoslavia. Over 550 of were launched by NASA on a space bicentennial significance to some of these contacts were made using In- available basis, much like a standby our participants . Two of them were ternational Morse code. passenger gets a ride on a scheduled English and their Amateur Radio Li- Special efforts were made to make aircraft flight. These satellites are censes, originally issued by the British used by educational institutions to Government , had been endorsed by Mr. Kasser is a member of the bring the subjects of space sciences the FCC for operation within the Unit- technical staff at the Labs. and orbital mechanics to life and into ed States.

JULY- AUGUST 1976 21 Below is an alphabetical listing Handbook of Successful Operating Personnel Interviewing and Prac- of books recently received in the Cen- Systems and Procedures. PREN...ICE- tice. LOPEz. FEttx. tral Library. 6 A1.1. I? n1TORiA1. STAFF, 1964. Principles of Aperture and Array Handling Employee Questions About System Design. STEINBERG, B. Advanced Engineering Mathematics. Pay. PEFRIE, D .J. Queueing Systems. Vols. I. 11. Wvr.w, C. RAY. A History of Engineering and Sci- K1,EIN ROCK. Advances in Communication Systems. ence in the Bell System. 1'AGEN, Radio Operator's License Q & A Vol. 4 Theory and Application. M. S. Manual. KAUEMAN, NIn:FON. \71FL•Rlrt, A.J. The Hunan Side of Accident Pre- The Snobol 4 Programming Lan- Appraising Managers as Managers. vention. MAR(;o _IS. B. L. guage. GRtswot.u, R. KooNrz, HAR(n.u D. The Human Side of Enterprise. Mc: Spread Spectrum Systems. DIXON, Astronomy and Cosmology. I IOY LE, GRE:G(1K, 1)(H-(;LAS. R. C. FRED. Imperial Earth. CLAKKF.. A. The Shadow Government. Gt-ri- The Budget of the U.S. Government. Integrated Circuits in Digital L:lec- MAN, D. G.P.O. 1976. tr'onics. BARNA, ARPAD. Statistical Methods in Radio Wave Building Construction Cost Data, International Commercial Satellite Propagation. I hittMAN, W. C. 1976. GoiFKE:v, Rou1RI S. Communications. SNUw. .\IARcEL- Syntony and Spark: The Origins Communications Channels: Charac- I.US. of Radio. Al l-KEN, Ht (;it G. terization and Behavior. GOLD- The International Telecommunica- Systems Analysis. OPTNER, S TAN- BERG. B. tion Union. CORDING, G. FORD L. A Concise Guide to Clear Writing. Introduction to Microcomputers and Systems Engineering Methodology GII.BE.RF, M. B. Microprocessors. BARNA, ARPAD. for Interdisciplinary Teams. The Design of Real Time Applica- Large-Scale Networks: Theory and A\ ''MORE. A. tions. Bi .ACKMAN. MAURICE. Design. BO ES CH, F. T. Technology Diffusion. ii 01 (; ii, Developing Tomorrow's Managers Management and Organizational De- (;RAN\'111.1.. Today. I)INstoRE, F. velopment. ;\RGYKts. C. Telecommunication Transmission Digital Design with Standard MSI Managerial Finance. \\ ESTON, H andbook. FREEMAN, Ro(;E:K I.. & LSI. BLAKESI.EE., Tiio\L\S R. Marketing Technology Products. Telephone, The First Hundred Digital Principles and Applications. NIA NCUSO.J. Years. BROOKS, JOHN. MAL INO, A. P. Microwave Diode Control Devices. Television Factbook. Ti:I.F.visloN Electrical Engineering for Profes- CARVER, R ORFRT. I)ii F.S'I', INC., 1970. sional Engineers Examinations. Microwave Integrated Circuits. Gt P- Transactional Analysis on the job. CONSTANCE, Jo11N D. iA, K. C. ALRANO, C. Engineering Economics for Profes- Microwave Mobile Communications. Transmission and Display of Pic- sional Engineers. Ki-Rrz, \L\x. JAKE:S. W11.11:,M C. torial Information. PFARSi)N. the Engineers Companion. Mori-, The Modern Employment Ftinc- I). E. SOUNDERS. tion. DONALD. U.S. Industrial Outlook. G.P.O.. Fire Supression and Detection Sys- N FP.A Handbook of the National 1970. tems. GI.E:NCOE:. Electric Code. Sl'MMFRS, W. Wages and Salaries: A Handbook Goal Setting, the Key to Individual Noise Reduction Tech niqties in Elec- for Line Managers. SitisoN. ROB- and Organizational Effectiveness. tronic Systems. OTT, IIENR\ W. ERT F. Ht (:itFs, CHAKI.Fs. Office Work NIeasurement. N.\NCF.. Word Processing. A NDE RSON, T .J. Handbook for Electronics Engir eer- H. \V. ing Technicians. KAt rM:vN, M tt.- Optical Fiber technology. ( ;LOGE, F l)N. I )ETLF:L. To request items from this list, Handbook for Engineer's Funda- Outer Space and Inner Sanctums. please see the Central Librarian. mentals. Sot 1E;RS, \1. KINSi r•v, NIICttAE1. (Reference S.P_1. 40-2)

22 PATHWAYS ETAM . Linda Formella , daughter in Singapore . ' I'he Glans used the of Mr. and Mrs. John Formella, re- event of the wedding to gather to- Network Bits cently won a 55,11110 scholarship for gether the clan for it family re-

Field Correspondents writing a Bicentennial theme for the union at the home of their oldest xnc: Network. Linda competed nation- daughter in M ill Valley, Cali- Andover wide, and was the recipient for the fornia. Joanne Witas Brewster Southeastern portion of the United Dorothy Buckingham States. JAMESBURG . Larry Cisneros be- Cayey One dark, dreary morning at ap- cante the first ,Jamesburg member John Gonzalez proximately 3:(It) a.m., when making to reach the plateau of the COMSA r COMSAT General ( Plaza) it routine inspection of the antenna III-year employee. Ile was presented Jen Baldwin areas, Bill Bell encountered it not so with a certificate from Cerus:^ r Pres- Etam Bev Conner friendly bohcam. Warned of its president Charyk by H. William Fucino ence by it verv distinct scream, Bill Wood , Vice President, U.S. INTF.t.SAT Sandy Tull immediately came to a halt (you can Division, who was visiting the station Jamesburg tell by the skid marks on the pave- as a representative to the ESoc Meet- Warren Neu ment), and made it fast getaway hack ing held recently in Carmel Valley. Labs into the station. As Bill put it, "It Carol Van Der Weele scared the out of nie." M & S Center Darleen Jones Our Administrator, Chester Ran- New York dolph , has been off with a broken leg. Stephen Keller Chet was working on his patio when Paumalu he fell from a bench, breaking his Bob Kumasaka right leg below the knee . Chet is at Plaza home, leg in a cast, resting as com- Glora Lipfert fortably as can be expected. Santa Paula Pat Hogan Several employees and their fami- Southbury lies have been vacationing : The Bill Eileen Jacohspn Mays and Sam St. Clair families VP H. William went camping at Disneyworld ; Spenc- Wood presents 10- year certificate to Jarneshurg 's Larry er Everly and family vacationed at Cisneros. Myrtle Beach; the john Formellas vacationed in Wisconsin; the Paul 'fhe Earth Stations Owners Com- CAYEY. The hurricane season is on Helfgotts spent a week in New York mittee (F.soc:) Meeting was held at its for awhile bringing with it the and are now camping in Donegal, the Quail Lodge in Carmel Valley. possibility of communications inter- I'ennsylvania; the Mike Britners Several members visited the station ruptions including telephone outages. camped at Williamsburg, Virginia; and were treated to escorted tours Knowing that Andover's Earth Sta- and Roger Parsons and family spent a of the facilities. '1 heir interest in tion engineer Ralph Summerton was week at Ocean City. the station was obvious from the an active "I lam," this correspondent Bill Bell spent it week in the many specific questions asked. Al- (KP4DLY) worked out a plan with Moundsville hospital for some tests, though they were seemingly reluc- Ralph to make sure Cavey was never but I am happy to report, he is hack completely without some kind of at the "old ,grind" once again and conununications. seems as chipper as ever. Another fish A successful test was carried out luncheon was sponsored by the CEA in recently with Ralph (WA I A'CA') op- .June. crating from his home and Jack Con- The modification of the F,tam I an- ner (WA I M MC) from the Andover tenna continues. The old feed and site. Your correspondent operated cover have been removed. Installation from Cavey_ Even using inefficient of the new feed and cover should he long wire antenna at Cavey, commu- completed in September. nication was good between the three Touring Jamesburg during the ESOC -Bev Conner participants on 2(1 meters and 1-3 Meeting were, left to right, Western Union International 's Mr. and Mrs. meters. We hope to try 10 meters Eugene O'Neill, COMSAT's Law- one of these days. GENEVA. Julia Elizabeth Ulans, rence M. Devore and William L. Now if it hurricane descends on daughter of Roman and Morwenna Callaway, AT&T's Robert Newman our island, at least we can talk to Ulans of the Geneva Office, gradu- and John S. Hannon, Jr., of COMSAT. someone stateside and have emer- ated from the University of Califor- gency communications. Other sta- nia at Davis last June. A few days tant to leave our site we were able tions interested in joining our group after graduation her father gave her to make their return trip more in- are welcome. 'l'he present frequencies in marriage to Thian Buck Lim, a tcresting by pointing out the most are 14.26 MIlz and 21.298 MIllz. Singaporean, whom she met when enjoyable and scenic route for the John J. Gonzalez her father directed the Asia Office trip hack. -W.E. Neu JULY - AUGUST 1976 23 M&S CENTER . Ileading the vaca- Labs Closeup tion list are George and Ellen Rob- ertson to Hilton Ilead, South Caro- BETTY LINTHICUM, lina; Bud and Erma Kennedy to Golden Lake, Ontario, Canada; Bar- Cashier bara and Hugh Hutchens spent time in Tennessee sight-seeing and attend- BY SHIRLEY I AYIA)R ing the Grand Ole Oprv; Floyd Thompson and family to North A face familiar to everyone at the Litchfield near NIvrtle Beach, South labs is that of Betty I.inthicum, Labs Carolina, fishing (according to Floyd Cashier. Known as "Betty Cashier" he caught all the fish in the ocean); (to avoid confusion with " Betty Pierce and Ann Stine took a trip to Nurse"), Betty has been Cashier since Kings Dominion and Busch Gardens 1970, when she transferred into the Betty Linthicum, Lubs cashier in Virginia. Jim and Liz Warren Labs Finance Department from Office vacationed in Ohio, however, Jim Services. She came to COMSAT in 1969, Dwight was the victim of it freak does not consider painting a house after working several years at GEICO accident while at work for the Mont- much of a vacation . Betty Hall and and Frederick and Suburban Hospi- gornery County, Maryland, Board of family joined her parents and went tals. As Cashier she is a member of Education. He was electrocuted by it through the Smoky Mountains taking the Budget and Program Control De- high voltage wire but his life was in the scenery partment, managed by Harry F. saved by the quick thinking of a Phy- Congratulations to Dennis Jones, Jones. sical Education instructor on the son of Darleen and Laird Jones, on In her job as Cashier, Betty has a scene who administered mouth-to- his recent marriage to Pamela Hend- wide variety of duties and responsi- mouth resuscitation. Dwight mira- ricks . It was a, June wedding. bilitics . On it daily basis she reim- culously survived, but his shoulder After the terrifying ordeal of going burses employees for petty cash was shattered, and it has to he oper- through Europe's worst recorded vouchers, advances funds for travel, ated on regularly every six or seven earthquake. the mother and aunt of cashes personal checks, audits travel months. lie still works for the school Hank Schutzbier carne to visit Hank expense vouchers and maintains con- board, and also farms part time. in .July and enjoy the peace and quiet trol of auto rental cards, makes a trip In 19(17 the Linthicurns purchased of country living in Frederick county, to the Clarksburg hank and Post Of- their own home in IIvattstown, Maryland. The quake's epicentre was fice, maintains a travel log, records Maryland, some six miles front the in the area of his home town of Gariz- capital equipment purchase requisi- Labs in Clarksburg. Both Betty and ,a, in northeastern Italy. His immedi- tions , balances her cash drawer, sells Dwight are active in the I iyattstown ate family and relatives, happy to re- postage stamps, and, for all those peo- Fire Department, where he serves as port, suffered no personal injuries ple who do riot read carefully (or at it volunteer fireman, and she is on the although their homes sustained con- all!), interprets sri policies. ladies' auxiliary. In their "spare" siderable damage. Conditions became In addition, on a regular basis, she time, the Linthicurns, with several intolerable as after-shocks prevented provides travelers' cheques arid keeps members of his family, rent and work them from reoccupying the houses. records of them, makes reimbursement two farms, one of 195 acres near forcing them to live in a public garden of travel expenses, prepares capital Comus, Maryland, and one about 245 in the town's center along with sever- equipment and various budget re- acres. The latter is planted in corn, al hundred other inhabitants. They ports, and participates in special hut the former supports beef cattle, are scheduled to return to Italy in projects as may be assigned. She is chickens, rabbits, pigs, and crops August. also a member of the Labs First Aid such as corn, oats, wheat and barley. The M&S Center welcomes new team and is on call for the Nurse in Betty likes outdoor activities, par- employees Carol Upole, Jackie her absence as needed. ticularly water sports, and vacations Cade, Vito Visaggio and Don Roun- Born Betty Johnson in Sandy at the beach whenever possible. She saville . A luncheon was held for Ray Spring, Maryland, the eldest of three enjoys country music, but her greatest Juhl who is on it year's leave of ah- girls, she was raised on a dairy farm love, for which she is famous around sence and residing in Mesa. Arizona. and graduated from Damascus High the Labs, is Elvis Presley. His pic- -Darleen Jones School in 1963. The same year she tures adorn her office and his music married Dwight Lee Linthicum. The "sends" her into outer space. Her couple are parents of two children, most treasured memory is of seeing Juanita and Dwight Jr. him in person, and her ambition is PAUMALU. While thousands of Very shortly after their marriage, to go to Las Vegas to see him again. mainland vacationers are visiting Ha- waii during this Bicentennial Year, many "Ilawaiians" are in turn spend- toured Western Canada and the West for Technician, and his family visited ing their vacations on the :Mainland. Coast. Eddie Miyatake , -rrc&nt Su- friends and relatives on the West Paumalu's travelers during the sum- pervisor, visited Disneyland and other Coast, while Ken Yamashita , Station mer included Stan Holt , Operations places of interest in California with Engineer, wife Imi and daughter Supervisor, who, with his family, his family. Tamotsu Iwamoto, Sen- Gail, spent two weeks touring Ore-

24 PATHWAYS Norman Murakami , Bill Osborn, busy schedule several of the station Paul Koike and Tamotsu Iwamoto. personnel have managed to take va- Visitors to the station have been cations. Gordon Johnson spent a treated to it rare sight since early Nlav week camping in the Sierra Moun- when the 33-foot MARrsAT antenna tains far away from telephones, was erected approximately 100 feet alarms and spacecraft tests. J. Gnass from the familiar PAM-I antenna. went on it week long, 1,000-mile bi- Standing nearly 4(1 feet high, the lat- cycle tour in northern California, est antenna addition at Paumalu, the which lie insists was it vacation. J. fourth on station. is dwarfed by the Peasley enjoyed his last weekend larger 97-foot PAst-I antenna, which trip to San Diego so much lie went The 33-fool Marisat antenna appears has been a landmark installation at back for it vacation. dwarfed by the familiar PAM-1 97- I'aumalu since 1964. The XIARISAl K. Jesinghaus is enjoying life as it foot antenna. transportable terminal was used for summer bachelor while his wife at- gon, Nevada, and California. in-orbit testing and check-out of the tends a training session at the FAA June 12, 1976, marked the tenth MARrsAT F-2 satellite. Academy in Oklahoma City. J. Cas- anniversary of service with CutvtsA r -Bob Kumasaka torina transferred here from the for nine Paumalu employees. During PLAZA. Our best wishes to Bob .Jamesburg Earth Station in May, but a brief ceremony to honor these em- Carl of Analysis and Traffic on his returns there on most of his shift ployees, Station Manager Glenn retirement from COMSAT tin July 30 breaks. We expect him to complete Vinquist presented it letter of (,on- after IU years of service. Bob enlisted his relocation here by the end of the gratulation Irons Dr. Charyk to Ken in the U.S. Navy in his home town of surnrner. - Pat Hogan Yamashita , Eddie Miyatake, Stan- Cleveland, Ohio, in 1934. fie was ley Holt , Allan Prevo , Norman commissioned an Ensign in 1942 SOUTHBURY . Two new employees Kato , Ronald Miyasato , Timothy while serving at pearl Harbor in Ha- have joined the station, Cynthia Kolb, Tom Ota , and John Vollrath. waii. In 1956, he retired from the Bachyrycz , part-time N1ARISAT Com- The nine employees joined Charles Navy as a Lieutenant Commander rnunicaiions Operator, and Frank Ogata and Charles Wong its members while stationed with the U.S. Navy Makray, Communications Techni- of Paunialu's "Ten-V ear Club''. Security Group in Washington, D.C. cian. Also joining the club, having com- Bob worked for RCA and Philco before Much of the attention here at the pleted 10 years service with COMMSA-r, joining CurrtsAT in 1966. IIc and Mrs. station has been focusing on the M1AR- (:art plan to remain in the Washing- ISAT Commercial Operations with the ton area. commencement of commercial voice Don Ross reports that he had a great visit to the "magnificent" (,reek service for MARISAT on ,July 9. Op- Earth Station at "Thermopylae. The erators Dolores Raneri , Constance station decor features marble floors Sarles and Cynthia Bachyrycz and statues and the grounds contain have been applying their background M it lovely small chapel. I)on also men- and training in making this a suc- Lily Miram tries on her 10-year tioned how much he liked their trop- cessful operation. award necklace assisted by Al Prevo ical working hours, 7:311 a.m. 2:30 In .July, the Southbury Earth while 10-year COMSAT veterans p. 111. Station Employees' Association (left to right) Tom Ota. Charles Paul Troutman drove 8,400 miles (SESE A) held its first annual picnic Wong, Ken Yamashita and Station and visited I- states on his vacation. at the site. Roger Miner , SESEA Pres- Manager Vinquist look on. Ilighlights of his trip included visits to Lake Tahoe, the (;rand l'etons and ident, directed all the arrangements is Lily S. Miram , Paumalu's Ac- the Arch in St. Louis. While we ex- with the help of Constance Sarles. counting Personnel Clerk. A Pauma- perienced 9(1 degree heat in Washing- "There were ample food and beverages lu staffer since August 3. 1966, Lily ton, Don Tucker spent four weeks in for the employees and their fami- is the only "wahine" employee on sta- North Dakota. He claims he slept un- lies. Volley ball, badminton and cro- tion. Lily was presented with her 10- der blankets every night. quet games were organized by year award, a necklace, along with it Welcome aboard to Communica- Ronnie Hicks and Jim Nelson. letter from Dr. Charyk, by Glenn tion Center Operators Roscoe Drum- The weather was excellent and every- Vinquist. mond and Landon McKenzie. one had a good time. The Ilale Ohana Camp, a private -Gloria Lipfert The vegetable gardens on site are beach camp in Haleiwa, was the site doing very well in spite of the black- for the annual Paumalu CEA spon- SANTA PAULA. The station is hav- birds. sored picnic for station employees and ing a very active summer with Bart Bartlett and Constance their families in August. Members of COMSTAR launches in May and July. Sarles will have an enormous corn Team 3, led by Operations Supervi- a :'VIARISAT launch in .June and sched- crop, tomatoes will be in abundance sor Charles Ogata , planned and or- uled commercial MARISAT communi- as well as squash, beans, and other ganized this year's picnic assisted by cation service in August. Despite the ,vegetables. -Eileen Jacobsen

JULY- AUGUST 1976 25 MARISAT: now a totally new communications system for the world's shipping and offshore industries Now the MARISAT satellite system is in MARISAT, ready now for sale or lease for full operation. immediate installation on your ships or off- We opened for business in July via the shore facilities. first MARISAT satellite with service in the Through better communications, MARI- Atlantic and western Indian Oceans. Now the SAT offers you savings and better manage- second MARISAT satellite is in operation, ment of your marine operations. Ask those serving the Pacific Ocean area. who know: many major companies are using COMSAT General's MARISAT services COMSAT General's MARISAT services now. include high-quality telex, telephone and data MARISAT-pioneered by COMSAT communications. Fast, modern, reliable com- General. munications around-the-clock, linking ships For information on our wide range of com- and offshore facilities at sea with the world's munications services. call our offices today: telecommunications networks. Washington telephone 202/554-6090 Further, we have mobile terminals, engi- Houston telephone 713/777-1359 neered to high standards for use with New York telephone 212/757-6307

COMSAT GENERAL CORPORATION o 950 L 'ENFANT PLAZA . SW- WASHINGTON, B.C. 20024 co COMSAT Gent's!. Cummunrcatvis tJ the maritime W0.1 /1. September-October 1976 RECORDS Volume 1 Number 7

INTELSAT's Director General Astrain

COMMUNICATIONS COSAMUMRPORA CORPORATION CORE;., /MSAT COMSAT GENERAL CORPORATION September - October 1976 CONTENTS Volume 1 Number 7 PAGE.

.\strain appointed k I FT s.\ I's first Director (;cneral PATHWAYS is published every by Stephen D. Smoke I other month by the Office of Public Information, Communications Sat- An intcr\iew with the Secretary General 3 ellite Corporation, COMSAT Build- ing, 950 L ' Enfant Plaza, S.W., :A report on IyvI,vRs.v I by Thomas .11. Zimmer and Washington , D.C. 20024 . Phone AC C. Ii'cndell Ber,ar're. Jr. 202, 554 -6104 or 6105.

I y iiI. ,_v I Board authori/es award of IN.rt.t ;:v I v contract I) EDITOR

John J. Peterson Multi-million-dollar INIt-i.sAI \ contract awarded \ci onutronie Ford I) PHOTOGRAPHY SBS asks expedite domestic system Allan W. Galfund FCC to James T. McKenna applications l()

STAFF CONTRIBUTORS Navy contracts lot- Indian Ocean service Daniel N . Crampton Allan W. Galfund .Aeronautical satellite contract negotiations Larry G. Hastings authorized by .\etu)s \ r Space Segment Board James H. Kilcoyne James T. McKenna Edgar Bolen , Production News of the Corporation 12

PUBLICATION ADVISORS Safetc is (;ood Business COMSAT Joseph V. Charyk Notes from Personnel ^,t .A/el Williams 13 President Lucius D. Battle l rai edy Strikes the Labs ''Duck" I-amily. A.feature Senior Vice President, Corporate Affairs 1) 1 fevsel.\f (.aa B.I. Edelson Director , COMSAT Laboratories Network Bits IS Robert B . Schwartz Secretary and Director of Public Information Cover . INT£LSAT's first Director General. Santi- Stephen D. Smoke ago Astrain An artist 's portrait by Suzy Ro. Manager , Publications Lawrence Weekley Manager . Media Relations and Information Services

COMSAT General Hale Montgomery Director , Business Promotion

A member of the International Association of Business Communicators.

©C UMSILNIt AT ION, hA I LLLI I L COKPORA 110-1 1--. Astrain appointed INTELSAT's First Director General

News flashed from Nairobi September 28: ASSEMBLY OF PARTIES UNANI- MOUSLY CONFIRMS SANTIAGO ASTRAIN DIRECTOR GENERAL OF INTELSAT.

Santiago Astrain

B \ SrL I'IILN 1). SMOKI

N ;\ FRACTION of a second the mes- Selected Over Stiff Competition he have to complete within three sage front Nairobi was relayed by \Ir. :\strain's appointment as Di- years the first phase of restructuring the global communications satellite rector General of INTta.S:\l came as the INrELSAT organization, he had to system owned by the 94 member-na- rio surprise to the world's telecom- do it to the satisfaction of three ele- tion IntermttionaI 'I elecotnmunica- munications industry. Three years ments of a governing structure: it 25- tions Satellite Organization (Iy I'I i- ago \Ir. Astrain was chosen over stiff man Board of Governors, representing SAT) to such cities as Santiago. (:hile, international (ompetitiorn to fill the 73 countries; it Meeting of Signa- where Mr. strain was born: New post of Secretary General, which had tories, made up of the telecommunica- York City where lie helped obtain come into being on February 12, 1973, tions entities which finance the global support for his country's electrical de- when the I.Nrt:ts.\ r Definitive Agree- satellite system; and art :\ssembly of velopment program; and Washing- ments superseded the Interim :Agrec- Parties composed of representatives ton, D.C., where IN rtns:v r is head- ments which established INTrt.s,vr on of the respective IN I L1.SA t nremher quartered and where NIr. r\strain cur- :August 20, 1964. governmentts. Moreover, he had to do rently serves as its Secretary General. From the day he took office as Sec- it under terms of the Definitive Agree- retary General, on September 1, 1971, ments which specified that the Secre- Mr. Smoke iv :ha na er , Publications, his task was formidable Not only did tary General was to be succeeded by a Ulfice of Public Irt/orrrtaliont.

SEPTEMBER -OCTOBER 1976 1 nccring at the University, where he was to continue teaching on-and-off for 25 years-- first as it student Asso- ciate Professor, then later as Professor of Electrical Theory, Electrical Engi- neering, and Electrical Systems, respectively. Since education was free in Chile, teaching at the University, Mr. Astrain says, was regarded by many as a way of "paying back the Univer- sity for the education we received.' In reminiscing about his teaching experiences, \Ir. Astrain says that one of his greatest satisfactions came in finding that many of his former students were to become his close associ- ates in FSDF,s,v's power development program and, later, with t•:x i Ft -Chile, a subsidiary of F:siws.. Shortly after graduation from the University in 1943, Mr. Astrain married his childhood sweetheart. Maria Santiago Astrain, New York representative of ENDESA (standing at Caridad ("Cary") Elexpuru. Before left), and Joaquin Figuero, New York office director of CORFO, ob- (Continued on page .1) serve Walter Miller, Chilean Ambassador to the U.S., and W.A.B. 11i f f, Vice President of the World Bank, sign a $32.5 million loan agreement in Washington, D.C., in December 1959 for Chile's further electric power development.

Director General by December 31, Engineers to the outstanding student 1976. of the graduating class, selected on the Mr. Astrain's performance as Sec- basis of academic achievement and it retary General obviously spoke for vote of his classmates. itself. When the time came to appoint As late as the 1930's, electrical the first Director General, the Board power was scarce in Chile. But things of Governors again selected him over were about to change and progress international competition, and the was to be dramatic in the 20 years Assembly of Parties has now con- after Mr. Astrain's graduation from firmed the appointment. Having met the University. A new government the test, Mr. Astrain will assume his corporation, Corporacion de Fomento new post on December 31 for a six- (CORFO), was formed in 1939 to pro- year term of office. mote the development of the country's economy. From its ranks emerged The Early Years some of Chile's prominent social and Mr. Astrain is the son of it Chilean industrial leaders in oil, power, steel, businessman. Entering the University transportation and communications. of Chile in 1936, he pursued a six- .\'Ir. Astrain was to become one of year course of study in Civil and Elec- those leaders, first in electrical power Signing of contract in 1965 for the northern microwave system, San- trical Engineering, and graduated in and then in communications. tiago to Arica (2,000 km), left to 1943 as an electrical engineer. "I had flirted with the idea of' going right: (seated) James Conduit, "I wasn't an athlete, or c. rapus into mining." Mr. Astrain admits, representative of General Electric "but Chile needed power and I chose leader, or anything like that," Mr. Company of England; Mr. As- that route." So, even before he re- Astrain says when asked about his ex- train, General Manager, ENTEL; tracurricular activities, but despite his ceived his professional degree, he went (standing) Roberto Cofre, Engi- denials, the record shows that he was to work as an engineer with the Na- neer, ENTEL; Manuel Rojas, the recipient of the Marcos Orrego tional Electric Power Company (EN- ]lead of Finance, ENTEL; and Puelma Award. This award is granted DESA), a subsidiary of eoRFO. At the Jorge Rodriguez, Legal Advisor, annually by the Chilean Institute of same time, he taught electrical engi- ENTEL.

2 PATHWAYS Question: Mr. Astrain, what will be markets are so uniquely clustered geo- Mr. Astrain : This is a subject that is Your p r imary concerns in your new graphically that a relatively few satel- of major concern to Ix rFasn r, to position as Director General of INTEt- lites can accomplish what a growing COMSAT, and to all of the developing SAT number of countries are trying to ac- countries , many of which are com- M r. Astrain : Many challenges lie complish by launching their own do- pletely dependent on satellite com- ahead, just as they did when I as- mestic satellites. If' satellite prolifera- munications for international service. sumed the post of Secretary General. tion continues, it will result in serious The developing countries constitute The challenges will be different, how- technical and economic problems not an increasing percentage of the lxri;r.- c\cr, and very likely more difficult. only for Ixrr.ts:\T, but for the whole s \ i membership . Very simply', the During my tenure as Secretary Gen- concept of satellite communications. economics of any communications sys- eral, Ixrto i.s:\ I was concerned pri- tem depend largely on the extent to marily with the development of ad- which the available capacity is being vanced satellites and matters related used . The public , worldwide, will to the transition in organizational never benefit fully from the economic structure under the Definitive Agree- An interview potential of satellite technology as ments. \Vhen I assume office as Di- long as extensive satellite and cable rector General, we will have still capacity remains only partially used. other organizational changes to with the This is a matter that must be resolved make, but the role of the 1x FELS.\T on an international basis in the near system in world contrnunications will future. be our major concern. Director General Question : I)o I note some small Question : The I\TELSAT system has measure of concern about INTE1.SAT's revolutionized world communications; future in the face of incursions by both what are the important issues still to be resolved? cable and satellite systems? Mr. Astrain : Not at all. No other Mr. Astrain : 'T'here are two major means of communication can sleet the questions: one relates to satellite sys- world ' tems coordination; the other relates to s needs as well as the satellite can. This is witnessed by the fact that cable-satellite systems competition. the INTFI_SAT system already carries Both have a substantial impact on the Question : Doesn't INTEISAT, with a major portion of all international economics of satellite communica- 4.t Si,'riatories , have a satellite inter- communications , tiun5. system coordination process? and more than half Mr. Astrain : Yes, it does, but lNFF.t- of all transoceanic communications. In Question : What are the problems in- S.\T has no authority to act as an In- addition, many countries Algeria, i'Ok,ed in satellite syster .r coordina- ternational policeman. Even the Inter- Brazil, France, Malaysia, Nigeria, tion.' national Telecommunication I-nion Norway and Spain , and many others Mr. Astrain : The INTEL SAT system, (ITt•), which is charged with the main to come-are using IN FF.r.s.vi satellites by international agreement, was con- international responsibility for inter- for domestic communications. The ceived as it single global communica- system coordination , has only limited INTELSSAr V Satellites, which We will tions satellite system. A satellite, how- enforcement powers. I lowever, the begin to launch in 1979, represent ever, can be used to provide domestic matter of satellite intersystem coordi- the most cost-effective communications or regional (multi-country) services, nation will be given serious considera- planning, even when compared to the as well as global services. Regional tion during the rrt 'S World Adminis- most advanced design for alternative systems would obviously deprive the trative Radio Conference , scheduled means of transmission . The funda- INTE.I.SAT system of traffic, as would to sleet in 1979, mental question , therefore, is: will domestic systems which could be the countries of the world permit served more efficiently b y the I\TFIs.\r Question: In the United States we IxTELSAT to fulfill the role of which it system. Moreover, there is already a hear a great deal about the cable- is capable in achieving the common problem with satellite parking space satellite controversy. You also men- purpose of high-quality telecomnnini- in the geosynchronous orbit around tioned this subject. l1-hat does it mean cations .' We must find the answer to the earth. The major communications to Ixrt.i.SA1? that question.

SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 1976 3 Director General 1Continued from page 2) the end of that year the newlyweds were on their way to New York, where Mr. Astrain was assigned to ENnr:s.x's New York office to super- vise construction of the machinery and equipment being purchased in the U.S. for use in Chile's electrification program. Aside from the professional satisfaction derived from his first overseas assignment, that period in New York was particularly memorable for Mr. Astrain and his wife, for it was there that their daughter was born. Three years later, he was recalled to Chile and appointed engineer in charge of ENDESA'S electrical installations in Santiago. His performance earned him advancement in 1951 to Chief of ENDESA's Electrical Engineer- ing Division, where he was in charge of engineering, design, construction supervision and procurement of all of ENDESA'S electrical installations, including power and telecommunications plants. In 1958, it was back to New York again. This time Mr. Astrain was placed in charge of ENUESA'S New York office, supervising the procurement and financing of more electrical equipment for Chile, which he bought in Europe and Japan, as well as the United States. lie was becoming well As Chief Executive of ENTEL-Chile, which constructed the first earth schooled in the intricacies of indus- station for satellite communications in Latin America, Mr. Astrain, right, greets Eduardo Frei, President of Chile, at the dedication of the trial financing and procurement on Longovilo Earth Station on July 28, 1968. four continents. By 1960, a strong base had been established in (:hilt's electrification by cuRFu to develop plans and or- says. At an investment of about program and qtr. Astrain was called ganize a new subsidiary, r-:\ tr:t.- $6.5 million, it cost less to buy an home for one of his biggest assign- Chile, to increase the country's over- earth station than it single Boeing ments: the reorganization of t•:Nutcs.^ all communications capability. exrt_t.- 707 airliner, and the cost of it station which, by then, had 8,U(0 employees Chile was established in December is even lower today." and was well along in its program to 1964, and Mr. Astrain was appointed With Chile's satellite communica- meet the country's rural and indus- its first Chief Executive. During his tions experience behind him. Mr. trial power requirements. six-year tenure as head of the organi- Astrain was more convinced than ever nation, tv tta built an earth station that the satellite had great potential ENTEL -Chile's First Chief for satellite communications at Longo- for the advancement of the developing Executive vilo, near Santiago. Dedicated in ,July countries, and he dedicated his efforts It might have been the year 1964 1968, it was the first such station to to exploiting this new technology. that put \ir. Astrain on the road to be constructed in Latin America. In 1968, his government sent him his present position. Chile was in dire "It was far easier and less costly to to Vicuna as its representative to the need of improved communications, project Chile into the mainstream of United Nations Conference on Peace- both domestic and international. Mr. world communications than it was to ful Uses of Outer Space. The follow- Astrain was given the responsibility electrify the counU'v.'' \L-. Astrain ing year he was sent to Washington

PATHWAYS 4 as Chile ' s representative to the Pleni- potentiary Conference on Definitive Arrangements for INTEL. AT. T his was to be a pivotal assignment in his career. Here he teamed with the Aus- tralian and Belgian delegates in pro- posing a four-tier structure for I I F.t - s:\ r. The proposed structure, which included a Meeting of Signatories and an Assembly of Parties, was designed to assure that all participating tele- comntunicatlorts entities, regardless of size, would have a forum in which to voice their opinions. This concept served as the basis for INTL•LSA I'S present organizational structure. The second session of the IxTtas:vr Plenipotentiary Conference , in 1970, appeared to be hopelessly deadlocked on a wide range of issues, such as management arrangements , powers and interrelationships of the various Iti t LLSAT organs and the types of services I N n•. t.S.\ r should provide. At the Santiago Astrain , right, at the opening of the first meeting of the Meet- eleventh hour , however, the delega- ing of Signatories in Washington , in November 1973, shortly after his appointment as Secretary General of IN'1'ELSA'1'. tions of Australia and J apan submitted it compromise draft agreement, one element of which was the four- the Conference decided that there was final session in 1971, Mr . Astrain re- tier governing structure pr.oposal, and then sufficient basis on which to con- turned to the kind of work in which tinue the negotiations . It appointed he had first made his mark . lie joined an Intersessional Working Group the International Bank for Recon- (twc), of which Mr. Astrain was struction and Development ( World Warned Chairman , to draw up a draft Bank ), where lie was well known for agreement to be presented within one his work with LNDLSA and cNTLi . fie year to the membership for considera- served as Chief of the Power Section tion-and ratification. for Latin America and the Caribbean until, near the end of his third year Chairs IWG Meetings with the Bank . he received a call from The year that followed was hectic. IN rcas.; r. Alter an extensive search to The tvvu met in three sessions for a find the right man for carrying out the total of 125 meetings, with Mr. As- initial phase of the restructuring of train chairing 123 of those meetings. IN rr.r,s:%I, the Board of Governors had Despite the work of the twe;, the third chosen him as Secretary General. session of the Plenipotentiary Confer- Among the key tasks that con- ence involved intensive negotiations. fronted hint when he took office, two But on May 21, 1971, accord was fi- of the most significant were the estab- nally reached by the entire member- lishment of the Executive Organ and ship oil a draft agreement and, on the implementation of the Manage- August 20, 1971, the Definitive Agree- ment Services Contract , under which nrerits were opened for signature. The COMSA T would perform technical and Leonard II. Marks of the United signatures of two-thirds of the ment- operational functions for IN I L LSAT. States, right, and Mr. Astrain ap- bership needed for ratification were Now, three years later , with those proach the Plenipotentiary Con- obtained by December 1972, and the tasks behind him, Santiago Astrain ference on INTELSAT Definitive Arrangements with a great deal Definitive Agreements entered into looks forward to the challenges of of confidence. The Conference force on February 12. 1973. being INTha.sAT' s first I)irectur Gen- was held in Washington in Feb- As the Plenipotentiary Conference eral. Once again , he will have a large ruary 1969. prepared to meet for its third and role in determining I N rr..t sA is future.

SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 1976 5 W. A. Geddes of Great Britain, Vice Chairman of the INTELSAT Board of Governors, greets Mr. and Mrs. Astrain, right, at INTEL- SAT's Tenth Anniversary reception in August 1974 as J. Alegrett of Venezuela, Chairman of the Board of Governors, and his wife look on.

Abbott M. Washburn, Cornrnis- sioner of the Federal Communi- cations Commission, and Mr. Astrain listen to speakers at the reception on the occasion of IN- 'I ELSAT's 't'enth Anniversary.

Michael Collins, Director of the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum , and Mr. Astrain, Secretary General of INTELSA'1', sign agreement in August 1975 for the loan of three cornrnunications satellites to the Museum.

6 PATHWAYS Authors' note : The `1ARisvi System, developed by C0NISA'I GENERAL, has opened a new era in maritime communications. Its success has been accompanied by considerable study as to the long-terns provision of global maritime services. In this connection, lzi!o international agreements have recently been completed pursuant to which the International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMAKSAT) would be created to provide global service. Plans for U.S. participation in I N- MAxsAT are of particular importance to (:obis.\ r since the White House Office of I Telecommunications Policy (OTP) has indicated its intention to propose legislation concerning the designation of the U.S. entity to represent the (.S. in INNIARSAT.

THOMAS M. LI\t\ILt2 AND C. 1\' 1•\UI .I I. Rt•.Ki;i isi..,,JK. N N SEt'rl•:AliEtz , 1976, two in- Long-Term Service O ternational agreements were opened for signature which would Significant progress has already establish a new international organi- been achieved in bringing to reality zation, similar to I \ rra s:\ i , to provide maritime satellite communications the space segment for global maritime with the commencement of service on satellite communications. The agree- the MARtSAT system, and there are M ments are to enter into force after plans for the development by the countries representing 9^ percent of' European Space Agency 0:s.\) of' the initial subscribed investment its \L\KOTS system. However, the shares have become parties to the question of the most appropriate ap- agreements, with it limitation that proach to the long terns provision of this niust take place by September global maritime satellite communica- 2, 1979 . When the organization conies tions services has proven more time into being, it will be known as the consuming. A International Maritime Satellite Several years ago the Intergovern- Organization (IvMARSAT) and is ex- mental Maritime Consultative Or- pected to be headquartered in Lon- ganization (i ieo) became actively in- don. terested in the potential improvements With the success of communica- that might be obtained, through mari- tions satellites over the last decade time satellites, for safety of life and and the success of INTEI.SAT as a vehl- property at sea and for efficiency of cle for establishing a global communi- navigation and shipping. In 1972 R cations satellite system, there has i\tc:u established it panel of Experts been increasing interest in extending on Maritime Satellites (tvit:) which the benefits of satellite conmunica- was given the task of studying tech- t.ions to an ever broader group of nical operational, financialeconomic potential users. One of the major and institutional matters relating to markets for expansion of satellite the establishment of it maritime satel- services has been the maritime indi s- lite system. The Put. also was in- try. Satellite contntunicaIions are par- structed to prepare a report of its ticularly attractive for reaching ves- s work should an international confer- sels at sea since other means of conl- ence be convened to consider the ques- niunication have inherent technical tion of the establishment of an inter- limitations, due in part to the great national Inaritinic satellite system. distances involved and to the mobile nature of the communications scr- Work of the POE vices, which preclude assurance of the high reliability essential to the mari- Between 1972 and late 1974. the time industry. l'OI' held six meetings and devoted considerable effort to definin Mr. 7. inrrner is .Assistant General g opera- Coun±e! for COMSAT General. tional requirements and technical parameters for an international mari- Ifr. Iiergere is an international time satellite system , making a finan- attorney for COMSAT. cial and economic assessment of such

SEPTEMBER -OCTOBER 1976 7 was reaching agreement on how in- a system, and developing proposed INTEts;i, an intergovernmental agree- vestment shares would be determined. institutional arrangements. ment to he signed by governments and Although there was general agree- While the l'..S. participated in the an operating agreement to be signed ment at the Second Plenary Con- work of the Putt from its inception, either by governments or by operating ference held in London in February it was not totally satisfied with the entities designated by governments. 1976 that actual utilization of the results of the work or with a number 't'hree other major issues which space segment would he the funda- of the conclusions and recommenda- surfaced during the first session of mental basis, a number of different tions contained in the Per-'s report. the Conference were: (1) the distri- approaches to counting traffic were 'I he U .S. had particular concern with bution of powers between an Assem- suggested, ranging from allocating respect to the proposed institutional bly of Parties composed of govern- all traffic to the land station involved arrangements, which (lid not envision ments, each with an equal vote and a to allocating the traffic to either the a participating role for the private Council composed of governments or land station or the shipboard station, communications industry. operating entities with voting based on respective inestment shares: depending upon which initiated the communication. The International Conference (2 the extent to which the procurement policy of IN\iARS:yr would re- The compromise formula which was Following the completion by the quire the Council to take steps to en- worked out allocated all traffic to both PoF. of its work, it was decided to con- courage and maintain competition in earth and shipboard stations where vene an international conference the provision of hardware through traffic originates and terminates, but under the auspices of trace on the the dissemination of contracts inter- even this solution had inherent in it establishment of an international nationally; and (3) the determination a special problem. I. finder this formula maritime satellite system . '[he First of the initial and long-term invest- some countries, such as Liberia and Plenary Conference met in London ment shares of countries participating Panama, would be attributed it large in April 1973 and reached agree- in Ixyt:yus.'T. utilization, with a consequential ment that " there was a need for it The resolution of these and other large investment share, since large worldwide maritime satellite sys- issues has been accomplished over the numbers of ships are registered under tern and also that there was a need past year and a half by three inter- their jurisdiction. Their difficulty for an international intergovernmen- sessional working groups, a number arises because the true owners of tal organization to administer and of informal meetings among the larg- these fleets are not citizens of, or manage this system ." I lowever, there est anticipated potential investors otherwise involved in, these coun- was it wide split in the Conference in INM.\ua:yt and two additional ple- tries. As such, under the utilization between those States advocating that nary sessions of the Conference. formula, these "flags of convenience's governments should assume full re- countries would be faced with a far Role of Private Enterprise sponsibility for participation in such a larger financial obligation to the or- system, including financial , techni- With respect to participation in ganization than they would be pre- cal and operational responsibilities, the organization by private communi- pared to assume. 'T'hus, the Con- and those States which advocated cations entities, it contingent of Euro- ference developed a solution per- that governments should be able to pean countries led by the United mitting such a country, at its option, designate private entities to carry Kingdom agreed to accommodate to reduce its investment share and out such responsibilities. the U.S. requirements and to imple- thereby reduce the financial commitment this arrangement through the ment it might otherwise have to make. conclusion of two agreements. an Matters to be Resolved Voting Power intergovernmental Convention and an This controversy was a matter of Operating Agreement. A distribution Another very troublesome issue for crucial importance to the U.S. and of powers was recommended between the Conference was whether to im- the private communications industry the Assembly and the Council which pose an arbitrary limit on the voting power in the Council of a Signatory since U.S. policy traditionally left to essentially would vest managerial and the private sector the provision of policy-making authority with respect with a large investment share. There commercial communications services. to financial, operational and technical was considerable concern that a single Signatory. quite possibly the On the other hand , those 'States ad- matters in the Council, reserving to vocating ultimate governmental re- the Assembly certain functions of par- U.S., might be in a position to block decisions desired by it substantial sponsibility for all matters . of which ticular interest to governments. A the Soviet Union was the leading procurement policy was prepared majority of the organization. The U.S. asserted that as it matter of proponent , believed that conumtutica- which is very similar to that in the tions services for safety of life at sea INTtaSAT Agreement and which gives equity the principle of voting power were so important as to require gov- due recognition to the element of equaling investment should he main- ernmental participation and responsi- price, quality and niost favorable de- tained. However, in the interests of achieving agreement, the U.S. was bility. A related issue was whether livery time. the legal mechanism to establish an prepared to accept some reasonable Investment Shares INNIA zs :vr Organization should be limit on voting. through one agreement to he signed (-)ne of the most interesting and (Continued on page 13) by governments or, as in the case of difficult problems for the Conference

8 PATHWAYS explore with the European 'Space Agency the technical compatibility, INTELSAT Board authorizes award schedule, and definitive charge for of INTELSAT V contract the Ariane launch vehicle for possible use onIIN r tsA t V launches. The Man- agement Services Contractor will The T wenty - third Meeting of the for use of the Atlas-Centaur prior report at future meetings on the pro- INrta :yr Board of Governors was to the use of the STS; and it clear gress in these areas. held in September at INTLLSAT Ilead- definition of all aspects of the fixed • Approved a report to the Second quarters in Washington, D .C., solely price contract for the st s. Assembly of Parties (Kenya 27 Sep- to consider the IN rEtsA r v program. • Instructed the Management tentber-l O(tober) reflecting the The Board: Services Contractor to limit further above decisions. • Authorized the Management financial commitment to NASA on long The "Twenty-fourth Meeting of the Services Contractor to execute the lead items to four Atlas-Centaur Board of Governors was scheduled to proposed contract with Aeronutronic launch vehicles. be held at I N FF LSAT Headquarters in Ford Corporation for the procure- • Authorized the Management Washington, D.C. beginning October ment of seven INTEISA • I v spacecraft. Services Contractor to continue to 27, The total contract price including incentives is $233,468 , 000. Multi-million-dollar INTELSAT V (Editor's note : Subsequent to contract awarded Aeronutronic Ford the meeting , the contract was awarded to Aeronutronic Ford. In one of the most significant and lize numerous advanced and innova- An in -depth feature on the IN- far-reaching actions taken since its tive technologies and will serve as TELSAT V satellite series will be inception , INTLLSAr has awarded it the mainstay of the global contmu- presented in the November/De- contract for almost it quarter of it nicatious satellite system for the cember issue of PATHWAYS.) billion dollars to the Aeronutronic 1980's. Ford Corporation for seven IN rt:i s ,VI V The program with Aeronutronic • Approved for planning purposes spacecraft along with supporting Ford will be monitored for I N''FI t SA I the following space segment con- equipment and services. by (:IMSAT as Management Services figurations: Estimated by I N I LISA I to involve Contractor. In the Atlantic Region, three it financial commitment of nearly a At its recently concluded twenty- 1NTEI.SAT tv- A's will be used as a Pri- half-billion dollars when launch costs third meeting, the Board of Governors mary, Major Path and an Opera- are included , the new satellite pro of I N I LLSAT authorized the award of tional Sparc in the period 1977-1979, grail, the iNTELSA r v series, will uti- it $235. million (U . S.) contract for and for 1979-1982 two txrtas;yr V.S will be used as it Primary and Sparc and two IV -A 'S will he used as the Major Path and Operational Spare. The Indian Ocean Region will have it Primary plus Sparc configuration Photo composed , during the period of 1978 of a through 1980, of two INrr:ISAT IV-A's, model and from 1980- 1982 of two 1NTF.t.SA r of the VS. INTELSAT V In the Pacific Ocean Region two communications tN III ,,.%I IV's will he used as the pri- satellite mary and Spare for the useful lifetime of these satellites ( forecast to be until I98I ), and will he replaced by INTELSAT ty-A's that will be relo- cated from the Indian Ocean Region for the period 1981-1985. • authorized the Management Services Contractor to initiate negotiations Wi th NASA on all INTELSAT V launch services agreement . based upon : four Atlas-Centaur and three s is (Space Transportation System) launches , with provision for up to

eight optional srs launches, a re- COURTESY OF duction in the 537.6 million charge AERONAUTRONiCS FORD

SEPTEMBER -OCTOBER 1976 9 seven flight spacecraft. along with SBS asks FCC to expedite supporting equipment and services, domestic s stem applications to the Aer inutruuic Ford Corpora- y tion, Western Development I abora- torics Division, Palo Alto, California. Satellite Business Systems (sits) stantial or material nature, sits said. The combined spacecraft procure- asked the Federal Communications Instead, such a hearing would in- ment, launch services and capitalized Commission (1'e(:) in August to ap- crease the risks which sits must al- management expenses are estimated prove its applications for a domestic ready face in entering the field, and to total sonic $470 million. Aeronu- satellite communications system with- would effectively advance the carriers tronic Ford was selected from a field out the extensive delay associated private interests, by postponing, and of competitors, which included with an evidentiary hearing or other perhaps aborting, the advent of it Hughes Aircraft Company, Lockheed further proceedings by the tcc. vigorous competitor. SBS also said Missiles and Space Company, and In filing a response to petitions that an evidentiary hearing would TRW Systems, on the basis of techni- before the tcx: opposing its entry into certainly frustrate the uc:c's public cal suitability and price. the domestic satellite conununications interest goals and radically depart The contract calls for Acronutronic field, sits emphasized that its system from the procedural standards which Ford to deliver the first spacecraft proposals had been fashioned to meet the Commission has adopted and ap- within 33 months of the effective date fully the broad domestic satellite plied consistently in the past with of the contract; the second within 36 policies established by the rcc, and respect to dontestic satellite appli- months; and the remaining five at with meticulous attention to the cations for competitive services. four-month intervals. In the event of particular standards and conditions SBS also noted that, although the late deliveries, ,\eronutronic Ford of the "balanced Cs1L option" set Department of justice had joined the could suffer price reductions up to a forth in the Commissions (Nit deci- carriers in calling for an evidentiary total of $8.1 million. sion of February 1975. Pursuant to hearing on antitrust questions, the Under Lite terms of the contract, Lite c:Mi decision, subsidiaries of ,Justice Department has not previously Acronuironic Ford would be paid a COMSAI Ci:xFR l Corporation, iit>t interposed objections to consortium total of $176.7 million for the de- and Aetna Life Casualty formed the arrangements such as sits in the livery of the spacecraft and other sits partnership to proceed with the domestic satellite field which might items, in accordance with a partial "balanced entry option. be considered to have antitrust im- payment plan based on selected pro- SBS reiterated that it has proposed plications. Instead, the justice De- gram "milestones." The remaining a domestic satellite system that will, partment has wisely encouraged the $58.8 million will he paid in the form through the use of new system con- Commission to permit entry by any of incentives to be earned through the cepts and communications techniques. qualified applicant, and it has recog- satisfactory in-orbit performance of uniquely promote the public interest nized the dampening effect which each satellite over the duration of by serving important private network lengthy evidentiary hearings are like- its seven-year design lifetime. In lieu communications requirements and fos- ly to have. TO insist upon it hearing of the in-orbit incentives, lesser tering a pro-competitive environment. to determine unascertainable future amounts would be paid in the event SBS added that its systems applica- facts, sits concluded, would be con- of a launch vehicle failure or a need tions were developed fully within the trary to the public interest and to the to store it spacecraft on the ground. context of the Fee's efforts to infuse goals of the antitrust laws. As provided in the contract, Aer- competition into the provision of SBS filed applications with the 7 onutronic Ford would award some specialized or private line coniniunica- tcc: in December 19 5 for authority $54.6 million in international sub- tions services. to construct it unique domestic satel- contracts. Firms scheduled to receive SBS said that its applications al- lite system, to operate at the higher subcontract awards from Aeronu- ready provide copious detail which 12, 14 GHz frequencies, which will tronic Ford are: The Marconi Com- equals or exceeds the quantity of in- make available to customers their pany Limited (U.K.); Mcsserschtnitt- formation the r•e:c required in grant- own all-digital, switched private Bolkow•-Blohm (Mms), (Germany); ing initial authorizations to the car- communications networks and pro- Mitsubishi Electric Corporation riers already providing domestic satel- vide them with end-to-end voice, (Japan); Selenia (Italy); Societe lite services. In addition, further par- data and image services among small Nationale des Industries Aerospa- ticulars were provided in the sits re- satellite earth stations located on tiales (S.N.I.A.S.), (France); and sponse to assure that the tc : has be- their premises. A favorable decision Thomson-CSI (France). fore it all of the relevant information by the tcc; was requested by late I ' rt:i.s t, in addition, would have necessary to support a finding that 1976 so that the sits system could the right to purchase up to eight the grant of sits's applications will begin operation in 1979. additional spacecraft and certain advance the public interest. A preoperational program, to be- items of supporting equipment and An evidentiary hearing, such as gin in early 1977, is also proposed services within five years of the ef- sHs's opponents urge, would not by sits. In the first or demonstra- fective date of the contract. yield additional information of a sub- tion-phase, sIs and ill-,I would test 10 PATHWAYS Navy contracts for Indian Ocean service

The U.S. Navy has contracted for Pacific satellite. F(:c, the NI.\ktsn'r System owners said ultra-high frequency (111F) communi- Lease payments by the Navy for full the launch date for the third AlntuS:\r cations service using a third \IAR1SAI utiF service via the Atlantic and satellite had been scheduled for Octo- satellite in orbit over the Indian Pacific satellites, which remain the ber 14, and subject to Icc authoriza- Ocean. same under the new arrangements, tion, intended to place the satellite in The \{ntusvT System, utilizing sat- amount to $23.26 million per year. geostationary orbit 22,24(1 miles above ellites stationed over the Atlantic and Lease payments for the new Indian the Indian Ocean at 73 degrees East Pacific Oceans, is now providing high Occan service will be an additional Longitude. quality communications to the U.S. $6.5 million per year. Each of the multi-frequency \L\tu- Navy and the commercial shipping Under the earlier arrangements, the SnT satellites has it design life of five and offshore industries. Navy agreed to two years of service years. The t in, portion of each satel- The Navy began leasing full t ttF via the Atlantic and Pacific satellites, lite includes one wideband (5011 kIIz) service through the Atlantic AI,vRtsn r with options for additional years. channel and two narrowband (23 kI iz) satellite in March 1976, and the Under the new arrangements, the channels. The Navy leases the t III Pacific satellite in,June 1976. Navy agreed to lease service via the capacity for fleet communications be- Under the new arrangements, the Atlantic and Pacific satellites until tween its own fixed and mobile termi- Navy will increase its use of com- March 31, 1979, and via the new nals. munications by \lntus.T by leasing Indian Ocean satellite for two and The \I.RtSAT satellites also contain tul capacity in it third M..vtttsnr one-half years after commencement capacity at I.- and C:-band frequencies spacecraft, originally designated as of service in that region, scheduled to for commercial maritime users. Mod- it ground spare, to be deployed over begin January I , 1977. ern, high quality telex, telephone, the Indian Ocean. The satellite also Options permit the Navy to extend data and facsimile communications will serve as a spare in orbit, and the term of service via all three satel- presently are being provided to conn- could be reposition(-([ in the event of it lites if it decides later to do so. ntercial ships and offshore facilities via failure in either the Atlantic or In joint applications filed with the the Atlantic and Pacific satellites.

techniques for the innovative, all- digital service. The tests would be conducted with sits antennas at IBM Aeronautical satellite contract negotiations facilities in Poughkeepsie, N.Y., and authorized by AEROSAT Space Segment Board Los Gatos, California, and through satellite capacity leased front an existing authorized domestic satel- The AEROSAT Space Segment The Program is being carried out lite carrier at 4 and 6 GFiz. Board, consisting of representatives of within the framework of' it NIemoran- After about six months, antennas the European Space Agency, COMMSA r duni of L nderstanding signed by the would be installed at several other (;i xF•: o.\t and the Government of European Space Agency (F_sn), the titnt domestic locations for the second Canada. has authorized its Space Seg- U.S. Federal Aviation Administra- phase of the preoperational program, ment Program Office to initiate con- tion (F\.\) and the Government of which would be a common carrier ser- tract negotiations with General Elec- Canada. vice among a number of tnm locations. tric for the construct ion of two satel- The Program is divided into two SBS has awarded it contract, valued lites for use in an experimental aero- parts: the Space Segment includes the at about $1 million, to (:onitcch Lab- nautical communications program. development, production, launching oratories, Smithtown, N.% ., for the At its September meeting held in and seven-year operation of two satel- manufacture of two antennas and Frascati, Italy , the Space Segment Iites; the Co-ordinated Segment in- their installation by the end of this Board reviewed the results of the eval- cludes aeronautical satellite commu- year at Poughkeepsie and Los Gatos. uation of proposals submitted by Gen- nication centers, aeronautical services So that site preparation could begin eral Electric , RCA and 'row. The Board and earth terminals and avionics. this fall, sits asked for it waiver of noted that each of the proposals was Launched into ,geostationary orbits the usual r(:(. construction permit re- of commendably high technical standby Delta vehicles, the two satellites quirement. The Fcc granted the waiv- ard but that the proposal submitted by will be spaced 25 degrees apart over er on September 211 and site prepara- c:F. was significantly below the quota- the Atlantic Ocean. 'I he first launch tion began shortly afterward. tions of the other two proposers. is scheduled to take place before the The Fc:(: said that its action in no The AERus.\ I Program is designed end of 1979 with the second approxi- way prejudices or predetermines later to provide an experimental system of mately eight months later. The satel- action on the sits applications them- satellite communications between lites have it design life of seven years. transoceanic aircraft and the ground.

SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 1976 11 Briskman on organizing committee for world technical congress in Moscow

Robert 1). Briskman, Assistant Vice tronics. Subjects will include construc- President, Fixed Systems, Custs.vT tion of electric equipment for thermo- GENERAL, is one of the two American nuclear plants. utilization of super- scientist-members of the Organizing conductivity for generators and trans- Committee of the World Electrotech- mission lines, the application of new nical Congress to be held in Moscow methods of energy conversion and the in.June 1977. application of electronics in various More than 4,000 scientists and branlies of science and technology. engineers from many countries are ex- In addition to technical visits dur- pected to take part in the presenta- ing the Congress, to include the Inter- tions of the Congress and in organized national Specialized Electrotechnical discussions with scientists from differ- Exhibition, "F.Iectro 77," held in ent countries representing diverse sci- Moscow, participants will have post- entific schools. Congress tours available to the 'l'hc Congress is being sponsored Caucasus, the Black Sea Coast. the and organized b the Ministry for Baltic Sea Co,tsl, Siberia and the Cen- Electrical Engineering Industries of Iral Asia Republics. the U.S.S.R. and the Academy of Sci- Serving on the Organizing Com- ences of the U.S.S.R. with the en- Robert D. Hriskman mittee With Briskntan arc leading dorsement of the International Elec- scientific figures from Australia. trotechnical Commission. the program will emphasize current Czechoslovakia, France, Cerrnany, With the theme "Present and FLI- and evolving challenges in the (level- Great Britain, ,Japan, Sweden. the ture of Electrotechnical Engineering, opnient of ele(trotechnologv and rlec- United States and the II.S.S.R.

USIA cites PATHWAYS Disaster relief experiment Bicentennial wrap-up 111111111 .4 The office of Public Information is in receipt of it letter of appreciation from the United States Informa- tion Agency for the Bicentennial feature carried in the July-August issue of I,,\ I h1W. \s in which the Agen- cy's efforts to carry the Bicentennial message worldwide were emphasized as part of the total story. In a letter to t'.aittwAYS Editor ,John J. Peterson, Elaine M. hIc- I)evitt, Liaison Officer, Motion Picture and Television Service, ust:y, said: "Your thoughtfulness in sending copies of your fine story on tUSIA's 'Salute by Satellite' is much appreciated. We have passed along the article to those of our staff who were involved in the project. "So often our media efforts, directed as they are to an overseas audi- As part of the early preparation for the COMSAT-Red Cross disaster relief ence, go unnoticed by our colleagues experiment, a four-foot antenna is set up outside Corporate Headquarters at here in the U.S., and your generous L'Enfont Plaza to demonstrate the technical feasibility of communicating over praise in the occasion of this major Canada's CTS. Louis B. Early of the Labs points out the narrow clearance be- Bicentennial program is most wel- tween buildings available to experimenters in transmitting to the C'I'S to COM- come. SAT President Joseph V. Charyk. 12 PATHWAYS N t:UUPLRAFI N With the National I ylerit Scholarship Corporation. (;uytsa'r is main sponsoring a four- COMSAT continues sponsorship of year college scholarship for an em- four-year college scholarship plovee's child who will he eligible to enter college in 1978. The \>tsc is an independent, non- compete for this scholarship including the minimum amount in cases Where piol'it organization established to dis- children of retired and deceased cont- no financial help is beliesed neces- cover the Nation's ablest young people pany employees. An c•ntplo ee's child sary, to all upper limit of $1.it1() ;i and to aid there in obtaining a college Who is presently a high school junior year. education with the support of business and will complete his or her senior \WM. Will conduct all phases of the enterprises and other organizations year ill 1978 and enter college in competition including the selection of through scholarship grants. September 1918 is eligible to compete scholars, the detcrrnination of stipend C,,at-^avr Scholars are chosen by for tile (:()vis.vI scholarship. aniounts a nd the administration of \\tu: on the basis of scholastic apti- .Scholarships are four-year a\% ands scholarships in force. (:andidates and tude, leadership and good citizenship to coyer the undergraduate scars. their Invents should address inquiries as determined by testing and other Stipends depend on family financial to A\ illiant B Lockett, assistant 1)i- procedures established by the Corpo- circumstances and the cost of attend- rector of Personnel , r:r.u and Human ration. Corporation officers and ent- ing the college selected and are usual- Resources Ucselopntent , Room 131. ployees are excluded from participat- Iv based on the difference between the Cuytsar Building. ing in any part in the selection of "X"' dollars available to the student Winners should direct their ques- CO%Is.\I Scholars. and the cost of attending a particular tions to the National Merit Scholar- All children, natural or legally college. ship Corporation , 99(1 (;rove street, adopted, of regular CO.\ts:yr eniploy- CuytsaT stipends will vary with the I•:yanston , Illinois 00201. ees and its subsidiaries. are eligible to individual case between $23() per year,

INMARSAT natcd entity issue , and the Office of Ma RSar. th(• kind of services (e.g., \greemrnt was reached during the I cleconuuunications Policy (err r) has voice, telex, data, safety and radio interim period before the Third Plc- sought intragoyernmental advice as to determination) to he pr'osi(led and nary Conference in September I97b the most appropriate solution . T here the initial structuring of the or•gani-z.a- on a 23 percent voting limitation. In has been no resolution of this mat- tional arrangements. return , it was also agreed that a Sig- ter, although earlier this year ut The Preparatory Committee will natory affected by the limitation could proposed new legislation which have its first electing ,January 10-14, divest itself of any excess inycstnu•nt would, if enacted , designate a new 1977, assuming that at least 14 coun- and, to the extent such excess inyest- subsidiary of Cu>ts:^ t as the U.S. tries sign the INM.RSA r agreements menI was not accepted by other Sig- Signatory to IN,taiSA I and would or indicate their intention to cont- natories , it would be retained by that allow Cusrs:s t to market maritime inence the necessary actions to join Signatory and the commensurate satellite services to the public in corn- the organization. The Committee's voting percentage would also be re- petition with the other carriers. A work will be financed by equal contained. draft of the legislation was circulated tributions from each of its members. within the government by the Office with an annual ceiling on its spend- The U .S. Entity of Management and Budget, and ing of $300,000 and a total ceiling Of With the acceptance by the (:on- among interested private parties by $2 million. unless unanimously aQ'eed ference of the U. S. position to allow ()I I'. otherwise. participation in I ^nt:ylcs r by private Great strides have been made in The Preparatory Committee cornrnunications entities , a U.S. do- efforts to create a single global mar- mestic question arose concerning the An important resolution adopted itime satellite communications system. entity to he designated as the U.S. by the IVyt,KSar Conference was that When 1V\IARsar does start operating Signatory to the organization and during the period before the agree- its system, international coopera- how the designation would be ac- ments enter into force, a Prepara- tive efforts for improving global com- complished. tory Contntittee is to be established munications will have added another The tc: c: has issued two Notices of to take preliminary steps with respect accomplished milestone to the pro- Inquiries on the subject of maritime to defining the type of space segment mise' of cornrnunications satellite satellite services, including the desig- facilities to be established by IN- technology.

SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1976 13 Safety is good business

Every company whose business "affects commerce" is subject to the federal Occupational Safety and Ilealth Act ((3511Act) of 1970. A business "affects commerce if anv of the tools, equipment, materials, or devices used in it were manufactured in another state. This means that virtually every employer in every industry is covered, which includes some five million employers and 60 million workers. The OSHAct established two responsibilities for employers. First, it Although a bit out of focus, the picture above illustrates the point that accidents required that they provide employ- happen anywhere and when least expected. In this instance the employee was ment and places of employment free struck but fortunately not seriously hurt when some improperly filled filing from recognized hazards and, second- cabinets unexpectedly toppled over, striking the chair in which she was sitting. ly, that they comply with safety and health standards published by the U.S. Department of Labor. Employees also have responsibil- become rapidly apparent. Workman's Now there is, and it establishes a na- ities under the USIIAct. They must Compensation costs, lost time in the tional standard of conduct for safety comply with all of the rules. regula- operations or research effort by all and health risks. Companies an no tions, and standards applicable to employees exposed to the accident. longer accept safety and health risks, their actions and conduct. possible damage to machines, materi- on the job or elsewhere, which other In the past, some companies did als, and equipment. and other costs generations considered ''unavoid- not show the proper concern for safety are easily computed. able." The acceptability of risk must and health matters, and arc now still The workers always lose when they be resolved in the context of rapidly slow in setting standards that could are involved in an accident resulting changing value svstems. The com- make their operations much safer and in injury. -['here is just no way they munity image of a firm that is "a good more profitable. 'l'ftey fail to recog- can be compensated completely for neighbor and a safe place to work" is nize the potential return and the prof- their losses. Although Workman's a major asset. it protection that a good accident pre- Compensation Insurance takes care When a high degree of safety is invention program provides. Conse- of the direct costs (mainly medical corporated into the design of the quently. employees develop work hab- costs and lost wages), serious and per- equipment or the planning of the new its which compensate for hazardous manently disabling cases are another or existing process, the need for train- situations that face them on the jot). matter. In addition to the visible costs, ing and supervision to control unsafe This in turn adds up to significant there are other factors which can nev- acts is reduced but not eliminated. hidden operating costs. er be properly compensated for: pain The most effective times to keep haz- The question is then asked if a and stress on family and friends; loss ards out of the plant, process, or job worker wouldn't be more productive of skills or abilities to continue it trade arc: prior to building or remodeling; if these conditions did not exist and he or a career; disruption of family. so- while it product is being designed; be- did not have to compensate for them cial, economic, and other patterns; fore a change is put into effect; or be- in addition to doing his normally re- changes in life styles, goals, and ob- fore it job is started. Every effort, quired joh? The answer is, of course, jectives of the injured and his family; therefore, should be made to find and obvious. and a whole new life pattern for the remove potential hazards at the de- When hazardous or unsafe condi- family in fatal cases. sign or planning stage. The Safety Of- tions are not compensated for by the Before the OS1IAct, there was no fice is available to help provide this employee and an injury results. the single national safety and health code support. more visible costs to employers then for employers to be measured against. In mist accidents, both an unsafe

14 PATHWAYS I A

BY NI LE. W I LLIAMS N ulw FRAM IfoMtiL.

COMSAT actively involved parties (from 13 companies in 1965 that is, a withdrawal without pen- in area junior Achievement to 60 companies in 1975) have been alty, while you are still employed. During November, participants who Program given a chance to see the free enterprise system at work. This year were in the flan during 1973 may (;uvv, v i and other business organi- there will he approximately 50 J.A. elect to receive, during I'ebruarv zations in the metropolitan Washing- companies attempting to reach over 19",7, it distribution of the value of ton area are now actively involved as 1.500 area teenagers. their contributions as well as of the counseling firms in the 1976-77 junior An adviser team from Cunts.a t , Corporation's contributions for the Achievement (J A.) Program Year. consisting of June Burton, .Johann year 1973, both valued as of I)ecember J.A. is an international business ed- Curtin, Richard Keefer. and Mel 31, 1976. If this option is not exer- ucation program in which high school Williams will counsel two J.A. com- cised, the value of the contributions students organize and manage their panies this year. The team will select listed above will remain in the Plan own "small-scale" companies under it "starter product" (something easily until: (1) retirement; (2) termination the guidance of adult advisers pro- made to sell for a few dollars) until of employment; or (3) a withdrawal vided by the counseling firms. In the the Achievers decide on a final pro- via the standard withdrawal options U.S. alone, over 50,000 business duct, or decide to continue with the described in section 9 of the Plan. people contributed their time to J.A. starter product. The Advisers also o assist you in making your de- and over 90.000 lirnis and individuals have the responsibility of training cision whether or not to exercise this provide funds. J.A. provides young the officers of the company and serv- option, it statement setting forth the people the opportunity to develop ing as management consultants value of your 1973 accounts as of their personal abilities and economic throughout the program year. September 30, 1910, together with the understanding through actual ex- As the program year closes, the amount of your 1973 contributions perience. It enables there to learn J.A. company is liquidated, giving will be provided. Also, the statement first-hand how it business operates, the students an opportunity to see will contain additional information and to evaluate various careers. the whole process of how businesses regarding your Thrift and Savings A J.A. company is organized by function, from beginning to end. account as of September 30, 1976. bringing together 1 ^ to 20 students Should you decide not to exercise who choose it product to manufacture, Thrift and Savings Plan this option during November for the it company name and officers of the withdrawal period in No- value of the total 1973 contributions, company. Over the past eleven years the Trustee will continue these in- more than 5.000 teenagers have par- vember vestments in the. fund(s) you have ticipated in the J.A. Program in the One of the principal features of elected. It is important to note. how- metropolitan Washington area. l'een- the Thrift and Savings Plan permits ever, that the 1973 Corporate contri- agers participating in these com- a "periodic partial distribution"; butions become fully vested on 1)ecem- her 31, 1976. The periodic partial distribution election is made during November condition and an unsafe act are con- conditions within his department and each year for the value of all contri- tributing factors. Unsafe conditions for directly implementing the Corpor- butions made during the fourth pre- often can Old employees to perform ation's safety and health program. ceding year. II that election is not unsafe acts. For example, an unsafe Each employee, on the other hand, made those values remain invested act may be caused by poor machine is responsible: to report any accident in the appropriate fu rid(s) and in the design, inadequately planned meth- immediately to his supervisor: to no- future may only be withdrawn via ods, and other engineering deficien- tify his supervisor or the Safety ( )ffice the standard withdrawal options. cies. Thus, elimination of it hazard immediately when certain conditions If you choose to exercise this op- caused by an unsafe condition is also or practices may cause personal in- tion, you must obtain a Disbursement reducing the likelihood of injury from jury or illness or property damage: to Form, CSC 545. from the Personnel an unsafe act. observe all safety rules and to make Services Unit at the Plaza, the Per- The success of any safety and maximum use of all prescribed personnel Office at the Labs, or from the health program requires the coopera- sonal protective equipment; and to Administrator at your location. The tive effort of the supervisor and the follow practices and procedures estab- completed form must be returned to individual employee. Each supervisor lished by the Corporation to maintain the Personnel Of ice at the Plaza by is responsible to assure safe working his health and safety. November 26, 1976.

SEPTEMBER -OCTOBER 1976 15 "A massive volunteer involvement, Wood and Lawler head throughout the year, enables the 1976 United Way drive United Way to hold its combined campaign and administrative costs to 10 COMSAT supplements cu ntributi uns; offers vacation prize percent, quite an accomplishment in comparison to statistics revealed (:uets:at President Joseph V. Charyk 50 percent of the amount raised in ex- about the fund-raising of other agen- kicked off' CONIsA is 1976 United Way cess of the previous year, will con- Cies. campaign on October IS with an tinue therefore. for every $2 pledged "Your contribution helps in hun- appeal to all employees to by employees in excess of the $29,200 dreds of different ways each day of the contribute to this worthy community raised last }ear, the Corporation year. The services funded by the service. pledges to increase its contribution United \\ ay cannot continue unless The campaign will be short and to the United \V'av by $ I . As an added all of us take an active interest and intensive, running from October 18 incentive. we will also give two addi- give our fair share of support. Won't to 29. All employers are urged to tional days' vacation to an employee you please take just a few minutes of give prompt consideration to making (to be selected by it random drawing) your time and turn in your pledge the best commitment they can, as who contributes an amount equal to card for your cunt ibution as soon as soon as possible. or greater than the minimum payroll possible." Dr. Charyk appointed 11. William deduction ($I per pay period or $26) dl r. Lawler pulled together his Wood, Vice President, U.S. lx i t i ,.vi during the first week of the campaign. team captains early in October, and Division, as chairman of Cl,1i'.a7's "I believe the United Way of the employees were expected to be con- U\\ campaign, and George A. Law- National Capital Area serves it very tacted by them promptly. The team let', Director of Marketing, as co- important community need. This One captains are: Michelin Fleurant, Ex- chairman. well-coordinated, fund-raising cam- ecutive Office: Seymour Lynn, (-:ngi- In it message to employees Dr. paign provides for 140 of the most neering: ,Jorge Fuenzalid;t, :Advanced Charvk said. "As you know, this is vital and effective human care agen- Systems: Neil llelnr. (:oats.-y'r Labs. the only charitable solicitation of cies in Arlington, Alexandria. Fair- Linda \\'hetzel, Procurement; Jack entplovees we authorize and support fax County. Falls Church. l'rincc Rutter, (:o>ts:A-r GLXEK.vL, Dorothy within the Corporation. N illiam County, District of C:olun]- Kozman, Corporate Affairs; Deborah "The matching fund plan, estab- hia, and \lontgontery and Prince Gilman, Ivtt•.is.vt Alanagcntent I)[- lished by the Corporation to provide (;COt'gcs cvuutttics. vision; and Da\ id 11. (.)liver. Finance.

Wanda Mills, secretary to George George A. Lawler and If. William Wood, standing left and center, Co-Chairmen Lawler. assists Darleen Jones of of the corporation's United Way Drive, meet with U W workers as campaign M t+ S gather campaign material. gets underway.

16 PATHWAYS Tragedy strikes the Labs' "Duck" family

Hv .1t.:'.yt.t \1( :r:.v,y

"HIC Duck" might refer to any of N a variety of species of clucks, but to Watching over her brood. faithful (:u`ts:AI Labs employees. there is lust one I hick": a delightful and she looked thirsty) and a pile of out of the pool. Our photographer female version of the mallard, who corn and wild bird seed that her was prevailed upon to take pictures recently presented us with a brood neighbor, a chipmunk, stashed away of the happy fantily o "I)ucklings.•. for the winter. I'm about four weeks ► Epilogue-Wednesday , August 11. It is doubtful whether the launch of she sat. amid constantly watching any of our satellites could bring about eyes, leaving only long enough for an Only one baby cluck remains. tionte more excitement than the hatching of occasional stroll to the pond. but even roaming cats were seen running away eight out of ten duck eggs brought to then, only after taking the time to from a large meal of ducklings in the Labs. But our "Duck" wasn't on coyer her nest so thoroughly that not spite of all the precautions to keep the launching pad, instead she had an egg could be seen. them safe. "The f)uck" and her re- waddled (du(ks do waddle) all the way On Wednesday, August 4, her first maining duckling have been moved to from the pond (equipped with duck egg had hatched by 12:30 p.m. and the pond- maybe the little one will houses supporting COyrs:VI antennas) the watch began. By 4:4i p.ut. (Labs' survive the turtles. The pool, water to the tar side of the building, onIy to summer quitting time), five ducklirgs pans, etc. have all been put away. She make her nest next to a concrete slab had been counted and more eggs were just might try again next year. from an emergency exit door in one there. It was difficult to count them 'f'rying out the water in their new pond. of the courtyards. because site kept sitting on both the She was a very, very patient duck eggs and baby ducks. By 'T'hursday who willingly tolerated being given a morning eight ducklings were present. pan of water (just because it was hot Apparently she knew the remaining two wouldn't hatch because she left the nest for a walk under the trees, "Waddling" toward their new home. followed by eight brown and yellow babies. It was decided to nwve the mother and her brood to an enclosed area all grass and trees on the other side of the building from her nest, to keep them safe from the turtles in the pond and local foxes. A pan of water for drinking, some wild bird seed for "The Duck- and some chick-starter meal for the babies were provided. The problem of it pond was solved when an avid animal lover volunteered to huy a wading pool. The pool was filled with air and water, and it plank was added so they could walk in and

:11r,. At, (:an rs to the O/!: of Decel',p- mr at Application s at (.0.11S,l I Labs.

SEPTEMBER -OCTOBER 1976 17 in Philippi where she underwent sur- ies arc: cool nerves, a steady hand, gerv and is recuperating at present: abilinv to maintain composure under Network Bits and Chet Randolph is still off with pressure and it six-pack of quality beer. Ilowever, if the last require- Field Correspondents a broken Icg. ment is met, then the others may be Andover Turning to the brighter side, two waived. The tournament champ will Joanne Witas of our fellow employees have been Brewster bestowed with some good luck. Lenny receive it six-pack donated by each of Dorothy Buckingham Gifford and John Formella have the other participants. Cayey been purchasing Pennsylvania lot- -Bev Conner John Gonzalez tery tickets on the "buddy system." COMSAT General ( Plaza) JAMESBURG. Several personnel each paying half for the ticket. Their Jen Baldwin changes have been made at our sta- Etam number was drawn and they were the tion over the past several months. Bev Conner winners of $1.000. They are now pur- William O . Bricker , recently re- Fucino chasing Pennsylvania and Maryland tired from the U.S. Arms having com- Sandy Tull lottery tickets in anticipation of Jamesburg pleted 2, sears active duty, has joined another big will. Warren Neu our staff' as Electronic 1 cthnician fi11- After a fruitless search around the Labs ing the vacancy created by the trans- Carol Van Der Weele Kingwood area for nearly a scar, Ron fer of John Castorina to the Santa M & S Center Feather , Facilities Mechanic, finally Paula Station. Bill is married and the Darleen Jones discovered five acres of property that father of two girls one of whom is New York was just meant for him right outside Stephen Keller with the Air Force .Security Police of Kingwood and is now in the pro- Paumalu stationed at Lackland :Air Force Base cess of having it home built. Bill Bob Kumasaka in Texas. Mayes , a honk owner in Grafton lot Plaza Joseph O . Speek , one of our orig- several sears,, recently found another Glora Lipfert inal employees. starting here in 1968 Santa Paula home in Grafton more suitable to and since advancing to Operations Pat Hogan his needs and is in the process of Supervisor, recently spent six weeks Southbury purchasing same. Eileen Jacobsen on temporary duty in Saudi Arabia Bob Leard, Operations Super- and finally accepted a transfer to visor, retired in October, having been (:ciyua-r GENERAL with permanent with (:u\is.\r it little over 10 sears. station in Saudi Arabia. Station per- .To help Bob celebrate the occasion, ETAM . Vacations arc still underway sonnel gave ,Joe and his wife, Chris, several of his co-workers and friends at Ltam: Paul Mauzy and lantily a farewell party. Following it trip to vacationed at NIvrilc Beach, South from sr& i and ii i got together- for it Washington, the Specks will spend dinner in his honor at Red Run hill Carolina; Mike Britner and family if two-week vacation with Chris's film- at Sea World and Cedar Point in at Deep (:reek Lake, Maryland. ilk- in Denmark, then, on to Saudi Ohio and then back to ,Appalachia where they presented Bob and his rabia. Lake in West Virginia: allot Carl wife, Doris , with coal statues of it John Pate , Senior I'eclutician. is Cooper and (trioly at Carolina coal miner and his wife and. of course. leaning ,J;uncsburg to accept a posi- Beach. a bucket of coal to help remind them tion with an organization involved in Clifford Sigley, Advance Indus- of \\ est \ irginia, fishing rods and electronic design, Johns forte. ,\ grad- reels. a tackle box and an ice chest to trial Security Janitor, has retired. uate of the Monterey Peninsula (:ol- help than relax on their retirement. The ci.. held it little get-together in lege with an AS Degree in Electron- the Canteen for (:lily with cake and Leonard Gifford has been pro- ics, he joined our staff in 1`)'3 as it ice cream and, of course. a farewell moted to Operations .Supers isor of the Technician, subsequently advanced to gift of a weather instrument. leatur- Blue Team filling Boll's vacancy and the position of Senior Tcchnici,ut and ing a barometer, Iivgrometcr and ther- Bill Bell has been transferred from Electronic Maintenance Technician mometer. Phyllis Loughrie , who has the Electronic Maintenance Shop to in the Electronics Maintenance Shop, served as paint time janitor in Cliff's the Gold Team, filling the position and frequently performed the cluties absence and also has been employed left vacant by Ixnny's promotion. of Operations .Supervisor. Dm'ing his in the capacity of a guard, has been The Annual Etam Horseshoe stay with us here at Jarneshurg. John selected as Cliff's replacement. Tournament is under was again. has contributed several suggestions It seems a few of the Etam em- Competition is hot and hcast : Flint- which Rase added considerable to the ployees have been besieged with it in;ttions ;tie being held with Mar- efficient operation of' the station. bit of bad luck: David Cross spent vin Miller over John Formella -Warren Neu it few days in the Elkins I lospital i self proclaimed ( hamp). Mike for surgery but is back to work and O'Hara user Roger Parsons, and M&S CENTER . .\ tsars welcome to as cheerful as ever; Phyllis Loughrie. Bill Mayes and Don Gaston each the three nets niernhers of the organ- our new full tunic janitor employed having won one game in it hest out iz;ttinn, Jeffery Sedgwick , Charles by Advance Industrial Security, is of three series. Requirements for Jenkins and Charles Andersen. presently in the Broaddus Ilospital individuals participating in this ser- (_:ongratulatiuns are in order for

18 PATHWAYS associated equipment. In addition, Service awards presented use of Paumalu-l was requested by 0 LSAT for three days in early September to perform tests on the new COMMSTAR n-2 satellite. The annual summer picnic for station employees and their families was held in late August at the Hale Ghana Camp, a private beach camp located near the station. Charlie Ogata and members of Operations 'learn 3 planned and organized this year's picnic which attracted approximately 65 adults and children. Assist- ing Charlie were Bill Osborn, Tamo .ate-"°. fit``-w Iwamoto, Paul Koike and Bill M & S Center employees receiving service awards from H. William Wood, Vice Romerhaus. -Bob Kumasaka President, U.S. INTELSAT Division , are, left to right: Bud Kennedy, five years; Richard E. Eliason. ten years; Mr. Wood: Floyd W. Thompson, five years; and SOUTHBURY . Congratulations to Ramon L . liashberger . ten years. M. C. "Bart " Bartlett, Station En- gineer, on his 10th Anniversary with Carol Upole on the birth of a grand- ger, or as enthusiastic fans in the CUMSA-r COSISAT GENERAL as of Sep- sort, to Bob Riblet on becoming a stands. tember 1976. Southbury Earth Sta- grandfather for the second time Joe Chow, Facilities Engineer, is tion welcomes three new employees: with the birth of a granddaughter, it typical example. Joe served as the G. S. "Scott " Ackland , Technician; and to Bill and Susie McGuire on team manager of the Wahiawa In- Mrs. Rose Marie Eureka, 'VIARISAT the birth of it daughter, Amy Re- dians whose members were made up communications operator ; and Mich- becca. of I I - and 12-year old youngsters liv- ael R. Masse , Technician. Last summer vacation flings were ing in the Wahiawa community and Recently we were visited by Dr. K. enjoyed by Dick Eliason on a tent among whom was his son Jay, age 11. Miya, of Kokusai Dcnshin Denwa camping trip to Chincoteague, Vir- The team won the area and division Company, Ltd. (term), Tokyo, Japan, ginia; Mike Roberts motored to championships and advanced to the who is also editor of the book, Satel- North Carolina beach areas for a semi-finals of the Little League lite Communications En,pineering. week of sun and surf; Laird and statewide tournament before being Station Manager Dave Durand and Darleen Jones packed the camper eliminated. family vacationed in New York State and headed for the beaches of Vir- As team manager, Joe acted as and took in the St. Lawrence Seaway ginia and on to North Carolina and nursemaid, equipment caretaker, during the latter part of August. back through the mountains and financial coordinator, chauffeur, and, Rich Vasko , Technician, and Bart Skyline Drive. Patricia Ross went at times, peacemaker amongst over- Bartlett went on a fishing trip in to Andover, Maine for it I (I-day enthusiastic parents. However, he Bart's new jeep to the Connecticut orientation during August. Site per- considers the after-work hours during Lakes, New Hampshire. Connie sonnel were extremely helpful in pro- the long season worthwhile and very Sarles, operator, returned from her viding information and explanations satisfying. As it footnote, Joe has first four-day break. She visited New which made the trip very enjoyable admitted to his wife, Marian, that York City where she attended thea- as well as instructive. Thanks to he's neglected the yard at home but ters, Lincoln (:enter, saw friends Don Fifield for his cooperation. that he'll get around to it during and walked, walked, walked by all -Darleen Jones basketball season since he and his those gorgeous store windows. fellow Little Leaguers are presently Our resident artist, Bart Bartlett, PAUMALU. For the past five involved in Pop Warner football. just completed his latest painting months. from the opening of spring In recent weeks, travelers on high- which he presented to the MARISA F practice in April to the division and way 83 near the Paumalu Station Operators . It is a water color land- statewide championship series in have noticed the Paumalu-I antenna scape depicting the setting sun, done mid-August, Little League baseball pointed in a southeasterly direction in muted shades of rusts, yellows and has dominated the weekend activities instead of its usual southwesterly browns. There was it bumper crop of many parents. Several Paumalu direction. The reason for this is the this year from the earth station gar- station employees were actively in- role of Paumalu in providing backup den. Connie Sarles was giving away volved with the teams on which their service to csAT's Sunset Station. tomatoes by the dozen and we will be youngsters played. Stan Holt, Gil Since the inauguration of Hawaiian eating zucchini bread till Christmas Estores, Joe Chow, Paul Koike, and service by csAT in late July, traffic ( Jim Nelson said his dog loved it). Tamotsu Iwamoto assisted the Little has been restored via the Paumalu-1 Roger Miner bought it 1967 Volvo League program in their areas, ser- antenna on several occasions due to with at least 2^0,UUt miles on it from ving as assistant coach, team mana- problems with the ;SAT antenna and Dolores Raneri , which he named

SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 1976 19 "blue lightning." More about it later ... maybe! - Eileen Jacobsen

PLAZA. Relying heavily on hitting, the Co.yt-,.vi C:omslars carried through another good season finishing with a 10-2 record in the D.C. Depart- ment Recreation l\'oncen's Softball League. Losing twice to their neme- sis, the l)eYoung .Smokers, was dis- appointing; however, the players felt the breaks made the difference in both games. In the single elimination playoffs the Cornstars lost their first Linda drives ball out of the picture- almost. game in close contest with the Sliders, a tough way to end the season. The (EA-sponsored C:omslars included players Harriet Biddle, Eve- lyn Braswell , Linda Kortbawi, Diana Pontti , Gail Ricci and Mabel Vandergriff. Harriet and `label carried C(^sts.vr through the season behind the plate keeping steals to it minimum. Evelyn started the season covering first base but later turned the position over to (;ail who found her home (unfortunately, Gail has found another home in Texas and will not be returning to the Corn- stars next year). Linda played five different positions during the season and played each one well. Her con- tinuous improvement as pitcher has placed her in the number one spot at that position. Diana played a steady outfield and led the team in batting with an .818 average. The coaching staff did its usual excellent job this year. The staff included Wayne Brown , Mike Jeffries and Ed Mikus. Cu>ts:,,-t will say farewell to John Wayne sends runner to second. and Shirley Hewitt soon departing for California where John has accepted a position with Varian As- sociates. Bill Brauer retired after Ill years service turning over the demanding position of Manager, Satellite Control Operations, to Lee Jondahl . The Brauer family will take up residence in it new home at North Myrtle Beach. South Caro- lina, which, coincidentally, just hap- pens to be next to it golf course. Bill Simms of' Finance has joined R(;A and is moving to Alaska. Pat Harriet collects a pop-up. Irby has returned to work after her three-nwnth calliper trip across the home by way of Oregon and the trip and found especially enjoyable country with her family. The Irbys northern states, having traveled more the outdoor activities available at took the Southern route, spending than 13,00(1 miles and visiting 30 Yellowstone and in the Grand Tetons. July in California and returning states. Pat recommends this kind of a -Gloria Lipfert

20 PATHWAYS Thanks to you , it works for all of us. Handicapped services

Senior citizens UnibedWay of the National Capital Area

Hispanic community We deliver. The helping hand of United Way delivers medical ever they're needed to replace despair and despera- treatment and psychiatric attention and child care tion. and family counseling and sports equipment and craft Tangible things that can be seen and touched or programs. intangibles that can be sensed; everything we deliver More than 100 agencies of The United Way of the costs money. National Capital Area and The United Black Fund de- Of course you sympathize. But if you believe deep liver all these and much more to people who need them. down that there's no such thing as a spare life, you Love and patience and understanding and caring sympathize and give your fair share to The United Way. and skills and hope and courage and confidence. You certainly can help us make a lot more deliveries United Way agency people deliver all these, wher- next year.

Thanks to you, it works for all of us.

CORPORA TI COMSAT GENERAL CORPORA TICIV C TON OC November-December 1976 Volume 1 Number 8 SATELLITE

pPOHA170N C4It'75A TOBA GENER4LS O P RA 7XW CONTENTS 1SATELLITE PAGE

.A I loliday Message front the Chairman of the Board and the Preadent 1 November - December 1976 Volume 1 Number 8 I N IL I S A I V .A New Design for the I980's

IN I LI s.vt Cunuact with lord Aerospace: Largest Single PATHWAYS is published every :ward f o r Connnunications Satellite Series 4 other month by the Office of Public Information , Communications Sat- Brew ,ter Earth Station Completes Decade of Service ellite Corporation , COMSAT Build- lo C()\t,.vI 7 ing, 950 L ' Enfant Plaza, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20024 . Phone AC I NTE11;AI Board of (a ive rnors A pproves b5 ' Million 202 , 554 -6104 or 6105. R&I) Budget: Confirms Continuing Interest in INS it5.'iT\ Committee 13 EDITOR News of the (:orporaiion 14 John J . Peterson Third \IARISA'I' Launch Successful; Satellite to PHOTOGRAPHY Begin Navy Service in 1977 15

Allan W . Galfund James T. McKenna C11 vli:v I Board of Directors Adopts Employee Stock Ownership Plan 16 STAFF CONTRIBUTORS Daniel N. Crampton Dahlgrcn and Russel Transfer Laterally in Personnel Allan W. Galfund Off ice Reorganization 7 Larry G . Hastings James H. Kilcoyne James T. McKenna Star 'trek I1cro ''Captain Kirk" Films Sequence at Edgar Bolen , Production I'a,n 8

PUBLICATION ADVISORS sctwork Bit,. IS COMSAT Joseph V Charyk We Went All the AA av for the I Hired \Vav 20 President Lucius D. Battle Senior Vice President, Corporate Affairs B.I. Edelson Director , COMSAT Laboratories over . In the composite photo on the cover a Robert B. Schwartz Ford Aerospace engineer appears to be inspect- Secretary and Director ing one of the solar panel - wings " of an INTEL- of Public Information SAT V. The size of the model used in the pic- Stephen D Smoke ture is approximately six feet from wing tip to , Publications Manager wing tip. The actual satellite will be about 22 Lawrence Weekley feet high, measure 50 feet across with solar Manager , Media Relations panel "wings " extended and weigh approxi- and Information Services mately 4.100 pounds at launch and 2.000 pounds in orbit. The array of solar cells will be able to COMSAT General generate over 1,200 watts of power. Hale Montgomery Director , Business Promotion

A member of the International Association COMSAT President Joseph V. Charyk has announced the resignation of James of Business Communicators. J. McTernan, Jr., as Vice President, Finance, effective November 19, 1976. It is planned, however, that Mr. McTernan, who joined COMSAT in 1970, will continue an association with the corporation, performing special assignments fol the President. Carl J. Reber, Assistant Vice President. Financial Administration, COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE CORPORA ? ION 19:e will carry out Mr. McTernan's responsibilities as Acting Director, Finance. ir_?•-^Y._::i.-rif FAIL

L: communi cations sateth ie copoation Family I

I I1JE 1b1bI1PJfl11ILYMS

i. li'llill ...Rome Ed. Note: The name of Aeronutronic Ford Corporation was changed to Ford Aerospace & Communications Corporation effective December 1, 1976. See Box on page 4.

LIE GLOBAL , satellite sys- 13v l). xiti N. CR. vtr'toy example, can he transferred by the tem is about to change satellite into a down-link signal in the 4 Cl lz range. shape . Ix-rL•LSAT will begin T Cerman SYNtPUONrc satellites, the in 1979 to launch its next Frequency Reuse gc11cr.cti(vn of satellites- the IN FF.ts.\ r RCA domestic satellites, the Coni nuni- Antennas on the satellite will gen- v series. In contrast to the spinning cations Technology Satellite and crate earth, hemispheric and zone cylinders now in orbit, the tx ret.5AT NASA'S A7S-', experimental satellite. coverages at -1 and 6 GIIz, and spot v's will he cube-like. And instead of Use of 11 / 14 GHz Bands beam coverages at 11 and 14 Gllz. ringing the body of the spacecraft. the The shape of the zone coverages can solar cells on the new satellites will The INrt•:rsA I v series will he the he reconfigured by ground command, line two flat panels that will extend first in the global system to use the II and the spot beams can be steered to like wings from it box housing the point in the direction desired. As on communications subsvstetn. A contract for the manufacture of seven [NrcLS\T v satellites has the rx rLLSAr t\--.\ satellites. the angu- Enlarged Capacity been awarded to Aeronutronic lar separation of the spot, hemi- Ford Corporation. The contract spheric and zone beams will permit Each of the rNrt_t.sA I \'S will have could involve payments by Ix rct - signals Irons different geographical 27 transponders and be able to carry sA r totaling 5233.3 million. Launch areas to share the saute Frequencies. up to 12,(10(1 two-way telephone con- services and related program costs Frequency reuse in the 1 6 (.117 versations plus two television chan- are likely to bring the overall cost ranges will also be achieved by dual nels. This capacity is twice that of an of the INTl t.SAT v program to just polarization, a technique already ent- t\rF t s:\ r n -A satellite and over three under a half-billion dollars (S4-0 ployed on Conts.\I Gt.xFat.At_'s coylSr:VR times that of an ix! F:t SA I 1\. million). As ixrLLsAT's Manage- satellites being used for U.S. dontestil The new satellites are needed to ment Services Contractor. Cii rs.vr communications. Through dual po handle the expanding volume of in- will administer the program and larizatiun. signals polarized at differ- ternational communications traffic r1) ottitur .\eronutr'OniL' Fords per- ent angles to each other can travel to forecast for the early I980's. In the lorniance under the contract. Comr- ;At's investment in the program and flu or the sane geographical area Atlantic ()can region, where approxi- will he determined by its average on identical frequencies. matek 6(1 percent of global satellite investment share in IxrF:r.s.si dur- traffic is now concentrated, it is likely ing the 1976 to 1983 period. (:ur- The Space Shuttle that the number of satellite circuits in rently, the L'.S. share in I x rF.t .A i 'I lie tx IF t s vt s satellite is designed use will inure than double by 1980. In is 30.5 percent. to be compatible fur launch either the Indian ()can region. the nunnher launch vehicle will just about triple during the same by an .1 /Ia.s/(.'errtaur or by 'AS:y,s Space Transportation period. And, by 1985, the total nunn- and 14 (, Hz frequency hands in addi- System (the Space Shuttle). Tentative her of circuits in use in the global sys- tion to the conventional 4 and 6 Uliz plans arc for the first four launches tem is predicted to be about five times hands now shared by both satellite .4tlas,'Centarir and the next what it is today. and terrestrial microwave comnutni- to he by catiuns . Because of crowding at the three by the Space Shuttle, scheduled Body - Stabilization 4 6 GIIi ranges, use of new band- to begin commercial service in I98(I. In design. III(- tN t F.t s. r s will be wwidth at the higher frequencies will The Shuttle is an all-purpose, re- usable transportation system. consist- unlike its spin-stabilized predecessors. improve system capacity and flexihili- ing of an Orbiter, Iwo solid-fuel rocket Instead of the body being rotated to tv. steady the satellite and fix its attitude, Through a "cross-strapping" tech- boosters and a large external fuel tank the IN rt.rSA I \ Will have a niolltentutti nique on the txrt_t s:sr v ' s. earth sta- to feed the Orbiter's main engines. The piloted Orbiter will resemble a wheel spinning inside to poise the tion antennas introduced to work with conventional airliner and carry a crew. satellite and supply the gyroscopic the higher frequencies will nut only ''stillness necessary for precise an- be able to link up directly with similar For an tx rta.s.sI y launch, the 017- tenna pointing. ground antennas in the system but biter's 13-loot by Ott-foot cargo ba (:1)Ms.v t laboratories helped de- with those operating at the lower will contain the satellite, a spin tahl^ velop the body-stabilization concept. frequencies as well. A signal sent to rnechanisni, and a Spin-Stabilized Up- It has 1)1111 used on the Franco- the satellite in the 14 (;liz range, for per Stage (sst s). At vertical liftoff. 2 PATHWAYS L^J INTELSAT V: a new design for the 1980's

New generation of communications satellites to be body-stabilized with twice the capacity of IV-A's

Delivery the Orbiter will sit piggy-hack atop momentum wheel inside the body will the external tank. Shortly after take- he activated to steady the satellite as .According to rite terms of the con- off, the rocket houstccs attached to it moves in orbit. tract, delivery of the first I N i t I .c I the fuel tank will fall away. their cases AS I\TEISATs Management Serv- satellite will he made by July I, 1979. designed to be retrieved from the ices Contractor, COMSAT has also been and the second, by October 1, 1979. ocean for reuse on subsequent authorized to explore the possibility (33 months and 30 nwnths, respec- launches. Later in the ascent, the Iuel of launching IN IEl S:vl v s via the tively, after the effective date of ill(- tank will lie jettisoned. European Space Agency's expendable contra( 0 . The other live satellites About an hour into the flight, when launch vehicle-cRiAxt. in the series are to be delivered every the Orbiter and its payload have at- four months thereafter, with the last to be ready by ,June 1, 1981. The con- i.+incd a circular orbit of ahout I6(1 Launch Schedule 0iu ical stiles. the cargo bay doors trac't also gives In I tusAr the option 111ll be opened, and the spin rabic to procure, within the next five years, A pair of INTEISAT v satellites are with the satellite and st s attached eight additional spacecraft from Aero- slated to become the :Atlantic Primary will he lifted into place and set spin- nutronic Ford. Path and Sparc in 1979. By then. ning at 43 rpnt. The satellite and the Iv'-A Primary Path, which links Terms of Payment sat s will then he released from the nearly all of the Atlantic region coun- I'hc 5235.3 million total lot seven table and Lite Orbiter will hack off to tries, will have reached saturation. spacecraft consists of it delivery price complete its mission and eventually Two more Ix rr.l.sm y's, planned fur of Sl76.7 million to he paid in install- return to earth, making it convention- launch in 1980, are scheduled to take merits to Aeronutronic Ford as cer- al runway landing. over as Primary Path and Spare in tain program ` 11111estotics" are After parting front the Orbiter, the the Indian Ocean region. \\`hen this achieved. The remaining $38.8 million satellite and sates will coast for up to occurs. two tv -AS will likely be moved - one-third of the delivery price 43 minutes. 'T'hen the sst s perigee from the Indian Ocean to replace is to he paid in the form of incentive kick motor will he fired to propel the trrras.c i iv's over the Pacific, which payments based on the successful in- satellite into an elliptical transfer or- will he near the end of their useful orbit performance of the satellites over bit, and the satellite will separate lifetimes. Circuit deniands are not their seven-year design lifetimes. from the sst-s. The rest of the launch expected to require INTELSAT V'S in For each satellite functioning satis- will follow the usual sequence except the Pacific before 1983. factorily, S840,1100 would he paid after that, after apogee motor firing when The INTELSAT Board of (;overnors 90 days, and another 5840,000 nine the satellite is in a near circular Orbit has not yet determined the timing of months later. Annual payments dur- 22."40 stiles over the equator, the IxTtas.v r launches for the 1982-1985 in,, each of the six remaining years spacecraft will be despun to stop its Period. although various alternative of the satellite's lifetime would he rotating motion, the solar arrays will space configurations arc under study. $1.121.00(1 for the first three years he extended, the satellite will he ori- All of them involve at least a ntini- and S1,120,000 for the last three. ented for communications and the ntumt of three in-orbit v's in the At- amounting to it total of 58,103,000 lantic and two in the Indian region, per spacecraft. If for any reason it with two backup spacecraft available satellite fails to perform as expected, r_j llr. Cram/)tort is in the Office v( in case a launch failure or other mis- these payments would be reduced ac- Public bite»-mu lion. hap occurs. cordingly.

NOVEMBER - DECEMBER 1976 3 INTELSAT contract with Ford Aerospace: largest single award for communications E satellite series "We are deeply honored to he selected ... to undertake this major space effort ... ," says Ford Aerospace President Hockeimer.

The .'leronutronic Ford Western Development Laboratory at Palo Alto, California. In addition to the buildings and test facilities at center of photograph, \ero Ford also occupies the cluster of white buildings at upper left in which the COMSAT IN'1'ELS \'T V liaison team will maintain offices.

131- LARRY C. I IASTtN(:s

The name of Aeronutronic Ford was changed to Ford Aerospace & Ahout 35 miles south of San Fran- Communications Corporation on December 1, 1976 ( after PATH- cisco lies the (itv of Palo Alto, popu- WAYS had gone to press ). In announcing the change , President lation 52,600. Much of commercial Henry E. Hockeimer said, "The name change will identify more Palo :AIto is composed of industries clearly those various activities of the corporation , domestic and which support the needs of San Fran- international , selling products and services to government agen- cisco and others which provide prod- cies, the military and industrial consumers." ucts used nationwide. Foremost among the latter is Acr•onutronic. Ford Corporation. it division of Ford Motor Company. It is that division ed the contract for the new INTEL SAT gr•atrt, including taunt h and related which will play a significant role in v series of communications satellites. costs. will reach nearly ;t hall billion. the grot^ th of I' ttasAT, (:oMts:A.r and the contract is the biggest ever Who is the Aeronutronic Ford Cor- world communications in the coming awarded by INTELSAT, and the largest poration and what is an "aeronutron- decade. Bindde contract ever awarded for com- ic":' The people at Ford explain that Aeronutronic Ford has been award- mercial communications satellites. word as follows: "'Hero conies front While the Acronutronic Ford contract the word 'aerodvitarnics'; ' nu-', as .AJ. llarlirt.gc i.' a CU.1IS.1'I is valued at $235.5 trillion, the total in `nucleonics' and '-tronic' from .S'r'u ,r In/%,nnatir , n (/Ju cr. dallar value of the tv t tt.sm \ pro- 'electronics'.' Ford chose that name

PATHWAYS when it founded the subsidiary in Ford Corporation. This, it was felt. Among the many satellites built would establish it greater public recog- by .Aeronuuonic Ford are the Syn- The nucleus of the new company nition of the direct parent-subsidiary chronous Metcorologicaf Satellites: *w Its a group of 30 high-level scien- relationship of the Ford and Philco NAtci satellites; and F:nginecring tists which had been organized earlier organizations as well as underlining 'hest Satellites (ETS) for Japan. Ford under the name of Systems Research the growing importance of Philco in is justifiably proud of its role in the Corporation , engaged in research the worldwide Ford operations. sensational Mars Viking program, and development. Today, that alliance between Ford too. :\er(Ill ttu-onic Ford', \\ ('stern Ford M otor Company had tradi- and Philco, known as Acronutronic Development Laboratoric, \yu1.) tionally produced equipment for the Ford Corporation, has it record of at Palo Alto provided the communi- t'.5. goyernntcnt as ;i subcontractor. ntanv successful satellite programs cations antenna sub-systems for the i.c., building to someone else's design. The formation of .\eronutronit Sys- tems put Ford into the aerospace defense business as it primary source of military and space products. ()per- ations began in Van Nuys, California. and later moved to temporar y offices in the passenger terminal building at (; rand (ventral Airport in G lendale. The company gained recognition in I9? the Sputnik period-when it acted as prime contractor for an Air Force rocket project known as Ear Side. This was a program dc- signed to launch a missile into space after it had been carried to an altitude

on. A total of six such launches were Sa rried out by the Air Force and Acro- nutrunic at Eniwetok in the Soutlt Pacific. The same year, Ford signed it 99- year lease for a 201)-acre site in New- port Beach, California. for its new headquarters. By ntid-1939, employ- Louis J. Bruno , left, Manager of International Relations for Aeronu- ment had risen to about 900 and tronic Ford, and Jack F. Hichards, Deputy Program ,Manager. LV'l'IL:L- :Aeronuu'onic was merged into Ford SA'1' V, check engineering Specifications with satellite model. with full divisional status. In 1961, Ford purchased the well- established Philco Corporation, which included the Western Development as well as being a recognized builder Viking Orbiters. and transponders- Laboratories Division, the space- of earth station antennas and earth combined receivers and transmitters- oriented division of Philco. This ac- stations. Three of the earth stations whose function is to transmit signals quisition further broadened the com- are for the \I \Ris:\ t program. Sev- automatically when triggered by an pany's range of activities into non- en antennas have been built for Amer- interrogator for the Viking Landers. automotive fields. Later, Ford trans- ican Telephone and Telegraph Input from the Landers are received ferred the Aeronutronic Division to (:\T&-r) use at that companys earth by the Orbiters and in turn are re- Philco to strengthen both organiza- stations which communicate through layed to earth by the dual-frequency, tions as well as its own position in the the C:o\tS:\T GENERAL-owned (:()NJ_ high-gain Aero-Ford antennas. defense and aerospace fields. The STAR satellites. Of special interest 'Today, Aeronutronie Ford Corpor- parent company felt that this latter is the fact that Aeronutronic Ford ation employs a total of approximate- move would permit better utilization built and installed the 92-foot an- ly 10,0011 people in its aerospace and facilities , management and tech- tennas at the COMSAT-operated earth communications operations. Head- ical staffs. stations at ,Jamesburg. California, quarters is located in Dearborn, Five years after it acquired Phil- .tt Etam, West Virginia, and at Pau- Michigan. Its Newport Beach facili- co, Ford changed the name to Philco- ntalu, Hawaii. ty has 2,430 employees on its pay-

NOVEMBER - DECEMBER 1976 5 Ford Aerospace: Experienced in Space Communications

NASA's weather satellite Antennas for AT&T roll: at Willow Grove. Pennsylvania, is Ford Corporation, said that his the Engineering Services Division has company was ''deeply honored to be a roster of 3,600 employees. A satellite for NATO selected by the International Tele- The Western Development Labora- communications Satellite Organiza- tories Division of Aeronutronic Ford, tion to undertake this major space where the bulk of the work on INTEL- panies in France, West Germany, effort [and especially] because of its SAT V will be conducted, has about Italy and Japan will receive $i4.6 long and continuing involvement in 4,100 technical, clerical, engineering million in subcontracts. international communications." and other personnel on its payroll. When advised of the awarding of Of the first seven IN r1.t sA t v satel- .\t the Palo Alto site the Corpora- the contract to Aeronutronic Ford lites, at least the last three are tion has more than one and one-third Corporation , Henry Ford II. Chair- planned for launch by Anierica's new million square feet of buildings 10- man of the Board , Ford Motor Com- cst stride forward in s;ruue technology, cated on approximately 200 acres pany, said that " the new satellites the space shuttle, built for N.\SA by of land. A COMSAT team, headed by will bring a new dimension to global Rockwell International Corporation. Loin 13. kicks, Director, Space Seg- communications and provide greatly N i u.s.-v t has the option of purchasing ment Engineering, will he establishing expanded capacity and services for an additional eight i\it-is.%l \'s, all of a Ccryts.\r liaison office at the Palo international communications by sat- which would be launched from Lite Alto facility. ellite." space shuttle. Under terms of the contract, work In referring to the INTELSAT V con- The initial satellites of the new began on the INTELSA'r y' satellites tract-the largest single award ever series will he launched by ,-1//a',. on October 1. While most of the work made for a commercial communica- Centaur rockets, manufactured by the will he performed by Aeronutronic. tions satellite system - Henry E. Convair Division of the General Dy- Ford at its Palo Alto facility, com- Ilockcitucr . President of :Acronutron- namics Corporation.

Protoflight model for Japan A\'Iuriner /Jupit er communications Viking M ission support IF' The Brewster Earth Station in Washington State. Brewster Station completes decade of service Wo COMSAT Land of Lewis and Clark; doorway to the development of the Northwest Territory ; site of the first American Flag over the State of Washington ; location of the COMSAT- operated Brew- ster Station.

The story on Brez.-.^sler, If'ashzn ton, in this issue is another in the series of hills of the ( )kanogan Highlands, special features designed to acquaint P.A rtlwAvs' readership with Cc) iS.V r and interrupted with divides often h,u(If) Cu>asai GrNERAI. earth stations and the regions in which they are located. Con- feet in elevation but nescr sharp or tributing to this feature are Brewster Earth Station illana.ger W. : 11. Lauterbach, abrupt. .Southward, from the Cana- former Station Administrator Imogene L. Cook, Burton L. Falkofske of I'.,5. dian border, the Columbia Basin ex- Sri terns Operations, Sam L. Hall of the U.S. Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, tends itself, forting the geography of Bernard C. Collins of ;Norwood, Alassachusetts, and PA FH V's s Editor John J. the Big Bend country eastward al- Peterson. most to Idaho, consisting of sage and :appreciation is extended to Mr. Emil B. Fries of I'ancouz'er, U'ashin,gton, for scabland and scarred by great, drs. his authori,ation to include portions of the book From (:openhagen to Okano- ancient river courses. gan authored by his father I '. E. Fries, one oftheearll' settlers of the I I'a sh i n.{r- Looking west front Brewster, the ton Territory. Cascade Mountains stretch in hour- glass form from the Canadian to the PEI(-)'Fos Ii\ )c)IIN Pi I F.W,O. Oregon boundaries- ItIt miles wide sts.s is earth station at Brew- Spokane and 4:1 from Seattle. Brew- at the boundaries and 51) miles wide sster, W ashington, lies in the 'al- ster, in the Evergreen State's (:olunt- at the middle. Such natural wonders Icy formed by the juncture of the bia Basin, is literally surrounded by compete with the man-made marvel Columbia and Okanogan Rivers, some of the most majestic wonders of the (:rand Coulee Uanm nearby two of the stain arteries of the fur of the world, natural and man-made. which captures the mighty Columbia rade leading to the development of Yo the north, and merging into the Riser and makes a vast artificial lake the Great Northwest. Cascade mountains on the west, are more than 150 miles long, stretching Situated 3 2 minutes by air from the heautifulty rounded, broad, low to the (:anadian Border. 7 NOVEMBER - DECEMBER 1976 point on which Americans based their (faints for all territory south of the Forty-Ninth Parallel. (Mr. Fries was present to see a commemorative Ila placed at the same historic spot on September 1, 1911.) Within 10 years the Hudson Bay Conipany had expanded its vast in- land empire to include the Northwest Company. In the following decade, with England and the [ nited States unable to establish definitive arrangements for the abundance of English and U.S. settlements spring- ing up, the two countries concluded a treaty permitting the continuance of joint settlements.

During the 1840s a flood of Anicri- tans poured over the Oregon 'Frail to The City of Brewster, partially obscured through the foliage, nestles on the bank of the Columbia River overshadowed by Brewster Flats. Above the Flats, settle in the Northwest Territories, a short distance away , (:OMSAT's antenna overlooks the city and the juncture only to find it vacuum in government of the Okanogan River and the mighty Columbia. and administration. (:onscyucntly. in 1843, they established their own provisional governments. As it be- catiie obvious Iliar .\ntc•rieans were The Columhia enters the United Robert (;ray made his way between rapidly outnumbering the English ''tote, front the southeast turner of sand bars through a passage into the settler, to prevent dissension -and British Columbia. It follows a mouth of the riser he would name possibly bloodshed -- the I 'nitcc rambling course through \\'ashington, after his ship the (olwn/ita . The date States and G reat Britain , in I810 joined atom; the way by tributaries. was Mar 12. 1792. signed it treats establishing the I9tht the great River of' Spokane (replenish- ins; the Grand (:oule(' Dan) in Pass- Not niany sears were to pass he- III,,,) and the Okanogan 3(1 miles be- hire the Journals of the Lewis and low the dam. Continuing past Lake (:lark Expedition would record the Rufus Woods formed behind (Thiel first sighting from land of the mighty ,Joseph Dant at Bridgeport, Fort Columbia in October 18U;, alter al- FORT OKANOGAN Okanogan and Brewster, Lake Pa- most a scar-and-a-hall Journey uscr- teros and Wells Dam, the Columbia land through the present States of John Jacob Astor's fur traders built eventually forms the hurdcr between Missouri. Kansas, Iowa. Nebraska. Fort Okanogan in September. 1811. The much of Oregon and Washington South Dakota, North Dakota, Mon- British North West Company took pos- before emptying into the Pacific tana, Idaho, \\ a.shinglon and Ore- session in the War of 1812 . The Hudsons Ocean at :Astoria. Bay Company owned the Fort from 1821 gon. to 1860. It was moved in the 1830s to \Ir. Fries notes that the lake By' 18111 the Northwest (:ontpanv the Columbia River. A flagpole in the funned by (hill' Joseph Rant was built the Spokane Ilouse near the distance marks the second site. Here. nanted alter Rufus \\ nods, founder present (:its of .Spokane. l•ort Okano- at the mouth of the Okanogan River. the Fort served as a trading center. The and longtime editor of the Wenat- gan, at the mouth of the Okanogan United States won authority over the chee Daily World. and among the River (on the outskirts of the City of region in 1846. The Hudson's Bay Company first and most persistent promoters Brewster). was established as a trad- abandoned Fort Okanogan 14 years later. of the (:oulce I)am projects and other ing post with the Indians by the .As- darts on the Columbia.? tor Company. According to histori- Historians allude to weather and ans, it was here at Fort Okanogan the relut tattle of ship captains to ap- that the .American flag was raised for On the outskirts of Brewster, a his- proach all unfamiliar toast as (fit- the First time in what is now Wash- torical marker identifies the site of Fort Okanogan built in 1811 by the reasons for delay in the discovery of ington State, September I , 18I 1. The Pacific Fur Company and over which the (:oluntbia for at least Itv) decades, flying of the .American flag at Fort the first American flag in the Wash- before the intrepid Yankee trader Okanogan in 1811 was the strongest ington Territory was raised.

8 PATHWAYS I'au:dlcl as the dividing line between their respective territories. ( :ongress created the Oregon ' I erri- ,: , in 184 8 , butt et cr , the people S .i%in" north of the C olumbia River ^,

Tile first settlers to rome to the taller came to hunt for gold and to trap i;gold discoveries were made in the I? (k1 lured hM dreams of riches in gold or lugs. (:ante; sprang up. Records of the Omak City Library note that the courthouse in Okanogan Coun- ty, the counts in which the Brewster Earth Station is located, was built in 1915, firing gwu'ters werc esrrblishcd. fund when the population of Okanogan was approximately 610) persons, at a cost of demanded and markets made lie' Wren around $19,000. The earth station is less than 20 miles south of the county seat. to line in it civilized ntauner. And, as Mears went bM and men learned that father herded the Ok;nurg,nt Riser at noting men, I)an (; amble and Bilk. everv hill was not it gold [-tine, gold the I.tnttsden I radimg Post In April Robinson , had been mining at Ruby, rime Loomis. \\ hen the price of siI- Icier ga%C way to those occupations of 1887 . there was neither it st-ttle- ter dropped to 63 cent, per ounce Il,r tt hit 11 titans were suited. \Iatu of ment nor signs of one in the imme- everything in Ruin was abandoned 0 the ;uccc•ssful pioneer stockmen and diate vicinity. The closest hachelor and these two voung mitt disnianticd f.u,ucrs originally cane to the valley lined tee miles upstream with an- the deserted sna rm mires in Rid)\', in r;irch of gold hilt instead he ante other four stiles to the only white built it ralt , and floated the lumber down the Okanogan and (:olumhia l,n;pCrouS in cattle and agriculture. family in the whole vast area of the Risers to (:aptain (; rigr«s. Okanogan Valley, which moss ccull- As the gold fever waned, the pio- "(:ap completed the port at \I'[* neer farmer with his sturdy wagon priscs the towns of \lunsc. ^i:dust ginia (:its and began the erection of and ox team settled in the Mallet- de- and ( )kanogan. the County Scat.-. store buildings . Ile built it store for terntined lo conquer the wilderness. Suntc highlights of lirewster's de- general nterch . uulise 5Mltich was rent- -A ndersen and then eret red "At the tine, \h . Fries relates. velopment were carried in ilic Golden ed to Folly it two-store hotel which housed ;t "there tea, utily one bachelor in that Anniversary issue of the 1lerald- saloon. both of which were operated area. If was dir. Lumsden who op- Reporter in I 9 ^ 1 , written by Brew- bM Bruce (Triggs... erated a 1 lading Post liar Indians and ster correspondent :Alma (;leases. Between trips front Ruby to \ ir- miners en route to the [tine fields Following are extracts from her fea- ginia (sits', I);tn (;amble studied the along the Fraser and Thcunpson Riv- turC. hinterland and one day clct reified the inhabitants of Virginia (:its his sav- ers in British (; lunrbia. \\ hen my Roll up Nile shades for a glimpse of ing. "UoN's. there will meter be it town Hiewster just before the turn of the here . Virginia (: ilk will be by - passed century. Now locus w,ur binoculars it and when a railtoad should enter ()It Virginia (:its which was Iocared conic tlu'uugh here." I(:onstruction of near the west end of file Brewslcr the North Pacific Railway was com- plcted in 1883 and a great flow of iw^a^Fr^.o;v bridge (i years ago. new people into the Nortbwest tol- L3 t9LL' ACRES 1ESTABUSNEO au Virginia (ity was named after lowed. ""OPEN RANCE AREA Virginia Hill, a famous chariot ter who Ntl11TM1 r! HIND PEll UTSREOUIREb blade and lost a fortune in Virginia In response to the question of the TAI AJ. OFFlc MIKAU OF INDIAN AFN11 ,S site of the railroad a jackpot was won *SPCLEN:IrASN,1AR5 (:ity, Netada. He had conic north to seek another fortune ;rod wits lost 2(1 years later by \oung (; amble who eventually in the trek to the ruining had named the possible location tMitlt- camps along Frazier River in British in ?(1 feet. Columbia. After much discussion it was unani- (:aptain (:Iifftrrd (;rig

NOVEMBER - DECEMBER 1976 9 Central Washington, the locution of orchard on this site whereby Brew- Was not uncommon to be stranded on the Brewster Earth Station, is semi- ster hecarnc it port town adjacent to the rocks and delayed hours and. arid. Irrigation provided by the boat as well as possible railroad possibly, days. In such cases tl. Grand Coulee Dam combines with transportation . ( hying to the fact boatswain would go ashore to so' the climate to support a substantial that a clerk in the patent office in the cable to a "dead head" on tl agricultural output. Delicious red Washington . D.(:.. wasn ' t sure John river hank in order to permit tt. apples are the mainstay of farming Bruster spelled his name correctly. steamer to pull itself upstream by activities while other products in- he changed the spelling to Winding the cable on its ''dead nian.. clude pears, gropes, wheat, beef and ster when he registered the patent or capstan. some sheep. Brewster serves the and no ettort was eser made to change Brewster was now definitely the needs of the surrounding farming its spelling. Virginia City was now head of navigation and in high water communities. abandoned and merchants began to steannboats could sometimes go as make permanent improvements in far north as Riverside. Passengers the new town of Brewster. and freight going to \lethow or the Boats were now leaving oil sched- Okanogan valleys were now distri- ule-nine hours up from W enatchee buted front the Port of* Brewster. and five hours back down . There was \\'hat a sight to see freighters and little difficulty experienced on the passengers departing through it cloud down trip but the up-trip was uncer- of dust to the tune of bells on the tain. 'I'll(- rapids at Entiat , Chelan lead horses, staccatoed to the load Falls and Pateros were difficult. It and profane commands of the drivers.

Early Danish emigrant writes of Brewster ' s beginning

lit his book From Copenhagen to the abandoned diggings of their pre- Okanogan, t'Irick F' . Fries. who decessors or buying out others. AS emigrated from Dentnark and settled the country settled , the Chinese moved in the Okanogan country of the out. Aside front an occasional trace of 7 \\ ashington Territory in 188 . tells an old ditch the Chinese had a,tt,- of the founding of Brewster. Follow- hined agriculture with mining ; 111'' ing are paraphrased excerpts front c sudi)dhcs to maint ,tll.( his book. bI ilt`ttlxtClisI l i 1? of `cate r t both), a rubble heap. or an aban- The first to come [to the Okanogan doned dugout , the only monument to Valley I were the fur traders who the Chinese in north-central \\ ash- dominated the region from 1811 to ington is the little town of (:hesaw I830 from their post at Fort Okano- named after Che Saw , one of the gan. In 1838 occurred the Fraser Ris- Chinese miners who turned to agri- er gold rush and the old trails of the culture , becoming it good farmer and Hudson Bay Company trappers now cordial host. led men in search of* gold. In 1862 Front the time of the first settle- gold was discovered at Rich Bar in ment down to the depression of the the vicinity of Brewster. Incidentally. thirties . placer mining has been at- the name of Rich Bar disappeared tempted along the river near Brew- with the carp miners. It was esti- ster. Although the name of Rich Bar In the photograph at top an orchard mated that as many as SUO miners has been lost , there is still reason to seems to literally climb up the side were busily engaged in washing gold believe that it laver of pay dirt under- of overhanging cliffs from the edge for 13 miles along the river, or rough- lies the town of Brewster as well as of the Columbia River. In the center ly, between the present towns of Pa- some other flats along the river. photo, cottages for migrant workers teros and Bridgeport (which in(hides The confluence of the Columbia are uniformly aligned near an or- Brewster). and the O chard. The photo at bottom was kanagan determined where AS much as $I(IU,OtlO in gold Was taken inside a cooperative processing the head of navigation should be. So plant in Brewster. estimated to have been taken from it was inevitable that some kind of Rich Bar. The discoverer reportedly town would he situated here since, in made his fortune of $30.00)) in two the early days. there were no rail- months. These miners left no visible roads within 10) miles, river trans- trace of civilization and even made portation furnished the only outlet their campfires with the logs of Fort for the region. In fact there were Blur Okanogan. little towns, but only one, Brewster, On the heels of these miners came survived. the Chinese from California. working Initially recorded in 180)3 as Cast-

10 PATHWAYS was operational February 14, 19-2, and the tN i FnsA F I\, (I -n) by December Service to exotic and mystical lands of the Pacific I ?. 19-4. Throughout that period Brewster continued to pro%icfe service lp COMSAT in 1964 was laying out the January 11, 1961, and was placed to Hawaii on the Primary Pacific sat- initial elements of the global satel- in service on January 27. Fhe 8S-loot ellite. The cunrntencentent of the lite system . In addition to arranging antenna was used for full-time service transponder lease service to Hawaii for Use Of FAkty BIRD (INFELSAT 1) In thereafter. In the spring of 1967. the in February 19"4 precluded recom- the Atlantic Ocean Region, Cccnls.v i 42-foot antenna was dismantled for mencement of diversity operations was preparing for the development of transfer to the Philippines. after the spare I- I Fi I is was avail- Pacific Ocean satellite service and To prepare for the third generation able. searched for radio-interference-free of INTELSAT satellites. the Fla: in The Hawaii transponder lease sites on the \\est Coast. On July 12, March 1968 approved a COMSAT ap- terminated July 26, 1976, when the 1965, President Charyk signed an application for new t.NR's (Low Noise Hawaiian traffic was transferred to plication to the Fcc requesting au- Receivers), new ucE (Ground (:om- a domestic satellite system. Curs.-yt thority to construct it flew Earth Sta- munications Equipment) and a new then made arrangcnu•nts with Fsccc tion at Brewster Flats, Washington. antenna feed. ()n August 23, 1968, with INTELSAT and with the foreign The Ice. granted approval oil October COnt5:Ar made application to the tcc administrations to transfer approx- 14, 1965. requesting authority to increase the imately hall of the Pa( ific destinations The INTFLSAT if satellites were planned to be available in the fall of 1966. Anticipating that it large 854oot antenna could not be constructed by that rims'. Cccnts:si arranged to have Page Communications construct a 42- foot transportable station in order to

assure meeting \ASVS fort II coining Apollo Program service requirements. The II\TELSAT n (F-t) satellite was I.,acclted in October 1966. It tailed „ ,alitese synchronous orbit but (lid 1" "\ idc limited services between the t " mainland and I fawaii. ()n I hanksgiving Day. the 85-foot antenna was used for transmission of a football game to Paunr,chi. However.

the Page antenna continued to be A . - I used lot. limited scnice to II.cwaii Staffing the Brewster Operations Center are, left to right: Station Manager from December 8, 1966. to January W. M. Luuterbach, in foreground. Operations Supervisor Darrel Nelson and 27. 1967, while final adjustments were Senior Electronics Technician f)nn Allen. made on the large antenna. INCH SAT 11 (F-') was launched antenna dianteter from 85 feet to 9- from Jamesbur,g to Brewster. feet. Approval was granted less than Service to New Zealand was trans- it month later. ferred front Janteshurcg I(, Brewster The new Jameshurg Earth station August 25, 19-0. \%ludI was the first became operational December 1, 1968, international service carried by Brew- and the Is IF:IsAr Ill (F-{) and (F-, ster since early 1969. By early Octo- satellites began operation on Febru- ber 1976. Brewster was also provid- mo, A irginia City, as it time to he ary 16, 1969, and Max- 31, 1969. ing international service no Peking, called, became the main port of call respectively. In early 1969, all Brewst- Thailand and Korea. Future plans for fOr unloading height: howescr, it had er service was transferred to Jamcs- Brewster include service to the Fiji line drawback: when the water was burg in order to permit modification Islands and to New Caledonia, plus low, the wharf boat would bet one of the Brewster antenna. All station service to Malaysia and to French stuck on a rock stir king up on the modifications were completed by Sep- Polynesia when their stations are bottom of the river requiring a lot of tember 1969. actisated in I9^8. work to get it clear again. But 'Brus- „r the next seyc'r;cI years Brecysten The Brewster staff at comnmence- 1c•r.s,. place was ideal and, with the provided diversity service to II;ny;cii nient of operations in 1966 consisted ording of the new townsitc and the by the operational spare satellite in of 37 people. Of the 3-1 people, four t:,mge of landucg place. \ irginia (:it%- the Pacific region. By 1971, satellite of the originals remain at Brewster W.\,,, doomed . Nearly all the buildings system planning niatcdated that all of and IU have transferred to other orrn mused bodily the half mile to the service he carried on a single (:ccms.yr locations. I hcrc arc now 20 lit racr... I^rFts^r ttt. 'file t^-rr.is.nt IS 1t-:t pcrnrcnent employees at Brewster.

NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1976 The immediate area surrounding Brewster is a man-made wonders are in abundance , all within ease veritable paradise for the sportsman and outdoorsman. driving distance of Brewster. Still, there is more than Trout fishing and hunting game provide the sports- enough left over for the historian : the little Indian man with year-round opportunities, and the story is cemetery on the side of the hill above the Okanogan told of how, "in the old days," the people from Seattle River near the tiny settlement of Malott: the Fort would make winter trips to Okanogan and Douglas Okanogan Museum overlooking the C olumbia. Counties to hunt deer, let Mother Nature freeze the catch on the spot, then haul the meat back to Seattle. The photographs on this page attempt to depict a For the outdoorsman and nature lover, natural and composite of the three: nature, recreation and history. Winthrop, a partially restored pioneer mining village on the edge of the North Cascades National Park. The town has all of the flavor of the old west and still retains the title of Marshal for its law enforcement officer.

An advertisement painted on the side of a drug store in Winthrop that proved too great a photographic temptation to resist.

Approaching Winthrop from '['wisp, on Route 20 through Methow Valley, the camera captures this picture of a roan apparently at peace with himself and the world around him.

Beyond Winthrop, Houle. 20 turns into the North Cascades Highway and cuts through some of the most magnificent landscape to be seen by man as it makes its way toward the Pacific Coast. Dwarfed by the im- !. •t" mensity of the Cascades is the automobile visible in the right center of the photograph.

Approaching Grand Coulee City at the base of the dam (extreme right center) one is struck by the volcanic formations through which the build- N!: ers of the dam had to carve their lr ItIK-PW way.

A segment of the Chief Joseph Dam on the Columbia River at Bridgeport prior to joining the Okanogan at Brewster. Named after Chief Joseph, a great Indian leader of the Nez Perce tribe, the dam holds back the Lake Rufus Woods reservoir which extends to the Grand (;oulet' I)am.

The Chillowist Cemetery on a hill- side near Malott upriver from the earth station. Fourteen whitewashed and sparkling headstones dominate the grounds and add an air of mystery to the setting: all 14 bear the name "Walsh," 11 of which are in- scribed simply "Baby Walsh" locking both dates and ages.

A Forest Ranger and an old-time resident of the logging town of Twisp pointed out the location of this old abandoned copper mine now used as a shelter for free-running horses.

12 PATHWAYS INTELSAT Board of Governors approves $51/2 million R&D budget ; confirms continuing interest in INMARSAT Committee.

The Twelm- lourtil M ei-ling of tile telhnical interference front the U.S. • :Approved ;1 lir;17ilia11 11011-Stttnd- 1.v I F.I s.v I Board of Governors was NI,SRI ..A I s\stetll. ard Station to anew" the space seg- held bunt Octnher ?' through Nov- • .\ppro\ed all anlendnlenr to the ment fret, of charge for approxilllatel\ ember 3 at INIF.t.s:\T Ilcadquarters in existing agreement with (.11\15.\ I t\\crlt\ 110111-S of experinlrnts. subject \\ ashingeon, D .C.. :Among its actions GF.NF.1( 51 for Use of IXI'FLS:\T IT&(. to eet't.l ill eorl(1111r1llS. the Hoard: facilitie", to cover additional TIC;&\I • .Approved two Saudi \rabian sta- • Approved a total I97- R&I) pro- Ser\iceS until not Lltrr' than I'el)ru- lions of 31.-' G 1'. at Jeddah and gram of $3,436.000, cxllusiye of pro- arv- 28 , 1()77. Riyadh- curement, legal and G&.\ ousts, and • Authori7ed the \lanagenlent compensation for use- of capital assets. Financial and Legal Matters Set-61(c, (,olltr'actor to procure FvI The new program includes SI,311I,(II)II • Apprclvcu net Ih.ll>gcs to the suhcarricr equipment fur nludificIIion for explnramry research and studies. \Ianagc'ment Ser\icc" (:onuatu)r s and test; requested it to prepare it S2.19n0nuU for dcyclopnlent eonhrarts. 1976 bodgct of I-h.o5 million to perfornruTCC specification lot- I. \1 and '.I.`)36,1)0l for in-house work on cover INFill551 \ satellite and launch suhcarricr system prov i(fing audio deyclopnlent projets. \chicly payments. nlonitorinq equip- channels and conduce field trials of • Authorized the Alanat;entenl Ser- Merit. I\F1'.IS.\T \ proclut Ii(oil 11101li- the nu>dificd equipment in time for vices (:ontra( tot to relocate the lorin,, ;Ind purchase of FyI suhcarricr Ihc results to he considered in con- I\ 1 I--r SA I n' (F-71 front 3,111.x° to equipment. nc(iion with the final Spetifilation. 3^9° East longitude. where it will • r\cithorited the Management Scr- • Requested the Secretary General c;urr\ preenlptible Ie;ued service;. and \ices (:ontr;IC Ior to dispose of certain t o \\ inc I \ I Et.SAI parties, Signa- the I\ IF1.5.\ I IS i 1 -2 ) fr'oril 3^-c)° U, surplus I\1rts:\T prupcrt\ hv' illsIlin, tories and .Administrations, to describe 3;h° Fast IOll nude. 11 approved the Mils ft'ott) Signatories. nlallers of concern to I\ I r I ":\ r with \lanagcment hersires (:olltrartor t'especI to the I917 \\'orld .\drninis- plans to use the last operati n,_, re- Administrative and Organizational trative (onfercnlr for flatting of eiver un the IN I Ft ".s I I\- (r-s 1 lol. Matters Broadcast Satellite Set s III" cl'.Ii(' 5 (:ontl'act or will study long- the Iyyr vK,.v t prep,uatory Conulliitce ing .old new ('arch station designs tci ill plans f ur' p o sitioning satellites that I\IFIS.\l wishes to tunfirn> its with p;uIIeclIu emphasis un antenna S provide tlaulit and Indian Otcalt continuing interest in meeting the sidelohe control and to expand the Region serv'ile'", and tn;tl\ze the ad- pussihlc space scglilent need" of Iy- on-wing work on antenna sidelobe Mid disadv;ulIagcs of such \I.\Ipel'atiull u,uorv variolls methods and tirn)iuc ncccss;u'\ tollowup ;iclion; ;wising to Ihc previously approved SLIM for pruyiding remain of the Services Norte Ihc dcllslotls of hose Ilteetlll1,,. r( \r I,.,, I\ lo, and extended the dale requested by earth stations which • .Approved a one-year extrusion for nland;uury consersiun to Stand- Illect l\7 E1.5:A I regtllr'enleills. to Ihc corm of Mr. Ronk I,A\, a uonli- ard H upcrltion from .June all, 11) • Requested the \lanagenu'nt Ser- nec of the French tiign.ul,rs, to wluk u, I)rcelnbct' I. 19_-. \itc5 (:oner;Iltur to provide the :Ad- with the NI;Inagen>ent "ensitrs (:ou- • Expressed in the form of a Fe- visor\ (_:onlltittec o11 lethituc;il \lat- Ien tOF-s stall. In earls 19,- five untrllendatiotl the finding that no ter; with criteria tot use in roll- additiou,ll position; will he Isul- luau ceptahle interference is expected Ile(tiun wish c;trth suuions using, al,le fin- Sigrlatur\ non)intc, front an experiment which may Ile So INttudulatil-n, i,Ikin,, into account 'I-hc I wenty-fifth \Iceting of the conducted with the Italian "[RI( the need lit opc'r;tc vv'ith 3° noutinal Huard of GoscrlUin, vy.t; ,chedulcd to I Xperiniental network. satellite spacing. he timid at 1\Tt:t sl Iltadquartcrs Ill • Not(-(] that the Ad\isor\ (:onlnlit- • Granted a u11e-scar extension c\;Ishlinguul slanting Ueetmilcr S. I,n Technical \laucr" coolie need of apprl)y.'tl for the (:oyIss 1 esu'Ill .lpproprI;uenrss of the IRuard's st'Ition at I.I'.nfaIll plaza to 1cress h^ F.ll,',> l). //,/i, /:c(rnrrrlicnrnl t1-I. i, c to Ilse .Assembly of parties. the spare segment bee of charge fur /)u tii oll . there would be no unacceptable tests ;uul dcmunstralions.

NOVEMBER - DECEMBER 1976 13 COMSAT reports C:osiSAT's court appeal from the FCC's Foreign countries show adverse rate decision of December d, considerable interest decrease in third 19-5. In the third quarter, revenues quarter Net Income subject to escrow amounted to in national elections 513,933,000, equal to 70 cents per Cuyts:v i has reported consolidated share after taxes. It the accounting Despite early reports of voter apa- .Net Income of S7,()()7 ,000. or 76 cents and refund order had not been in eh ,hv here, there was great interest per share, for the third quarter of feet, consolidated Net Income for the oycrseas in the anteric;tn 1976 nation- 19 1 6. This was a decrease from the quarter would have been SI-1.043.000, .d elections. As election day ap- Si 1 1.837.0(11), or S1.18 per share, or S I .46 per share. proached -and the. polls indicated a realized for the third quarter a year The regular quarterly dividend of close race-orders for satellite tele- ago. 23 cents per share, payable on Decent- vision poured into the I\ I Ii,,, I Oper- The decrease resulted from the de- her 13, 1976, to all shareholders of ations Center. duction from revenues of amounts record as of the close of business on ,According to L. \\. Covert, Opera- required to he placed in escrow. un- November 12, 196. was declared by tions Center Manager, on Noventhcr der an accounting and refund order is- the COMSAT Board of Directors at its 2 and 3, there were 46 satellite TV sued by the Federal Communications October meeting. It is Co>rs:yr's transmissions. totaling 03 hours and Commission (FCC), effective June 25th consecutive quarterly dividend 36 minutes of election news, to earth 16. 19,6, pending the outcome of and tenth at the 25-cent rate. stations in 23 countries. As sonic Ir,utsntissions were recci' cd by more than one earth station. the Receive Time was actually 93 hours and 2O Overseas TV officials visit Plaza minutes for a total of almost 1 - 7 half channel hours of television set-- vicc. among the countries receiving the greatest amounts of election (average. were Italy, Ir:ut, Germany, the Unit- ed Kingdom, Israel. Korea. Japan, the Philippines. Panama. France and Brazil. :A numhcr of countries received transmissions via earth stations outside their borders. For example. the L .S. S. R. received coverage via the Raisting Earth Station in West Germany.

program at Syracuse University and through visits to various broadcasting facilities throughout the country. At the Operations Center console, Marketing's Dan Karosik explains a satellite The grantees are selected and nom- television order to Overseas Television officials while OpCen Coordinator inated for the program by the U.S. Steve Franco shows 'l'ogo TV Editor-in-Chief Quam Sodji how the voice order embassy in their country . Usually wire is used to contact INTELSA'l' system earth stations. Shown, left to right, they are experienced broadcasters are: Karosik; S. Brown. Liberian TV producer/announcer; M. S. Shamrna, whose positions influence the policy Saudi Arabia director of TV training; D. Ghartey'-Tagoe, Ghana 'I'V head of programs; V. Y. Gusev. USSR TV editor; A. Adesola, Nigerian TV editor; A. and direction of their broadcasting N'oquez. Mexico educational TV; A. Kirca. Turkish 'I'V correspondent/pro- system. ducer; and Franco. The group was briefed on satellite television by Dan Karasik. of the Fifteen members of the 19-6 Inter- Syracuse University. Marketing Division , on INTFLSA't af- national Broadcast Seminar front vari- The half-day visit to Coyts.yr has fairs by Jack Oslund of the Inter- ous overseas television organizations become a regular feature of the semi- national Division , and on the INTEL- received a briefing on satellite tele- nar. The project has two broad goals, s:\ I Operation Center by Laurence vision and the INFFLSA'r system at the a cultural one of introdu(itie tile Covert. Operations Center Manager. Plaza recently. The seminar is a members to the people of the United This year's visitors were front ,\r- program of the State Department States, and a professional one of un- gentina. Ghana. Hungary. Indonesia operated I. the 't'elevision-Radio derstanding the broadcasting system Mauritius, Mexico, Nigeria, Poland: Department of the S. 1. Newhouse of the United States. The latter is Saudi Arabia. Taiwan, Togo. T uni- School of Public Communications at accomplished through an academic sia. and the l 'SSR. 14 PATHWAYS Third MARISAT launch successful; satellite to begin Navy service January 1977

By H\t I NI()n t c;c,nn.tcv

The countdown progressed smooth- Navy Initial User channel, and two narrovvband (25 ly on a remarkably clear evening. It is the third and last in the kHz) channels. The Nayv leases the 'hhor Delta Launch Vehicle No. 12 7 , present series of satellites that forms I Ht capacity for fleet communications With the NIARISAT spacecraft nestled the spat e portion of the new mari- between its own fixed and mobile in the nose, gleamed in a setting time satellite system, NI At ts\.I. terminals. 1' lorida sun on Pad A, Complex 17 \1.\uu.\'r satellites launched earlier at Cape Canaveral. Abruptly, NASA this scar and now stationed over the Telephone and Telex officials announced a malfunction in Atlantic and Pacific Oceans presently Lath \Lvts.\i satellite also con- a switch in the blockhouse, halting are providing high quality conununi- tains capacity at I.-band and (:- hand the countdown. cations service to the Nay', as well as frequencies for (onunercial maritime CuAISA I G F.NFRAI officials and users. It is through these frequencies guests in open Viewing stands watch- that high quality telex , facsimile, ed and waited. An announcement data and telephone communications cattle over the public address system presently are being provided to more that the problem had been resolved, than 3)) commercial ships and off- and the countdown resumed. shore facilities via the .Atlantic and At 6:44 p.m. El)r% on October 14, Pacific satellites. after an II-minute delay, the rocket The NI :\ ats.\ I Systems , now aug- engines ignited in an explosion of mtrnted by an in-orbit backup satellite \ts.T GLNLts . i pioneered and of the rocket could he followed by the developed N I.sins,yr , and has avail- eyes of viewers in the blue evening able for lease more than 83 percent ul sky for about four or five minutes the commercial capacity of the sys- after liftoff; the strap-on rockets tem. With the inauguration of its glittered like falling icicles when they Launch of the third MARISAT NI.vatsv t services in I9,6. Cuyu vT Were jettisoned in flight. to the commercial shipping and off- Gtnt. u \t truly has become the Two days later, at 8: 13 p.m. Gia, shor•c industries. ntunicator to the maritime World." with the mission now under the con- Initiall\, the third ` L\Kts.\I s:uel- trol of engineers of (oyts.-\r (;t:'sta<.\t fite will he used only by the Navy. It and CMtsAT, the I,44>-pound satellite also will serve as a .pare in orbit and In an interview with the press in Was thrust into a near-synchronous could he repositioned in the cut of a Cocoa Bcach, Florida, on the day of orbit with the firing of an on-hoard failure in either the .Atlantic or the the launch of the third \L\kts.\t satel- apocgee motor by ground command. Pacific satellite. lite. Navy spokesmen had high praise AIM the completion of ;t series of The Navy has been leasing full for file ^L\tus.-cr tiystent. in-orbit tests, the satellite will be t III scryice via the Atlantic satellite "It is superb.' Rear Admiral moved to its assigned station of ?3° since Nlarrh 2 3. 19,6. and via the George tihick. Commander, Nay.d Last Longitude over the Indian Pacific satellite since June 28, 1976. Ieleconutlunicatiorts Command, told ( )cean. roughly on it line south of The Na\ v in Septcntbcr chose to in- Marv Bubb. (:ape correspondent for Bombay, India. Plans call for the crease its use of the Nl.\ttlsvr System .\r, e t't and Reuters news services. satellite to be ready for service to the by leasing v III capacity in the third "The quality is outstandin, .. HAII\t C S. Nays no later than Januar\' 1, I .\ r satellite , originally desig- Shirk said. -'The clarity of telecon „ nated as it ground spare , for Indian messages via \I.\kts.\ r satellites ver- Ocean service. sus (conventional) radio is like a AI,..Vo ,c6,' mncmV is Uireclur, The rHt portion of each satellite Cadillac versus a Model I " Admiral Ruszui- Pre>molinn. (:umcnl General. includes one wideband I3))) kiI/) ((,<)ullnuccl nN /!,'.Y/ Piru")

NOVEMBER - DECEMBER 1976 15 tended. COMSAT Board of Directors adopts The foregoing is merely it summary employee stock ownership plan of the Plan for general information. he terms of the Plan itself, which The Conts.vr Board of Directors has Federal Income lax return for each will control the operation of the 1 adopted an Employee Stock Owner- year is filed. and thereafter will he Plan. will be provided in more de- ship Plan, effective January 1, 1976. transferred to the Trust. The amount tailed form at a later date. The Plan will enable eligible cmploy- may vary widely from year to year. Worth Noting CCS of (:oyt,A-F and (:o\ts.\r GENLRAL, • The 'I rustee will invest the cash at no cost to them, to become share- in Common Stock of the Corporation. Irving Dostis , formerly N 1 i tager. holders of the Corporation. The fol- The stock purchased for each year Radio l•rcqucnt\. \\est (:oast OIfice. lowing is a summary of the highlights will he allocated among the separate has been appointed I )irccror, 'I crh- of the Plan: accounts established for each partici- nical and Operational Planning. Mr. • Eat h employee of CU>ts.-v r or- pant in the same ratio as the compen- Dostis will be responsible for all oper- (.()%IS,\T (,F\F:Et:\L. who has worked for sation of each participant bears to the ational planning including all aspects I.(t0O hours during 1976. or has total compensation of all participants of the introduction of new technoIO«\. worked I,tl00 hours during the first for the year. associated with t\ i i i s:yr \ . 12-niontft period of his or her em- • Administrative expenses of the Brenda Lister . 'F raining :\dntinis- ployntent if that period ends in 19-6. Plan will be borne by the funds in the uatur, Personnel, attended If special will he a participant in the Plan as )'rust up to the amount permitted by meeting for. the Alliericm Sotrety low of .January 1. I976. If an employee the law. Expenses above such amount 'I'rainittg and I )e\elopmrnt held al does not meet the hours worked re- will be borne by the Corporation. the While House r•ecetlll\. Nis. Lister quirements during 1976, he or she • At this time, the Plan provides is a ntenrber of the Board of Directors may become eligible in future years. that dividends on the stock in a of the protesstonal society. V ht, An employee who is riot a citizen of participants account will he rein- subject of till, meeting, one of It series the United States and is working out- vested in Comsat stock for his or held at the \\'hire House with key olli- side the United States is not eligible her account. cials of the I edet'al t ^n\rrnment and to participate. • Normally. the stock allocated to other national leaders on important • For each year through 1980. the a participant's account each year will matters of national interet. was ''Ro- Corporation will transfer cash to a he distributed to the participant seven man Resource I h•yclopntent in the Trustee in an aniount equal to the \cars after the allocation is made. World of \V'ork... additional one percent investment tax However. the stock in a participant's Ulycia R. Powell , tiirnterly with tilt- \lisscunri I )iytsu it of 1.n1 ployntenr r_j credit available to the Corporation. account will be distributed in full This amount, which is based on the upon his or her retirement, death, SccuriIs, has been appoiuted Adutin- Corporation's investment in addition- total and permanent disability or istrator. Iluntan Resources, for (:()vt- al property during the year, will be termination of employment for any s \ t . As a Member of the Assistant determined when the Corporation's reason. Director tit Personnel s staff, \Is • The participants right to receive Powell will have print;r'\ responsi- ((;ortflutuvil from Pa,t,'i 15) the stock in his or her account cannot bility for the implentrnr.ition of (:nr- Spick and Rear Admiral S; un Moore. be forfeited for any reason. 1'he par- porate n'aining progr:nns. ticipant will be entitled to direct the Comni;uider , N lilitary Sc;t lift Com- It's not Halloween mand . visited the Cape to witness soling by the 'l roster of that stock. the launch of the third \lAR1,, I • ender present Federal Income without a pumpkin spacecraft . News correspondent Bubb -Fax Laws, tfte stock allocated to a used the quotes in her articles [or participant's account and dividends. A P. t E't and Reuters. if any, paid on that stock and which -`Users are ecst a tic,- Captain En- arc received and reinvested by the right told an intersicwcv. -The capa- 't'rustee will not he taxable to the citv of the satellites is being used 11)11 particip;ru until the stock is actually percent and we have Customers wait- disc ibuted. ing in the wings. The Novais com- Funds for purchasing the shares pletely satislicd. Ihe • :\ ir Force wants for the eniplo\ees will derive from a it. provision of the Federal income Wax "'1 he third \ I.\Rl" \ r ,' Captain I.aws that permits a corporation to Enright added. ''will ser v e Front claim an additional investment tax GibratIta r to Guani, and cover most credit for this purpose annually strategic areas in case the Atlantic or through 1980. Subject to obtaining a Pacific birds Tail..Aitd it closes it 1 ?i111- favorable ruling on the Plan from the Shr-,\1ei Wang. Edna Henderson, H l,'(1U-mile gap along the Equator internal Revenue Service. the Corpo- George. M abel Vundergriff and Caro- ( left to rightI with About -1i ( I N;ny surface ships cart ration t\•ill make contributions to the Ivil Cunningham their creation in the Computer Roost. rrcci\c instructions via NI .\tus.\r flan for 1976 through I9n(1. ;1nd ul.n\ Ihcrrattter. if the law is further cx-

16 PATHWAYS Dahlgren and Russell transfer laterally 7 in Personnel Office reorganization

B' \It.i \\n

The recent reorganization of the Robert A. Uahlgrcn has been trans- Lnisersit4 of Dayton in 11);- \%,ill, it Personnel I)isision was the result of ferred to the (:c,5tsAr Lillis and is degree in Industrial \lall,lgcment. the desire "to broaden and strengthen \launaget ol' Personnel swryites lot. \itcr gr;tduatic^n. (:hontos worked ill the staff and to permit more effirtivr Research and h:nginccring. IIc is it the areas of pensions, retirement utilization of their respective talents.' graduate of I.tlther College in Uccor- and group insura iIyu prior' to join- actordiug to I)a^ id S. Nyc, Director ah. locta, majoring in Business .-Ad- Itlg ill 1909 as NI'lliagel of of Personnel. ministration and Psychology. .Alto Benefits. Until his current assign- I.ynlord O. Russell has been trans- rcccic ing his degree in 1908 he began mcnt, he worked in the areas of ad- ferred front the (:oyts.,\t Labs to Hcad- his employment with (a vtsn t. concen- ministration and hcncfits. Presently. qu;icrs a11(1 is now Manager, staft- trating on compensation auul bcnclits he is responsible lot. the managcnu'nt ing and Personnel Services. Russell administration. of salary administration programs was graduated from the Lniaersity of In his new assi,nntent he is rc- and lily Tong range benefit program Chicago in 1958 with a major in Po- sponsihlc for the adnlinistratiou of the planning: i.e., improvements, ch;utg- es, new programs and the direction of benefits in general. Nlosetla W. Personnel staf- Blacknion, .Job Analyst, reports to fers Bob Dahl- Chontcis. gren, left, and William B. Lockett will continue Lyn Russell to head the h:qual Lntplovnent Op- wish each other portunits and fIunctn Resources the "best" on I)eveloprtent function as :Assistant their exchange Director. Lo( kctt received his B.S. of positions. degree ltonl Howard L'nnrrsit\ in Dahlgren moved \\ ashingtorn. U-(:., in 1902. Prior to to the Labs while Russell joining (:cl\t>.\r in 1969, he served came into the as it manpower dcyclopnunt specialist Headquarters with the L .S Uepartnrent of Labor. office. 11c is responsible for overseeing and directing the Corporation's equal NIWW9 empluymmll t opportunitN• and tatt - litical Science . tic also attended Grad- salary program for Research and l.n- ing. dctcluplncnt and education pro- Little Business School at the Univer- gineering, the administration of benc- grams. .111(l for administering the torn- sity of Chicago while working as an tits for Labs employees. Research and pany.s employee complaint, discipli- associate administrative officer for Engineering recruiting and st.dfing, nary and perlornta n((' review pro- the L•niyersity . Since that time he has and employee counseling at the Labs. cedures. Brenda Lister. Senior I rain- been employed by Operarions Re- Donald J. (:hontos has been desig- ing .\dnunistr.uor. and Ulyci;l Powell. search , Inc.. as Director of Person- nated Nlanagcr, Compensation and Training Administrator. report to nel. and Applied Physics Laboratory Benefits. lie was gracluatc

NOVEMBER - DECEMBER 1976 17 Star Trek hero " Captain Kirk" films sequence at Etam BREWSTER . Congratulations to Richard Attwood , Darrel Nelson, Bob Sanderson and Imogene Cook By], IFs T. NIcKK\NA on their tenth anniversary with C().\t- William Shatner. widely known as thick clouds and on the ground within SAT. Regretfully, the anniversary also Captain Kirk of the Enter frrise in the two minutes. As the plane descended included the retirement of j ean Cook TV series "Star l r ck " was filming to about I.1 )UI) feet we could hardly after having completed her 10 years sites from Canada to Argentina for see the ground, but assumed we were of service with COMSAT. Jean came to the production of a 90-minute docu- landing with the aid of radar. Sud- work at the Brewster Station in Sep- nentarv called "\lysterics of the denly we heard the landing gear go tember 1966 as personnel Accounting Gods." The film, narrated by Shatner, hack up, saw the wing flaps go back clerk, becoming Station Administrator deals with t'IiOs and extra-terres- down. Then the plane pulled up and in March 197(1. .)ean, or "Mama trial life. headed off to the right-a missed ap- Cook," as she was affectionately l'he Hemisphere production com- proach. known to the staff, will he missed by pany requested permission to use the The pilot explained that the weath- all here at the station. Ltam earth station in the concluding er was worse than originally antici- scene of the docun)entaty; (: I MSAI pated and it different approach to the agreed and a filming schedule was airport with a refined radar system set. would be used. If all went well or for that natter, it it didn't we would be on the ground in about two minutes. If we had been tired and bored with the rainy weather, the Ilig;ht changed all that very last. 't'rue to his promise, the captain had us safely on solid ground within two minutes. As we drove to the motel. .Shatner Jean Cook receives watch from Dar- was studying his lines, often out loud rel Nelson as husband Bill looks on. for enipl)asis . Alter an hour's drive ,\ retirement party was held for through fog and pounding rain, we Jean at the Elks Club in Oinak. Sly' reached our motel. was presented a Vol(] pendant wan i The l;tatu site with its pastures golf balls and a hall retriever frwyi qW and peaceful surrounding, made an station personnel. She was also invent ideal location Isar what the producer it pocket calculator by the General wanted to convev to his aLI(hCH(C. 'I It(' Telephone personnel at thc• Brewster Shatner, slur Elam area in the notion picture docu- Station. -Dorothy Buckingham "Star 't'rek," center, uses Elam's mentary is used to represent an area 105-fool antenna us the background in ntid-.\nierica which norn),illt would for the closing narration of the 90- not have, any connection with outer ETAM. I'll(' Preston Counts Buck- minute documentary entitled space. I'he star, \\'illiani Shatner. whcal Festival w;as again a huge suc- tories of the gods," a film about strolls around 1'tam reciting his cess. \\U had pleasant tt•cathrr and to UFO's and extraterrestrial life to he thoughts about the possibility of majorits of station personnel wined seen in theaters around the country. t'FOs on earth and the existence of the thousands of visitor, who tumid cxlr ater•icstrial file based on the facts out to enjoy the cve• ut. Roger Parson 1 joined the Hemisphere film crew and evidence presented earlier in the served huckwheat cakes urd ,aus age at National Airport which, ;it the film. :\t the end of Slratner's solilo- for the benefit of the ()akl,incl. Alary- tinter was being buffeted by tllunder- quy the cunera pulls hack front the land. I Iigh St hool Band ; Lynn Rector stornu and high winds. I was intro- actor, revealing the huge antenna as did the sano' for the benefit iIi the duced to '.Captain Kirk" on hoard Shatner close, With "What you have (.hutch of the Latter 1);I\ `:init.: 111(1 the aircTall. lie was very pleasant seen is not science ficllon. Paul Helfgott ,old harha ued chic ken but appeared engrossed in a stack of Alter five hours of filming the for the Kingwood Jaycees. A high papers containing his script lot. the scene Iron) different angles, the Io- point (d 111C festivities wits the crown- (Iocurncniar\. cation shooting for ^Icstcties of the ini, of tie' Buckwheat Queen (a pre- One of the lew tines Shatner took (;rods" Was conpletc. '111C crew ex- tious queers had been crowned by his eyes oil tike script was during out' tended Words of appreciation to the (:i isms. is Dr. Charyk). finial approach to Like ClarkeslKIrg. l•aan) personnel and were oIl to catch Rccotcring Irons a hrokeu leg, Chet \\est \ irginia. airport in heavy rain a Ilight hack to Washington. Randolph is hack at work. Although anti with ntinintunt yisihiliy. the pi- As We twisted and Iatrned on the he is limpieg, his spirits h;ne not been lot told its tie would he through the mountain roads. Shatner si udicd it (Linipcocd . Mike O'Hara, Rup nett script for another motion pit- Hobbs and Paul Helfgott rci coals Mr. Mc Kenna is a CO:1MSA7' 1111C whin Ii he was ri, snarl filtaing the resented their III-ye,ii ,i aids. In fornralion Officer. 105,1 morning in Toronto, (I,nada \'acation teasel his practically cotta

18 PATHWAYS L Network Bits Our annual Christina Parts will hclpt•rs conducted a [)lost successful tlc a sttncd,iill . A tnlr colunuiist and he held at the laIII( III, oIcl Curtis hake sale on two consetutisc days, husband recc•ntIN toured the \e\ louse it) \\ oodbury. We at South- raising 1632.O3 lot- the t\y. l'hc cook- jLngland state , with it side trip to bury would like to take this oppor- ies, pies and cakes were de•liciotrs anel Atlantic City, New jcrsev. . A lthough tunity to wish every one a Merry beautifully displaced in the (:ustsnt eery beautiful. fall is not the time Christmas ;and a I Iapp\ New Y (%i[. Lohh^'. \\ inners of the raffle eery of the year for "warn-hloodc(i- -Eileen Jacobsen Mary Lane, Sy Lvnn a nd Maria people to travel north -%vith winds Jackson. of 41) stiles per hour and temperature; A. C. Wally proved e great collect- as low as I? degrees. A journey south PLAZA . Wanda Mills , George Law- or for the (;arage Dale and George c+•ould he more desirable. ler's secretary. turned in It wrap-up Lawler , a yer'y efficient auctioneer. \\ ith open season on deer coincid- on l initcd \\ a\ actin )ties for use in Items auctioned off were contributed ing with I'hanksgiying Week. some of the Plaza column . Stoic I see no way by (_:u su.si employees. the I lal:gin;; our nintrods made forays into the to improve on \\'anda•c report tsar Plant raffle ua, conducted by Michel- woods adjacent to the station in hopes would 1 he so vain as to it yo, I de- ine Fleurant with the winner, Chet of stocking their freezers with fresh cided I would just turn over a por- Hall. Judy Geary and Rita Carter. -Bev Conner tion of my column to Wanda, so here Pat Kearnan had the good felnunt' goes. to have ltcr pledge card drawn Irons l'he contests , which were conduct- among those submitted Ili(- first week ed dur'itig the [_sited \\';t\ Campaign, of the drive witalin1g all extra two clays generated a lot of interest at the yacatioll. Plaza. "ome were fun (such as the Climaxing the my activities was the \\ eiglt-in and Bean-guessing), some exurntths slitcessfof \\ ire-(:hecse were tasty (the bake sales), and Party I ashion Sltrnc planned and sonic wen'e rewarling (the drawing. produrcd ht Jack Rutter with the garage sale, plant and quilt raffle-a. help of DeDe Runfola. Jen Baldwin' Doris Babcock was the expert at Joan Wright, Gail Chase and Phyllis the United Weigh-in, conning within a Rhoe . 'I lie very i.uhion;ablc tni,drls few pounds of the total weight of Al were- Pat Irby , Cindy Rice. Joan the contestants, and ahuost winning Wright , Rosa Stone . Dick McBride. William D . Hamil- ill one of the other categories. Iler Jack O 'Connell . Vernon Brown and on, pictured above right, receives his prize -two tickets to the Christnr;as Ed Snyder . Iltc lowly tlnilt, rtes){ncd •AMESBURG. nil-%c:ur Service Award and I)r. Dante donated by the ern. Irv Gold- .Ind contrihutcd by Jen Baldwin, was (Itaryk's letter of Congratulations stein won two shares contributed by won by Dick Granger . The beautifully front Station Manager John P. the (:relit l pion for' second place. made knitted ensemblc presented by Scroggs. Bill was initially employed Len Dooley won the [)steams plant Mary Huggett was .yon by Rosemarie as an Electronic Technician at the hanger designed and contributed by Haines. Andover Earth Station and trans- Tish Fonda . ()thcr winners were Sy Lynn cont•ihutccl toward nuk- ferred to Janresburg in June 1973. Judy Holmes and Donna Higgs. As ing the morning coffee breaks more Since joining the Janeshurg staff. for the contestants, they were' chosen pleasant by placing doughnuts at cof- Bill has advanced to Operations Su- liar their asoir(fupois +or lack of same). tee urns throughout the building. pervisor. In addition, the 1lanlilton and, in particular, for their sense of \\anda's contribution. together family has grown, with a son, David, humor ,Joe Kearns and Ed Wab- with the usy photo spread in this added and another child (hopefully a nitz were it team who billed them- issue should certainly give the read- girl) expected. - Warren Neu selves as Laurel and Handy. Other er an idea of the tremendous effort put contestant teams included Diane forth by Corporation cntplov'ecs in SOUTHBURY . Congratulations to Franks and Rock M attos, Wanda support of the uw. Our appreciation Coinnnutications ' I echnician Frank Mills and J ack Rutter , Tish Fonda goes out to all of those who worked Makray and his new bride Josephine and Paul Troutman , and Pat Irby so hard to slake this year's catnpai,gn on their recent marriage. Our hest and George Lawler. a success. wishes to Marc Gordon an(I lantik Jim Potts won the bean-guessing Lou McKeague has departed on his promotion and their transfer contest hands down. He estimated Washington to join sns in (:alifortria. to Washington. D.C. Marc. Who has the total number of beans in the pot One advantage of the transfer is that been With us since December 1974, at 4,1[9tt; the actual count was 4,083. Lou gill lie ccrosiderabfy closer to his Will be reporting to (.()\IS.T GtE:x- How close can you get: Rumor has it Itawaiian homeland. Rosemarv r•.tsAt • s John Van Alstyne. ,Jinn is it "professional bean counter. Davis , secretary to ;Assistant V .P. Station Manager Dave Durand is having won similar contests before. D. V. Neill for the past eight years, keeping lit and trim jogging daily in His prize is a box for eight at it Capi- retired in November. Congratulations he crisp morning air (While lending tal Centre sports event. Coiling in to John and Cathy Talcott on the if barking dogs?. We hear he and his second within I3 beans of the actual recent birth of their sixth child. wife Joan regularly play it [)leant total wy;ls Hans Weiss. Steven James, eight pounds and nine game of badminton. Marion Timmons and her many ounces. - Gloria Lipfert

NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1976 19 We went all the way

Fashions for the Fashionable ...

Rosa Stone Ed Snyder loan Wright

Howard Regan looks over merchan- Typical employee turnout during (J activities. dise for sale.

Music was provided at UW activities by Les Cameron on Marion Timmons, Gail Chase. Doris Lee and Meryl B flute, Don Flora with banjo. Beth Corry at piano and Paul left to right, assist cake sale customers. Maughan on bass violin.

20 PATHWAYS for the United Way

Pat Irby I)ick :%kBridt7 Cindy Rice

1976 United Way Summary

Percentage of participation 44.3% Employee contributions $30,502.75 Corporate contributions ( base ) $15,000.00 Matching corporate contributions $ 655.50 TOTAL $46,158.25

I I j These figures represent an 8.5 percent increase in employee participation and a 2.7 percent increase in the amount of employee contributions. Fig- ures cited here were provided by George A. Lawler, UW Co-Chairman. UW Co-Chairman/Auctioneer George Lawler at the Garage Sale.

Clarence Iloloman "spills the beans" at the bean-guessing table.

!licheline Fleurant and Johann Harry Evans (right) guesses the Sebastian Bach. weight of Ed Wabnitz.

NOVEMBER - DECEMBER 1976 21 ^PMS Dri'S ^xP^^ttt^,^

INTELSAT V SERIES OF SATELLITES

COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE CORPORA77ON C lI15A OCAL CORPORA 170N . T WASHINGTON,