DOCSLIB.ORG

The Third Report Assessing the Chicago Police Department's Compliance with the Investigatory Stop &Protective Pat Down

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Third Report Assessing the Chicago Police Department's Compliance with the Investigatory Stop &Protective Pat Down THE THIRD REPORT ASSESSING THE CHICAGO POLICE DEPARTMENT’S COMPLIANCE WITH THE INVESTIGATORY STOP & PROTECTIVE PAT DOWN AGREEMENT The Investigatory Stop Report (“ISR”) data from CY2017 continues to reflect areas of non-compliance with the Chicago Police Department’s Stop & Frisk Policy and the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Compliance determinations regarding disproportional racial and ethnic impacts from CPD’s stop and frisk practices still cannot be made based on problems with the underlying ISR data. Hon. Arlander Keys (Ret.), Consultant October 17, 2019 P a g e | 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 CY2017 ISR DATA REVIEW SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. 4 A NOTE FROM THE CONSULTANT .......................................................................................................................... 6 TO THE PUBLIC ............................................................................................................................................................... 6 TO THE MEN & WOMEN OF THE CHICAGO POLICE DEPARTMENT .......................................................................................... 11 Training Initiatives ............................................................................................................................................... 12 Trust Issues .......................................................................................................................................................... 13 Conversations with CPD Officers & Squad Car Ride-Alongs ................................................................................ 14 CONCLUDING THOUGHTS ............................................................................................................................................... 16 PART I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 17 THE AGREEMENT .......................................................................................................................................................... 17 Historical Overview of ISR Data: CY2016-17........................................................................................................ 18 The Unknown Cause(s) for the Dramatic Decline in Stops .................................................................................. 20 Black Non-Hispanics Consistently Subject to 71-72% of All Stops ....................................................................... 20 KEY LEGAL QUESTIONS .................................................................................................................................................. 22 KEY OBSERVATIONS FROM THE CONSULTANT’S REVIEW & ASSESSMENT OF THE CY2017 ISR DATA & DOCUMENTATION ................ 26 PART II. THE AGREEMENT: REQUIRED POLICIES & PROCEDURES ........................................................................ 31 OVERVIEW OF THE AGREEMENT’S HISTORY & PURPOSES ..................................................................................................... 32 THE TERMS OF THE AGREEMENT ..................................................................................................................................... 37 THE CONSULTANT’S DUTIES............................................................................................................................................ 38 THE CHICAGO POLICE DEPARTMENT’S OBLIGATIONS ........................................................................................................... 39 PART III. ASSESSMENT OF THE DEPARTMENT’S COMPLIANCE WITH STOP & FRISK POLICIES, PROCEDURES & PRACTICES ........................................................................................................................................................... 40 THE CONSULTANT’S INTERPRETATION OF THE POLICY DIRECTIVES .......................................................................................... 40 THE IMPACT OF THE ISR WORKFLOW (“PROTOCOLS”) ........................................................................................................ 42 THE CONFLICT BETWEEN ISR WORKFLOW PROTOCOLS & CPD POLICY ................................................................................... 46 As Written ........................................................................................................................................................... 46 As Applied ............................................................................................................................................................ 47 As Misapplied ...................................................................................................................................................... 47 THE INTEGRITY SECTION’S ROLE & RESPONSIBILITIES ........................................................................................................... 52 THE ROLE OF REVIEWING SUPERVISORS & EXECUTIVE OFFICERS ............................................................................................ 54 SUPERVISORY REVIEW METHODS .................................................................................................................................... 56 COMMON SUPERVISORY REVIEW ERRORS & ISR EXAMPLES ................................................................................................. 57 Misapplication of the Administrative Rejection Code for ISRs with RAS Deficiencies ......................................... 59 Non-Transparent Comments by Reviewing Supervisors in ISRs Rejected for Administrative Errors ................... 65 Approval of Multiple-Versions ISRs Often Conflicts with the Fourth Amendment .............................................. 74 Substantive Changes to the Original ISR ............................................................................................................. 75 Inconsistent ISRs Erroneously Approved .............................................................................................................. 77 P a g e | 3 Questionable Stop Types & Protective Pat Downs .............................................................................................. 80 AUDITING METHODS & PROBLEMS .................................................................................................................................. 83 District Level Monthly Audits ............................................................................................................................... 84 Department-Level/Integrity Section Audits ......................................................................................................... 86 CIVILIAN AND INTERNAL COMPLAINTS............................................................................................................................... 90 TRAINING, RE-TRAINING, ENHANCED SUPERVISION AND DISCIPLINE ....................................................................................... 92 Re-Training and Training Initiatives .................................................................................................................... 93 Progressive Discipline .......................................................................................................................................... 96 PART IV. ASSESSMENTS OF THE CY2017 ISR DATA ............................................................................................... 97 THE IMPACT OF UNDERREPORTED PROBABLE CAUSE STOPS .................................................................................................. 97 THE IMPACT OF UNREPORTED ISR DATA IN ARREST REPORTS ............................................................................................. 101 THE IMPACT OF CHECK BOX ERRORS IN THE ISRS .............................................................................................................. 103 PART V. LEGAL ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................................. 116 FOURTH AMENDMENT JUSTIFICATION ............................................................................................................................ 116 ADVERSE DISPARATE IMPACT ........................................................................................................................................ 119 CONCLUDING THOUGHTS ............................................................................................................................................. 120 PART VI. RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................................................... 121 ISR FORM REVISION RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................................. 121 CHECK BOX RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................................... 121 NARRATIVE REMARKS .............................................................................................................................................. 122 ISR WORKFLOW REPORT STATUS CODES ..................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Notes and Sources for Evil Geniuses: the Unmaking of America: a Recent History
    Notes and Sources for Evil Geniuses: The Unmaking of America: A Recent History Introduction xiv “If infectious greed is the virus” Kurt Andersen, “City of Schemes,” The New York Times, Oct. 6, 2002. xvi “run of pedal-to-the-medal hypercapitalism” Kurt Andersen, “American Roulette,” New York, December 22, 2006. xx “People of the same trade” Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, ed. Andrew Skinner, 1776 (London: Penguin, 1999) Book I, Chapter X. Chapter 1 4 “The discovery of America offered” Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy In America, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (New York: Library of America, 2012), Book One, Introductory Chapter. 4 “A new science of politics” Tocqueville, Democracy In America, Book One, Introductory Chapter. 4 “The inhabitants of the United States” Tocqueville, Democracy In America, Book One, Chapter XVIII. 5 “there was virtually no economic growth” Robert J Gordon. “Is US economic growth over? Faltering innovation confronts the six headwinds.” Policy Insight No. 63. Centre for Economic Policy Research, September, 2012. --Thomas Piketty, “World Growth from the Antiquity (growth rate per period),” Quandl. 6 each citizen’s share of the economy Richard H. Steckel, “A History of the Standard of Living in the United States,” in EH.net (Economic History Association, 2020). --Andrew McAfee and Erik Brynjolfsson, The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies (New York: W.W. Norton, 2016), p. 98. 6 “Constant revolutionizing of production” Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx, Manifesto of the Communist Party (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1969), Chapter I. 7 from the early 1840s to 1860 Tomas Nonnenmacher, “History of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Geography of the New Teacher Pipeline POLICY RESEARCH Eric J
    ILLINOIS EDUCATION RESEARCH COUNCIL The Geography of the New Teacher Pipeline POLICY RESEARCH Eric J. Lichtenberger and Bradford R. White, Illinois Education Research Council ISSUE Karen J. DeAngelis, University of Rochester 01 | 2015 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Eric J. Lichtenberger, PhD, is an Assistant Research Professor at the Illinois Education Research Council and is a member of the faculty of Southern Illinois University Edwardsville. He holds a PhD in Career and Technical Education from Virginia Tech. He also attended Southern Illinois University Carbondale and earned a Master’s of Education in Workforce Education and Development and a Bachelor’s of Art degree in Political Science. Bradford R. White is a Senior Researcher with the Illinois Education Research Council. Karen J. DeAngelis, PhD, is an Associate Professor and the Director of the Educational Policy Program at the Warner School of Education and Human Development at the University of Rochester. The Geography of the New Teacher Pipeline The Geography of the New Teacher ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to acknowledge the dedicated work of IERC research assistants Nick Mehner and Jerrod Deerhake in preparing the dataset used in this study. We would also like to express our gratitude to Doug Franklin, Illinois Board of Higher Education, Jason Helfer, Illinois State Board of Education, and Michelle Reininger, Stanford University’s Center for Education Policy Analysis, for their invaluable feedback on an earlier version of this report. The authors wish to acknowledge IERC board member William Trent, former IERC board member Gerry McLaughlin, and Casey George-Jackson, for earlier discussions that led to some of these analyses and graphics.
    [Show full text]
  • Correlations of Race, Ethnicity, and Family Relations on the Developmental Outcomes of Youth Raised in Single Mother Headed Hous
    Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2016 Correlations of Race, Ethnicity, and Family Relations on the Developmental Outcomes of Youth Raised in Single Mother Headed Households Sabrina Blount Watson Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Developmental Psychology Commons, Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, and the Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Sabrina Watson has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Dorothy Scotten, Committee Chairperson, Human Services Faculty Dr. Scott Hershberger, Committee Member, Human Services Faculty Dr. Kimberly Farris, University Reviewer, Human Services Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2016 Abstract Correlations of Race, Ethnicity, and Family Relations on the Developmental Outcomes of Youth Raised in Single
    [Show full text]
  • What Affirmative Action? Where Are the Minority Educators in the Metropolitan Chicago Schools?
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 403 348 UD 031 461 AUTHOR Heller, Rafael TITLE What Affirmative Action? Where Are the Minority Educators in the Metropolitan Chicago Schools? INSTITUTION Chicago Urban League, Ill.; Latino Inst., Chicago, IL. SPONS AGENCY Spencer Foundation, Chicago, Ill. PUB DATE [92] NOTE 59p.; Foreword by Gary Orfield. PUB TYPE Reports Evaluative/Feasibility (142) Statistical Data (110) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Affirmative Action; Elementary Secondary Education; *Employment Patterns; Enrollment; Equal Opportunities (Jobs); Inner City; *Minority Group Teachers; Neighborhood Integration; Racial Composition; School Segregation; *Suburban Schools; *Teacher Supply and Demand; *Urban Areas; Urban Schools IDENTIFIERS *Illinois (Chicago Metropolitan Area) ABSTRACT Teacher employment patterns in metropolitan Chicago (Illinois) were studied using data from the Illinois State Board of Education. Findings show no signs of affirmative action in many of the region's rapidly growing school systems. In many of the metropolitan area's districts, there is a persistence of segregated employment patterns and the exclusion of minority professionals. A review of hiring patterns in the districts around the city show that no progress is being made in improving minority representation on faculties. Since 1980, suburban minority enrollment has grown to 24.5% of the total, but the minority teaching force has risen only 0.6% to 5.8%. The Chicago suburbs employ nearly 64% of the region's teachers but only 16% of the black teachers. Although 1 in 12 suburban students is Hispanic, only 1 in 100 suburban teachers is Latino. Almost 1 in 12 suburban students is Asian, only 1 of 1,100 principals is from an Asian background.
    [Show full text]
  • Disparate Impact and Mortgage Lending: a Beginner's Guide
    13. 88.4 GANO_FINAL (DO NOT DELETE) 5/19/2017 4:14 PM DISPARATE IMPACT AND MORTGAGE LENDING: A BEGINNER’S GUIDE ALEX GANO* In the aftermath of the Great Recession, the federal government began to enforce fair lending laws with a vigor previously unseen. To hold lenders accountable for the racially discriminatory effects of their mortgage lending practices, federal prosecutors and financial regulators applied the theory of disparate impact to fair lending laws for the first time. Unclear, however, is what legal standards exist to evaluate allegations of discriminatory effects in this industry. No court has ever decided a fair lending case under a theory of disparate impact on its merits. That will likely change soon as major municipalities are pushing the boundaries of this theory to its outer limits. Last June, the U.S. Supreme Court granted certiorari in Bank of America v. City of Miami to address a pair of discrete issues in this area. This Comment attempts to answer some foundational questions about how the theory of disparate impact will be applied to mortgage lenders moving forward. It also makes a normative argument for judicial acceptance of this theory and continued governmental enforcement of fair lending laws. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 1110 I. DE JURE DISCRIMINATION, THE FAIR HOUSING ACT, AND FAIR LENDING ENFORCEMENT: 1968–2008 ............. 1116 A. De Jure Discrimination Before 1968 ....................... 1116 B. The Disparate Treatment Era: 1968–2007 ............
    [Show full text]
  • Universal Lessons from Illinois's Fair Tax Failure
    Universal Lessons from Illinois’s Fair Tax Failure: How a Rich Minority Wins the Majority Vote By Sepideh Jessica Vasseghi* November 2020 Center for Economic and Policy Research Tel: 202-293-5380 1611 Connecticut Ave. NW Fax: 202-588-1356 Suite 400 https://cepr.net Washington, DC 20009 * Sepideh Jessica Vasseghi is a Research Intern at CEPR. Contents Contents 2 Introduction 3 How Sausage is Made, or Amending the State Constitution 3 Message Failure Meets Rich People with Resources 5 When the Rich Win, Everyone Loses 6 The Flat Tax Dog Whistle 8 What Illinois Can Teach a Nation: Common Themes to Heed 12 One: Distortion of Information 12 Two: Some Voices Are Louder Than Others 13 Three: People Vote Against Their Immediate Best Interest 14 Conclusion 15 References 17 Acknowledgments The author thanks Sarah Rawlins and Karen Conner for helpful comments and work on this report. Universal Lessons from Illinois’s Fair Tax Failure: 2 How a Rich Minority Wins the Majority Vote Introduction The United States is considered a beacon of democracy; democracies, by design, are meant to promote the interests of the majority while protecting the rights of the minority. However, as income inequality has soared, this basic tenet has come into question, as evidenced by Americans’ weariness to tax the ultrawealthy. In Illinois, a graduated income tax proposal that would raise the taxes of the ultrawealthy, but not on 97 percent of the population failed 55-45 percent.1 At this point, a reasonable person may wonder why this tax referendum is relevant to anyone outside of Illinois.
    [Show full text]
  • Measuring News Media Literacy How Knowledge and Motivations Combine to Create News-Literate Teens
    Measuring news media literacy How knowledge and motivations combine to create news-literate teens Stephanie Craft, Ph.D., University of Missouri Adam Maksl, Ph.D., Indiana University Southeast Seth Ashley, Ph.D., Boise State University Table of Contents Preface 1 Executive Summary 2 Background 3 Key Findings Focus Groups 10 Survey 13 Plan of Action 19 Appendix A: Methodology 21 Appendix B: Top-Line Results 23 References 32 Acknowledgments 35 Preface The metaphors used to describe the digital, networked, social, interactive and information-rich age in which we live – it’s a wave, a flood, even a tidal wave! – suggest a powerlessness that can be dispiriting. The promise of so much easily accessible information quickly transforms into peril as we wonder just how to make sense of all that abundance, how to find the signal amidst all the noise. Efforts to improve news media literacy are aimed directly at the promise and perils of abundance. Better understanding of what makes news reliable and credible is a first step toward a citizenry that is better equipped to make smarter decisions and engage in democratic society. Before we can take that first step, though, we need to define what, exactly, news media literacy is so that we can develop methods for improving it and recognize whether those methods are successful or not. We were honored and excited to receive generous funding from the McCormick Foundation to develop a tool to aid in these efforts. To date, our research has employed focus groups, surveys, classroom ethnographies and qualitative data analysis to develop an instrument for measuring news media literacy.
    [Show full text]
  • Title I and Early Childhood Programs: a Look at Investments in the NCLB Era
    Child Care and Early Education Series, Paper No. 2 1 POL ICY PAPER CENTER FOR LAW AND SOCIAL POLICY O c t o b e r 2 0 0 7 Child Care and Early Education Series P a p e r N o . 2 Title I and Early Childhood Programs: A Look at Investments in the NCLB Era by Danielle Ewen and Hannah Matthews Introduction young children beginning at A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S birth. Title I of NCLB presents The demographics of the coun- The research and analysis reflected in this an opportunity for schools and try’s young child population are paper were made possible by the generous school districts to increase support of the Foundation for Child changing in several ways, creat- investments in high-quality Development, The George Gund Foundation, ing challenges for school dis- The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur early education initiatives, tricts across the country as the Foundation, The David and Lucile Packard which may have long-term ben- Foundation, and an anonymous donor. number of at-risk young chil- efits for at-risk children. Yet dren increases. At the same Many individuals contributed to this report. implementation of NCLB also We are indebted to the state and local school time, educators are working administrators who took time out of their presents a number of challenges toward meeting new accounta- busy schedules to speak with us. Information that may impact the availability bility requirements established on individual school districts was verified by of resources for early education district personnel and was accurate at the in the No Child Left Behind programs.
    [Show full text]
  • Missing White Woman Syndrome: an Empirical Analysis of Race and Gender Disparities in Online News Coverage of Missing Persons Zach Sommers
    Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 106 | Issue 2 Article 4 Spring 2016 Missing White Woman Syndrome: An Empirical Analysis of Race and Gender Disparities in Online News Coverage of Missing Persons Zach Sommers Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Recommended Citation Zach Sommers, Missing White Woman Syndrome: An Empirical Analysis of Race and Gender Disparities in Online News Coverage of Missing Persons, 106 J. Crim. L. & Criminology (2016). https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc/vol106/iss2/4 This Criminology is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. 4. SOMMERS 3/1/2017 5:55 PM 0091-4169/16/9106-0275 THE JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL LAW & CRIMINOLOGY Vol. 106, No. 2 Copyright © 2017 by Zach Sommers Printed in U.S.A. MISSING WHITE WOMAN SYNDROME: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF RACE AND GENDER DISPARITIES IN ONLINE NEWS COVERAGE OF MISSING PERSONS ZACH SOMMERS* At any given time, there are tens of thousands of Americans categorized as “missing” by law enforcement. However, only a fraction of those individuals receive news coverage, leading some commentators to hypothesize that missing persons with certain characteristics are more likely to garner media attention than others: namely, white women and girls. Empirical investigation into this theory is surprisingly sparse and also limited in multiple ways. This paper aims to fill those voids by empirically exploring whether that inequality, dubbed “Missing White Woman Syndrome,” truly exists.
    [Show full text]
  • First Accounts: a U.S
    Economic Development First Accounts: A U.S. Treasury Department Program to Expand Access to Financial Institutions Program Study by the Center for Impact Research, the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business, the Center for Economic Progress, and ShoreBank By David Marzahl, O.S. Owen, Steve Neumann, and Joshua Harriman Introduction Chicago First Accounts program. The Center partnered with Volunteer Accounting Service Team of Michigan In 2002, there were almost 56 million individuals in and the Consumer Federation of America to implement the U.S. who did not have either a savings or checking the program in Detroit as well. First Accounts helped account at a bank or other traditional financial institution.1 previously “unbanked” consumers open 1,428 bank Additionally, over 83 percent of families without a bank accounts in Chicago and Detroit, exceeding the initial account earn under $25,000.2 These families often use program target of 1,000 new accounts. alternative financial services, including check cashing, payday loans, refund anticipation loans, and others, that In Chicago, the Center partnered in First Accounts with provide convenience at high cost. A 2004 report estimated ShoreBank to provide checking and savings accounts that these alternative financial services handled 280 with no monthly fees or minimum balances. Community million transactions, generating $78 billion in fee revenue.3 organizations provided the Center access to over 1,470 As a result, “unbanked” low-income workers who can least previously “unbanked” participants who attended a total afford to pay more for basic services often do. They pay to of 183 financial education workshops as an entry point to cash checks, are subject to higher interest rates on credit, the program.
    [Show full text]
  • T H E U N I V E R S I T Y O F C H I C A
    - THE UNIVERSI��TY OF CHICAGO Chicago Studies THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Chicago Studies ���6–�� Bess P. Cohen Mari Cohen Juliet Sprung Eldred Valerie Gutmann Nora Hardy Jeanne Lieberman Angela Irene Theodoropoulos MANAGING EDITOR Daniel J. Koehler THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Chicago Studies ���6–�� � Preface � Acknowledgments �5 #SaveOurLibrary A Collaborative Model of Youth Library Services in Chicago Bess P. Cohen �� “Have Faith in Your Neighborhood” Jews and Urban Renewal in ����s Hyde Park, Chicago Mari Cohen ��� “A Highly Complex Set of Interventions” The University of Chicago as Urban Planner, ����–���� Juliet Sprung Eldred ��� “The Aftermath of Gautreaux” Housing Discrimination and a Shift toward Housing Choice Vouchers in Chicago Valerie Gutmann ��3 “We Need More Power” The Bargainer Role and Interorganizational Social Capital on Chicago’s Southeast Side Nora Hardy ��5 “A Palace for the People” Claiming Space through Expressive Culture in Chicago’s South Shore Neighborhood Jeanne Lieberman ��3 “A Ghost in the Projects” Candyman and the Boundaries of Racialized Fear in Chicago Angela Irene Theodoropoulos Chicago Studies © The University of Chicago 2019 1 CHICAGO STUDIES Preface This volume marks the tenth anniversary of the College’s Chicago Studies Program, which was founded to encourage students to learn about the city through direct engagement and to foster through these encounters a deeper sense of local citizenship. Chicago Studies took up the University of Chicago’s historical connection to the city as an inspira- tion for curricular development and research projects and its use of the city as an urban classroom and laboratory. The Chicago Studies Annual was Tthe centerpiece of this project.
    [Show full text]
  • Disparities in Influenza Mortality and Transmission Related to Sociodemographic Factors Within Chicago in the Pandemic of 1918
    Disparities in influenza mortality and transmission SEE COMMENTARY related to sociodemographic factors within Chicago in the pandemic of 1918 Kyra H. Grantza,b,1, Madhura S. Ranec,1, Henrik Saljed,e, Gregory E. Glassb,f, Stephen E. Schachterleg, and Derek A. T. Cummingsa,b,d,2 aDepartment of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; bEmerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; cDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; dDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205; eMathematical Modelling Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; fDepartment of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; and gEpidemiology, Worldwide Safety & Regulatory, Pfizer Inc., New York, NY 10017 Edited by Burton H. Singer, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, and approved September 29, 2016 (received for review August 10, 2016) Social factors have been shown to create differential burden of in- increased case fatality rates, and also, they were unable to detect fluenza across different geographic areas. We explored the relationship variation in excess mortality within countries or even finer spatial scales. between potential aggregate-level social determinants and mortality Here, we investigate whether sociodemographic factors con- during the 1918 influenza pandemic in Chicago using a historical tributed to the spatial variation in mortality observed within the dataset of 7,971 influenza and pneumonia deaths. Census tract-level city of Chicago during the 1918 pandemic. To evaluate the spatial social factors, including rates of illiteracy, homeownership, population, and social dependencies of influenza mortality, we digitized his- and unemployment, were assessed as predictors of pandemic mortality torical maps of point-level mortality incidence published shortly in Chicago.
    [Show full text]